READING TWO High School Star Hospitalized for

Eating Disorder
PREVIEW

1 Look at the title and photo below. Read the first paragraph. Write two questions that
you think will be answered in this reading.

2 Look at the boldfaced words in the reading. Which words do you know the meaning of?

READ

1 Read the article in a local newspaper about a high school gymnast. As you read, guess
the meanings of the words that are new to you. Remember to take notes on main ideas
and details.

High School Star Hospitalized for Eating Disorder

1 Vista High School gymnast Ashley Jones
was hospitalized Tuesday for
complications related to anorexia
nervosa. Her coach, Dianne Coyle, says
that she will not be returning to the
gymnastics team this season.
2 “It’s really a loss—not only to the team
but also to Ashley personally,” says Coyle.
“She had hopes of qualifying for the
Olympics. But her health comes first, of
course. Once she is better, I’m sure she can
get back into the sport and go for the gold.”
how many hours you spend at the gym. Soon
3 Dr. Paula Kim, director of the Eating
you get hooked on controlling your weight.”
Disorders Clinic at Santa Anita Hospital,
explains that it is not unusual for athletes, 5 High school counselor Lisa Rodriguez has
especially gymnasts, to become obsessed expressed concern that Jones’s illness is
with their weight. One reason for this is related to pressure.
that in gymnastics, the lighter the body, 6 “There’s an enormous amount of
the more skillfully it can perform. She pressure that goes along with training for
explains that an obsession with weight can the Olympics,” she says. “I know that she
lead to extreme dieting, which affects not comes from a very accomplished family—
only the body but also the mind. I think that’s why she felt she had to
4 “For the anorexic, the mental focus achieve so much in sports. Also, when you
becomes very small: food and weight. In a talk about the Olympics, you’re talking
way, it’s easy to see how this helps the about being the best of the best. I think that
anorexic manage the fear of living in the added to Ashley’s feeling of pressure.”
big, uncontrollable world out there. You 7 Since joining the Vista High gymnastics
may not be able to control how other people team as a sophomore two years ago, Ashley
feel about you, but you can control what has broken all school records and led the
you put in your mouth. You can also control team to three regional championships.
Continued on next page

10 UNIT 1
 READ

Read the article about Frank Abagnale. Create a chart like the one below to take notes. On
the left, put the main ideas. On the right, put the details.

TAKE NOTES

Main Ideas Details

Frank Abagnale—conned a lot cashing false checks (millions of $$$)
of people
impersonated pilot, doctor, lawyer, professor

Go to MyEnglishLab to view example notes.

Catch Me If You Can:

The Frank Abagnale Story

1 A doctor . . . a lawyer . . . an airline pilot . . . a

college professor . . . Frank Abagnale played
all these roles as a young man, conning
people and stealing millions of dollars from
banks around the world. His money-making
secret? Cashing false checks. His motive for
playing different roles? Respect and
excitement. He enjoyed having other people
believe that he was important.

2 He first impersonated an airline pilot by

wearing a pilot’s uniform. Then he created a
phony airline ID. The result was very exciting
to him. Abagnale never operated a plane, but Abagnale decided that he could no longer
he used his pilot uniform to fly for free and to continue the deception. He knew that if he
date attractive young flight attendants. Then he kept impersonating a doctor, an innocent child
discovered a luxury apartment community1 might die. Still, before leaving his hospital job,
Abagnale made sure to get his paycheck.
near Atlanta, Georgia. He paid cash for six
months’ rent in advance and wrote “medical 3 Next, he dated another flight attendant, whom
doctor” on his apartment application. He he impressed by claiming that he had
soon became friends with a doctor in the graduated from law school. She introduced
apartment community. After convincing this him to a real lawyer, who immediately offered
man that he, too, was a medical doctor, he him a position as a state attorney. Abagnale
was offered a hospital job as a temporary accepted the offer, but he needed to create a
supervisor. Abagnale performed this role by fake transcript from Harvard Law School. He
relying on nurses and medical students to do also needed to pass the state law exam. He
all the work while he simply pretended to be studied for several weeks but failed the eight-
in charge. But finally, when faced with a life- hour exam on his first and second attempts.
or-death situation involving a newborn baby, When he tried a third time, he passed and

1
luxury apartment community: an area with very expensive and comfortable apartments
Continued on next page

30 UNIT 2
 READ

1 Read about Michelle Brown, a real woman who experienced identity theft. As you read,
guess the meanings of the words that are new to you. Remember to take notes on main
ideas and details.

1 What would you do if you learned that your name,

address, and other personal details had been
stolen, and that someone was using this information
to impersonate you? Most people can think of few
things more frightening than this. In January 1999,
Michelle Brown made just such a discovery, and
her life was never the same again.
2 Michelle was an upstanding citizen in every
respect. She lived in southern California, where
she had a respectable job in international banking.
She was a hardworking and responsible person.
She began working at the age of fifteen in order to
save up for her degree, which she later completed borrowing money in her name, but they were trying
at the University of California. From the age of to take on her full identity.
seventeen, she was careful to establish good 5 Before, Michelle was stressed. Now, she was
credit, and she never had any problems with her becoming scared. To calm her nerves, she called all
finances. Most importantly, she never committed of the major credit reporting agencies. They placed a
any crime. fraud alert on her credit and promised to put
3 A strange phone call was the first clue that together a list of her recent purchases. That way,
something was fishy. Out of the blue, a Michelle would at least know what items were being
representative from her bank called to ask why a bought. When the report came in, Michelle saw bills
payment for a Dodge Ram pickup truck was late. for liposuction1, apartment contracts, holiday
Michelle was confused because she hadn’t rentals, telephone bills, and more. Including the
purchased a vehicle. She explained that she didn’t Dodge pickup truck, there was over $50,000 worth
own a truck and thought it was probably just a of debt in her name.
mistake because Michelle Brown is a very 6 Michelle did everything possible to clear her name
common name. She gave the bank her Social and financial record. This process was extremely
Security number to prove that the late payments time-consuming. Meanwhile, she constantly worried
must be from a different Michelle Brown. But that she would learn of new debt. As the weeks
strangely, her number matched the one on the went on, Michelle became weary and paranoid. She
credit application. This was astonishing. stopped eating, developed insomnia, and closed
4 Michelle didn’t yet know how serious the situation herself off from friends and family. Her relationship
was. However, she took a series of steps to with her boyfriend suffered, and the pair eventually
protect herself. First, she cancelled her credit broke up. At times, Michelle even felt unsafe in her
cards and filed a report with the police. Then she own home, because the impostor knew her address.
called the Department of Motor Vehicles. She Even the smallest sound would cause panic. She
wanted to make sure that no one had copied her was desperate for this nightmare to end.
driver's license. It was lucky she thought to do 7 The worst moment in the ordeal was when Michelle
this, because a duplicate copy had indeed been was stopped at Los Angeles International Airport. On
issued. She found out that not only was someone her way back from a trip, immigration officials
1 liposuction: a type of cosmetic surgery in which body fat is removed
34 UNIT 2 Continued on next page
 MARS: OUR NEW HOME?
1 If you think you’d like to blood in the body gets thicker, and it becomes more
live on Mars, you may difficult for the heart to push blood through the
have that possibility by body. In space, spinning the spaceship can create
2031. A Dutch company artificial gravity which can help these problems. On
a design for a colony on Mars called Mars One is looking Mars, colonists would need to exercise and take
for people interested in medications to stay healthy.
colonizing1 Mars. If you have
all the necessary skills— and 5 It will also be difficult for Mars colonists to be
isolated, far from home, living in small spaces, and
there are a lot—you could be one
seeing the same people over and over. It is
of the first colonists to Mars. Are you ready for
important to come up with solutions to possible
the challenge?
problems before anyone actually goes on a Mars
2 Luckily, you won’t have to find the money to pay mission. For instance, Mars One could make plans
for a mission to Mars because it would cost for colonists to communicate with friends and family
billions of dollars. Mars One has already received on Earth. Also, people interested in the mission could
money from companies and some private donors 2. be evaluated to make sure they have the emotional
It is also counting on getting money from strength to survive. Colonists with depression could
everyday people who become interested in the put the mission in danger. Fortunately, a few years
Mars One TV show. On this show, colonists will ago, a joint Russian and European project called the
be selected as people around the world watch. Mars500 Mission took place. It studied people’s
The show will follow teams of four applicants as reactions to long-term space travel by following six
they complete difficult jobs in difficult situations. astronauts in a Mars-like environment. The
The audience will vote for the best six teams. The astronauts spent 520 days in this environment and
show will be seen worldwide both on television only had contact with their bosses and their
and online. Mars One is hoping that people will families. The six astronauts “returned” to Earth in
become so interested in the mission that they will good physical condition—and they were still
give large and small amounts of money . . . or at speaking nicely to each other, which is astonishing
least buy a T-shirt or coffee mug—which are when you think about their difficult experience.
already available on Mars One’s website. Scientists viewed the Mars500 Mission as a great
3 As a future colonist in one of the six teams, you success because they were able to see how the
will go through years of training. If your team is astronauts handle emotional and physical stresses.
the first team to travel to Mars, your main Surprisingly, the greatest emotional problem was
responsibility when you get there will be to build a boredom. The greatest physical problems were not
place where humans can live. The atmosphere on getting enough sleep and gaining too much weight.
Mars does not have enough oxygen3 for humans,
6 Recent polls show that 7 percent of people would
and the land is not good enough to grow food. want to go on such an adventure. Mars One has
Colonists will have to create an artificial already started accepting applications for colonists.
environment on Mars where there is air to breathe Applicants do not have to have any specific training,
and land to farm. Scientists know Earth-like but they must be interested in learning new things
conditions can be simulated on Mars because and capable of solving problems. They also should
something similar has already been done in be able to trust others and complete an assignment
Antarctica, where humans cannot survive outside without stopping. Interested?
the created environment.
4 Humans may have another problem in space as
1 colonize: to control an area and send your own
well. It takes nearly a year to get to Mars, so
travelers would be without the Earth’s gravity4 for people there to live
2 donor: someone who gives something, especially
a long time. In addition, Mars One astronauts will
not return to Earth. Their mission is to start a money, to an organization
colony that can support itself. So, the colonists 3 oxygen: a gas in the air that has no color, smell, or

will live the rest of their lives there. When a human taste. People, animals, and plants need it to live.
lives in an environment without gravity or with 4 gravity: Earth’s gravity is what keeps you on the

low gravity5 for a long time, the systems in the ground and what causes things to fall
body weaken. For example, muscles and bones 5 low gravity: the gravity on Mars is only 38 percent
lose strength. The heart also gets weaker. The of Earth’s gravity

54 UNIT 3
 READING TWO Timeline for a Mission to Mars
PREVIEW

1 Look at the title and the photo below. Read the first paragraph. Write two questions
that you think will be answered in this reading.

2 Look at the boldfaced words in the reading. Which words do you know the meaning of?

READ

1 Read the online article about a timeline for going to Mars. As you read, guess the meanings
of the words that are new to you. Remember to take notes on main ideas and details.

Timeline for a Mission to Mars

NASA currently has five spaceships orbiting1 Mars and one rover
on the planet, but they don’t have plans to send colonists there
like Mars One does. Sending anyone to Mars—colonists for the
rest of their lives or astronauts for two months—takes a lot of
planning. Space researchers have suggested plans for sending
people to Mars, and their plans are based on real facts. But since
no one has ever gone to Mars, their plans are only speculations.
For example, the people at Discovery Channel made a movie
called Race to Mars, which follows a realistic timeline. The
magazine Popular Science has also written about the steps
needed to go to Mars. What kinds of events might scientists An artist’s drawing of the Mars Reconnaissance
agree on? Here is a plan that might be proposed. Orbiter, which is studying Mars

Days 1–97 Launching2 Spaceships

Parts for the three supply ships and one passenger ship are launched and begin
to orbit the Earth. Spaceship builders put the ships together. After that, the
three supply ships leave for Mars. The passenger ship waits in orbit until the
astronauts arrive.

Days 98–112 Checking the Health of the Astronauts

The astronauts stay away from other people for two weeks before leaving Earth
to avoid getting sick. Doctors make sure they are in good health.
Days 113–115 Launching the Astronauts
The astronauts leave Earth in the fifth ship and meet the passenger ship already
in orbit. The ship connects to the passenger ship. The astronauts enter the
passenger ship and make sure everything is in good working order.
Day 116 Leaving Earth
The engines fire to help the passenger ship leave the Earth’s gravity. When the
ship is in space, it begins to spin around. The spinning creates artificial gravity.

1 orbit: to move around a planet such as the Earth while in space

2 launch: to send a spaceship into the sky or into space
Continued on next page

58 UNIT 3
 MEN, WOMEN, and LANGUAGE
1 Imagine a playground in the United States. A boy, Ashton, and a girl, Laney, are playing with other children.
Will their games be the same? What about the ways they talk to each other? Will their use of language be the
same? It’s difficult to answer these questions without thinking about gender, the differences that we can see in
the behavior of males and females in various cultures. This behavior includes language use, the way that males
and females use their words to communicate with others and to express themselves.
2 Are these differences really based on how we naturally communicate as males or females? Or do the
differences come from our culture? Ideas about male and female communication have differed greatly
throughout time and across different cultures. Despite these different ways of thinking, however, we can see a
connection between women’s power and how their communication is seen by others. As women gain more
power through education and employment, they begin to use language in more assertive ways. In many
countries around the world, the power of women has increased in the past hundred years. It is possible that
this increase in power may have an effect on communication, and we may soon discover that men and women
have more similarities than differences in how they communicate.

Gender and Communication: Distant Past

3 Historically, men have held positions of power more frequently than women in many cultures. This has created
differences in how women and men communicate and how their words are valued. These differences have
existed throughout history. One way to examine cultural views on language and see how these ideas have
been a part of human history is to look at ancient proverbs considering the place of women in society. For
centuries, people around the world have said that women are too talkative. We can see this idea in several
proverbs, including these:
“A woman’s tongue is her weapon1, and she does not let it rust 2.” (Chinese)
“It’s an unhappy house where the hen3 is louder than the rooster4.” (French)
“A woman’s hair is long, but her tongue is even longer.” (Russian)
4 These proverbs show us the view of women in past times, when a woman’s speech was not seen as very
important. This has led to the myth of the talkative woman—a false idea that still exists today in many cultures
despite the fact that the position of women has greatly improved in the last century. When any person, male or
female, has social, political, or economic power, their speech is valued, not seen as excessive. For example,
imagine a female prime minister or president. Would anyone complain that she talks too much? Of course not.
Most people would respect her words and listen to her carefully. This shows clearly how language and power
are closely related to each other.

Turn-of-the-Century Ideas
5 In the late twentieth century, two American scholars 5 , Robin Lakoff and Deborah Tannen, researched and
wrote about important ideas on language and gender. Robin Lakoff described female speech in her book
Language and Woman’s Place. According to Lakoff, females are less assertive in their speech, avoiding jokes
and profanity. Lakoff wrote her book in the 1970s, a time when scholars were very interested in the changing
position of women in society. They were exploring the idea of sexism, the unfair treatment of women based
on a view of them as inferior.
6 During the next two decades, Deborah Tannen wrote many popular books, such as You Just Don’t Understand,
that made the public aware of important differences between male and female communication. Like Lakoff,
Tannen agreed that women usually speak more politely and less directly than men. For instance, instead of
telling someone directly to open a door, a woman will often use a polite question, such as, “Could you please
open the door?”.

1 weapon: an object used to hurt others, such as a gun or knife

2 rust: to turn a reddish-brown color, sometimes because of not being used
3 hen: a female chicken
4 rooster: a male chicken
5 scholar: a person who studies a subject at a very advanced level
Continued on next page

78 UNIT 4
READ

1 Read the Traveling Man blog, written by a traveler who is interested in different
languages and cultures. As you read, guess the meanings of the words that are new to
you. Remember to take notes on main ideas and details.

The Question of Global English

Traveling Man—Jason C.—July 17
Hello, fellow travelers.
1 I’m on my way to France through the Spanish Basque country. Last night I saw a big sign
at a café reading: English spoken here. It got me thinking: Is English as a global language
helping people around the world to communicate better? Or is it causing us to lose
everything that makes us unique? Is it fair to have one powerful language that people
around the world have to learn?

2 Olivia L: As an American, I like it. People who know English can communicate
almost anywhere in the world. As a native speaker of English, I don’t have to learn
any other languages. At the same time, I sometimes feel embarrassed when I
compare myself to people who know English, plus two or three other languages. I
feel so stupid sometimes.

3 Maria F: Using English as a global language makes sense to me. It’s convenient for
us to have a common language. We tried Esperanto before, but that didn’t spread
like English. Language can’t be created or forced. It’s a natural expression of a
culture. As an invented language, Esperanto doesn’t have any native culture.

4 Jason C: What’s Esperanto? Isn’t that some kind of spy language from World War II?

5 Maria F: Earlier than that—it goes back to the 1880s. A scholar invented it to give
people a common language they could all learn easily. He felt that having different
languages divides people into enemy groups. He hoped that Esperanto would
change things.

6 Yi-Wen C: But the grammar of Esperanto is based on European languages, so it’s

not that easy for non-Europeans to learn. Besides, it’s not as cool as speaking
English. English is more than a language. It’s an attitude, a lifestyle. It’s Hollywood,
rock and roll.

7 Vasily Z: It’s all political. Whoever wins a war gets to control the language of the
world. But I do agree that it’s easier for people to have a common language. So why
not English? It’s a simple language. If it weren’t that easy, how could a billion people
around the world have learned it?

Continued on next page

Language and Power 83

 2 FOCUS ON READING

READING ONE Meet Your New Boss: You

VOCABULARY

1 Read the advice column from a business newspaper. Pay attention to the boldfaced words.

Ask Danny:
Advice for people wanting to work

DEAR DANNY: My job as a film developer is becoming obsolete now that everyone
takes digital photos. I would like to work for myself as a photographer, but I don’t know
where to start. Can you advise me on steps I need to take to become a successful
freelancer? —FUTURE FREELANCER

DEAR FUTURE FREELANCER: First of all, becoming a freelancer does not mean that
you can stay in your pajamas all day and work when you want. As a freelancer, you
have to do everything—get the work, do the work, and collect pay for the work. It’s
very hard! But here are some basic strategies to follow if you are determined to try:
1. Create a website with a blog and be sure to add at least one new photo and
some comments about it every day. It’s very important to have a social
media presence.
2. Decide what types of companies have the photography jobs you want and
contact the most likely person to hire photographers at those companies. Don’t
be afraid to make the first contact. People can’t hire you if they don’t know
about you.
3. Respond to emails, phone calls, and social media questions quickly.
4. Take every job that is offered—even the ones that bore you or scare you.
In order to keep a freelance career sustainable, you have to work hard for a very long
time. And it doesn’t offer the job security you’d have being on staff at a company,
but you will be doing something you love.

100 UNIT 5
Great Jobs for the Twenty-first Century
Social Media Managers Experts in Artificial Cybersecurity Experts
At the start of the Intelligence The role of a cybersecurity
twenty-first century, there With the huge popularity of expert is to ensure the safety
was no Facebook, Twitter, or online games, this career and privacy of personal
Instagram. But companies attracts many and is not information collected by
today have to plan strategies limited to entertainment. institutions such as
for using social media to Improving technology can universities and banks. Both
communicate with customers also be used in training, business and tech majors
and to advertise their education, and therapy. Jobs will enjoy making sure that
products. They will always in this field are available to hackers and thieves are
need experts who understand artists as well as to experts in stopped by finding out
the benefits of staying in artificial intelligence. their methods.
touch.

Biomedical Engineers Physical and

Health Care As the science of Occupational Therapists
Professionals biotechnology develops, more When people break a bone or
As the population ages and biomedical engineers will be are injured, their lives are
treatments for disease needed. People are living upset in many ways. Physical
become more comprehensive, longer, partly due to advances therapists help to heal the
there will be continuing high in biomedical engineering. A physical injury, and
demand for doctors and biomedical engineer applies occupational therapists train
nurses. Compared to other the principles and design of the patient to live a normal
doctors, dentists are retiring engineering to medicine, life again. These important
in record numbers, and there primarily in the fields of jobs will always be necessary.
are not enough new dentists genetic engineering and
to replace them. And that brain mapping.
means there will also be Astrophysicists
many job opportunities for In the twenty-first century,
dental assistants to help with Asteroid Mining the exploration of space will
the extra work. Engineers become more and more
In the twenty-first century, common and critical. And in
new technologies will be used order to explore space, an
Sustainability Directors to explore space and to look understanding of the
The goal of sustainability is for important resources, universe and its physical
to make sure that natural including metals and water. properties is necessary.
resources, such as land and Asteroids, the rocky masses Astrophysicists study the
water, will be available to located between Mars and universe’s physical properties
future generations. As Jupiter, have both. As such as density, temperature,
companies become more entrepreneurs plan the mining and chemical makeup, and
concerned about the of asteroid resources, mining then analyze the data. With
environment, they will look engineers will be needed to more countries—and private
to sustainability directors to plan, manage, and execute companies—investigating the
help them reduce waste and these complex projects. universe, the demand for
pollution by finding more astrophysicists will continue
earth-friendly ways of to rise.
producing, storing, and
selling goods.

Go to the Pearson Practice English App or MyEnglishLab for more vocabulary practice.

Careers of the Future 107

 READ

Read the opinion essay about Antarctica. Create a chart like the one below to take notes.
On the left, put the main ideas. On the right, put the details.

TAKE NOTES

Main Ideas Details

Scientist in Antarctica studying ice
Ant. -- should be closed to oldest ice in world
tourists
meteorologists—ozone hole, global warming
Ant. --- center of research

Go to MyEnglishLab to view example notes.

Tourists in a Fragile Land

1 As a scientist working in Antarctica, I spend 2 Because Antarctica is the center of important
most of my time in the lab studying ice. I am UEKGPVKƂE research, it must be preserved for
VT[KPI VQ ƂPF QWV VJG CIG QH #PVCTEVKE KEG± this purpose. Meteorologists are now looking
All we know for certain is that it is the oldest at the effects of the ozone hole 1 that was
ice in the world. The more we understand it, discovered above Antarctica in 1984. They are
the more we will understand the changing also trying to understand climate change 2. If
weather of the Earth. Today, as with an the Earth’s temperature continues to increase,
increasing number of days, I had to leave my the health and safety of every living thing on
work to greet a group of tourists who were the planet will be affected. Astronomers have
taking a vacation on this continent of ice. a unique view of space and are able to see it
And even though I can appreciate their very clearly from Antarctica. Biologists have a
desire to experience this vast and beautiful chance to learn more about the animals that
landscape, I feel Antarctica should be closed inhabit the coast of this frozen land.
to tourists. Botanists study the plant life to understand

1
ozone hole: a hole in the layer of gases that protect the Earth from the bad effects of the sun
2
climate change: a general increase in world temperatures caused by increased amounts of carbon dioxide
around the Earth

128 UNIT 6
4
 A TRAVEL JOURNAL captain invited the biologists to come on board
for a hot shower, they joined us immediately.
Then we cruised through the icebergs, which
appeared in unbelievable shapes and sizes, as the
Chile, South America
sun was sinking in the sky. They seemed to be
February 16
works of art by an ice sculptor2.
1 The sunlight was shining so brightly as our plane
flew over the snow-covered Andes Mountains,
Paradise Bay, Antarctica
which seemed to go on forever.
February 25
8 Today, we reached the mainland of the
Cape Horn
continent. Our guide today was Stephanie, who
February 18
helped us walk through snow to a point about 500
2 We spent the morning at a small church named
feet above sea level. When we reached the top,
Star of the Sea. This is a quiet place where
we laughed like children because it was so much
visitors are invited to remember the sailors from
fun to be up there. Later, we explored a glacier3
all over the world who died here. They were all
in motorized rubber boats. The ice was as thick
trying to sail around the southern part of South
as the crushed ice in a soft drink, but we pushed
America, and many of them lost their lives at sea.
through it.
Drake Passage—aboard the tour ship Explorer
Detaille Island, Antarctica
February 19
February 28
3 We were welcomed today by the captain and
9 Because we wanted to celebrate crossing the
crew. They gave us warm Antarctic jackets and
Antarctic Circle, we drank some champagne
introduced themselves to us. Sea birds followed
today. Not many visitors come this far south!
the ship closely, sailing in the cold wind. As we
Mark explained an interesting characteristic of
headed south, we saw a pink ship in the distance.
the ice down here. It is blue because it catches all
Our captain explained that it was not a ship but
the colors of the rainbow except for blue. I have
an iceberg1—the first one of our trip.
always thought of Antarctica as nothing but white.
But now I see a clear blue light shining through
Deception Island, Antarctica
the mountains of ice all around us, and I have no
February 21
words to describe the beauty of this landscape.
4 We landed on Baily Head, where thousands and
10 Our ship passed a huge field of frozen sea.
thousands of penguins greeted us. The crew gave
Mark invited us to come out and play. We weren’t
us a set of rules to follow to protect the
sure at first, but when we felt how solid it was, we
environment. Mark, one of the scientists on our
jumped and ran. All around us were mountains
ship, asked us to bring him any trash that we find.
and glaciers that no one has ever explored. It
He is studying the amount of trash created by
amazed me to think that no human hand or foot
tourists in Antarctica each year.
has ever touched them; only a few human eyes
5 Tonight we’ll listen to Christina, another scientist.
have seen them.
She will explain the plant and animal life to us.
11 Even though it will be hard to describe, I will
Then she will give us a list of interesting websites
try to explain this amazing experience to my
that we can visit to learn more about Antarctica.
friends at home. We all felt sad today when we
6 The more I see of this remote place, the more
realized that our ship was heading north. We really
I want to learn.
aren’t ready to leave Antarctica, a unique world.

Cuverville Island, Antarctica 1 iceberg: an extremely large piece of ice floating

February 23 in the sea
7 We awakened this morning to the noisy sound of 2 sculptor: an artist who makes objects from clay,
penguins. They’re loud! We met a team of wood, metal, ice, etc.
biologists living in tents. They are studying the 3 glacier: a large area of ice that moves slowly over
effect of tourists on baby penguins. When our an area of land

What Is Ecotourism? 133

Editorial 1

Life in Prison Is Still Life: Why Should a Killer Live?

1 While many people around the world continue their education, play sports, enjoy
disagree with capital punishment, there movies, and receive visits. Because of these
are many others who support it. In the benefits, sometimes prisoners who have
United States, 60 percent of Americans been released commit more crimes just so
agree with capital punishment as a way of they can return to prison. According to the
keeping society safe and just. In 58 other Bureau of Justice Statistics, more than 79
countries, including Japan and Singapore, percent of released prisoners head back to
many believe that a murderer should give prison within six years of their release.
up all rights, including the right to life. On And why wouldn’t they? Who wouldn’t
the other hand, some worry that innocent want to enjoy their right to free meals and
people may be killed by mistake, and shelter, all provided by taxpayers?
others believe that no one has the right to
4 The final reason for keeping the death
take a life, not even the government.
penalty is that it stops a person from
Despite the fact that no society can manage
killing again. Capital punishment is the
its system of capital punishment perfectly,
only sure way of taking these killers away
there are strong reasons why the death
from society forever. Kenneth McDuff is an
penalty should be used against murderers
example of the worst kind of criminal—one
in many cases.
who has no respect for life. He murdered
2 The first reason is that capital punishment three people and spent 20 years in prison.
is the best way to keep justice at the center When he was released from prison, he
of our society. Murder is a terrible injustice. killed nine more people. Another example
Victims of murder lose their lives—which, is Timothy McVeigh. He killed 168 people
unlike stolen money or property, can never and injured more than 500 others in a
be replaced. The victims’ hopes and plans terrorist attack against his own country.
have ended permanently, and the pleasures He built a bomb and used it to destroy a
they enjoyed in life have been destroyed. government building, which included a
They will never see their loved ones again. child care center where 19 children were
But without capital punishment, murderers killed. His execution, which was supported
are allowed to stay alive and even to enjoy by 80 percent of Americans, is a clear
their lives in some ways. This is completely example of how capital punishment is
unjust because they have ended the lives of necessary in such extreme cases to keep
people who did not want to die. society safe. It also sends a strong message
3 Another reason for capital punishment is to others who plan to kill: Be prepared to
that the tax money of citizens, including pay with your own life.
taxes paid by victims’ families, should not 5 While there is always the chance that
be used to support the life of a murderer. an innocent person could be given the
In the state of California, it costs nearly death penalty by mistake, such cases are
$90,000 a year to keep each killer alive in rare. Capital punishment is unfortunate
prison. Today there are murderers in prisons but must be legal in cases of extreme
all over the world. Most of them would violence. As Russian historian Aleksandr
rather spend their lives in prison than die. Solzhenitsyn said, “There are times when
Even in prison, there are small pleasures the government needs capital punishment
that one can enjoy every day: the feeling of in order to save society.” Indeed, a society
warm sunshine, the taste of a hot meal, the without justice is one where the rights of
comfort of sleep. The lifestyle in prison is murderers are respected more than those
not always harsh; many prisoners can of the innocent.

Capital Punishment 151

PREVIEW

Look at the title and the subtitles of the article on climate change. Why do you think
someone wrote this? Check (✓) one of the answers.
a. to explain what causes climate change
b. to get people to change their lifestyle
c. to warn us about the effects of climate change

READ

1 Read the article about climate change. Create a chart like the one below to take notes.
On the left, put the main ideas. On the right, put the details.
TAKE NOTES

Main Ideas Details

Climate changing Humans put gases into atmosphere
CO2 = carbon dioxide Before 1900: 270–280 ppm
CO2 = biggest effect, most Now: 408 ppm
important to decrease

Go to MyEnglishLab to view example notes.

GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE

Increasing Temperatures in the Atmosphere
Earth’s atmosphere is made up of gases; some are warm
and some are cool. These gases have always been there
and are important because the balance of these cooling
and warming gases keeps our weather comfortable and
livable. Over the past 50 years, scientists have discovered
that the atmosphere is getting hotter because more
warming gases are being released, which is changing the
balance of warm and cool gases.
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is an example of a warming gas.
The atmosphere needs some CO2 to provide a balance to
the cool gases. CO2 is released naturally through humans
and animals breathing as we breathe in oxygen and breathe out CO2. However, it is also released
through the burning of fossil fuels, like coal and gasoline. One hundred years ago, before humans
began driving cars and increasing factory production, carbon dioxide accounted for about 275 parts
per million (ppm) of all atmospheric gas. Today, the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere is
approximately 408 ppm. This increase in CO2 emissions has affected the balance of warm and cool
gases, and now the atmosphere is getting hotter. As the atmosphere gets hotter, it also becomes
VJKEMGT± OCMKPI KV FKHƂEWNV HQT VJGUG YCTOKPI ICUGU VQ escape. This means the warming gases are
trapped in our atmosphere, where they will continue to increase temperatures.
Continued on next page
Is Our Climate Changing? 181
1 Many of us agree that climate change is a major 3 extra costs that will come with the problems
problem in the world today and the effects of it created by climate change?
are all around us. All across the globe, there are In addition, people in many of the world’s
energetic weather patterns that are unlike poorest nations depend on farming to make
anything we have ever experienced in human money. As weather changes, the work of farmers
history. Extremely high and low temperatures are will have to change as well, and many farmers
being recorded around the world every month. will have a hard time adapting to these changes.
In 2018, Dubai, a city in the United Arab Floods and droughts could destroy a whole
Emirates with a desert climate, had the coldest year’s work for an entire nation. This will cause
April in history. As climate change continues, major economic problems for these countries.
every nation in the world is going to experience One problem is hunger, a lack of food that
problems in the very near future. However, the affects safety and education. In Somalia,
effects of climate change will be especially hard temperatures have been rising for 30 years, and
for people living in the poorest nations. In my this has resulted in more frequent droughts.
opinion, people in the world’s richer countries Consequently, farmers in this poor country have
must help those in poorer nations, the ones who been fighting each other for land. In 2017, more
face the greatest risks of climate change. than a million Somali children did not have
2 One effect of climate change is that some areas enough food. How can starving children get a
of the Earth are getting warmer. As temperature 4 good education, be successful, and build their
averages continue to rise, there will be an country's future?
increase in extreme weather and natural To conclude, we see clearly that the wealthier
disasters. These dangers often occur in the countries of the world have caused the problems
southern half of our planet, which will continue of climate change. Back in the 1800s, when
to be hit the hardest by storms, tidal waves,1 and richer countries of the world were starting to
other effects of climate change. This southern build factories and use cars, they were also
area, also known as the tropical part of the beginning to emit more and more carbon
Earth, is much hotter than the northern area. dioxide. The danger they created for the Earth
Most of the world’s poorest nations are in the was a direct result of their efforts to become rich.
south, while many of the world’s richest nations Centuries later, it is not fair that poorer countries
are in the north. These poor countries, which such as Bangladesh and Somalia will have the
have not done very much to cause climate most problems as a result of climate change.
change, are suffering the most because of it. For This is a harmful situation that they did not create.
example, Bangladesh, which has a very low While it is clear to scientists that the climate is
emission of greenhouse gases (0.1%), has been changing because of humans, not everyone in
facing some of the biggest problems caused by wealthier nations is worried about these
climate change: stronger storms, more flooding, changes. According to Pew Research Center,
and a decrease in sea life, which has already many people in high carbon-emitting countries,
negatively affected the nation's economy and such as the United States, Canada, Australia, and
food supply. It is already hard for countries in the Russia, are not very worried about affecting
southern part of the world to pay for the basic climate change. The rich people of the north, the
needs of citizens, such as food, medicine, and ones who have caused climate change, must help
education. How can these countries pay for the countries in the south deal with its consequences.
1 tidal wave: a very large ocean wave that flows over the land and destroys things

Go to the Pearson Practice English App or MyEnglishLab for more vocabulary practice.

Is Our Climate Changing? 187