HISTORY by systematic agriculture. They also domesticated animals (sheep and goat) Prehistory Historical Ere + Catal Huyuk— the oldest and most a. Paleolithic a. Ancient be aeolichie Medieval extensive Neolithic farming village. . MetalAge —c. Modern ¢ of Metals (4,000-1,500 8.C.)~ people Prehistory ~ NO WRITTEN RECORDS/ BEFORE ae ‘ ) Peon WRITTEN RECORDS: began using metals. Historical Era WITH WRITTEN RECOROS/ AFTER + Copper first metal used for tools INVENTION OF WRITING SYSTEM + Bronze —harder metal made by Herodotus ~ FATHER OF HISTORY mixing copper and tin. First used by ‘Sumerians as tools and weapons. + tron~first used by the Hittites ‘The Histories — Written by Herodotus. Thucydides — FATHER OF SCIENTIFIC HISTORY 1.__EARIY HUMANS ANCIENT cwviLIZATIONS Charles Darwin — He proposed the Theory of Evolution. The Greatest Biologist in History Asia~the “cradle of civilzetion” or '* On The Origin of The Species birthplace” of chilization 1. MESOPOTAMIAN CIVILIZATION ~ Land Africa ~ the “cradle of mankind” or between two rivers (Tigris and Euphrates) “birthplace” of mankind Fertile Crescent ~ a wide belt of fertile land of crescent shape, + Hominid ~ a mantike primate D sumuten te eteueien + Homo Habilis ("handy man”) ~ © Cuneiform —writing system invented the stone tools. First people to use bronze Invented the plow and the wheel + Homo Erectus (“upright man") — was the first really manlike creature + Akkadian — World's First Empire because he walked straight, used fire, © Sargon ~the first emperor made stone weapons, and hunted + Babylonian large animals. + Homo Sapiens (“wise man) They © Cade of Hammurabi — it consists made tools, buried their dead, and of 282 laws, “An eye for an eye, a had primitive art and religion. tooth for a tooth.” + Cillzation started here © King Hammurabi ~“Lawgiver of Babylonia” © Behistun Rock -The Key to Paleolithic Period or Old Stone Age Babylonian Writing (8,750,000-8,000 B.c.)~ men learned how to © Code of Ur Nammu ~ World's First make tools and weapons. Their greatest law code achievement was the discovery of fire. + Assyrian - warlike and cruel people NOMADIC LIFESTYLE © Tiglath-Pileser|~Founder of Assyrian empire Neolithic Period or New Stone Age © Tiglath-Pileser Ill — the greatest (8,000-4,000 8.C.) - There is a shift from Assyrian emperor hunting and gathering to producing their food© Ashurbanipal ~ Last of the great kings of Assyria. Built the Library of Ashurbanipal. + Chaldean - Neo-Babylonian Empire © Nebuchadnezzar ~ Greatest Chaldean Ruler © Hanging Gardens of Babylon ~ A gift of Nebuchadnezzar to his wife, Amethyst. EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION ~ “The Gift of Nile” + The Old Kingdom (3200-2160 8.C.) © King Menes~ First Pharach of Egypt + The Middle Kingdom (2160-1788 B.C.) © “Golden Age of Egypt” © Declined because of the invasion of the Hyksos © Hyksos — used horse-drawn war chariots to invade Egypt. +The New Kingdom (1589-1100 8.C.) © Thutmose Ill -founder of the Egyptian Empire. © By 30B.C. Egypt became the province of the Roman Empire. + Hieroglyphics ~ ancient Egyptian writing which means “sacred signs”. + Devised the first 365-day calendar HINDU CIVILIZATION (Indus valley civilization) (3000 B.C.) = Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro ‘= Dravidians ~inhabitants of the valley = Aryans ~ invaded the Dravidians in the Indus valley and occupied north India, Later, they called themselves Hindus, Rig Veda ~an ancient work that was written down after Aryans arrived in India Hinduism world’s oldest organized religion = Dharma ~ set of laws that set behavioral standards for individuals + Karma ~ the accumulated good and bad acts of one’s previous life + Samsara~ cycle of birth and rebirth + Moksha —is a concept associated with liberation from sorrow, suffering and samsara, = Buddhism founded by Siddharta Gautama + Buddha ~ “the Enlightened One” ‘+ "Four Noble truths” and "Eight-Fold Path” + Jainism — extreme form of ascetism that teaches simplicity + Mahavira ~ founder of Jainism + Ahimsa — nonviolence © Caste System 1, Brahmas (priests and scholars) 2. Kshatriyas (nobles and warriors) 3. Vaishyas (merchants and craftsmen) 4, Sudras (laborers and slaves) 5, “Untouchables” The Meuryan Empire (322 B.C.) + Chandragupta Maurya ~ founder + Kautilya~ Chardragupta’s advisor and brillant official + Arthashastra a book advocating @ strong, centralized, and authoritarian state. + Ashoka — greatest ruler of india Gupta Empire - Golden Age of India + Chandragupta |- founder + Kalidasa ~ the most famous author in India ‘CHINESE CIVILIZATION (2205 B.C.) + Xia dynasty (2205-1766 B.C.) © Founded by Emperor Yu + Shang dynasty © Oracle bones - used for divination and to communicate with gods + Zhou dynasty‘The longest and greatest dynasty Civil service examination Golden age of Chinese Philosophy Confucius (Kung-fu-tze) ~ China’s . most beloved teacher Lao Tau ~ founder of Taoism @ Mencius~the greatest pupil of Confucius, believed that all men are by nature good. + Qin dynasty © Shih Huang Ti- the founder of the Chinese empire. He also built the Great wall of China : + Qing dynasty © Last dynasty of China © Puyi= last emperor 5. HITTITES (2000 B.C.) +The first nation to use Iron + Use of the horse-drawn chariots in 6. PHOENICIAN (1500 B.C.) + They became the greatest sailors and maritime traders of ancient times. ‘+ Theyinvented the alphabet + They invented the purple dye 7. HEBREW (1400 B.C.) + Abraham the father of Judaism + Canaan ~ "the land of milk and honey” ‘+ Moses— prophet of Judaism + Exodus - departure of the Israelites out of slavery in Egypt + Monotheism belief in one God . & PERSIAN (1500 B.C.) ‘+ Cyrus the Great - founder of the Persian Empire . + Darius I~ the greatest ruler of the Persian empire Satrapy ~a province governed by @ satrap Zoroastrianism ~ religion of Persia Zoroaster -founder of Zoroastrianism ‘Ahura Mazda — supreme god of Zoroastrianism Ahriman — adversary of Ahura Mazda 9. GREECE (800 B.C.) ‘They believed that they descended from a common mythological ancestor named Hellen. Hence, they called themselves “Hellenes,” their country “Hellas,” and their civilization “Hellenic.” Polis ~ means “city-state” ‘Agora—the main plaza and market place of the polis Sparta ~a military state Athens ~ the largest Greek city-state. © Draco the first recorded legislator of athens, © Solon~ granted reforms which started a democratic form of government. - Give the people the right to vote. © Cleisthenes ~transformed the Athenian government into @ real democracy. © Pericles ~ founded the Athenian Empire. He was the greatest statesman of Greece who made the Athens the political and cultural center of East Mediterranean, The Persian Wars ~ Darius of Persia declared war on Athens, also known as Greco-Persian Wer Battle of Marathon ~ Darius | sent a huge Persian army to the Bay of Marathon. Athenians under the command of General Miltiades defeated the Persian invaders.+ Battle of Thermopylae— Xerxes, son of, Darius |, headed toa powerful expedition to invade Greece. king Leonidas defended the narrow pass of ‘Thermopylae and died fighting. + Battle of Salamis ~ Athenians led by ‘Themistocles, avenged the Spartans by destroying the Persian fleet in Salamis. + Peloponnesian War - was fought between rival Greek states Athens and Sparta + Macedonian invasion - invasion of "barbaric" Macedonians led by Philip I who eventually became ruler of Greece. + Alexander the Great - Successor of Philip of Macedonia, tutored by Aristotle and extended Greek empire ‘to the East, He was responsible in blending Hellenic culture with the East and such combination was referred to a Hellenistic culture. + Hellenistic~ cultural fusion of Hellenic and Asian Civilization. 10. ROME (753 B.C) “The City of the Seven Hills” + Romulus - legendary founder of Rome in 753 BC, + Etruscans the earliest rulers of Rome. +The Roman Republic © Patriclans ~ the only ones who could hold public office and make laws. © Plebeians — they are the lower class and had no voice in the government. + “Twelve Tables of Laws” — Rome's first written code. + First Triumvirate - Julius Caesar, Pompey, Cassius) military leaders responsible for the expansion of Rome uw “des of March” ~ the assassination of Julius Caesar inside the Senate. + Second Triumvirate - (Anthony, Lepidus, Octavius) Battle of Actium ~ battle between Octavian and the combined fleets of Anthony and Cleopatra. Marked the end of the Roman Republic and the beginning of the Roman empire. + Octavian (later known as Augustus Caesar) - was responsible for further expansion of Rome and crowned as the first emperor of the Roman Empire. + Weak successors later split the empire into two: Western Roman Empire and Eastern Roman Empire (later known as Byzantine Empire). Byzantine Empire (330-1453 A.D.) “Eastern Roman Empire” + Constantine ~he allowed Christians to practice their religion and make new converts through the Edict of Milan, First Christian Emperor + Theodosius ~ made Christianity the official religion Birth of Isiam + Muhammad (570-632 A.D.) ~ founder of the Islam Religion + Hegira~ flight of Islam from Mecca to Medina, marks the first date on the official calendar of Islam. + Qur’ an —The holy book of Islam + Abu Bakr—The first caliph + Abbasid ~The Golden Age of Islam “A religion that spread like wildfire,” MEDIEVAL PERIOD. Early Middle Age (Dark Age)+ Alaric—the leader of the Visigoths who demolished Rome in 410 A.D. + Atilla~ the leader of the Huns + Catholic Church — the savior western civilization and became the richest institution in the Middle Ages. + Charlemagne (Charles the Great) — “Emperor of the Romans”, he revived ‘the Roman Civilization, + Treaty of Verdun ~ Charlemagne's dominion was divided into three parts = France, Germany, and Italy. 2. Late Middle Age (Feudal Age) + Feudalism — it was the practice of kings and nobles to reward their faithful followers with land grants. © Fief—a land grant to vassals. © Serf— peasants, © Chivalry was a noble code of ethics which knights followed. + Crusades a military expedition to rescue the Holy Land (Jerusalem) from ‘the Muslim Turks. © Pope Urban Il ~ called for the first crusade © First Crusade ~ the only, out of 9 crusades, successful crusade, + Growth of cities and towns © The Guild system — associations formed by the merchants and craftsmen of medieval towns. 1__MODERN PERIOD 1. The Renaissance ~ means “rebirth’. This is the transition from medieval to modern times + Italy the birthplace of the renaissance, + Humanism —a cultural movement for ‘the revival of Greek and Latin knowledge. + Francesco Petrarch -Father of Humanism + Giovanni Boccaccio “Decameron (Ten Nights) + Niccolé Machiavelli ~The Prince, “then end justify the means.” + Deciderius Erasmus ~The Prince of Humanism ‘Age of Reformation - was a significant development that convulsed Christendom in the 16" century. + Reformation —2 move started by Wycliffe and Hus and pursued by Martin Luther aimed at reforming some practices of the Christian Church, + Counter-reformation — aimed to meet the challenges of Protestantism and to improve the Catholic faith Age of Revolution \.. Scientific revolution - where discovery and inventions took place. This ushered in the Age of Discovery and exploration of territories. Intellectual Revolution/Enlightenment - was an intellectual and philosophical movement that dominated the world of ideas in Europe during the 18th century. Industrial Revolution = was a remarkable change in man's life caused by the replacement of hand labor by machine work. Political Revolution ~ aimed at changing the government. + American Revolution (1775-1783) - was a struggle for independence from British rule by the thirteen colonies. © George Washington ~ became the first president of America, © Thomas Jefferson - wrote the declaration of independence which was approved on July 4, 176. © Abraham Lincoln abolished slavery by means of the 13" amendment. + French Revolution (1789-1799) ~ ended the absolute rule of kings and started a revolutionary era thatchanged the political order and map of Europe. © Fall of Bastille, a store of weapons ~ marked the beginning of French Revolution. © Napoleon Bonaparte - (Overthrew the Directory and named himself consul for life and later became Napoleon |. © Battle of Waterloo — last battle of Napoleon, He was defeated by the Duke of Wellington. WORLD WARS. World war | (1914-1918) + Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria, Italy) + Triple Entente (Britain, France, Russia) + Assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand ~ triggered the war. + Gavrilo Princip ~ the assassin who killed Archduke Francis Ferdinand. + Battle of Jutland— greatest naval battle of the first world war. ‘+ Treaty of Versailles ~ ended the WWI +The League of Nations — the first global organization that was aimed to prevent future wars. It was established in Geneva, Switzerland, World war il (1939-1945) + War between political ideologies + Allied nations vs. Axis Powers + Bombing of Pearl Harbor ~ December 7,194 + United Nations - was founded on October 24, 1945 in San Francisco, California, USA. Cold War ~a global battle of supremacy between the US and Soviet Union. NOTABLE PEOPLE IN HISTORY HOMER (8TH CENTURY BC) ‘© Homer is the author of the liad and Odyssey - two classics of Greek literature SOCRATES (469 ~ 399 BC) ‘© Developed the ‘Socratic Method’ of selFinguiry. PLATO (424-348 BC) © Founded the ACADEMY ARISTOTLE (384-322 BC) @ Was a student of Plato, but he branched ut into the empirical research into the physical sciences, CLEOPATRA (69-30 BC) ‘©The Last Ptolemaic Ruler of Egypt GENGHIS KHAN (1162-1227) + Leader of the Mongol Empires stretching from China to Europe. He united the Mongol tribes before conquering Asia and Europe MARCO POLO (12541324) Venetian traveler and explorer who made ground breaking journeys to Asia and China, helping to open up the Far East to Europe. JOHANNES GUTENBERG (1395 ~ 1468) ‘© His invention of movable type started a printing revolution which was influential in the Reformation JOAN OF ARC (1412 ~1431) © Ayoung peasant girl who inspired the Dauphin of France to renew the fight against the English. LEONARDO DA VINCI (1452 - 1519) © Painted the Mona Lisa and the Last Supper‘© His scientific investigations covered all branches of human knowledge MARTIN LUTHER (1483 - 1546) + Akey figure in the Protestant Reformation. He opposed papal indulgences and the power of the Pope, sparking off the Protestant Reformation. BABUR (1483 ~ 1531) + Founder of the Moghul Empire on the Indian subcontinent. A descendant of Genghis Khan, he brought a Persian influence to india. GALILEO GALILEI (1564-1642) ¢ Developed the modern telescope and, challenging the teachings of the church, helped to prove the earth revolved around the (GEORGE WASHINGTON (1732-1799) ¢ First president of the US ‘¢ Led the American forces of independence and became first elected president SIMON BOLIVAR (1783 - 1830) + Liberator of Latin American countries + Peru, Bolivia, Venezuela, and Colombia KARL MARX (1818 - 1883) + Principle Marxist philosopher. + Author of Das Kapital and The Communist Manifesto (with F. Engels). He believed that Capitalist would be overthrown by Communist Revolution. WOODROW WILSON (1856 - 1924) ‘President of US during WWI, Towards the end of the war, Wilson developed his 14 points for a fair peace, which included forming a League of Nations. MAHATMA GANDHI (1869 - 1948) ‘© Believed in non — violent resistance to British rule. WINSTON CHURCHILL (1874 ~ 1965) + Prime Minister of Great Britain during Second World War. Churchill played a key role in strengthening British resolve in the dark days of 1940. JAWAHARLAL NEHRU (1889 - 1964) ‘+ First Indian Prime Minister. He forged ‘a modern democratic India, not aligned to either US or the Soviet Union. MARTIN LUTHER KING (1929 - 1968) ‘+ Apowerful leader of the non-violent civil rights movement. His 1963 speech, “I HAVE A DREAM" being a pinnacle moment. NELSON MANDELA (1918 - 2013) ‘© Imprisoned by the apartheid regime for 27 years, but on his release helped heal the ‘wounds of apartheid through forgiveness and reconciliation. VLADIMIR LENIN (1870 - 1924) = Lenin became the first leader of the Soviet Union influencing the direction of the new Communist state, MIKHAEL GORBACHEV (1931 -) Leader of the Soviet Union, Oversaw transition from Communism in Eastern Europe to democracy. MAO ZEDONG (1893 - 1976) = Mao led the Chinese Communist Party to power during the long march and fight against the nationalists. Mao ruled through the “cultural revolution.” RECENT EVENTS CORONA VIRUS OUTBREAK (COVID — 19) + First detected in Wuhan, China+ First confirmed case was confirmed on 31st of December, 2019 + Dr. Li Wenliang A Chinese Ophthalmologist who tried to warn the world about COVID-19, Joseph Robinette Biden Jr. also known as JOE BIDEN ‘¢ 46th and current president of the United States. '* Assumed office on January 20, 2021 UKRAINE VS. RUSSIA ‘@ Tensions have been simmering away since 2014. ‘¢ President Putin wants to prevent NATO expansion @ February 24, 2022 Russia launched invasion