✓ Uzbekistan.

Uzbekistan, located in Central Asia, has a rich and diverse history. The area that is now Uzbekistan was
first inhabited in the second millennium BC. It was part of the Iranian-speaking region of Transoxiana,
and was incorporated into the Persian Empire, then the Hellenistic Seleucid Empire after the conquest of
Alexander the Great.

In the 8th century, the region was conquered by Muslim Arabs and gradually Islamized. It was part of
various states during the medieval period, most notably the Persian Samanid Empire, Seljuk Empire, the
Mongol Empire under Genghis Khan, and Timurid dynasty.

The 16th century saw the establishment of the Khanate of Bukhara, Khiva, and Kokand, the three
principalities that ruled the area until the Russian conquest in the 19th century.

In the late 19th century, the Russian Empire began to expand and spread into Central Asia. The "Great
Game" period is generally regarded as running from approximately 1813 to the Anglo-Russian
Convention of 1907. Following the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917, a second, less intensive phase
followed.

The modern Uzbekistan was founded as a Soviet Republic in 1924, after the Red Army conquered the
region. It was a part of the Soviet Union until 1991, when it declared independence following a failed
coup in Moscow. Since then, Uzbekistan has been an independent republic, with a government that has
been criticized for its human rights record.

✓ Kazakhstan.

Kazakhstan, the world's largest landlocked country, has a history that stretches back thousands of years.
Archaeological evidence suggests that humans have inhabited the region since the Lower Paleolithic era.

The nomadic Scythians, known for their skill in horse-riding, inhabited the region from around the 9th
century BC. They were followed by various Turkic tribes such as the Huns and the Gokturks.
In the 8th century, the region was conquered by the Arabs, introducing Islam to the area. The Mongol
Empire, under Genghis Khan, swept through in the 13th century, and the region became a part of the
massive Mongol Empire.

In the 15th century, the Kazakh Khanate, a Turkic Kazakh state, was established. It was during this period
that the ethnic Kazakh group emerged. The Kazakh Khanate thrived until the 18th century when it began
to suffer from constant Mongol invasions.

In the 19th century, the Russian Empire began to expand into Central Asia, including Kazakhstan. The
Kazakh Khanate became a part of the Russian Empire, and later, the Soviet Union. The period of Soviet
rule was marked by both modernization and repression.

Kazakhstan declared independence from the Soviet Union on December 16, 1991, becoming the last
Soviet republic to do so. Since then, it has been an independent country, making significant economic
progress due to its vast natural resources.

The history of Kazakhstan is a blend of influences from its nomadic, Turkic, Mongol, and Russian past.

✓ Maldives

It is often called as the "tropical paradise in the Indian Ocean".

The Maldives has a history that dates back over 2,500 years. The first inhabitants were probably from
southern India and Sri Lanka. The Maldives was an important crossroad in the Indian Ocean, so seafaring
traders from the Middle East and East Asia were among the earliest visitors.

Buddhism was the dominant religion for many centuries, and many of the archaeological remains from
the 6th century BC to the 12th century AD, like the famous stupas, are from this period.
Islam was introduced to the Maldives in the 12th century. The Maldivian king at the time, King
Theemuge, converted to Islam, and since then, Islam has been the official religion of the Maldives.

The Portuguese established a small garrison in the Maldives in the 16th century, but they were expelled
in 1573 by a local leader named Muhammad Thakurufaanu Al-Azam, who is considered a national hero.

In the mid-17th century, the Dutch, who had replaced the Portuguese as the dominant power in Ceylon,
established hegemony over Maldivian affairs without involving themselves directly in local matters,
which were governed according to centuries-old Islamic customs.

The British expelled the Dutch from Ceylon in 1796 and included Maldives as a British protected area.
The status of Maldives as a British protectorate was officially recorded in an 1887 agreement in which
the sultan accepted British influence over Maldivian external relations and defense while maintaining
home rule, which continued to be regulated by Muslim traditional institutions in exchange for an annual
tribute.

The Maldives gained independence from British rule on July 26, 1965. The country became a republic in
1968, ending a centuries-old monarchy.

Today, the Maldives is known for its stunning natural beauty, including its famous coral reefs. It's a
popular tourist destination, attracting visitors from around the world.

✓ Kyrgyzstan.

Kyrgyzstan, located in Central Asia, has a history that spans over two thousand years. The Kyrgyz people,
a Turkic group, are believed to have first settled in the Tien Shan mountains. They were traditionally a
nomadic people, living in yurts and raising livestock.

The region was part of various empires throughout history. It was under the control of the Uyghur
Khaganate in the 8th century, the Mongol Empire in the 13th century, and the Chinese Qing dynasty in
the 18th century.
In the 19th century, the region came under the control of the Russian Empire. The Kyrgyz resisted
Russian rule, but by the late 19th century, the area was fully incorporated into the Russian Empire.

After the Russian Revolution in 1917, Kyrgyzstan became part of the Soviet Union. It was initially an
autonomous region, but in 1936, it was made a full Soviet Socialist Republic.

During the Soviet period, Kyrgyzstan underwent significant cultural and economic changes. The
traditional nomadic lifestyle was discouraged, and people were forced to settle in villages and towns.
The economy was industrialized, and education and literacy rates improved.

Kyrgyzstan declared independence from the Soviet Union on August 31, 1991. Since then, the country
has faced significant political and economic challenges, including several revolutions. However, it's also
known for its beautiful landscapes and rich cultural heritage.