GAMBELLA UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF NATURAL AND COMPUTATIONAL SCIENCE
DEPARTMENT OF SPORT SCIENCE
DEGREE ESSAY PROPOSAL
CHALLENGES AND PRACTICES OF FOOT BALL PRACTICES IN
CASE OF GAMBELLA UNIVERSITY, 3RD YEAR SPORTS SCIENCE
STUDENTS
BY.. MOTUMA ABDISA WAKJIRA ID _ NO 5071
ADVISOR.. KENUBIH MEKONNEN ALEMU (MSc)
GAMBELLA ETHIOPIA
JANUARY 2024
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A DEGREE ESSAY PROPOSAL SUBMITTED TO DEPARTMENT
OF SPORT SCIENCE IN PARTIAL FULLFILMENT FOR THE
REQUIREMENT OF THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE
IN SPORT SCIENCE
BY: MOTUMA ABDISA WAKJIRA
BOARD OF EXAMINERS
ADVISOR:---------------- SIGNATURE ------- DATE -------
IN EXAMINER ------------ ------------------- -------------
S UBMITTED PROPOSAL RESEARCH METHOD
CHALLENGE AND PRACTICES OF FOOTBALL PRACTICES IN
CASE OF GAMBELLA UNIVERSITY THERD YEAR SPORT
SCIENCE IN STUDENT
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
First of all, I would like to express my deepest gratitude and appreciation to my major
advisor his unreserved professional advice and guidance through constructive comments
and useful suggestions. Next, I would like to express my families for their moral
encouragement and their endless love and affection throughout my writing of this
research proposal and throughout my life.
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 4.1. Time plan in 2024
Table 4.2. Budget Break Down
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE....................................................................................................................1
1. INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................................1
1.1. Background of the study 1
1.2. Statement of the problem 1
1.3. Objectives of the study.................................................................................................2
1.3.1. General objective...................................................................................................2
1.3.2. Specific objectives 2
1.4. Research questions 2
1.5. Significance of the study 3
1.6. Scope of the study 3
1.7. Operational terms.........................................................................................................3
1.8. Organization of the paper..............................................................................................3
CHAPTER TWO...................................................................................................................5
2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 5
2.1. Characteristics of football game 5
2.2. Factor that affect the participation of Foot ball players in foot ball game 6
2.2.1. Psychological factor...............................................................................................6
2.2.2. Equipment Factor..................................................................................................7
2.2.3. Motivational factor................................................................................................7
2.2.1. Intrinsic Motivation...............................................................................................7
2.2.2. Extrinsic Motivation..............................................................................................8
CHAPTER THREE................................................................................................................9
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3. RESEARCH METHOD AND DESIGN 9
3.1. Study area....................................................................................................................9
3.2 Research Design...........................................................................................................9
3.3. Population, and sample size..........................................................................................9
3.4. Sampling techniques 9
3.5. Sources of Data..........................................................................................................10
3.6. Methods of data collections.........................................................................................10
3.7. Methods of Analysis and Interpretation 10
4.1. Time plan in 2024..........................................................................................................11
4.2. Budget Break Down.......................................................................................................12
REFERENCES....................................................................................................................13
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ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study is to investigate Challenges and practices of foot ball practices
in case of Gambella University, 3rd year Sports Science Students. The general objective of
this study is to examining Challenges and practices of foot ball practices in case of
Gambella University, 3rd year sports science students. In order to achieve this objective,
this study was employed mixed research method. Concurrent triangulation research
design will be employed. Both probability and non- probability sampling techniques will
be used to select samples from a given population. Data for this research will be
collected from both primary and secondary sources. Questionnaire, interview, and
observation will be used as data gathering instruments. On the basis and types of data
gathered and the instrument used, a both quantitative and qualitative technique of data
analysis will be employed.
Key words; Challenges, Practices, Foot Ball
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CHAPTER ONE
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background of the study
Football is the most popular sport worldwide and the number of female players is
growing rapidly and undergoing constant transformation. The popularity of football is
growing quickly and there seems no doubt that this will continue into the foreseeable
future. But In most societies, sport has traditionally been regarded as male-dominated and
male-centered, leaving little space for women to enter into, thrive or succeed. Pirinen, R,
(1997). Women’s football has been somewhat at odds with the male dominance that ‘has
surrounded football in world for so long’ (Bairner 2000). Reid (2004) argues that in
world ‘sport is a sphere of popular culture through which women have encountered the
gender apartheid that is still characteristic of the economic, social and political life of a
nations’. An expansion of sports now opens to women and increases the number of
women entering into traditionally all-male sports. However, the expansion of the
women’s game is being hindered by various barriers, many of which are rooted in
cultural attitudes. Public awareness of the women’s game is still limited; but it has been
boosted by television coverage of domestic and international games, Football has
traditionally been seen as a male sport, and the women’s game has to deal not just with
indifference but actual hostility. Therefore, this study is to investigate assessing
Challenges and practices of foot ball practices in case of Gambella University, 3 rd year
Sports Science Students.
1.2. Statement of the problem
The Ethiopian football federation has started women football premier league since 2004
and in this year (2006 E.C) 17 clubs are being participate in the league. And also the
league being develops in the context of a society and it is become widely accepted game
among people of all ages as worldwide football. Indeed it is a good step forward when it
is compared to past history of women football and this overall popularity of football has
certainly led to its development among women. But still it faced challenges and need
improvement regarding time schedule, Clubs participation and players nomination
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criteria etc. Therefore, this study is to investigate the assessing Challenges and practices
of foot ball practices in case of Gambella University, 3rd year Sports Science Students.
1.3. Objectives of the study
1.3.1. General objective
The general objective of this study is to investigate Challenges and practices of foot ball
practices in case of Gambella University, 3rd year Sports Science Students.
1.3.2. Specific objectives
To assess the practices of foot ball practices in case of Gambella University, 3 rd
year Sports Science Students.
To identify challenges of foot ball practices in case of Gambella University, 3 rd
year Sports Science Students.
To suggest possible solutions for the problem.
1.4. Research questions
This study will investigate research questions
What are the practices of foot ball practices in case of Gambella University, 3rd
year Sports Science Students.?
What are the challenges of foot ball practices in case of Gambella University, 3rd
year Sports Science Students?
What are the suggest possible solutions for the problems
1.5. Significance of the study
In this regard the researcher will be tried to investigate Challenges and practices of foot
ball practices in case of Gambella University, 3rd year Sports Science Students.
Therefore, the significance of the study set upon the following fundamental reasons.
The study will helps to increase the focuses in the area of investigate
Challenges and practices of foot ball practices in case of Gambella University,
3rd year Sports Science Students.
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The study helps to create awareness, among students, physical education
teachers, foot ball players & other members of the school about the Gambella
University, 3rd year Sports Science Students. of foot ball project.
The researchers also hope that the findings of this research provide a support to
other researchers who are interested to conduct further study in the area.
1.6. Scope of the study
In order to manage the research properly and effectively, deciding its scope is important.
This study is delimited to the investigation of Challenges and practices of foot ball
practices in case of Gambella University, 3rd year Sports Science Students. Because of
time and other resources required for data collection, the study is delimited to Gambella
University, 3rd year Sports Science Students. The researcher chooses the above listed
research area because of its proximity to collect data to conduct the research.
1.7. Operational terms
Motivation: s the experience of desire or aversion (You want something, or want to
avoid or escape something).
Football a family of team sports
hat involve, to varying degrees, kicking a ball to score a goal. Unqualified, the word
football normally means the form of football that is the most popular where the word is
used.
1.8. Organization of the paper
The study is comprise five chapters. The first chapter deals with background of the
study, statement of the study, objective of the study, basic research questions,
delimitation of the study, and limitation of the study. The second chapter focuses on
review related literature. The third chapter focuses on research method and design of the
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study. The fourth chapter focuses on data analysis and interpretation. The last chapter
focuses on the finding, conclusion and recommendation of the study.
CHAPTER TWO
2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1. Characteristics of football game
Football, commonly known as Association football, is a sport played between two
teams of eleven players with a spherical ball. It is played by 250 million players in
over 200 countries, making it the world's most popular sport. The game is played on a
rectangular field with a goal at each end. The object of the game is to score by using
any part of the body besides the arms and hands to get the football into the opposing
goal. (Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia) The goalkeepers are the only players allowed
to touch the ball with their hands or arms while it is in play and then only in their
penalty area. Outfield players mostly use their feet to strike or pass the ball, but may
use their head or torso to strike the ball instead (Roberts,1997).
The team that scores the most goals by the end of the match wins. If the score is tied at
the end of the game, either a draw is declared or the game goes into extra time and/or a
penalty shootout depending on the format of the competition. The Laws of the Game
were originally codified in England by The Football Association in 1863. Association
football is governed internationally by the International Federation of Association
Football (FIFA) Association football is played in accordance with a set of rules known
as the Laws of the Game. The game is played using a spherical ball known as the
football (or soccer ball). Two teams of eleven players each compete to get the ball into
the other team's goal (between the posts and under the bar), thereby scoring a goal.
The team that has scored more goals at the end of the game is the winner; if both
teams have scored an equal number of goals then the game is a draw. Each team is led
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by a captain who has only one official responsibility as mandated by the Laws of the
Game: to be involved in the coin toss prior to kick-off or penalty kicks. (Laws of the
Game 2010/2011 FIFA). The primary law is that players other than goalkeepers may
not deliberately handle the ball with their hands or arms during play, though they do
use their hands during a throw-in restart. Although players usually use their feet to
move the ball around, they may use any part of their body (notably, "heading" with the
forehead) other than their hands or arms. Within normal play, all players are free to
play the ball in any direction and move throughout the pitch, though the ball cannot be
received in an offside position (Roberts,1997).
(Laws of the Game 2010/2011 FIFA) In typical game play, players attempt to create
goal-scoring opportunities through individual control of the ball, such as by dribbling,
passing the ball to a teammate, and by taking shots at the goal, which is guarded by the
opposing goalkeeper. Opposing players may try to regain control of the ball by
intercepting a pass or through tackling the opponent in possession of the ball;
however, physical contact between opponents is restricted. Football is generally a free-
flowing game, with play stopping only when the ball has left the field of play or when
play is stopped by the referee for an infringement of the rules. After a stoppage, play
recommences with a specified restart (Laws of the Game 2010/2011 FIFA) (Ibid,
1997).
2.2. Factor that affect the participation of Foot ball players in foot ball game
2.2.1. Psychological factor
According to Brady and Khan (2002), participating in sports helps in fostering self
esteem, facilitating social inclusion and integration, challenging gender norms and
providing opportunities for leadership and achievement. Further, sport also provides girls
and women with powerful role models who help them achieve leadership skills and
experience that they can transfer to other domains such as their family life, civic
involvement, and advocacy. This improves their self-awareness and self-confidence. As
such, their self esteem is raised and they are able to stand up for themselves. Brady
(1998), also notes that sport programs also benefit women and girls who have been
marginalized for long by enhancing their empowerment, reducing restrictions, offering
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girls and women greater mobility, access to public spaces, and more opportunities for
their physical, intellectual and social development. Sport has also been described as a
powerful health information and education platform, connecting both men and women
with the information, skills and strategies they need to reduce health risks in their lives,
particularly in connection with their sexual and reproductive health (Brady, 1998).
Saavedra and Martha (2010) argue that the NGOs that support women football use it as a
platform to promote women reproductive health. Sport programme also provides safe
places for women to gather and build social networks, offer social support, and connect
them to education and employment information, services, and opportunities that can help
to address their issues in the society. All of these social factors are self-reinforcing, and
they also make sporting opportunities for girls more interesting (Bairner, 2000).
2.2.2. Equipment Factor
Equipment Factor Can Influence The Risk Of Stress Fracture By Altering The
Loading Enviroment Of The Skeleton ,With The Most Commonly Implicated Piece Of
Equipmennt In Football Players Being Shoes, Shoes Act As Fillters That Theoritical
Attenuate Ground Impact Force. They Also Have The Potential To Influence Foot
And Ankle Motion, There By Altering Mechanics Proximately In The Kinetic
Chain.By Improving Cushing (Decreasing Bone Strain )And Modifying Skeleton
Alignment (Changing Mechanics ).Shoes Have Been Hypothesis As Potential
Contributing Factor In The Stress Fracture In Development In Football Players,
Although This Contribution Has Logic ,Supportive Scientific Evidence Is Laking
(DianeL,Gill 2003:1096)
2.2.3. Motivational factor
There are mainly two types of motivational concepts. These are namely; intrinsic
(internal) motivation and extrinsic (external) motivation (DianeL,1096).
2.2.1. Intrinsic Motivation
Seifert and his friends (2012) defined the intrinsic motivation as it is triggered by
personal desires and attentions without having external effects or reasons. Besides,
another researcher also defined as the attitudes shown by individuals intentionally
(Gill, 2000). Ryan & Deci (2000), mentioned that, people are always enthusiastic,
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frisky, be present for discovering new things which is the inherent characteristics of
human beings. Furthermore, the intrinsic motivation was recognized through animal
attitude research and it was reported that it is a significant factor in physical, mental
and social evolution(Gill, 2000)..
2.2.2. Extrinsic Motivation
Extrinsic motivation defined as the opposite of the intrinsic motivation. In other words,
an activity basically performed for the pleasure caused by the external factors (Ryan &
Deci, 2000). Such as, competition is one of the external motivations which stimulates
individuals to defeat other teams. According to the fact that individuals do not change
their behavior even if they are forced to do that. However, the only way that they might
change their behavior is motives coming from outside (Seifert et al., 2012). Pink (2009)
indicated that the reward determines which behavior you want or not. In other words, if
you give reward to an individual’s desired behavior, he / she will show that behavior
again (Gill, 2000).
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CHAPTER THREE
3. RESEARCH METHOD AND DESIGN
3.1. Study area
This study will be conducted in Gambella University one is of the public universities in
Ethiopia was established 2003 the university is located in Gambella zone, in the town of
Gambella, about 776 km from capital city, Addis Ababa. The University has 46 under
graduate and 28 post graduate programs. The university as ten schools, one institute and
one college. the name Gambella university is a historical place which is 170 km from
the zonal town Gambella university to the south west. Historically, the place is closely
related to the nyoac people. Its te cradle of nyoac civilization in the birth place the gada
system. It also produces numerous nyoac heros. Because of its deep rooted value for
Oromo people the name Gambella university is commonly used by Gambella university
stadium, Gambella university cultural band, Gambella university..Itself and other small
business centers named after this unique place.
3.2 Research Design
This study will be use descriptive research design, because this types of researches design
is appropriate assess the existing situation of phenomena and to realize the objective the
researches
3.3. Population, and sample size
The target Populations of this study are 3rd year Sports Science Students and lecturers.
The total population are 12, from that 12 are Sports Science Students including two
lecturers.
3.4. Sampling techniques
Both probability and non- probability sampling techniques will be used to select samples
from a given population. Simple random techniques and purposive non probability
sampling techniques will be employed. Simple random technique will be used to select
Sports Science Students and purposive sampling techniques will be used to Lecturers.
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3.5. Sources of Data
The researcher will be used both secondary and primary data. The primary data will be
obtained by preparing questionnaire for Sports Science Students and interview for
Lecturers and secondary data from different books and documents.
3.6. Methods of data collections
Questionnaire
The researcher will be used close ended questionnaire in order to reduce difficulty
respondent to answer in the required responded and also used open ended questionnaire
in order to get additional information to the study to Sports Science Students.
Interview the researcher will conduct the interview with Lecturers
3.7. Methods of Analysis and Interpretation
After collecting and gathering of data from the respondents and from the direct
observation the next step are analyzing the given data. Quantitative and qualitative
analysis of data will be employed. The data will be obtained from teacher and students
through closed-ended question are analyzing quantitatively. However the data that will
gather through open-ended questions and interviews will be analyzed qualitatively
submitted. More over the result of the study will be reported by using percentages.
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4.1. Time plan in 2024
S.no Activates Time period in month
dece jan febr mar apr may jun
1 Topic selection
2 Literature review X
3 Data collection X X
4 Proposal development
5 Data processing X X
analysis
6 Report writing X
7 Presentation X
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4.2. Budget Break Down
The study will be focus on the following different types of expenditure that will be when the
course of the researcher will be done.
Phase Item Unit Quantity Unit cost Total cost
Duplicate paper A4 60 0.50 30
1
Pen NUMBER 5 5 25
2
3 Pencil NUMBER 1 4 4
4 Binder NUMBER 2 25 50
5 Ruler NUMBER 1 6 6
6 Transportation cost BIRR 30 5 150
7 Photocopy NUMBER 60 1 60
8 Internet PAGE 60 6 360
9 Telephone CARD 5 15 75
10 Contingency (5%) 39.15
Total; 9 224 67.5 824.15%
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REFERENCES
A.J. Mills & P. Tancred (Eds.), Gendering organizational analysis (pp.112- 128).
Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Bryson, L. (1987). Sport and the maintenance of masculine hegemony. Women’s
Studies International Forum, 10, 349-360.
Cameron, D. (1998). “Is there any ketchup, Vera?”: Gender, power andpragmatics.
Discourse and Society, 9, 437-455.
Meân, L.J. (2001). Identity and discursive practice: Doing gender on the
football pitch. Discourse& Society, 12, 789-815.
Rinehart, R. (1996). Dropping hierarchies: toward the study of a contemporary sporting
avant-garde. Sociology of Sport Journal, 13(2), 159-175.
Roberts, S. (1997) Building the American pyramids. Sportstech, 1, 34–37. Robertson,
T. S., & Harold, H. K. (1991). Handbook of consumer behavior. Englewoods Cliffs ,
NJ: PrenticeHall.
Robinson, M. J., & Trail, G. T. (2005). Relationships among spectator gender,
motives,points of attachment, and sport preference. Journal of Sport
Management, 19(1), 58-80.
Daniel, H. (2009). Pink, Drive: The surprising truth about what motivates us. New
York: Penguin Group, Inc, 138, 240.
Davies, J., & Williment, J. (2008). Sport tourism–grey sport tourists, all black and
red experiences. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 13(3), 221-242.
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