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Vol. 6, Issue 3, March 2017

Gearless Transmission Mechanism and its

Applications
Neeraj Patil 1, Jayesh Gaikwad 2, Mayur Patil 3, Chandrakant Sonawane 4, Shital Patel 5
U.G Student, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bharati Vidyapeeth College of Engineering Navi Mumbai,
Maharashtra 1,2,3,4
Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bharati Vidyapeeth College of Engineering Navi
Mumbai, Maharashtra 5

ABSTRACT:Gearless transmission mechanism transmits power from input to output shafts by means of sliding links
that form revolute pair with the hub. Links bent at required angle slide inside the holes in the hub. Thus, as the holes in
input hub rotate; it pushes the links and in turn output hub is rotated. This mechanism can be used as a replacement for
bevel gears in low cost, low torque applications. It can transmit at any angle 0 to 1800. In this paper the mechanism is
studied and a possible go-kart transmission layout is fabricated and few future applications are suggested.

KEYWORDS: gearless transmission, orbital transmission system, elbow transmission, non-parallel shaft transmission.

I. INTRODUCTION

Bevel gears are generally used for transmission through non parallel shafts and worm and worm wheel and crossed
helical gears are used for transmission through non parallel non intersecting shafts. This gears are costly to manufacture
and come in standardized specifications thus limiting the flexibility of its application. [3]
So here we introduce gearless transmission mechanism which can transmit at any angle from 0 to 1800. The mechanism
of made of input and output hubs with axial holes drilled along a p.c.d and circular links bent at the angle between two
shafts.so for a non-standard angle between shafts; only the angle of the links needs to be changed whereas the whole
gear is needed to be redesigned in case of bevel gears. This reduces the cost of this mechanism drastically and also
increases its flexibility.
The work in this paper is divided into three parts: -
 Study of gearless transmission mechanism.
 Fabrication and manual analysis of a model using this mechanism which can be used in go-karts.
 Evaluating other fields of application of this mechanism.

II. RELATED WORK

The mechanism is made of SRRS pair (sliding revolute revolute sliding) sliding pair between the input hub hole and the
link; revolute pair between link and input hub; revolute pair between link and output hub; sliding pair between holes in
output hub and the link [1]. The rotational motion of input shaft is converted into sliding motion of links which is then
converted to rotational motion of the output shaft.
In this paper we have focused on transmission through non parallel shafts only.
View of the Shafts: -Below diagram shows a different view of the shaft arrangement which are skew and angle between
them is 90 degrees, which helps us in the understanding of the arrangement of shafts. In below figure [1]

Copyright to IJIRSET DOI:10.15680/IJIRSET.2017.0603268 4772

 ISSN(Online) : 2319-8753
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Vol. 6, Issue 3, March 2017

Fig. 1. Shaft layout

Views of Setup: -View of the setup is shown in figure. These view show the arrangement of links and shaft.

Fi g. 2 . S etu p v i e w

From the above diagram’s and views the setup is clearly established in the mind, but as for convenience here we use the
front view of the setup for analysing the mechanism of setup. Let at the starting instant shaft 1 starts rotation with 3
pins in anticlockwise direction and a reaction force developed at the pin surface which in contact with the shaft and this
force transferred to the other end of the pin which is in the shaft and applying on the shaft 2 due to which shaft 2 starts
rotating in the same direction as shaft 1, after 120 degree rotation pin 1 comes at the place of pin 2 & pin 2 comes at the
place of pin 3 & pin 3 comes at the place of pin 1 by sliding in shaft and self-adjusting. This motion repeated for next
120 degrees and further for next 120 degrees and pins are exchanging the position in successive order as discussed
before.

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Vol. 6, Issue 3, March 2017

III. METHODOLOGY

From the study of the mechanism, it was observed that any two pins must not lie on the same diameter. If this happens
then the two links motion overlap each other because of this motion is interrupted. To keep the angle between any two
pins not equal to 1800; number of links must be odd and equally spaced along p.c.d.

Fabrication of mechanism: -
For suggested model for go-kart transmission; two mechanisms are used for each wheel. Both input shafts can be
driven by a single motor using a cross belt or by using two separate motors one for each shaft. The rotation direction of
both motors needs to be opposite. While observing from front view; the left shaft needs to rotate clockwise and right
input shaft needs to rotate anti clockwise for forward motion at the output wheels. If a single motor is used direction of
rotation is opposite because of cross belt.
Dimension of various parts of the model were decided on the machinery and material available in the workshop and
then a model was prepared in Modelling Software 'CREO PARAMETRIC 3.0 Student Edition M070'.
Shown below is the Top view & 3D view of the model.

1- Section 1 is where first gearless transmission system is located

2- Section 2 is the position of second mechanism
3- Section 3 is the mounting provision for motor. Based on the sense of rotation of motor, motor shaft is coupled
with either the first transmission or the second. Motor can be moved left or right in the provided setup to
adjust the belt tightness.

Fig. 3. Top view of model

Copyright to IJIRSET DOI:10.15680/IJIRSET.2017.0603268 4774

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Vol. 6, Issue 3, March 2017

Fi g. 4 .3 D v i e w o f mo d e l

Details
Frame: square pipe 40mm*40mm
 1050mm * 2 pipes
 925mm*4 pipes
 750mm *2 pipes
 400mm and 200mm

Links: 10mm diameter rods * 6

Hub: 140mm diameter,50 mm thickness and holes at p.c.d 100mm *2
Shaft: 25mm diameter 500mm long *4
Bearings: 25 mm pedestal bearings *8

Future applications:
Fabrication of pump and compressor requires very precise machining which was not available to us.so we decided to
fabricate above model.

1.PUMP
Study of this mechanism also revealed that the output half of the mechanism is similar to axial piston pump. From the
inner most point to the outer most point; the link moves outward which reassembles a suction stroke and when moving
from outer most point to inner most point it has delivery stroke.

Fi g. 5 . Ax ia l p i st o n pu mp [8 ]

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To convert the mechanism into a pump; only a fixed plate is required to be attached to the output hub. Slots are made
on the plate for inlet and outlet.

Fi g. 6 . In l et ou tl et p la t e for pu mp

2.COMPRESSOR
Compressor application is similar to pump; only difference is that instead of a long slot for outlet, a single hole is given
at the end of delivery stroke. Using this has benefits of both compressors; high delivery rate of rotary compressors and
high compression ratios of piston compressors.

IV. CALCULATIONS & RESULTS

Considering weight of model along with rider 150kg.

Therefore, weight of model = 150*g = 1500 N
Weight on each tyre = 1500/4 = 375 N
Considering co-efficient of friction between road and tyre = 0.7
Frictional force on each wheel = 375*0.7 =262.5 N
This is the minimum force required to move the tyre.
Taking 14 inch tyre; radius = 0.1778m
Torque required to move tyre = 262.5*0.1778 = 46.67 N-m
This torque is supplied by three links in the hub;
Torque on each link = 46.67/3 = 15.55 N-m
Links are on p.c.d 100mm; radius = 0.05m
Tangential force = 15.55/0.05 = 311.15N
Diameter of each link = 10mm = 0.01 m
Shear force on link

Copyright to IJIRSET DOI:10.15680/IJIRSET.2017.0603268 4776

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Ʈ=

.
=
. ∗ . ∗ . ∗ .

= 3963694.2675 N/mm2

= 3.96 *106 N/mm2

Taking link material C-45 [7] PSG data book 1.9

[Ʈ] = 45 N/mm2 = 45 * 106 N/m2
so the minimum stress induced is within permissible limits
For maximum stress Ʈ = 45*106 N/m2
.
[T]max = ∗ Ʈ ∗ d3

[T]max = 8.835 N-m

For this torque maximum speed achieved by various power motors is

Circumference of the wheel = 2*3.14*0.1778 = 1.1171m
For 1 RPS linear speed is 1.1171m/s

Power (H. P) Torque (N-m) Max speed (RPM)

1 8.835 806.72 (54.07 km/hr)
2 8.835 1613.44 (108 km/hr)
Table.1.Results

V. CONCLUSION

After complete study of the mechanism, we understood that this mechanism is mainly applicable to low cost
applications where torque is low to medium. With future development in low friction materials (graphene coating) and
stronger composite materials, the efficiency and capacity of this mechanism can be increased. Also if instead of bent
links, bolted links or links held by universal joints [2] are used then transmission is possible even when angle changes
on the go.
REFERENCES

[1]. Amit Kumar, Mukesh Kumar, "Gearless Power Transmission for Skew Shafts (A SRRS Mechanism)", International Journal of Advanced
Science and Technology, Vol.79, pp. 61-72, 2015.
[2]. Atish Lahu Patil, Vinay Prabhakar Jadhav, Sagar Padmakar Patil, Roshan Suresh Shelar, "Gearless Mechanism in Right Angle”, International
Journal on Recent Trends and Innovation in Computing and Communication,Vol.4,Issue 4, pp. 145-149.
[3]. Navneet Bardiya, Karthik.T, L Bhaskara Rao, "Analysis and Simulation of Gearless Transmission Mechanism”, International Journal of Core
Engineering & Management (IJCEM), Vol.1, Issue 6, , pp. 136-143, 2014.
[4]. Jagushte G, S Kudalkar Hrishikesh, Patil Vikas, Varak Vishal, "Design, Analysis and Fabrication of Gearless Transmission by Elbow
Mechanism”, International Journal for Scientific Research & Development , Vol.4, Issue 2, pp. 688-689, 2016.
[5]. Ashish Kumar, Puneet Pawar, Sagar Rana, Shishir Bist, "Multi-Angular Gearless Drive”, International Journal of Scientific & Engineering
Research, Vol.6, Issue 7, pp. 974-977, 2015.
[6]. Kalaikathir Achchagam, "Design Data Book of Engineers", PSG College of Technology
[7]. NPTEL – Mechanical – Mechatronics and Manufacturing Automation, Module 5, pp. 21-24

Copyright to IJIRSET DOI:10.15680/IJIRSET.2017.0603268 4777

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International Journal of Recent Research in Civil and Mechanical Engineering (IJRRCME)

Vol. 9, Issue 1, pp: (1-5), Month: April 2022 – September 2022, Available at: www.paperpublications.org

Development of Gearless Power Transmission

Sri Ravi Teja Appikonda1, Sai Kiran Sarikonda2, Nazeer Shaik3, Anzar Mohammad4,
Gopiraja Parimi5
1,2,3,4,5
Student
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6517375
Published Date: 04-May-2022

Abstract: In modern machineries, the motion and power need to be transferred from one shaft to other for various
and complex activities. Also, it is essential to achieve such objectives with maximum efficiency and minimum cost.
For transmitting power between different orientations of shaft, various medium like belt, chain and especially
gears are used. But due to cost of manufacture of gear, interchangeability in parts and very limited shaft
orientations, need arises for an alternative system. In this project a Gearless power transmission system has been
studied, a possible gearless power transmission layout is designed and developed where it can transmit power from
one shaft to other without any gear being used. This project deals with transmission of power from one shaft to
other at right angle by means of sliding links that form revolute pair with the hub.
Keywords: Gearless drive, Power transmission, Sliding links, Elbow power transmission.

1. INTRODUCTION
In modern world the living standard of human being were developed by adopting more and more equipment and
technology. Today’s world requires power or motion on each and every field. An essential requirement of the present
world is to achieve the objectives with maximum efficiency at minimum cost. To achieve higher efficiency, proper power
transmission is the prime concern of modern era. If someone wants to transfer power efficiently from its source of
generation to the required place to obtain required task, then power transmission is vital concern. Different types of
medium like chain-sprocket, belt-pulley, friction drive, hydraulic coupling and gears are used to transmit power between
two shafts. Some of them are used to transmit power within a short distance like gears or couplings . Belt- pulley or chain-
sprocket is another type of transmitting mechanism where the power can be transmitted to a long distance. A belt is a
looped strip of flexible material used to mechanically link two or more rotating shafts. Belt drives are used as the source
of motion transfer efficiently or to track relative movement. Another type of transmitting drive exits which is known as
friction drive. A friction drive or friction engine is a type of transmission that, instead of a chain and sprockets, uses two
wheels in the transmission to transfer power to the driving wheels. But in friction drive system, the problem with this type
of system is that they are not very efficient .
In this project a gearless power transmission system has been developed for transmitting motion at right angle without
using any gears. This method may be a rattling mechanism that carries force through 90° bends . For that el-bow
mechanism is used which is an ingenious link mechanism of kinematic chain principle and slide. Based on these ideas, the
following objectives can be summarized for this project.
• To design and construct a model gearless power transmission mechanism.
• Performance test of the constructed model of gearless power transmission mechanism.
2. GEARLESS POWER TRANSMISSION
This system is used to drive the machine without using any gear. The gearless transmission or El-bow mechanism is a
device for transmitting motion at any fixed angle between the driving and driven shaft. This system consists of number of
links that would be within three to nine. The more the number of links, the smoother is the operation. These links slide
inside hollow cylindrical hub thus formatting a sliding pair. This mechanism has three such sliding pair. These links are
placed in a hole in the cylindrical hub and are fastened at 120° to each other.

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The input shaft power is supplied by an electric motor. The working mechanism of the gearless power transmission
system will be understood from the schematic diagram and photographic view as shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2. An
unconventional form of transmission of power on shaft located at an angle. Motion is transmitted from driving to the
driven shaft through the links which are bent to conform to the angles between the shafts. These links are located at the
holes equally spaced around a cylindrical hub and they are free to slide in and out as the shaft rotates. This type of drive is
especially suitable where quite operation at high speed is essential but only recommended for low torque operation. The
operation of this transmission will be apparent by the action of one link during a revolution. It is assumed that as the
driving shaft is rotating clockwise, the driven shaft will rotate counter clockwise. As shaft turns through half revolution,
the link slides out from both driving shaft and driven shaft and at that time the link will be at the top position between two
shafts. Then during the remaining half this link slide inwards until it again reaches to inner most position as shown in Fig.
1. In the meanwhile the other links have of course passed through the same cycle of movements all links are successively
sliding inwards and outwards. Although this illustration shows a right angle transmission, this drive can be applied also to
shafts located at intermediate angle between 0° and 90 °.

Fig. 1: Schematic arrangement of Gearless Power Transmission System

Fig. 2: Photographic view of Gearless Power Transmission

2.1. Comparison between Gear and Gearless drive
It is seen that gearless drive differs to a great extent not only in their manufacturing method or working principle but also
in other aspect. These aspects are briefly discussed below:
Manufacturing method: Gears are made on special purpose machines. Hence, they are costly to manufacture and there is
no interchangeability. The gearless drive has this advantage that it is machined and made on conventional machines and it
gives freedom of interchangeability.

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Causes of failure: The varied forms of failures like indentation, corrosion, erosion, fatigue etc. occurs in gear drive
system. Cause of the wearing of the gear tooth resulting in the tooth leads to the replacement of the entire gear set, which
is very expensive. The failure will be present in the gearless drive also but the result of those will be not be as severe as in
the case of geared one. Again only defected link/links replacement needs to be done.
Lubrication and Cooling: In gearless drive the lubrication and cooling system is simple and easy where as the lubrication
system in gear drive system is complex. Again cooling is a big issue in gear drive system .
2.2. Basic Components
The basic component required to establish the gearless power transmission system is: an AC motor, V-belt, Shaft and
cylindrical hub, Elbow links and Bearings. A systematic arrangement of Gearless power transmission system having of all
its component is shown in Fig. 3.

Fig. 3: Schematic arrangement of the final assembly.

3. LITERATURE REVIEW
The Gearless mechanism is a link mechanism of slider and pair, also known as El-bow mechanism. The component is
exceptionally valuable for cornering or transmitting movements at right angle. However in certain mechanical application
gearless transmission at right angle can likewise work at insensitive or exact edge plane and can be contrasted with worm
and worm rigging or slant and pinion gear which are constantly utilized as a part of the business for various application.
Similarly high proficiency between the info and the yield power shafts as to the rigging efficiencies.
The motion study and simulation of various mechanisms has been frequently studied for several years. Prof.
MahanteshTanodi performed experiments on the gearless power transmission offset parallel shaft coupling [3]. Amit
Kumar and Mukhesh Kumar developed the gearless power transmission between the skew shafts (SRRS mechanism) [4].
Hassanzadeh et. al. performed kinematic and kinetic study of Rescue Robot [5]. Gadhia Utsav D. has given the Quarter
model of Wagon-R car’s rear suspension by making analysis on ADAMS software [6]. However, there hasn’t been
performed any study to sort out problems on gearless transmission mechanism. Gearless transmission for speed reduction
through rolling motion induced by wobbing motion, Us [7]. Assad Anis carried out analysis of Slider Crank Mechanism
on ADAMS Software package [8]. A. A. Yazdani performed Multi- body Dynamics Simulation of an Integrated Landing
Gear System using ADAMS-MSC software [9]. Ranjbarkohan et. al. made use of ADAMS software package and
Newton’s laws for analyzing the behavior of slider crank mechanism and investigated the effect of engine rpm on
connecting link and crankshaft.

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4. DESIGN DETAILS
Design consideration
According to [12], some parameters were assumed which are as follows:
Input motor power = 0.75 hp at 1440 rpm; hub diameter inner = 32 mm, Outer = 92 mm, Length of hub = 82 mm; Length
of the elbow link = 204 mm and No. of Elbow links = 3. Shaft diameter = 25 mm.
For functioning of the machine and also for testing of the mechanism some calculation are necessary.
Torque Calculation
Assuming motor of 0.75 hp which was available in the laboratory and the torque available was 559.5 N.m.
With rated motor rpm of 1440 rpm, the required transmitted torque was calculated using the Eq. (1).
P = 2πn/60 - - - - - - - - - - - (1)
Design of Shaft
The stresses normally adopted in shaft design [11] are: max. tensile stress = 60 × 106 N/m2 and max. shear stress = 40 ×
106 N/m2. The shaft shear stress was evaluated using Eq. (2).
S = 16T/πD³ - - - - - - - - - - (2)
Considering 25 % overload, Tmax was 4.6375 N.m.

As the shaft is subject to torsional stress, the shaft diameter was calculated using Eq. (3).
T = π*S*D³/16 - - - - - - - - - - (3)
Taking factor of safety of 2.5, the shaft diameter was 21 mm. In actual construction 25 mm was taken.
Design of the Hub
Considering hub internal diameter is 32 mm and outer diameter is 92 mm and length is 82mm, the mass of the system is
28 kg.
It is known that force, F = mg = 275 N. The bending stress of the hub was evaluated using Eq. (4).

- - - - - - - - - - (4)

So, the calculated value of bending stress is 37.84 × 10 3 N/m.

Design of the Elbow Link
It is known that the same torque will be transmitted to elbow link. So, torque on each elbow link will be total torque
divided by 3 and it will be 1.5458 N.m. Thus, the elbow link diameter would be obtained by using Eq. (5).

- - - - - - - - - - (5)

Considering factor of safety of 1.5, the diameter of the link will be 8.626 mm. In actual 8.5 mm was chosen. The bending
stress on the link was evaluated using Eq. (6).

- - - - - - - - - - (6)

It is known that, the section modulus for circular rod [13],

- - - - - - - - - - (7)

The calculated value of section modulus can be obtained by using eq. (7) was 60.29× 106 kg/m2. So the calculated value
of bending stress on the link [using Eq. (3)] was 473 × 10 6 N/m2.
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5. CONSTRUCTION OF THE MODEL

Finally all the components and parts of the project were constructed using locally available materials and are mounted on
a frame. The motor available in the lab was used in this project. The hubs and links were fabricated in the lab. The
bearings and pulleys were purchased from local market. Fig. 4, shows the final constructed model or assembly of the
gearless power transmission system in right angles.

Fig. 4: Photographic view of Final setup of the project

6. CONCLUSION
This project looks very simple and easy to construct but actually was difficult to conceive and imagine without seeing an
actual one. Hence, it has been mold to present this project at 90o (El-bow mechanism) only. This system runs well and
transmits the power in an angular direction when appropriate links are used with little loss. The system has the freedom of
interchangeability and most important thing is its low manufacturing cost. This system does not work at very low
transmitting torque. Improper drilled hole may cause problem, and sudden load may break down the mechanism. The
speed ratio of the mechanism is almost 1:1.
REFERENCES
[1] Rohit Sharma; “Gearless power transmission system in right angle”; seminar report; 2016.
[2] MahanteshTanodi; “Gearless Power Transmission- offset Parallel Shaft Coupling”, International Journal of
Engineering Research and Technology; vol.3, No-3; pp.129-132, 2014.
[3] Amit Kumar and Mukhesh Kumar; “The gearless power transmission between the skew shafts (SRRS mechanism)”;
International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology; Vol.79, pp.61-72, 2015.
[4] Elaheh Hassanzadeh Toreh, Mehdi Shahmohammadi and Nazim Khamseh; Kinematic and kinetic study of rescue
robot by using Solid works software, Research Journal of Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Published May 20,
2013.
[5] Gadhia Utsav D; Quarter Model of Wagon-R car’s Rear Suspension, analyzed by using ADAMS; International
Journal of Engineering Research & Technology; Vol.1;2012.
[6] Gearless transmission for speed reduction through rolling motion induced by wobbing motion; US patent no.
6,113,511; 2000.
[7] Assad Anis, Simulation of Slider Crank Mechanism using ADAMS software; International Journal of Engineering &
Technology; Vol: 12 No: 04; 2012.
[8] A. A. Yazdani, J. Jin, G. Lepage Jupiter and G. Cozzonlino; Multi-body Dynamics Simulation of an Integrated
Landing Gear System using MSC ADAMS software; Users Conference Irvine, CA; May 7-8, 2013.
[9] Mohammad Ranjbarkohan, Mansour Rasekh, Abdul Hamid Hoseini, Kamran Kheiralipour and Mohammad Reza
Asadi; Kinematic and kinetic analysis of slider-crank mechanism in Otto linear four cylinder Z24 engine; Journal of
Mechanical Engineering Research; Vol. 3(3), pp. 85-95;2011.

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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET)
Volume 10, Issue 07, July 2019, pp. 235-241, Article ID: IJMET_10_07_024
Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=10&IType=7
ISSN Print: 0976-6340 and ISSN Online: 0976-6359
© IAEME Publication

GEAR LESS POWER TRANSMISSION

Meet Patel, Dharmik Parikh, Parth Parmar, Sarmesh Patel
Student, Institute of Technology and Management Universe,
Vadodara, Gujarat, India

Nirajkumar Mehta
Associate Professor, Institute of Technology and Management Universe,
Vadodara, India

ABSTRACT
Today’s world requires speed on each and every field. Hence rapidness and quick
working is the most important. Nowadays for achieving rapidness, various machines
are manufactured by man. The engineer inconstantly conformed to the challenges of
bringing ideas and design in to reality. New machines and techniques are being
developed continuously to manufacture various products at cheaper rates and high
quality. The mechanism “GEARLESS TRANSMISSION” is designed and
manufactured for being compact, which is skilful and is having more precise in
transmitting power at right angle without any gears.
Key words: Gear Less, Power Transmission, Compact Design, Design of Mechanism,
Product Design and Development
Cite this Article: Meet Patel, Dharmik Parikh, Parth Parmar, Sarmesh Patel, Gear
Less Power Transmission. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and
Technology 10(7), 2019, pp. 235-241.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=10&IType=7

1. INTRODUCTION
Engineer is constantly conformed to the challenges of bringing ideas and design in to reality.
New machine and techniques are being developed continuously to manufacture various
products at cheaper rates and high quality. The project “GEARLESS TRANSMISSION”
being compact and portable equipment, which is skilful and is having more practise in the
transmitting power at right angle without any gears being manufactured. The parts can be
easily made and price is also less. The Cylinder-piston Mechanism transmits the input power
towards the output side such a way that the angular Forces produced in the slacks are simply
transmitted with the help of cylinder-piston mechanism which takes up the I/P power and the
angle drive is transferred towards the O/P slack and Cylinder-piston assembly. Hence very
little friction plays while the power is being transmitted. Therefore, it is appreciated that
efficiency as high 90-92% is possible in Gear-Less Transmission mechanism.

http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 235 editor@iaeme.com

 Meet Patel, Dharmik Parikh, Parth Parmar, Sarmesh Patel

2. DESIGN AND FABRICARION

Here is a wonderful mechanism that carries force through a 90º bend. Translating rotational
motion around an axis usually involves gears, which can quickly become complicated,
inflexible and clumsy-looking, often ugly. So, instead of using gears, this technology
elegantly converts rotational motion using a set of cylindrical bars, bent to 90º, in a clever,
simple and smooth process that translates strong rotational force even in restricted spaces. A
gearless transmission is provided for transmitting rotational velocity from an input connected
to three bent links. Both the input shaft and the housing have rotational axes. The rotational
axis of the input shaft is disposed at an angle of 90 degrees with respect to the rotational axis
of the housing. As a result, rotation of the input shaft results in a processional motion of the
axis of the bent link. The rotary and reciprocating motion of bent link transmit rotation of
prime mover to 90 degree without any gear system to an output shaft without gears. The
transmission includes an input shaft.

2.1. Concept Drawing of Machine

Figure 1 Concept Drawing of Machine

2.2. Working
The Gearless transmission or Cylinder-piston mechanism is a device for transmitting Motions
at any angle between the driving and driven shaft. The synthesis of this mechanism would
reveal that it comprises of a number of Cylinder-piston would be between 3 to 8, the more the Cylinder-
piston the smoother the operation. These Cylinder-piston slide inside hollow cylinders thus
formatting a sliding pair. Our mechanism has 3 such sliding pairs. These cylinders are placed
in a Hollow pipe and are fastened at 120˚ to each other. This whole assembly is mounted on
welded MS base. The working of the mechanism is understood by the diagram. An unused
form of transmission of power on shaft located at an angle. Motion is transmitted from driving
to the driven shaft through the roads which are bent to conform to the angles between the
shafts. These roads are located at in the holes equally spaced around a circle and they are free
to slide in & out as the shaft revolves. This type of drive is especially suitable where quite
operation at high speed is essential but only recommended for high duty. The operation of this

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 Gear Less Power Transmission

transmission will be apparent by the action of one rod. In making this transmission, it is essential to
have the holes for a given rod located accurately in the same holes must be equally spaced in radial
and circumferential directions, be parallel to each rod should be bent to at angle at which the
shaft is to be located. If the holes drilled in the ends of the shafts have “blind” or closed ends,
there ought to be a small vent at the bottom of each rod hole for the escape of air compressed
by the Cylinder-piston action of the rods. This transmission may be provided centrally and in
line with the axis of each shaft and provided with a circular groove at each rod or a cross-
Cylinder-piston to permit rotation of the shaft about the rod simply active as a retaining
device.

2.3. Concept in Machine Design

Consideration in Machine Design When a machine is to be designed the following points to
be considered: -
 Types of load and stresses caused by the load.
 Motion of the parts and kinematics of machine. This deals with the type of motion i.e.
reciprocating, rotary and oscillatory.
 Selection of material & factors like strength, durability, weight, corrosion resistant, weld
ability, machine ability is considered.
 Form and size of the components.
 Frictional resistances and ease of lubrication.
 Convenience and economical in operation.
 Use of standard parts.
 Facilities available for manufacturing.
 Cost of making the machine.
 Number of machine or product are manufactured

2.4. General Procedure in Machine Design

 The general steps to be followed in designing the machine are as followed.
 Preparation of a statement of the problem indicating the purpose of the machine.
 Selection of groups of mechanism for the desire motion.
 Calculation of the force and energy on each machine member.
 Selection of material.
 Determining the size of component drawing and sending for manufacture.
 Manufacturing and assembling the machine.
 Testing of the machine and for functioning

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 Meet Patel, Dharmik Parikh, Parth Parmar, Sarmesh Patel

2.5. Design Components

Figure 2 Rotating flange

Figure 3 Structure base

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 Gear Less Power Transmission

Figure 4 Bearing

2.6. Fabrication of Designed Prototype

Figure 5 Top view of Mechanism

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 Meet Patel, Dharmik Parikh, Parth Parmar, Sarmesh Patel

Figure 6 Cylinder-Piston Mechanism

3. CONCLUSION
Some successful mechanical devices function smoothly however poor fly they are made while
other does this only by virtue of an accurate construction & fitting of their moving parts. This
projects which looks very simple & easy to construct was actually very difficult to conceive &
imagine without seeing an actual one in practice. It is an event a fact in the creative mental
process not the forces, which predominate among the schemes of the active tinkers. Motions
demands to be studied first & we have done that very thing. We find that while acceptable analysis
for existing mechanism can often be made quite easily we cannot without insight &
imagination make effective synthesis of new mechanism hence we are mould to present this
our project gear-less transmission at 180˚(Cylinder-piston mechanism) which we have
managed to successfully device after long & hard input in conceiving its working principle.

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 Gear Less Power Transmission

REFRENCES

[1] Design of Machine Elements by V B Bhandari, Tata McGraw Hill Publications

[2] Khurmi R S (2014), A textbook of machine design, Eurasia publishing house(P) ltd.,
New-Delhi, ISBN No. 9788121925372

[3] Eckhardt, Homer. Kinematic Design of Machines and Mechanisms. McGraw-Hill

Publications ISBN0-07-018953-6.

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DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF GEARLESS TRANSMISION USING ELBOW

MECHANISM
Abdul Sazid Khan1, Guide- Kheelraj Pandey2
1UG Scholar, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Amity University Lucknow
2Asst. Professor, Amity University Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India

---------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------------
Abstract - This project "GEARLESS TRANSMISION USING
ELBOW MECHANISM" can be a small and lightweight piece of
equipment that is capable of transmitting power at various
angles without the use of gears. The El-bow Mechanism
transfers input power to the output side in such a way that the
angular forces generated in the slacks are transmitted with
the aid of rods that absorb the input power and pass the right
angle drive to the output slack and rod assembly. As a result, it
is recognized that gearless transmission mechanisms can
achieve efficiencies of up to 92 percent. For transmitting
rotational velocity from an input connected to three bent ties,
a gearless transmission is given. The input shaft's rotational
Fig -1: Elbow Mechanisms at Right Angle
axis is angled in relation to the housing's rotational axis at
various angles. As a consequence, rotation of the input shaft This undertaking gives us information, experience, expertise
causes the bent link's axis to move in a processional motion. and ground breaking thoughts of assembling. It’s a working
The bent link's rotary and reciprocating motion transmits the task and having assurance of achievement. This task is the
prime mover's rotation to a variable angle without the use of a hardware helpful which can improve the nature of the stuff
gear system to an output shaft. AutoCAD is used for modeling, being made and it can be made in less time, thus I have
and ANSYS is used for analysis. The Fabrication model analysis chosen this undertaking el-bow equipment is decent
of the hub dimension and focus on speed of rotating object is connection slider system and kinematic chain standard. This
being presented in this paper. The project Gearless is additionally called as "gearless transmission component"
Transmission is a equipment, which is skilful and is having the system is extremely helpful for sending movement at
something precise in transmitting power at variable angles right angle. Anyway in certain modern application "gearless
without any gears being manufactured. transmission at right angle" can likewise work at insensitive
or up to worm can be measured with an exact point plane
Key Words: Elbow Rods, Hub, Gearless transmission,
and worm stuff and pinion gear which is constantly utilized
Shaft.
in the business for various applications.
1. INTRODUCTION
2. LITERATURE SURVEY
The gear drives are mostly used for accurate and variable
2.1 Skew shaft
power transmission in various sectors such as aerospace,
defense, marine and automotive industrial cutting and The expression "shaft" , utilized in this principles has a wide
machine tools, lift and hoisting equipment, etc. Gears have a significance and serves for determinations of all external
significant drawback in that they are less successful as a components of the part , including those components , which
result of mistakes such as backlash, which causes vibrations don't have round and hollow shapes and "slant" signifies non
during operations and reduces product life due to higher equal and non-meetings so shafts which are non-equal and
wear rates. nonintersecting are recognized as slant shafts. Cog wheels:
Gears are utilized for communicating power starting with
The project "EL-BOW POWER TRANSMISSION" was being
one piece of the machine then onto the next. Pinion wheels
minimized and convenient hardware, which is able and is,
are normally made of metal and have high strength as they
having something, rehearses in the sending power at right
need to run at rapid and move power productively.
point with no pinion wheels being fabricated. The majority of
the material is made accessible by our school. The parts can Purpose to use gears:
be effortlessly made in our school shop its cost is
additionally less.  To increase and decrease speed

 To increase and decrease force

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 To Change the direction. parallel to each rod, and bent to angle, the shaft will be
positioned. If the holes drilled in shafts end have "blind" or
Different types of gears are used to transfer power at Right closed ends, a small vent is provided at bottom of each rod
Angle: hole to allow air compressed by the rods' pumping action to
escape.
 Bevel & Pinion Gear
5. APPLICATIONS
 Worm & Worm Gear
The highlighted item has its most stretched out application
 Hypoid gears as an augmentation for an attachment wrench. The plan is to
make it simple to arrive at latches in car and other
2.2 Elbow Mechanism mechanical ventures, where direct admittance to fasteners
and screws is regularly restricted. Nonetheless, this
El-bow Mechanism devices are came to use for sending innovation's future applications include a wide range of
power however solid shafts are twisted. In this the force is industries. Simply think about the opportunities for power
given to the external plate and the outer plate pivots through transmission in push bicycles, toys and hand-turned gear, or
which the shafts and through which the force is sent to other for development transmission available and outdoor signage.
plate which is available at point of variable angle.
 For all types of four-faced tower clocks, driving is
3. METHODOLOGY
needed. The “Big Ben Clock,” which has four dials on
the London Tower, was used to create the elbow
mechanism. This clock was installed in 1630 AD and
is still in good working order.
 System is sometimes used for gang drilling, which is
multi-spindle drilling process.
 Used for drilling angles ranging from 0 to 90
degrees.
 Pump for lubricating C.N.C. lathe machines.
 The mechanism comes in handy when trying to hit a
drive in a clumsy position.
 Electronic and electronic system air blower.
Fig -2: Methodology  The mechanism has a broad variety of applications
in electronic and computational technology.
4. WORKING PRINCIPLE  In submarines, the elbow mechanism is used to
move the periscope.
The El-bow mechanisms, also recognized as gearless
transmission, is device that transmits motion between 6. COMPARISION WITH EXISTING SOLUTIONS
driven and driving shafts at any fixed angle. The synthesis of
this mechanism reveals that it has a number of pins ranging  Design allows varieties of shaft diameters, both standard
from three to eight, with more pins indicating smoother and non-standard, which isn’t really possible with the
process. By sliding inside hollow cylinders, these pins form a existing gear arrangement due to the complexity of gear
sliding pair. In our mechanism, there are three such sliding manufacturing for skew shafts and the fact that
pairs. In a hollow vessel, cylinders fastened with each other. standardization only allows to use shafts of standard
Brackets fixes with cast iron frame support the whole diameter.
assembly. Electric motor gives power required. The  The proposed gearless transmission with pins can
mechanism's operation is depicted in the diagram. The handle very high speeds and loads, comparable to worm
motion is transferred with driving shaft to driven shaft gears, but not possible with crossed helical gears.
through rods that are bent to match the shaft’s angles. As  Since the mechanism does not have the same sliding and
shaft rotate, these rods are positioned in holes equally point contact as crossed helical gears, power loss is very
spaced around a circle and can slip in and out. low in the introduced arrangement and it can be used
for high loads with sufficient shaft and pin rigidity.
Although many mechanics are suspicious of the operation of  The key and most intriguing benefit of this proposed
this transmission, it is not only practical but has proven system is that it allows one to adjust the location of
satisfactory for a number of applications where drive is for shafts during motion or intermittent position according
shafts that permanently positioned at specified angle. The to need by using specific types of links in place of pins,
drive can also be used on shafts at a midpoint between (30° which is never possible in any current system.
and 150°). To allow transmission, the holes for each rod  Since any dimension of any part used, which doesn’t
must be precisely positioned in same holes, which must exceed the shaft's dimensions limit, a significant
gaped equally in radial and circumferential directions,
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reduction in machine size is possible. In short, a huge no other solution exists. A precise solution that can be
amount of space can be saved. expressed mathematically is available. As a consequence, it's
 The cost of repairing any part that fails is very low. a number rather than method of research. Engineering
 Setup costs are very low. strength of materials or the mathematical principle of
 Setup installation is simple and time-saving. elasticity, for example, can be used to assess the level of
 In contrast to cross helical and worm gear, links and stress and strains in a bent beam analytically, but neither
pins are easier to manufacture. would be very effective in assessing what is happening in a
 Setup generally requires very little expertise. section of a car suspension system during cornering.

7. APPROACH TO DESIGN OF MECHANISM 9. SIMULATION

In my study, the gearless transmission[3] mechanism is 9.1 Introduction to ANSYS

designed in AutoCAD software for motion transmission in
between input rod and output rod from 0° to 120°. The ANSYS is a software package for finite element analysis
hubs[2] are mounted on rod, made of three 120° pins that (FEA) that can be used for a wide range of applications.
rotate and reciprocate to create a connection between the Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is a method of computing for
driving and driven shafts. The complete assembly consists of breaking down a complex structure into small (user-defined)
the driving shaft, driven shaft, two hubs, and three pins. A pieces called components. The programme creates and
rigid platform supports the entire structure (Cast iron). The solves equations that control the behavior of these
driving shaft, driven shaft, two hubs, and three pins make up components. On ANSYS, a simulation of the process is
the total assembly. A rigid platform supports the entire performed. The system will be subjected to a static structural
structure. For removing vibrations, pedestals are mounted analysis to determine reaction of elbow rods[1], hub, and
on the driver and the driven rods. The semi-circular path shafts. Full deformation and von - mises stress analysis are
ensures power transfer at different angles (30° to 150°). performed in static structural analysis. Importing motion
Allowing the driving shaft to spin at a specific rate in a loads to the component allows simulation to take place. As
counter-clockwise direction causes the pins to roll. After dynamic loads, motion loads operate on components. As a
that, Pin is pushed in a reciprocating motion when rotating consequence, simulation is used to conduct a detailed
for 120°. investigation into the process.

Fig -3: Isometric view of the design

Fig -4: Von mises stress of hub or disc plate
8. MODELLING ANALYSIS
Table -1: Static analysis result
8.1 Introduction to AutoCAD

Uses of computer system (or workstation) to help in the

development, alteration, study, or optimizing of design is
known as computer-aided design (CAD). CAD software came
to use in improving productivity, improve the designer's
quality of design, improves designer's quality in designing
and communication through documentation, as well as the
development of a manufacturing database.

8.2 Introduction to FEA

Finite element analysis (FEA) is a method used to tackle

problems in engineering and science that is typically
approximate. It is generally used to solve problems for which

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Table -2: Model analysis result 11.2 Frame

Carbon content in M.S. ranges from 0.15 percent to 0.30

percent. They can only be hardened because they are easily
welded. They have the same qualities as wrought iron in
terms of properties. In terms of properties, they are identical
to wrought iron. With rising carbon content, compressive
strength of steel and ultimate tensile strength of steel
increases. They can be gas welded, electric welded, or arc
welded with ease. Welding capacity declines as carbon
percentage increases. That’s why mild steel came to use in
frame.

11.3 Shaft
10. PROPOSAL
Shaft is hard rotating machine element typically round in
By forming sliding and rolling pairs, the elbow rods aid in the cross sectional area, as force is applied, it is able of
transmitting the power with the one shaft to the other. The transmitting power from one to another part. The different
two cylindrical housings can possibly be connected with members, for e.g., gears and pulleys are mounted on it.
each other at any angle. I have suggested a system Material used in ordinary shafts is mild steel, when high
improvement that allows power to be transmitted at any quality is needed.
chosen angle. Since the transmitting power is driven, this
method of transmission is possible. The housing can be tilted 11.4 Transformer
at any angle between -30° to 30°.The stress distribution over
a 120-degree nut-bolt coupling is close to that of one-piece In the most basic sense, a transformer is something that
elbow rods inclined at 120 degrees. The nut bolt coupling's transforms. The transformer is a voltage control system that
strength is greatest at zero degrees (when shafts are is commonly used in AC power delivery and transmission.
parallel) and decreases as increase in angle.

FABRICATION OF GEARLESS TRANSMISSION USING

ELBOW MECHANISM

11. COMPONENTS

11.1 Motor

Electric motor is devices used to convert the electrical

energy into the mechanical energy. In most electric motors,
interaction in between magnetic fields of motor and electric
currents in winding generates force in form of torque Fig -6: Transformer
applied to the motor's shaft. Electric motors can be identified
I have installed 12-0-12 center taped 3 ampere step down
using factors like kind of power source, internal design,
transformer for the model. The general aim of transformers
operation, and motion output type. General-purpose motors
was to maintain a balance between electricity generated at
with standard dimensions and characteristics provide simple
higher voltages and electricity consumed at lower voltages.
mechanical energy for the use of industries. I have use Wiper
motor of 12 volt 10 ampere. 11.5 Disc Plate or hub

Steel is made up of a combination of carbon, iron, and a few

other elements. Due to its high rigidity and minimal cost, it is
heavily used in infrastructure, buildings, appliances, tools,
automobiles, ships, machines and weapons. Iron is the base
metal of steel. Iron is the base metal of steel.

11.6 Capacitor

When connected to a power source, capacitors are simple

passive devices with plates that can store an electrical
Fig -5: Wiper motor charge. The capacitor, like a small rechargeable battery, has
the ability or "power" to store energy in the form of electrical
charge, generating a potential difference (Static Voltage)
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across its plates. A capacitor is made up of more than two  Some other components which help in fabrication of the
parallel conductive (metal) plates that aren’t connected or project model as follows:
touching but are electrically separated by air or some kind of
good insulating material such as waxed paper, mica, ceramic,  Glue gun: It is used to insulate the soldered area
plastic, or some form of liquid gel as used in electrolytic which is open and dangerous.
capacitors.  Electrical insulation tape: It is used to cover the
joint of wires.
 Nuts and bolts: These are used to tight motor in
frame.
 Bending wire: It is used to hold the transformer on
frame.
 Solder: It is used to join rectifier and capacitor.
 Soldering wire: It helps in soldering.
 Wax: It helps in soldering
 Screw: It is used to join the shaft in one another and
Fig -7: Type of capacitor transformer in the frame.
 Welding machine: It to fabricate the frame and to
Capacitor won’t allow DC current to pass through it because weld shaft in motor.
of this insulating layer, which blocks it, thus allowing a
voltage to exist through the plates in the form of an electrical 12. LIMITATIONS AND ADVANTAGES
charge. A capacitor's conductive metal plates may be square,
circular, or rectangular, or cylindrical or spherical, with the The gearless power transmission system was designed to
general form, scale, and construction of a parallel plate minimize the use of complex gears and the wear conditions
capacitor varying depending on its application and voltage that occur in gears over time, which would necessitate a high
rating. manufacturing cost for gear replacement. When compared to
gears, this mechanism is simple, cost-effective, and powerful.
11.7 Diode Even, there are some disadvantages to the design that make
it unsuitable for operations involving sudden loads, and it
A diode is a semiconductor device that functions as a current
needs a low starting torque to operate properly.
one-way switch. It allows current to flow freely in one
direction while severely restricting current flow in the other.
It converts AC to pulsating direct current DC, diodes are also
known as rectifiers (dc). The type, voltage, and current
capacity of diodes are all rated. Anode (positive lead) and
cathode (negative lead) decide the polarity of a diode
(negative lead). When positive voltage is applied to the
anode, most diodes allow current to flow.

I have use A10 diode which is of 10 ampere and 230 volt. I

have use 4 diodes and connect them in a configuration that it
can as a bridge rectifier. A rectifier is device that transforms
AC into DC.
Fig -13: Fabricated working model

13. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The final configuration will transmit power and torque at

different angles, depending on the angular weakness of
hooks joint. Wide-ranging applications of the drive can be
discovered with further testing and advanced design
analysis. The model functions properly and according to the
Fig -11: Diode which is used requirements. We can effectively minimize power transfer
cost with the aid with this method, and can make more
11.8 Electric power plug
advancement in this technology.
12 A plug is a small plastic object with two or three metal
pins that fit into the holes of an electric socket and
connect the appliance to the power source.

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REFERENCES

[1] V.B. Bhandari, 2010. Design of machine elements. Tata

McGraw-Hill Education.

[2] Johnson, A.S., Tapmatic Corp, 1966. Gearless

transmission. U.S. Patent 3,227,005.

[3] International Journal of Engineering Research &

Technology (IJERT) ISSN: 2278-0181Vol. 3 Issue 3,
March – 2014 Gearless Power Transmission-Offset
Fig -14: Top view of working model Parallel Shaft Coupling.
14. CONCLUSIONS [4] Book s. s. rattan MC Grew Hill Education (India private
limited), New Delhi.
During process of working on the experimental set-up and
after much debate, it was discovered that the proposed [5] A Kumar and S. Das, “An arrangement for power
arrangement can used for any set of diameters with any transmission between co-axial shafts of different
profile of shafts for skew shafts of any angle, but shafts diameter”, International journal of engineering research
surely have rotational motion around their own axis of technology.
rotation, transmitted motion is very smooth and desirable,
and it can only be used for equivalent R.P.M. of driven and
driving shafts by employing. Some efficient mechanical
devices perform smoothly regardless of how poorly they are
designed, while others do so solely due to precise design and
fitting of their moving parts. This project, which seems to be
simple and straightforward to put together, was actually
very difficult to conceptualize and visualize without first
seeing one in action. Motions necessitate prior study, which I
have done. I discovered that, an acceptable study for current
mechanism can be completed quickly, effective synthesis of a
new mechanism requires insight and imagination. As a
result, I am proud to present our project gearless
transmission at variable angles (El-bow mechanism), which I
am able to successfully design after a long and arduous
process of conceiving its working concept.

Fig -15: Another picture of working model

15. FUTURE SCOPE

 It is possible to increase the torque bearing power.

 Bendable flexible links can be used.
 Has a great future in robotics and automation.
 In the near future, it could be used in the automotive
industry.

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International Journal of Advanced Mechanical Engineering.
ISSN 2250-3234 Volume 7, Number 1 (2017), pp. 31-40
© Research India Publications
http://www.ripublication.com

A review paper on design and analysis of gearless

transmission mechanism using elbow mechanism

Yasarkhan 1, S.Raihan1, P.Pankil1, P.Hiren1 and Devendra Patel2

1
Student, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dr. Jivraj Mehta Institute of
Technology, Gujarat Technological University, Gujarat, India.
2
Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dr. Jivraj Mehta
Institute of Technology, Gujarat Technological University, Gujarat, India.

Abstract

This review paper gives information about the Strength, Speed, Torque
Transmissibility of Elbow mechanism as this are very much important
terms in defining applications of the mechanism in replacement of gears. It
mainly focused on the theoretical, analytical and FEA method.
Computation of various parameters like Number of pins, Material used,
Dimensional difference of elements, Speed, Torque. Many previous
approach were made to find out the optimum design in order to make this
mechanism better then old mechanism by using different analysis
software. It consist Theoretical & Analytical method for the design of
elbow mechanism.
Keywords: Transmission System, Gearless Transmission, Elbow
Mechanism, Orbital transmission.

1. INTRODUCTION
In today’s world, as limited quantity of the resources available, it is necessity to
utilize that resources in such way that it gives maximum of them. The major
problem for the gear transmission is that the manufacturing of gear is complex
process which consumes more time and takes very much precision and
manufacturing cost is high .[1,2,4,7,8] The another major problem is that the
32 Yasarkhan, S.Raihan, P.Pankil, P.Hiren and Devendra Patel

transmission having gear cause the jamming due to the backless error and
produces more noise compared to other drives due to pitch mismatch.[3] This
elbow mechanism is also known as Gearless transmission system, L-pin
mechanism or Orbital transmission mechanism. This elbow mechanism is simple
in construction and can be easily made with minor precision. This mechanism is
mainly used in replacement of bevel gears where the motion is to be transmitted at
90⁰. So, in general elbow mechanism angle between rod is taken
90⁰.[1,2,4,5,6,7,8,11,12,14] This mechanism can also be used to transmit power
at varying angle by changing the angle of L-pins or by providing universal joint at
the corner.[3,9,10,13] This mechanism consist mainly 3 L-pins, further increase
into L-pins will increase the smoothness of the system.[8] Elbow Mechanism is
being compact and portable equipment, which is skilful and is having something
practice in the transmitting power at right angle without any gears being
manufactured. This mechanism can be used for any diameter of the driving and
driven shaft.[13] Maximum efficiency of gear drive is only up to 42% but, by this
mechanism we can get up to 90 to 92% of efficiency.[12]

2. SYSTEM STUDY
In this transmission system Nos. of pins used are between 3,4,5,….which were
inserted into the hole drilled on the cylindrical disc. If we use less than 3 pins then
it will not work and will cause jamming.
The motion is transmitted by sliding and rotating movement of the L-pins
simultaneously .
This L-pins are inserted into same angular distance of 120⁰ on the cylindrical disc.
The Elbow mechanism consist of the following part :
 L-pins
 Cylindrical Discs
 Shaft
 Base Plates
 Arm Supports (Bearing)
A review paper on design and analysis of gearless transmission mechanism… 33

General layout of this mechanism is as under :

Figure 1: General Layout Of Mechanism

3. WORKING

After studying synthesis of mechanism it get revealed that this system consist of
3,4,…up to 8 pins and increasing the Nos. of pins mechanism will work more
smoothly. Power to this mechanism is supplied with motor. Motion is transmitted
from driving to driven shaft with the help of L-pins. This L-pins starts TO and
FRO motion when power is supplied. The motion is transmitted through the S-R-
R-S pair made by L-pins and cylindrical disc.
34 Yasarkhan, S.Raihan, P.Pankil, P.Hiren and Devendra Patel

Figure 2: Setup of L-pins

Let at the starting instant shaft 1 starts rotation with 3 pins in anticlockwise
direction and a reaction force developed at the pin surface which in contact with
the shaft and this force transferred to the other end of the pin which is in the shaft
and applying on the shaft 2 due to which shaft 2 starts rotating in the same
direction as shaft 1, after 120 degree rotation pin 1 comes at the place of pin 2 &
pin 2 comes at the place of pin 3 & pin 3 comes at the place of pin 1 by sliding in
shaft and self-adjusting. This motion repeated for next 120 degrees and further for
next 120 degrees and pins are exchanging the position in successive order.

4. LITERATURE STUDY
R. Somraj et al. [1] Analyzed the Design and Fabrication of Gearless
Transmission For Skew Shafts. 3 Nos. of L-pin rods were used. Overall
mechanism is considered to be running on 0.25 HP motor with 140 RPM and
Torque of 1238 N-mm. Design of Hub is done by Considering a hub of internal
diameter is 32mm and outer diameter is 92mm, length is 82mm. Design of shaft
was done by taking maximum tensile stress of 60 N/mm2 and maximum shear
stress of 40 N/mm2. Diameter of elbow rods was 8mm. It Was Concluded that
given arrangement can be used for any set of diameters with any profile of shafts
A review paper on design and analysis of gearless transmission mechanism… 35

for skew shafts of any angle but the shaft’s must be having the rotational motion
about his own axis, transmission of motion is very smooth and desirable and used
only for the equal R.P.M. of driving shaft and driven shaft by employing links or
given type of links for appropriate joints for revolute pair. It was also found that
successful mechanical devices function smoothly however poor fly they are made
while other does this only by virtue of an accurate construction & fitting of their
moving parts.
Neeraj Patil et al. [2] Researched on Gearless Transmission Mechanism and its
Applications. link of C-45 was used. Links bent at required angle slide inside the
holes in the hub Mechanism can transmit at any angle 0 to 180.The mechanism is
studied and a possible go-kart transmission layout is fabricated and few future
applications are suggested. Into This weight of model along with rider Assumed
1500 N. Kart was loaded with 4 Nos. of tires each with 375 N of load. Co-
efficient of friction between road and tire was Considered 0.7. Tire of radius
0.1778m Taken. Torque required to move Was 46.67 N-m with Torque on each
link 15.55 N-m Tangential force of 311.15N was acting on links. Diameter of each
link was 10mm. After study of the mechanism it was concluded that this
mechanism is mainly applicable to low cost applications where torque is low to
medium. With future development in low friction materials (graphene coating)
and stronger composite materials, the efficiency and capacity of this mechanism
can be increased. Also if instead of bent links, bolted links or links held by
universal joints are used then transmission is possible even when angle changes on
the go.
Ashish Kumar et al. [3] performed study on Multi Angular Gearless Drive. The
mechanism was loaded with 3 Nos. of L-pins. Parts of mechanism were modeled
on Solid Works and The analysis of the mechanism was carried out on ANSYS.
The study of mechanism was carried with 0.63 Moment of Inertia (Provided by
Solid Works). Behavior of system is plotted on different charts i.e. Velocity vs.
Time, Acceleration vs. Time, Angular Acceleration vs. Time, Separation Distance
vs. Time. From This it was concluded that The final design thus obtained is
capable of transmitting torque and power at varied angles depending on the
angular limitation of the hooks joint. With further research and advanced analysis
in the design wide-ranging applications of the drive can be discovered.
Solanki Nehal et al. [4] studied Design And Analysis Of Gearless Transmission
Through Elbow Mechanism which can be used into the replacement of the bevel
gears. 4 Nos. of L-pins was used into this fabricated model. With input of 1HP
motor. Links of 10mm diameter were used of S.S , M.S material. Shafts are
rotating with speed of 1440 RPM and 4947.066 N.mm of Torque. Stimulation is
done by the ANSYS 16.2 and analysis of mechanism was done at 50,100,150,200
RPM for both the material. It is been concluded from that analysis that the
36 Yasarkhan, S.Raihan, P.Pankil, P.Hiren and Devendra Patel

mechanism with 6 elbow rods made up of mild steel material is works perfectly.
The mechanism runs smoothly when it is kept at 150 RPM Also it can be
concluded that as the no of elbow rods increases smoother the operation would be.
Shiv Pratap Yadav et al. [5] performed Real time Study for Design, Analysis
and Fabrication of Gearless Power Transmission by using Elbow Mechanism.
They used 3 Nos. Of elbow rods inclined to the 90⁰.Modeling and rendering of
mechanism is done into the CATIA V5 and the analysis was carried on ANSYS.
The mechanism was working between 80 to 100 RPM. after this it was concluded
that It has a high scope in future to replace the cumbersome usage of gears which
will be replaced simple, elegant usage of the shafts that will change the overall
cost management of the industries using gear technology presently to gain more
profits.
Navneet Baradiya et al. [6] had done Analysis and Simulation of Gearless
Transmission Mechanism. The system is to be analyzed in Solid Works package
software to watch the response of the elbow rods and the also the hub (coupled
with shaft). Motion analysis is performed by running the mechanism at 15
revolutions per minute and higher speeds, reaction forces and reaction moment are
plotted against clock run of 5 seconds by using post processor. Theoretical
calculations are made to obtain allowable stress by making use of design data
values. As a result, response of elbow rod and hub is investigated to find the
permissible speed of mechanism. Elbow rods of diameter 7.55mm of stainless
steel were used. It is Concluded that for smooth and safe running of mechanism it
should be kept below 140 rpm. With this study it is concluded that gearless
transmission mechanism is capable of running up to 120 rpm under normal
conditions. Further fatigue analysis are recommended for gearless transmission
mechanism.
Amit kumar et al. [7] Introduced gearless power transmission arrangement used
for skew shafts. 3 Nos. of L-pins were used and the elbow mechanism was
compared with S-R-R-S links. During working on experimental it is concluded
that proposed arrangement used for any set of diameters with any profile of shafts
for skew shafts of any angle but the shaft’s must be having the rotational motion
about his own axis, transmission of motion is very smooth and desirable and used
only for the equal R.P.M. of driving shaft and driven shaft by employing pins or
given type of links for appropriate joints for revolute pair.
Jagushte G. S et al. [8] had done research about Design, Analysis and Fabrication
of Gearless Transmission by Elbow Mechanism. This system was loaded with 3
L-pins each at 1200 of the cylindrical disc. The L-pins are made up of the
Stainless Steel (X6cr17). The rod diameter was taken 12.6mm. part modeling was
done in Solid Works and Analysis is carried on Autodesk Inventor (2016).It Was
A review paper on design and analysis of gearless transmission mechanism… 37

Concluded after analysis and Fabrication 140rpm to 160rpm is safe for gearless
transmission system. Thus simulation results satisfy motion analysis results. Also
The model works correctly as per the design. With the help of this system, we can
efficiently reduce the cost in power transmission and Further advancement in this
technology can be made.
Mahantesh Tanodi et al. [9] Researched about Gearless Power Transmission-
Offset Parallel Shaft Coupling. 4 holes were drilled into the shafts and Z-links
were inserted into the each hole on shafts. This paper was part of a study
investigating the Gearless power transmission for parallel shafts. Gearless
Transmission which is compact and portable equipment, which is skillful and is
having something practice in the transmitting power between parallel shafts
without any gears being used. This Couplings for parallel shaft gives variety of
displacement and torque from a minimum of 1 to 500 mm and from 5.4 to 80000
Nm respectively. Analysis of Z-pins done for the different angles and variation in
length of pins is checked. By the geometric analysis of configuration it was
analyzed that the size of the Z-link connector decreases, as the off-set to shift ratio
increases. And hence the strength of the connector comes down. Hence it is
advisable to maintain smaller offset to shift ratio for the rigid and stronger Z-link
connector. By this study they have concluded that hat the proposed conceptual
design can be applied for the transmission of power between two parallel shafts
having proper shift and off-set by employing different geometries of Z-pins
Anand C. Mattikalli et al. [10] researched on Gearless Power Transmission- L
Pin Coupling. 4 pins are used for each 45⁰ , 90⁰ , 135⁰.The design was checked by
varying the Nos. of pins from 1 to 4 and to find out the optimum Nos. of pins used
for better transmission. Analysis is done in CATIA V5. Analysis is done only for
two intersecting shafts. At the end of the study By CATIA® analysis, It can be
concluded from the results that the proposed conceptual design can be applied for
the transmission of power between two Intersecting shafts having proper angular
misalignment by employing different geometries of L-pins and it is found that
minimum number of L-Pins required are 3, for continuous smooth power
transmission.
Atish Lahu Patil et al. [11] had studied Gearless Mechanism in Right Angle .
The mechanism was consisting 3 pins bent equally at 90⁰ . It was found from
study that the more the Nos. of link will make the operation smoother. The pins
were made up of bright bar with a excellent surface finish. The wood cutter was
mounted on the output shaft which can cut up to 250mm width of wooden sheet.
By working on experimental setup and after a long Study it is Concluded that
proposed arrangement used for any set of diameters with any profile of shafts for
skew shafts of any angle but the shaft’s must be having the rotational motion
about his own axis, transmission of motion is very smooth and desirable and used
38 Yasarkhan, S.Raihan, P.Pankil, P.Hiren and Devendra Patel

only for the equal R.P.M. of driving shaft and driven shaft by employing links or
given type of links for appropriate joints for revolute pair.
M. Lokesh et al. [12] had fabricated model for Gearless Power Transmission
Mechanism using 6 Elbow Rods. From the study it is been stated that this
mechanism can transmit the power with 92% of efficiency. The mechanism was
consisting 6 Nos. of L pins bent equally at 90⁰. The compressor and pump also
introduced into project when the links inside the drilled holes reciprocates as well
rotate inside cylinder. It gives pumping and compression effect. Among the 6
links first pin goes at inner dead center it sucks the air and start moving outer dead
center when further revolving. After study it was concluded that Elbow
transmission mechanism is possible in almost for short lengths and also it is
suitable for medium length by increasing the housing diameter and The setup
indicates that by increasing the elbow a rod in account increases the smoothness
of the transmission also The absence of friction ultimately raises the efficiency of
the mechanism.
Amit Kumar et al. [13] Presented An Arrangement for Power Transmission
Between Co-Axial Shafts of Different Diameter. In that arrangement motion is
transmitted between the co-axial 18 shafts of different diameters. Up to 8 Nos. of
pins was used. If more pins used motion will be smoother, but increase in no. of
pins not at the cost of strength of shaft. Holes drilled very accurately & the axis of
both the shafts was co-axial. The designed arrangement can be work for parallel
shaft displacement up to 500 mm and torque capacities from 5.4 to 80000 Nm. It
was concluded that the Proposed arrangement can be used for any set of diameters
with any profile of shafts but the shaft’s must be co-axial and having rotational
motion along the common axis, transmission of motion is very smooth and
desirable and used only for the equal R.P.M. of driving shaft and driven shaft by
employing different geometries of Z-pins and Elbow pins or link.

5. CONCLUSION
 Any set of Diameter with any profile and skew shaft too can be used, but it
should have rotation about it’s own axis.
 Both the driving and driven shaft should run on the same RPM.
 The rods should be equally radially spaced on the Cylindrical disc. ( If 3 pins
then 360/3=1200 each rod ).
 The mechanism transmit the motion efficiently up to 150 RPM .
 Generally Stainless Still is used as the Rod material.
 Minimum 3 Nos. of pins should be used for to make transmission possible.
A review paper on design and analysis of gearless transmission mechanism… 39

 This mechanism can give up to 92% of efficiency (Gears can give maximum
42% of efficiency).
 The links are bent to 90⁰, but it can also be varied by using the universal
joint.
 General Diameter of Rod used is 8 to 10 mm.
 General length of the rod used is 250mm.

REFERENCES
[1] Prof R. Somraj, B. Sailesh , “DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF
GEARLESS POWER TRANSMISSION FOR SKEW SHAFTS”,
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) ,
Volume: 04 Issue: 04 | Apr -2017
[2] Neeraj Patil , Jayesh Gaikwad , Mayur Patil , Chandrakant Sonawane ,
Shital Patel, “Gearless Transmission Mechanism and its Applications”
International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and
Technology, Vol. 6, Issue 3, March 2017
[3] Ashish Kumar, Puneet Pawar, Sagar Rana, Shishir Bist, “Multi-Angular
Gearless Drive” International Journal of Scientific & Engineering
Research, Volume 6, Issue 7, July-2015
[4] Solanki Nehal Pramesh, Patel Harshil K, Singh Montu, Rajwani Avesh,
“DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF GEARLESS TRANSMISSION
THROUGH ELBOW MECHANISM” International Journal of Scientific
Research in Engineering (IJSRE) Vol. 1 (3), March 2017
[5] Shiv Pratap Singh Yadav, Sandeep G M, Rudra Naik, G C Keerthi
Prakash, Gaurav Kulkarni, Hemanth Kumar S, Thalanki G Vamsi Krishna,
“Design, Analysis and Fabrication of Gearless Power Transmission by
using Elbow Mechanism” International Journal of Engineering Research &
Technology (IJERT) Vol. 6 Issue 04, April-2017
[6] Prof. B. Naveen Bardiya, T. karthik, L Bhaskara Rao “Analysis and
Simulation of Gearless Transmission Mechanism", International Journal
Of Core Engineering & Management (IJCEM) ,Volume 1, Issue 6,
September 2014, Page.no: 136-142.
[7] Amit Kumar and Mukesh Kumar, “Gearless Power Transmission for Skew
Shafts (A SRRS Mechanism)”International Journal of Advanced Science
and Technology Vol.79 (2015), pp.61-72
40 Yasarkhan, S.Raihan, P.Pankil, P.Hiren and Devendra Patel

[8] Jagushte G. S, Kudalkar Hrishikesh, Patil Vikas, Varak Vishal, “Design,

Analysis and Fabrication of Gearless Transmission by Elbow
Mechanism”IJSRD - International Journal for Scientific Research &
Development| Vol. 4, Issue 02, 2016
[9] Prof. Mahantesh Tanodi, “Gearless power transmission-offset parallel
shaft coupling", International Journal of engineering Research and
Technology (IJERT), volume 3, Issue 3, March 2014, Page.no.129-132
[10] Mahantesh Tanodi, S. B. Yapalaparvi, Anand C. Mattikalli, D. N.
Inamdar, “Gearless Power Transmission- L Pin Coupling” International
Journal of Ethics in Engineering & Management Education Volume 1,
Issue 5, May2014
[11] Prof. Pavan Nikam, Atish Lahu Patil, Vinay Prabhakar Jadhav, Sagar
Padmakar Patil, Roshan Suresh Shelar, ” Gearless Mechanism in Right
Angle” International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in
Computing and Communication Volume: 4 Issue: 4
[12] M. Lokesh, R. Ranjith Kumar, R. Revanth, K. Renugadevi and S. Ramesh,
“Gearless Power Transmission Mechanism using 6 Elbow Rods”
International Advanced Research Journal in Science, Engineering and
Technology Vol. 4, Issue 6, June 2017
[13] Prof. A. Kumar and S. Das, “An arrangement for power transmission
between co-axial shafts of different diameter”, International Journal of
Engineering Research and Technology (IJERT), ISSN: 2278-0181,
Volume 2, Issue 2, March 2013, Page .no: 338-347.
[14] “LIMITED ANGLE UNIVERSAL JOINT”United States Patent, Patent
No; US 6,287,206 B1, Inventor: Jack W. Stage, 100 Mt. Lyell Dr.,
SanRafael, CA (US) 94903
[15] United States Patent, Patent No. 2938415, Pin And Slot “ANGLE-DRIVE
WRENCH” Charles Kostka, Bronx, N.Y. (4 Dock St., Mount Vernon,
N.Y.) Filed May 14, 1958, Ser. No. 735,276 Patented May 3l, 1960
www.ijcrt.org © 2021 IJCRT | Volume 9, Issue 6 June 2021 | ISSN: 2320-2882

A REVIEW PAPER ON DESIGN AND ANALYSIS

OF GEARLESS TRANSMISSION MECHANISM
USING ELBOW MECHANISM
Kiran1, Ashish Kumar Shrivastava2
1
Student, M.Tech of Mechanical Engineering, Goel Institute of Technology and Management, Utter Pradesh, India
2
Asistant professor, Faculty of Mechanical Dept. Goel Institute of Technology and Management
Abstract
This review paper offers data approximately the Strength, Speed, Torque Transmissibility of Elbow mechanism as this are very a lot
crucial phrases in defining programs of the mechanism in substitute of gears. It especially targeted at the theoretical, analytical and
FEA technique. Computation of diverse parameters like Number of pins, Material used Dimensional distinction of elements, Speed,
Torque. Many preceding method have been made to discover the ideal layout with the intention to make this mechanism higher then
antique mechanism through the usage of extraordinary evaluation software. It consist Theoretical & Analytical technique for the
layout of elbow mechanism.

Index Terms: Transmission System, Gearless Transmission, Elbow Mechanism, Orbital transmission.

1. INTRODUCTION

In today’s world, as constrained amount of the sources available, it's miles necessity to make use of that sources in such manner that it
offers most of them. The essential trouble for the tools transmission is that the producing of tools is complicated procedure which
consumes extra time and takes very a great deal precision and production value is high .[1,2,4,7,8] The any other essential trouble is
that the transmission having tools reason the jamming because of the backless blunders and produces extra noise as compared to
different drives because of pitch mismatch.[3] This elbow mechanism is likewise referred to as Gearless transmission system, L-pin
mechanism or Orbital transmission mechanism. This elbow mechanism is straightforward in creation and may be effortlessly made
with minor precision. This mechanism is specifically utilized in substitute of bevel gears wherein the movement is to be transmitted at
90⁰. So, in widespread elbow mechanism attitude among rod is taken 90⁰.[1,2,4,5,6,7,8,11,12,14] This mechanism also can be used to
transmit energy at various attitude with the aid of using converting the attitude of L-pins or with the aid of using imparting typical
joint on the corner.[3,9,10,13] This mechanism consist specifically three L-pins, in addition growth into L-pins will growth the
smoothness of the system.[8] Elbow Mechanism is being compact and transportable equipment, that is skilful and is having something
exercise within side the transmitting energy at proper attitude with none gears being manufactured. This mechanism may be used for
any diameter of the riding and pushed shaft.[13] Maximum performance of tools power is handiest as much as 42% but, with the aid
of using this mechanism we will stand up to ninety to 92% of performance.[12]

2. SYSTEM STUDY

In this transmission gadget Nos. of pins used are among three,4,5,….which have been inserted into the hollow drilled at the cylindrical
disc. If we use much less than three pins then it'll now no longer paintings and could motive jamming.

The movement is transmitted through sliding and rotating motion of the L-pins simultaneously.

These L-pins are inserted into identical angular distance of 120⁰ at the cylindrical disc. The Elbow mechanism consists of the
subsequent part:

 L-pins
 Cylindrical Discs
 Shaft
 Base Plates
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 Arm Supports (Bearing)

General layout of this mechanism is as under :

Figure 1: General Layout Of Mechanism

3. WORKING
After analyzing synthesis of mechanism it get discovered that this gadget encompass 3,4,…up to eight pins and growing the Nos. of
pins mechanism will paintings extra smoothly. Power to this mechanism is provided with motor. Motion is transmitted from riding to
pressure shaft with the assist of L-pins. This L-pins begins offevolved TO and FRO movement whilst energy is supplied. The
movement is transmitted thru the S-R- R-S pair made with the aid of using L-pins and cylindrical disc.

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Figure 2: Setup of L-pins

Let on the beginning immediately shaft 1 begins offevolved rotation with three pins in anticlockwise path and a response pressure
evolved on the pin floor which in touch with the shaft and this pressure transferred to the opposite quit of the pin that's within side the
shaft and making use of at the shaft 2 because of which shaft 2 begins offevolved rotating within side the identical path as shaft 1,
after one hundred twenty diploma rotation pin 1 comes on the vicinity of pin 2 & pin 2 comes on the vicinity of pin three & pin three
comes on the vicinity of pin 1 with the aid of using sliding in shaft and self-adjusting. This movement repeated for subsequent one
hundred twenty tiers and in addition for subsequent one hundred twenty tiers and pins are changing the placement in successive order.

4. LITERATURE STUDY

R. Somraj et al. [1] Analyzed the Design and Fabrication of Gearless Transmission For Skew Shafts. three Nos. of L-pin rods had
been used. Overall mechanism is taken into consideration to be jogging on 0.25 HP motor with a hundred and forty RPM and Torque
of 1238 N-mm. Design of Hub is executed via way of means of Considering a hub of inner diameter is 32mm and outer diameter is
92mm, duration is 82mm. Design of shaft become executed via way of means of taking most tensile pressure of 60 N/mm2 and most
shear pressure of forty N/mm2. Diameter of elbow rods become 8mm. It Was Concluded that given association may be used for any
set of diameters with any profile of shafts for skew shafts of any attitude however the shaft’s should be having the rotational
movement approximately his very own axis, transmission of movement may be very clean and appropriate and used handiest for the
same R.P.M. of using shaft and pushed shaft via way of means of using hyperlinks or given form of hyperlinks for suitable joints for
revolute pair. It become additionally determined that a success mechanical gadgets feature easily but bad fly they're made even as
different does this handiest via way of means of distinctive feature of an correct construction & becoming in their transferring parts.

Neeraj Patil et al. [2] Researched on Gearless Transmission Mechanism and its Applications. hyperlink of C-forty five changed into
used. Links bent at required attitude slide in the holes withinside the hub Mechanism can transmit at any attitude zero to 180.The
mechanism is studied and a likely go-kart transmission format is fabricated and few destiny packages are suggested. Into This weight
of version in conjunction with rider Assumed 1500 N. Kart changed into loaded with four Nos. of tires every with 375 N of load. Co-
green of friction among street and tire changed into Considered zero.7. Tire of radius zero.1778m Taken. Torque required to transport
Was 46.sixty seven N-m with Torque on every hyperlink 15.fifty five N-m Tangential pressure of 311.15N changed into appearing on
hyperlinks. Diameter of every hyperlink changed into 10mm. After examine of the mechanism it changed into concluded that this
mechanism is particularly relevant to low price packages in which torque is low to medium. With destiny improvement in low friction
materials (graphene coating) and more potent composite materials, the performance and potential of this mechanism may be increased.
Also if as opposed to bent hyperlinks, bolted hyperlinks or hyperlinks held through customary joints are used then transmission is
feasible even if attitude adjustments at the go.

Ashish Kumar et al. [3] carried out look at on Multi Angular Gearless Drive. The mechanism turned into loaded with three Nos. of
L-pins. Parts of mechanism have been modeled on Solid Works and The evaluation of the mechanism turned into accomplished on
ANSYS. The look at of mechanism turned into carried with 0.sixty three Moment of Inertia (Provided with the aid of using Solid
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Works). Behavior of device is plotted on special charts i.e. Velocity vs. Time, Acceleration vs. Time, Angular Acceleration vs. Time,
Separation Distance vs. Time. From This it turned into concluded that The very last layout as a result received is able to transmitting
torque and strength at various angles relying at the angular hassle of the hooks joint. With similarly studies and superior evaluation
within side the layout wide-ranging programs of the force may be discovered.

Solanki Nehal et al. [4] studied Design And Analysis Of Gearless Transmission Through Elbow Mechanism which may be used into
the substitute of the bevel gears. four Nos. of L-pins become used into this fabricated model. With enter of 1HP motor. Links of 10mm
diameter had been used of S.S , M.S fabric. Shafts are rotating with pace of 1440 RPM and 4947.066 N.mm of Torque. Stimulation is
performed through the ANSYS 16.2 and evaluation of mechanism become performed at 50,100,a hundred and fifty,two hundred RPM
for each the fabric. It is been concluded from that evaluation that the mechanism with 6 elbow rods made from slight metallic fabric is
works perfectly. The mechanism runs easily whilst it's miles stored at a hundred and fifty RPM Also it is able to be concluded that
because the no of elbow rods will increase smoother the operation might be.

Shiv Pratap Yadav et al. [5] finished Real time Study for Design, Analysis and Fabrication of Gearless Power Transmission with the
aid of using the use of Elbow Mechanism. They used three Nos. Of elbow rods willing to the 90⁰.Modeling and rendering of
mechanism is completed into the CATIA V5 and the evaluation become carried on ANSYS. The mechanism become running among
eighty to a hundred RPM. after this it become concluded that It has a excessive scope in destiny to update the bulky utilization of
gears in an effort to get replaced simple, stylish utilization of the shafts as a way to alternate the general value control of the industries
the use of equipment generation currently to benefit extra profits.

Navneet Baradiya et al. [6] had completed Analysis and Simulation of Gearless Transmission Mechanism. The gadget is to be
analyzed in Solid Works package deal software program to look at the reaction of the elbow rods and the additionally the hub (coupled
with shaft). Motion evaluation is achieved through strolling the mechanism at 15 revolutions consistent with minute and better speeds,
response forces and response second are plotted towards clock run of five seconds through the use of publish processor. Theoretical
calculations are made to reap allowable strain through utilizing layout statistics values. As a result, reaction of elbow rod and hub is
investigated to locate the permissible pace of mechanism. Elbow rods of diameter 7.55mm of stainless-steel had been used. It is
Concluded that for easy and secure strolling of mechanism it have to be stored beneathneath one hundred forty rpm. With this have a
look at it's miles concluded that gearless transmission mechanism is able to strolling as much as one hundred twenty rpm beneathneath
ordinary conditions. Further fatigue evaluation are encouraged for gearless transmission mechanism.

Amit kumar et al. [7] introduced gearless strength transmission association used for skew shafts. three Nos. of L-pins have been used
and the elbow mechanism turned into in comparison with S-R-R-S hyperlinks. During running on experimental it's far concluded that
proposed association used for any set of diameters with any profile of shafts for skew shafts of any attitude however the shaft’s ought
to be having the rotational movement approximately his very own axis, transmission of movement could be very easy and perfect and
used best for the same R.P.M. of using shaft and pushed shaft with the aid of using using pins or given kind of hyperlinks for suitable
joints for revolute pair.

Jagushte G. S et al. [8] Had achieved studies approximately Design, Analysis and Fabrication of Gearless Transmission through
Elbow Mechanism. This gadget become loaded with three L-pins every at 1200 of the cylindrical disc. The L-pins are made from the
Stainless Steel (X6cr17). The rod diameter become taken 12.6mm. element modeling become achieved in Solid Works and Analysis is
carried on Autodesk Inventor (2016).It Was Concluded after evaluation and Fabrication 140rpm to 160rpm is secure for gearless
transmission gadget. Thus simulation consequences fulfill movement evaluation consequences. Also The version works successfully
as in line with the design. With the assist of this gadget, we are able to effectively lessen the price in strength transmission and Further
development on this era may be made.

Mahantesh Tanodi et al. [9] Researched approximately Gearless Power Transmission- Offset Parallel Shaft Coupling. four holes had
been drilled into the shafts and Z-hyperlinks had been inserted into the every hollow on shafts. This paper turned into a part of a have
a look at investigating the Gearless electricity transmission for parallel shafts. Gearless Transmission that is compact and transportable
equipment, that is skillful and is having some thing exercise withinside the transmitting electricity among parallel shafts with none
gears being used. This Couplings for parallel shaft offers form of displacement and torque from no less than 1 to 500 mm and from
5.four to 80000 Nm respectively. Analysis of Z-pins performed for the extraordinary angles and version in duration of pins is checked.
By the geometric evaluation of configuration it turned into analyzed that the dimensions of the Z-hyperlink connector decreases,
because the off-set to shift ratio increases. And for this reason the power of the connector comes down. Hence it's miles beneficial to
preserve smaller offset to shift ratio for the inflexible and more potent Z-hyperlink connector. By this have a look at they have got
concluded that hat the proposed conceptual layout may be carried out for the transmission of electricity among parallel shafts having
right shift and off-set through using extraordinary geometries of Z-pins.

Anand C. Mattikalli et al. [10] Researched on Gearless Power Transmission- L Pin Coupling. four pins are used for every 45⁰ , 90⁰ ,
135⁰.The layout turned into checked with the aid of using various the Nos. of pins from 1 to four and to discover the most efficient
Nos. of pins used for higher transmission. Analysis is finished in CATIA V5. Analysis is finished handiest for 2 intersecting shafts. At
the stop of the look at By CATIA® analysis, It may be concluded from the consequences that the proposed conceptual layout may be
implemented for the transmission of energy among Intersecting shafts having right angular misalignment with the aid of using using

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www.ijcrt.org © 2021 IJCRT | Volume 9, Issue 6 June 2021 | ISSN: 2320-2882

extraordinary geometries of L-pins and it's miles discovered that minimal variety of L-Pins required are 3, for non-stop easy energy
transmission.

Atish Lahu Patil et al. [11] Had studied Gearless Mechanism in Right Angle . The mechanism become consisting three pins bent
similarly at 90⁰ . It become discovered from observe that the greater the Nos. of hyperlink will make the operation smoother. The pins
had been made from shiny bar with a extremely good floor finish. The timber cutter become installed at the output shaft which could
break up to 250mm width of timber sheet. By running on experimental setup and after an extended Study it's far Concluded that
proposed association used for any set of diameters with any profile of shafts for skew shafts of any attitude however the shaft’s should
be having the rotational movement approximately his very own axis, transmission of movement could be very clean and perfect and
used simplest for the same R.P.M. of riding shaft and pushed shaft via way of means of using hyperlinks or given sort of hyperlinks
for suitable joints for revolute pair.

M. Lokesh et al. [12] Had fabricated version for Gearless Power Transmission Mechanism the use of 6 Elbow Rods. From the take a
look at it's far been said that this mechanism can transmit the strength with 92% of performance. The mechanism changed into
consisting 6 Nos. of L pins bent similarly at 90⁰. The compressor and pump additionally brought into venture whilst the hyperlinks in
the drilled holes reciprocates as nicely rotate internal cylinder. It offers pumping and compression effect. Among the 6 hyperlinks first
pin is going at internal lifeless middle it sucks the air and begin transferring outer lifeless middle whilst in addition revolving. After
take a look at it changed into concluded that Elbow transmission mechanism is feasible in nearly for brief lengths and additionally it's
far appropriate for medium duration with the aid of using growing the housing diameter and The setup suggests that with the aid of
using growing the elbow a rod in account will increase the smoothness of the transmission additionally The absence of friction in the
end increases the performance of the mechanism.

Amit Kumar et al. [13] presented An Arrangement for Power Transmission Between Co-Axial Shafts of Different Diameter. In that
association movement is transmitted among the co-axial 18 shafts of various diameters. Up to eight Nos. of pins changed into used. If
greater pins used movement could be smoother, however boom in no. of pins now no longer on the price of energy of shaft. Holes
drilled very accurately & the axis of each the shafts changed into co-axial. The designed association may be paintings for parallel shaft
displacement as much as 500 mm and torque capacities from 5.four to 80000 Nm. It changed into concluded that the Proposed
association may be used for any set of diameters with any profile of shafts however the shaft’s have to be co-axial and having
rotational movement alongside the not unusualplace axis, transmission of movement could be very clean and appropriate and used
simplest for the same R.P.M. of using shaft and pushed shaft with the aid of using using exceptional geometries of Z-pins and Elbow
pins or link.

5. CONCLUSION

 Any set of Diameter with any profile and skew shaft too may be used, however it must have rotation approximately it’s very
own axis.

 Both the using and pushed shaft must run at the equal RPM.

 The rods must be similarly radially spaced at the cylindrical disc. (If three pins then 360/three=1200 every rod).

 The mechanism transmits the movement successfully as much as one hundred fifty RPM.

 Generally Stainless Still is used because the Rod material.

 Minimum three Nos. of pins must be used for to make transmission possible.

 This mechanism can surrender to 92% of efficiency (Gears can supply most 42% of efficiency).

 The hyperlinks are bent to 90⁰, however it is able to additionally be numerous via way of means of the usage of the frequent
joint.

 General Diameter of Rod used is eight to ten mm.

 General duration of the rod used is 250mm.

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www.ijcrt.org © 2021 IJCRT | Volume 9, Issue 6 June 2021 | ISSN: 2320-2882

REFERENCES

1. Prof R. Somraj, B. Sailesh , “DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF GEARLESS POWER TRANSMISSION FOR SKEW
SHAFTS”, International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) ,Volume: 04 Issue: 04 | Apr -2017

2. Neeraj Patil , Jayesh Gaikwad , Mayur Patil , Chandrakant Sonawane , Shital Patel, “Gearless Transmission Mechanism and
its Applications” International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, Vol. 6, Issue 3,
March 2017

3. Ashish Kumar, Puneet Pawar, Sagar Rana, Shishir Bist, “Multi-Angular Gearless Drive” International Journal of Scientific &
Engineering Research, Volume 6, Issue 7, July-2015

4. Solanki Nehal Pramesh, Patel Harshil K, Singh Montu, Rajwani Avesh, “DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF GEARLESS
TRANSMISSION THROUGH ELBOW MECHANISM” International Journal of Scientific Research in Engineering
(IJSRE) Vol. 1 (3), March 2017

5. Shiv Pratap Singh Yadav, Sandeep G M, Rudra Naik, G C Keerthi Prakash, Gaurav Kulkarni, Hemanth Kumar S, Thalanki G
Vamsi Krishna, “Design, Analysis and Fabrication of Gearless Power Transmission by using Elbow Mechanism”
International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) Vol. 6 Issue 04, April-2017

6. Prof. B. Naveen Bardiya, T. karthik, L Bhaskara Rao “Analysis and Simulation of Gearless Transmission Mechanism",
International Journal Of Core Engineering & Management (IJCEM) ,Volume 1, Issue 6, September 2014, Page.no: 136-142.

7. Amit Kumar and Mukesh Kumar, “Gearless Power Transmission for Skew Shafts (A SRRS Mechanism)”International
Journal of Advanced Science and Technology Vol.79 (2015), pp.61-72

8. Jagushte G. S, Kudalkar Hrishikesh, Patil Vikas, Varak Vishal, “Design, Analysis and Fabrication of Gearless Transmission
by Elbow Mechanism”IJSRD - International Journal for Scientific Research & Development| Vol. 4, Issue 02, 2016

9. Prof. Mahantesh Tanodi, “Gearless power transmission-offset parallel shaft coupling", International Journal of engineering
Research and Technology (IJERT), volume 3, Issue 3, March 2014, Page.no.129-132

10. Mahantesh Tanodi, S. B. Yapalaparvi, Anand C. Mattikalli, D. N. Inamdar, “Gearless Power Transmission- L Pin Coupling”
International Journal of Ethics in Engineering & Management Education Volume 1,Issue 5, May2014

11. Prof. Pavan Nikam, Atish Lahu Patil, Vinay Prabhakar Jadhav, Sagar Padmakar Patil, Roshan Suresh Shelar, ” Gearless
Mechanism in Right Angle” International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication
Volume: 4 Issue: 4

12. M. Lokesh, R. Ranjith Kumar, R. Revanth, K. Renugadevi and S. Ramesh, “Gearless Power Transmission Mechanism using
6 Elbow Rods” International Advanced Research Journal in Science, Engineering and Technology Vol. 4, Issue 6, June 2017

13. Prof. A. Kumar and S. Das, “An arrangement for power transmission between co-axial shafts of different diameter”,
International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology (IJERT), ISSN: 2278-0181, Volume 2, Issue 2, March 2013,
Page .no: 338-347.

14. “LIMITED ANGLE UNIVERSAL JOINT”United States Patent, Patent No; US 6,287,206 B1, Inventor: Jack W. Stage, 100
Mt. Lyell Dr., SanRafael, CA (US) 94903

15. United States Patent, Patent No. 2938415, Pin And Slot “ANGLE-DRIVE WRENCH” Charles Kostka, Bronx, N.Y. (4 Dock
St., Mount Vernon, N.Y.) Filed May 14, 1958, Ser. No. 735,276 Patented May 3l, 1960

IJCRT2106835 International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts (IJCRT) www.ijcrt.org h32

See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338680655

PERFORMANCE TEST ANALYSIS OF GEARLESS POWER TRANSMISSION

SYSTEM FOR FOUR NUMBER OF ELBOW PINS

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 Proceedings of the
International Conference on Mechanical Engineering and Renewable Energy 2019
(ICMERE2019) 11 – 13 December, 2019, Chittagong, Bangladesh

ICMERE2019-PI-247

PERFORMANCE TEST ANALYSIS OF GEARLESS POWER TRANSMISSION

SYSTEM FOR FOUR NUMBER OF ELBOW PINS
Md. Abu Hasan Al Askary, Bably Das, Sumaiya Maheen Binte Hoque

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chittagong University of Engineering and Technology, Bangladesh

as.hasan45@gmail.com*, bably@cuet.ac.bd, mahinsumaiya@gmail.com

Abstract- An efficient means to transmit power is important for the present socio-economic world. Usually
power transmission is associated with belt, chain, gear, rope, shaft etc. from the mechanical point of view.
Uses of gear for transmitting power is a popular way but noise, friction, wearing, breaking of components
etc. results in power loss and lower efficiency. A real-time study of the gearless transmission mechanism
which is efficient and an economical way to transmit power is presented in this paper. The system has
interchangeability and low cost for manufacturing. The response of four number of elbow pins has been
analyzed by SOLIDWORKS software’s simulation feature for various speed between 50 to 400 rpm and the
efficiency has been calculated from input and output speeds. The efficiency has been obtained nearly about
85 percent.

Keywords: Power transfer, Gearless transmission, Simulation and Efficiency,

backlash-free torque transmission and time saving
installation. At even high speeds, it can be safe torque
1. INTRODUCTION transmission. This mechanism can be also estimated
An important requirement of the world is more speed radial vibration. For this reason, it is widely used for the
for rapid and fast working. For this reason, different types movement of submarine’s periscope, drill machining for
of components and machines are manufactured by many different angular positions, lubrication in the C.N.C lathe
persons day by day. Engineers are also facing to the machines, air blower in the computer and electric
challenge of achieving new ideas and new designs. If machine etc.
someone wants to transfer power efficiently from its
source of generation to the required place to obtain 2. LITERATURE REVIEW
required task, then power transmission is vital concern A briefing for gearless power transmission system
[1]. For transmitting power and motion, different types of between the co-axial shaft of various diameter were
medium are used between two shafts. Using for presented by Prof. A. Kumar and S. Das in the paper.
transmitting power within a short distance like gears or They showed that motion could be transmitted up to 8
couplings, belt pulley or chain-sprocket is another type number of pins for smoother operation [4]. M. Lokash et
of transmitting mechanism where the power can be al. had been expressed that the gearless power
transmitted to a long distance. A belt which consists of transmission mechanism with 6 L-type of pins to twisted
flexible material and is used to mechanically link at 90-degree angle could transmit power with 92 percent
between two or more spinning shafts. Belt drives are used of efficiency. The pump and compressor were introduced
to efficient transmission motion. Friction drive is also to that paper. When the link rotates and reciprocates
transmitting drive. It can transmit power by using two inside the drilled hole, it gave compression and pumping
wheels one to another. But this type of system is not very effect [5]. Prof Pavan Nikam et al. were comprising three
efficient and cost effective [2]. Generally, gear is used to pins bent into a 90-degree angle could be used for the
transfer power in short distances. To transmit power woodcutter mounted on the shaft. When the number of
between two shafts, different types of gear are used for pins increased then the transmission would smoother.
base on different conditions. These are used for The pins should be proper surface finish. The woodcutter
transmitting power in various purpose of depending on could cut about 250mm width wood sheets [6]. Ashish
shaft. Helical gear, herringbone gear and spur gear are Kumar et al. was designed the gearless power
used for parallel shaft. Worm gear, bevel gear is used for transmission system and the examination of the
non-parallel shaft for transmitting power. But those have component was done on ANSYS. The investigation of
some disadvantage during manufacturing, lubricating, the component was conveyed with 0.63 Moment of
cooling and cost. Those have also limitation to power Inertia. Conduct of framework was plotted on various
transfer in short distance, interchangeability, outlines for example speed versus time, acceleration
compellability of design calculation [3]. But in gearless versus time, angular acceleration versus time, separation
power transmission system, it has many scopes. It is a distance versus time [7]. Prof. B. Naveen Baradiya et al.
© ICMERE2019
had analyzed gearless transmission mechanism on The speed of the motor, N =1450 rpm.
SOLIDWORKS software. The reaction of elbow pin and Torque equation,
60𝑃
hub had been plotted with time by varying motor rpm. 𝑇= (1)
2𝜋𝑁
They were simulated elbow pin for 5 second to find out
Where, P is power, T is torque, N is speed,
von mises stress. It was observed that the system was 60×186.5
capable of running 120rpm for normal conditions [8]. So,𝑇 = =1238N-mm.
2π×1440
Solanki Nehal et al. used elbow mechanism instead of Equation (2) shows the bending stress of hub calculation.
bevel gear with 4 number of L-type pins. They analyzed The mass(m) of the system is 20kg
the mechanism for 50 to 200 rpm speed and concluded Force, F=mg=20×9.81=196.2N.
that it was run smoothly about 150rpm. Another, the Bending stress of hub,
number of pins increased, the operation would be ơ= 2
𝐹𝐷𝑖²
(2)
smoother in that system [9]. Mahantesh Tanodi et al. 𝐷𝑜 −𝐷𝑖²
So, the calculated value of bending stress is 27 N/mm².
analyzed about Z-links. When the size of Z-link
Equation (3) shows the bending stress of elbow pin
decreased, off-set to shaft ratio increased. But it was
calculation.
concluded to maintain small off-set to shaft ratio to get
The section of modulus of elbow pin,
more strong and rigid Z-link connector [10]. S.B
Z=0.012R³=0.768 kg/mm²,
Yapalaparvi et al. checked for smother operation, the
Where, R is radius of elbow pin.
minimum required three number of pins [11]. Shiv Pratap
Bending stress of elbow pin,
Yadav et al. researched about gearless power 𝑃𝐿
transmission system for real time study. They used three ơ= (3)
4𝑍
number of elbow pins at right angle orientation. It was Where, P is power, L is length, Z is section modulus. So,
working between eighty to hundred rpm speed. They the calculated value of bending stress of elbow pin is
proposed to replace that mechanism instead of 18212.89 N/mm².
cumbersome usage gears [12].
4.3 Simulation for Four Number of Pins
3. WORKING PRINCIPLE In SOLIDWORKS-2017 version software, all of the
The gearless power transmission mechanism is a parts of the model are drafted under part and assembly
device which transmits motion at any fixed angle from workbench. Every parts of the model are rigid and
driving shaft to drive shaft. The elbow pins slide inside concentric mate is used for relative motion. The feature
the cylindrical hole of the hub and forming a sliding pair. of lock mate is used for shaft and hub. The simulation is
They are the free to slide in and out as the driving hub performed on the mechanism to watch the response of
revolves. The motor drives the pully by the belt. The elbow pin by von mises stress distribution. It is also
pully is connected to the hub through a shaft. So, the performed by motion loads which is acted as dynamic
motion can transmit from the driving hub to the driven loads. Mild steel is used for simulation and fabricate the
hub through elbow rods. The motion transmission can be model. Figure 2 shows the von mises stress distribution
apparent when one rods during one revolution. for speed 50rpm and figure 3 shows the maximum value
of von mises stress vs speep graph for speed 50,100, 150,
4. METHODOLOGY 200, 250, 300, 350 and 400 rpm respectively.
The aims of this project are to do response of four
number of pins by SOLIDWORS simulation feature for
different speeds and performance test of this system.

4.1 Flow Chart

Part Assembly Simultion
modeling

Plotting
Performance
Fabrication retrieved
test
data
Figure 1: Flowchart of the project.

4.2 Assumptions
According to the research paper [13], some
parameters are assumed for this project. For the design of
shaft diameter is 20mm, length is 230mm. For the design
Figure 2: Von mises stress distribution of speed 50 rpm.
of hub, the outer diameter (Do) is 92mm, internal
diameter (Di) is 32mm, length(L) is 82mm. For elbow rod,
diameter is 8mm, length is 300mm.
Equation (1) shows the torque calculation.
1
Power of motor, 𝑃 = hp =186.5 Watt.
4

© ICMERE2019
 3.00E+07 5.1 Performance Test
The gearless power transmission system consists of
Von mises stress(N/m2) 2.50E+07 four number of pins. Performance test of this gearless
power transmission system depends on input motor speed,
2.00E+07 input shaft speed and output shaft speed. Efficiency is
1.50E+07 calculated from this input shaft speed and output shaft
speed. Table 1 shows the data collection for this system.
1.00E+07 Motor Input Output Efficiency
5.00E+06
speed(rpm) speed(rpm) speed(rpm) (%)
602 129 105 81.3
0.00E+00 688 154 123 79.8
0 100 200 300 400 500 657 173 146 84.4
Speed(rpm) 701 178 156 87.6
705 186 136 73.1
753 217 179 82.5
Figure 3: Maximum value of von mises stress vs. speed. 801 229 162 70.7
815 237 216 91.1
From this graph, it is clear that when speed is increased 856 246 192 78.0
then von mises stress is also increased. 946 302 275 91.0
922 308 253 82.1
5. FABRICATION OF THE PROJECT 958 314 281 89.5
The gearless power transmission system is a system
962 328 296 90.2
which can drive without using any gear. It can transmit
958 335 287 85.7
power or motion from one shaft to another shaft at any
fixed angle. In this project, it consists of four number of 978 342 308 90.1
elbow pins, motor, cylindrical hub, flexible belt, bearing 984 346 305 88.1
and frame. The pins can transfer power through hub from 986 348 322 92.5
one shaft to another shaft. At first, an electric motor is 987 356 302 84.8
supplied power to input shaft through a flexible belt. The 997 360 318 88.3
input shaft is connected to the hub. Elbow pins are bent 998 363 308 84.8
at right angle between two hubs for transmitting motion.
These pins are slide and rotate freely around cylindrical Table 1: Performance test data
holes which locates in the hub. The holes are located
equally in the hub. One voltage regulator is also 350
connected for controlling speed of the system. This
system is suitable for low torque operations. Figure 4 300
Output speed(rpm)

shows the gearless power transmission system. 250

200
Hub Motor
150
100
50
0
0 100 200 300 400
Elbow
pin Input speed(rpm)

Figure 5: Output speed vs. input speed.

Shaft
Figure 5 shows the performance test graph. From
Pully performance test graph, it is clear that when input shaft
speed is increased then the output shaft speed is also
increased gradually.

Figure 4: Gearless power transmission system. 6. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

It is concluded from this analysis that when speed
increases, the maximum value of von mises stress is
increased. The system runs smoothly when it is run at low
speeds. The efficiency is obtained nearly 85%. The
gearless power transmission system works very well but
© ICMERE2019
 some vibration is found for hub and elbow pin clearance transmission through elbow mechanism’’,
in the system. International Research Journal of Scientific
Research in Engineering (IJSRE), Vol. 01, Issue 03,
7. CONCLUSION pp. 213-219, 2017.
The system has a bright future in industries because of [10] Mahantesh Tanodi, S.B. Yapalaparvi, Anand C.
low cost. It can be used for machining operation, such as Mattikalli, D.N. Inamdar and G.V. Chiniwalar
boring, drilling, grinding operations. This system may “Gearless power transmission-offset parallel shaft
break for sudden applying load, because elbow pins and coupling’’, International Journal of Engineering
hub alignment are very sensitive. The effect of corrosion Research and Technology (IJERT), Vol. 03, Issue 03,
in this system is less than geared drive. Some speed loss pp.129-132, 2014.
is found in this system due to frictions and clearance [11] S.B Yapalaparvi, D.N. Inamdar ,Mahantesh Tanodi
between hub and elbow pin. It can be reduced by proper and Anand C. Mattikalli, “Gearless power
surface finish and using lubrication. Lubrication can be transmission-L pin coupling’’, International Journal
applied to the drill hole in the hub. But, the main of Ethics in Engineering and Management, Vol. 01,
advantage of this system is full of interchangeability and Issue 05, pp.117-122, 2014.
low cost. [12] Shiv Pratap Sing Yadav, Sandeep G M, Rudra Naik,
G C Keerthi Prakash, Gaurav Kulkarni, Hemanth
8. REFERENCES Kumar S and Thalanki G Vamsi Krisna, “Design
[1] R. Harimaheswaran, P. Viswabharathy, D. analysis and fabrication of gearless power
Muralidharan, E. Muthuraj and T. Karthick Raja, transmission by using elbow mechanism’’,
“Design and fabrication of el-bow power International Journal of Engineering Research and
transmission with cutter’’, International Journal of Technology (IJERT), Vol. 06, Issue 04, 2017.
Novel Research and Development, Vol. 2, pp. 2456- [13] R. Somraj, B. Sailesh, “Design and fabrication of
2460, 2017. gearless power transmission for skew shafts’’,
[2] Md. Jewel Rana and A. N. M. Mizanur Rahman, International Research Journal of Engineering and
“Development and performance test of gearless Technology (IRJET), Vol. 04, Issue 04, pp.1018-
power transmission system’’, International 1023, 2017.
Conference on Mechanical, Industrial and Energy
Engineering, ICMIEE18-253, pp. 1-6, 2018. 9. NOMENCLATURE
[3] Makana Latha Sri and Dokiburra Shakeena, “Design
and analysis of gearless transmission’’, Symbol Meaning Unit
International Journal of Merging Technology and T Torque (N-mm)
Advanced Research in Computing, Vol. 23, pp. N Speed (rpm)
2320-2327, 2018. F Force (N)
[4] Prof.A. Kumar and S. Das, “An arrangement for L Length (mm)
power transmission between co-axial shafts of Z Section Modulus (kg/mm²)
different diameter’’, International Journal of ơ Bending Stress (N/mm²)
Engineering Research and Technology (IJERRT), D Diameter (mm)
ISSN:2278-0181, Vol. 2, Issue 2, pp.338-347, 2013.
[5] M. Lokesh, R. Ranjit Kumar, R. Revanth, K.
Renugadevi and S. Ramesh, “Gearless power
transmission mechanism using 6 elbow rods’’,
International Advance Research Journal in Science,
Engineering and Technology, Vol. 4, Issue 6, pp.03-
06, 2017.
[6] Prof Pavan Nikam, Atish Lahu Patil, Vinay
Prabhakar Jadhav, Sagor Padmakar Patil, Roshan
Suresh Shelar, “Gearless mechanism in right angle’’,
International Journal on Recent and Innovation
Trends in Computing and Communication, Vol. 4,
Issue 4, pp. 145-149, 2016.
[7] Ashish Kumar, Puneet Pawar Sagor Rana, Shishir
Bist, “Multi- angular gearless drive’’, International
Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research, Vol.
6, Issue 7, pp. 974-977, 2015.
[8] Prof. B. Naveen Baradiya, T. Kartik, L. Bhaskara
Rao, “Analysis and simulation of gearless
transmission mechanism’’, International Journal of
Core Engineering and Management, Vol. 1, Issue 6,
pp.136-143, 2014.
[9] Solanki Nehal Pramesh, Patel HarshilK, Sing Montu
and Rajwani Avesh “Design and analysis of gearless

© ICMERE2019

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www.ijcrt.org © 2022 IJCRT | Volume 10, Issue 5 May 2022 | ISSN: 2320-2882

DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF GEARLESS

POWER TRANSMISSION
M.P.Gowtham1, M.Saravanan 2, E.Selvakumar 3, R.Surya4, Mallela Lokesh Reddy5
1
Assistant Professor (Department of Mechanical Engineering, V.S.B. Engineering College, Karur- 639111)
2,3,4,5
Final year Students (Department of Mechanical Engineering, V.S.B. Engineering College, Karur- 639111)

ABSTRACT

This project represents a real-time study of the gearless transmission mechanism. Today’s world
requires speed in every field. Hence rapidness and quick working are the most important. Nowadays for
achieving rapidness, various machines and equipment are manufactured by man. This transmission system
is to be analyzed in solid works software to study the reaction of elbow rods and hub and then the
fabrication of the mechanism is carried out. The project GEARLESS TRANSMISSION is being compact
and portable equipment, which is skillful and is having something precise in transmitting power at a right
angle without any gears being manufactured. Introduced gearless power transmission arrangement used for
skew shafts.In this transmission system no. of pins or links used must be odd ..., (3, 5, 7, 9, …) & centers of
any two pins or links hole must not be on that line which represents the diameter of the shaft. If more pins or
links are used motion will be smoother, but an increase in the. of pins or links not at the cost of the strength
of the shaft.
Power transmission for skew shafts is with the help of either crossed helical gear or worm gear or
hypoid gears in a machine, but the manufacturing of these gears is very complex, power loss in gears due to
sliding motion and the shaft orientations is very limited means not for every shaft orientation because of
standardization of gears, so the need arises for a better system. So here I introduced a gearless power
transmission system for skew shafts which reduces the losses, and cost & saves time and space. This
system allows the changing in the orientation of shafts during motion which is fascinating about this
mechanism. Also, during the analysis of the mechanism and working it is seen that this gearless
transmission can be used for both intersecting shafts and skew shafts but here we introduced a solution for
skew shafts so the main attention is towards the skew shafts.

I.INTRODUCTION

Here is a wonderful mechanism that carries force through a 90º bend. Translating rotational motion
around an axis usually involves gears, which can quickly become complicated, inflexible, and clumsy-
looking, often ugly. So, instead of using gears, this technology elegantly converts rotational motion using a
set of cylindrical bars, bent to 90º, in a clever, simple and smooth process that translates strong rotational
force even in restricted spaces. A gearless transmission is provided for transmitting rotational velocity from
an input connected to three bent links. Both the input shaft and the housing have rotational axes. The
rotational axis of the input shaft is disposed at an angle of 90 degrees concerning the rotational axis of the
housing. As a result, rotation of the input shaft results in a processional motion of the axis of the bent link.
The rotary and reciprocating motion of bent link transmit rotation of prime mover to 90 degrees without any
gear system to an output shaft without gears. The transmission includes an input shaft. T: Gearless
transmission mechanism transmits power from input to output shafts using sliding links that form revolute
pair with the hub. Links bent at the required angle slide inside the holes in the hub. Thus, as the holes in
the input hub rotate;it pushes the links and in turn, the output hub is rotated.

IJCRT2205255 International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts (IJCRT) www.ijcrt.org c314

www.ijcrt.org © 2022 IJCRT | Volume 10, Issue 5 May 2022 | ISSN: 2320-2882
This mechanism can be used as a replacement for bevel gears in low-cost, low torque applications.
It can transmit at any angle from 0 to 1800. In this paper, the mechanism is studied and a possible go-kart
transmission layout is fabricated and a few future applications are suggested. The mechanism is made of
SRRS pair (sliding revolute sliding) sliding pair between the input hub hole and the link; revolute pair
between link and input hub; revolute pair between link and output hub; sliding pair between holes in output
hub and the link. The rotational motion of the input shaft is converted into the sliding motion of links which
is then converted t the rotational motion of the output shaft. In this paper, we have focused on transmission
through nonparallel shafts only. View of the Shafts: -Below diagram shows a different view of the shaft
arrangement which is skewed and the angle between them is 90 degrees, which helps us in understanding
the arrangement of shafts.

II.LITERATURE REVIEW
R. Somraj et al. [1] Analyzed the Design and Fabrication of Gearless Transmission for Skew
Shafts. 3 Nos. of L-pin rods were used. The overall mechanism is considered to be running on a 0.25 HP
motor with 140 RPM and a Torque of 1238 N-mm. Design of Hub is done by Considering a hub of internal
diameter is 32mm and outer diameter is 92mm, length is 82mm. The design of the shaft was done by taking
maximum tensile stress of 60 N/mm2 and maximum shear stress of 40 N/mm2. The diameter of the elbow
rods was 8mm. It Was Concluded that the given arrangement can be used for any set of diameters with any
profile of shafts. A review paper on design and analysis of gearless transmission mechanism… 35 for skew
shafts of any angle but the shafts must be having the rotational motion about his axis, the transmission of
motion is very smooth and desirable and used only for the equal rpm of the driving shaft and driven shaft by
employing links or given type of links for appropriate joints for revolute pair. It was also found that
successful mechanical devices function smoothly however poor fly they are made while other does this by
of an accurate construction & fitting of their moving parts.
Neeraj Patil et al. [2] Researched Gearless Transmission Mechanism and its Applications. link of
C-45 was used. Links bent at the required angle slide inside the holes in the hub Mechanism can transmit at
any angle from 0 to 180. The mechanism is studied and a possible go-kart transmission layout is fabricated
and a few future applications are suggested. Into This weight of model along with rider Assumed 1500 N.
Kart was loaded with 4 Nos. of tires each with 375 N of load. The coefficient of friction between road and
tire was Considered 0.7. Tire of radius 0.1778m Taken. The torque required to move Was 46.67 N-m
with Torque on each link
15.55 N-m Tangential force of 311.15N was acting on links. The diameter of each link was 10mm. After a
study of the mechanism, it was concluded that this mechanism is mainly applicable to low-cost applications
where torque is low to medium. With future development in low friction materials (graphene coating) and
stronger composite materials, the efficiency and capacity of this mechanism can be increased. Also, if
instead of bent links, bolted links or links held by universal joints are used then the transmission is possible
even when the angle changes on the go.
Ashish Kumar et al. [3] performed a study on Multi Angular Gearless Drive. The mechanism
was loaded with 3 Nos. of L-pins. Parts of the mechanism were modeled on Solid Works and the analysis of
the mechanism was carried out on ANSYS. The study of the mechanism was carried with 0.63 Moment of
Inertia (Provided by Solid Works).
The behavior of the system is plotted on different charts i.e., Velocity vs. Time, Acceleration vs. Time,
Angular Acceleration vs. Time, Separation Distance vs. Time. From This, it was concluded that the final
design thus obtained is capable of transmitting torque and power at varied angles depending on the angular
limitation of the hooks joint. With further research and advanced analysis in the design wide-ranging
applications of the drive can be discovered.

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Solanki Nehal et al. [4] studied the Design and Analysis of Gearless Transmission Through
Elbow Mechanism which can be into the replacement of the bevel gears. 4 Nos. of L-pins was used in this
fabricated model. With the input of a 1HP motor. Links of 10mm diameter were used of S.S, M.S material.
Shafts are rotating with a speed of 1440 RPM and 4947.066 N.mm of Torque. Stimulation is done by the
ANSYS 16.2 and analysis of the mechanism was done at 50,100,150,200 RPM for both the material. It is
been concluded from that analysis that the 36 Yasarkhan, S.Raihan, P.Pankil, P.Hiren and Devendra Patel
mechanism with 6 elbow rods made up of mild steel material works perfectly. The mechanism runs
smoothly when it is kept at 150 RPM Also it can be concluded that as the no of elbow rods increases
smoother the operation would be.
Shiv Pratap Yadav et al. [5] performed Real-time Study for the Design, Analysis, and
Fabrication of Gearless Power Transmission by using Elbow Mechanism. They used 3 Nos. Of elbow rods
inclined to the 90⁰.Modeling and rendering of the mechanism are done into the CATIA V5 and the analysis
was carried out on ANSYS. The mechanism was working between 80 to 100 RPM. after this it was
concluded that It has a high scope in future to replace the cumbersome usage of gears which will be
replaced with simple, elegant usage of the shafts that will change the overall cost management of the
industries using gear technology presently to gain more profits.
Navneet Baradiya et al. [6] had done Analysis and Simulation of the Gearless Transmission
Mechanism. The system is to be analyzed in Solid Works package software to watch the response of the
elbow rods and also the hub (coupled with the shaft). Motion analysisis performed by running the mechanism
at 15 revolutions per minute and higher speeds, reaction forces, and reaction moments are plotted against a
clock run of 5 seconds by using a post-processor. Theoretical calculations are made to obtain allowable
stress by making use of designdata values. As a result, the response of the elbow rod and hub is investigated
to find the permissible speed of the mechanism. Elbow rods of a diameter of 7.55mm of stainless steel were
used. It is concluded that for the smooth and safe running of the mechanism it should be kept below 140
ppm. With this study, it is concluded that the gearless transmission mechanism is capable of running up to
120 rpm under normal conditions. Further fatigue analysis is recommended for gearless transmission
mechanisms.
Amit Kumar et al. [7] Introduced a gearless power transmission arrangement used for
skew shafts. 3 Nos. of L-pins were used and the elbow mechanism was compared with S-R-R- Slinks.
During working on experimental it is concluded that the proposed arrangement used for any set of
diameters with any profile of shafts for skew shafts of any angle but shafts must be having the rotational
motion about his axis, the transmission of motion is very smooth and desirable and used only for the equal
R.P.M. of the driving shaft and driven shaft by employing pins or given type of links for appropriate joints
for revolute pair.
Jagushte G. S et al. [8] had researched Desthe ign, Analysis, and Fabrication of Gearless
Transmission by Elbow Mechanism. This system was loaded with 3 L-pins each at 1200 of the cylindrical
disc. The L-pins are made up of the Stainless Steel (X6cr17). The rod diameter was taken at 12.6mm. part
modeling was done in Solid Works and Analysis is carried out n Autodesk Inventor (2016). It was A
review paper on the design and analysis of gearless transmission mechanism… 37 Concluded after analysis
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and Fabrication 140rpm to 160rpm is safe for the gearless transmission system. Thus, simulation results
satisfy motion analysis results. Also, the model works correctly as per the design. With the help of this
system, we can efficiently reduce the cost of power transmission and Further advancements in this
technology can be made.
Mahantesh Tanodi et al. [9] Researched Gearless Power Transmission Offset Parallel Shaft
Coupling. 4 holes were drilled into the shafts and Z-links were inserted into each hole on the shafts. This
paper was part of a study investigating the Gearless power transmission for parallel shafts. Gearless
Transmission is compact and portable equipment, which is skillful and is having something to practice in the
transmitting power betweenparallel shafts without any gears being used. These Couplings for parallel shafts
give a variety of displacement and torque from a minimum of 1 to 500 mm and from 5.4 to 80000 Nm
respectively. Analysis of Z-pins done for the different angles and variation in the length of pins is checked.
By the geometric analysis of configuration, it was analyzed that the size of the Z-link connector decreases,
as the off-set to shift ratio increases. And hence the strength of the connector comes down. Hence it is
advisable to maintain a smaller offset to shift ratio for the rigid and stronger Z-link connector. By this
study, they have concluded that hat the proposed conceptual design can be applied for the transmission of
power between two parallel shafts having proper shift and offset by employing different geometries of Z-
pins.
Anand C. Mattikalli et al. [10] researched Gearless Power Transmission- L Pin Coupling. 4
pins are used for each 45⁰, 90⁰, 135⁰. The design was checked by varying the Nos. of pins from 1 to 4 to
find out the optimum Nos. of pins used for better transmission. The analysis is done in CATIA V5. The
analysis is done only for two intersecting shafts. At the end of the study By CATIA® analysis, It can be
concluded from the results that the proposed conceptual design can be applied for the transmission of power
between two Intersecting shafts having proper angular misalignment by employing different geometries of
L-pins and it is found that minimum number of L-Pins required is 3, for continuous smooth power
transmission.
Atish Lahu Patil et al. [11] studied Gearless Mechanism in the Right Angle. Themechanism
was consisting 3 pins bent equally at 90⁰. It was found from the study that the more the Nos. of the link
will make the operation smoother.
The pins were made up of a bright bar with anexcellent surface finish. The woodcutter was
mounted on the output shaft which can cut up to250mm width of the wooden sheet. By working on the
experimental setup and after a long Study it isConcluded that the proposed arrangement used for any set of
diameters with any profile of shafts for skew shafts of any angle but the shafts must be having the rotational
motion about their axis, the transmission of motion is very smooth and desirable and used 38 Yasarkhan,
S.Raihan, P.Pankil, P.Hiren, and Devendra Patel only for the equal R.P.M. of the driving shaft and driven
shaft by employing links or given type of links for appropriate joints for revolute pair.
M. Lokesh et al. [12] had fabricated a model for Gearless Power Transmission Mechanism
using 6 Elbow Rods. From the study, it is been stated that this mechanism can transmit the power with 92%
of efficiency. The mechanism was consisting 6 Nos. of L pins bent equally at 90⁰. The compressor and pump
are also introduced into the project when the links inside the drilled holes reciprocate as well rotate inside the
cylinder. It gives a pumping and compression effect. Among the 6 links first pin goes at the inner dead
center which sucks the air and starts moving the outer dead center when further revolving. After the study, it
was concluded that the Elbow transmission mechanism is possible almost for short lengths and also it is
suitable for medium lengths by increasing the housing diameter the setup indicates that by increasing the
elbow a rod in the account increases the smoothness of the transmission also the absence of friction
ultimately raises the efficiency of the mechanism.
Amit Kumar et al. [13] Presented an Arrangement for Power Transmission Between Co-Axial
Shafts of Different Diameters. In that arrangement, motion is transmitted between the co-axial 18 shafts of
different diameters. Up to 8 Nos. of pins were used. If more pins are used motion will be smoother, but an
increase in the. of pins, not at the cost of the strength of the shaft. Holes were drilled very accurately & the
axis of both the shafts was co-axial. The designed arrangement can work for parallel shaft displacement up
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to 500 mm and torque capacities from 5.4 to 80000 Nm. It was concluded that the Proposed arrangement
can be used for any set of diameters with any profile of shafts but the shafts must be co-axial and have
rotational motion along the common axis, transmission of motion is very smooth and desirable and used
only for the equal R.P.M. of the driving shaft and driven shaft by employing different geometries of Z-pins
and Elbow pins or link.

III.METHODS

Mechanical Power Transmission:

Power transmission is a process required in almost every piece of machinery. From the tiny
motors in pop-up selfie cameras to the innovative transmission lines of the Large Hadron Collider, power
transmission applications are all around us. We use power transmission methods to transmit power from the
prime mover to the driven machinery for its function. There are four main types of power transmission –
mechanical, electric, hydraulic, and pneumatic. In this article, we shall learn about mechanical power
transmission, its type,s and the pros and cons of each type. Mechanical power transmission refers to the
transfer of mechanical energy (physical motion) from one component to another in machines. Most
machines need some form of mechanical power transmission. Common examples include electric shavers,
water pumps, turbines and automobiles. In most cases, the rotational movement of the prime mover is
converted into the rotational movement of the driven machinery. However, the speed, torque, and direction
may change. Occasionally, they may convert rotational motion into translational motion (back and forth
movement) depending on the application’s functional requirements. Such change may be carried out using
linkages or other machine elements.

Types of Mechanical Power Transmission:

Different machine elements can transmit power between shafts in machinery. The most common
mechanical power transmission methods in use in the engineering industry todayare:
 Shaft couplings
 Chain drives
 Gear drives
 Belt drives
 Power screws
 Shaft couplings
Shaft couplings connect two shafts and transmit torque between them. The shafts may be in line,
intersecting but not parallel, or non-intersecting and non-parallel. To cater to the needs of various
applications and environments, many different types and sizes of couplings are produced. Broadly, there are
two types of shaft couplings- rigid and flexible. Rigid couplings do not permit relative motion between
shafts, whereas flexible couplings do. Hence, flexible couplings can handle some shaft misalignment. Some
couplings, such as the split muff couplings, can be fixed onto shafts without moving them. In contrast, most
others require shaft movement for installation/removal.

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IV.RESULTS
The final design thus obtained is capable of transmitting torque and power at varied angles depending on the
angular limitation of the hooks joint. With further research and advanced analysis in the design wide-
ranging applications of the drive can be discovered. The model works correctly as per the design. With the
help of this system, we can efficiently reducethe cost of power transmission and further advancements in this
technology can be made. There is clear in design and Fabrication of our project is safe at 140rpm to
260rpm for a gearlesstransmission system.

V.CONCLUSION

This research work has provided us with an excellent opportunity and experience, to use our
limited knowledge. We picked up a great deal of down-to-earth learning in regards to, arranging, obtaining,
collecting, and machining while doing this venture work. We feel that the venture work is a decent answer
for scaffolding the entryways among establishments sent and businesses. We are glad that we have finished
the work with the restricted time effectively. The FABRICATION OF GEARLESS TRANSMISSION is
working with satisfactory conditions. We can comprehend the troubles in keeping up the resilience
furthermore quality. We have done to our capacity and aptitude making the most extreme utilization of
accessible offices. In conclusion comments on our venture work, let us include a couple of more lines about
our impression extend work.
Thus, we have developed a FABRICATION OF GEARLESS TRANSMISSION” which helps
to know how to achieve low-cost automation. During working on the experimental setup and after a long
discussion it is observed that the proposed arrangement used for any set of diameters with any profile of
shafts for skew shafts of any angle but the shafts must be having the rotational motion about their axis, the
transmission of motion is very smooth and desirable and used only for the equal R.P.M. of the driving shaft
and driven shaft by employing links or given type of links for appropriate joints for revolute pair. Some
successful mechanical devices function smoothly however poor fly they are made while other does this only
by an accurate construction & fitting of their moving parts. This project which looks very simple & easy to
construct was very difficult to conceive & imagine without seeing an actual one in practice. Motions
demands to be studied first & we have done that very thing. We find that while acceptable analysis for
existing mechanisms can often be Made quite easily, we cannot without insight & imagination make an
effective synthesis of a new mechanism hence we are mold to present our project gearless transmission at
90 degrees (El-bow mechanism) which we have managed to successfully devise after long & hard input in
conceiving its working principle.

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