Globalization

How has Germany, China, France and Russia responded to the challenges of globalization?
Introduction of Globalization

Globalization is the process of a company's, service's, or technology's growth, development,

and expansion throughout the globe. It is the international growth of numerous firms into
worldwide marketplaces. For global economic integration to occur, massive foreign
investment is required to build giant multinational firms. Its goal is to improve economic
connectedness and interdependence in global marketplaces. Globalization has taken the shape
of technology improvement in recent decades, allowing individuals to travel, communicate,
and conduct other international commerce more easily. On the one hand, although
globalisation has increased people's access to technology, it has also diminished their chances
of success by raising competition.

It's difficult to say if the global marketplace revolution is useful or destructive to mankind.
There is still a lot of ambiguity. However, it is difficult to deny that globalisation has
increased possibilities for individuals all around the globe. It has had a significant impact on
people's positions and ways of life in society. It greatly benefits developing countries by
offering a variety of developmental chances. If we embrace it positively, it has the potential
to eliminate regional differences and build a globally homogenized culture. The development
of McDonald's restaurants throughout the globe is the most popular and obvious illustration
of globalisation. It became so popular in global marketplaces due to its efficient approach of
customizing the culture of other nations in its menus to fit local preferences. We may refer to
it as internationalization, which is a wonderful blend of globalization and localization.

Throughout this topic diary, I will examine the globalisation issues that four nations,
Germany, China, France and Russia, are facing. Globalization has helped Germany maintain
its position as one of the world's biggest and most competitive economies. Overall, freer
mobility and increased flows of products and services, investment, cash, people, and ideas
have benefited Germany. Germany's position is tightly entwined in the global economy,
putting it in a great position to take advantage of globalization's possibilities. Germany's
position is tightly entwined in the global economy, putting it in a great position to take
advantage of globalization's possibilities.
Through increased cross-border movements of money, products, and people, China has
profited from and contributed to globalization. China is now well-positioned to play a
positive role in addressing new difficulties linked with globalization as a result of its progress
and ascension on the world scene. I've also included some graphical renderings to show the
globalization index for each of these nations. Similarly, France and Russia also faced some
challenges to get over the obstacle is the way of progress.

Globalization's far-reaching consequences are complicated and politically fraught.

Globalization, like other great technical developments, helps society as a whole while
damaging certain sections. Understanding the relative costs and benefits may pave the road
for issues to be solved while the larger payoffs are maintained. Globalization has provided
developing nations with a wide range of low-cost, high-quality items, as well as general
economic advantages and jobs for a big population. Competition, crime, anti-national
activities, terrorism, and other issues have resulted. As a result, along with the joy, there has
been some grief.

Globalization Challenges faced by Germany

Date of Input December 6, 2021

Reference of the Academic

source  Daniel S. Hamilton and Joseph P. Quinlan (2008)
(MLA Style) Globalization and Europe: Prospering in the New Whirled
Order (2008) GERMANY AND GLOBALIZATION.
 Dreher, A., (2005): „Does Globalization Affect Growth?
Evidence from a new Index of Globalization”, Research Paper
Series, TWI and University of Konstanz.
Non-academic
 Gygli, Savina, Florian Haelg, Niklas Potrafke and Jan-Egbert
Sturm (2019): The KOF Globalisation Index – Revisited,
Review of International Organizations.
 Direction of Trade Statistics Yearbook, 1996 (Washington:
International Monetary Fund).
 Discussion

As a result of globalization, Germany has challenges. Because of its weak domestic demand,
it is especially dependent on significant export growth. Continued dependence on its
manufacturing sector may be problematic as emerging developing nations establish
substantial manufacturing sectors focused on exports, despite the fact that it has a trade
deficit in services. Even as its population declines and ages, it is finding it difficult to attract
FDI and high-skilled immigration. Even while unemployment has decreased in recent years,
tens of thousands of positions remain vacant owing to a lack of competent candidates.
Despite its many assets, German innovation is unequal, and its educational system falls short
of the country's demands. Germany may find itself squeezed between the high-tech
challenges offered by the United States and Japan and the catch-up innovation challenges
provided by fast-growing nations. German banks were unable to avoid the financial crisis in
the United States and were also involved in financial initiatives that infected the German
economy and lowered development expectations.

Germany gets off to a bright start by increasing its economic connectivity with the rest of the
world. Germany's trade flows have remained robust and have been shifted to consumption-
oriented, fast-developing countries. The flow of foreign direct investment into and out of
Germany is strong. Financial globalization, defined as the near-constant flow of global
money, has provided much-needed funding to support domestic investment and development.
Over the last half-decade, corporate Germany's worldwide revenues have surged, generating
investment, creating jobs, and increasing the incomes of millions of German people.
Globalization has generally aided Germany's actual economic development and maintained
the country's position as one of the world's most successful countries.

Many nations' trade openness has expanded dramatically as a result of globalization (as
measured by total exports and imports of goods and services as a ratio of GDP). In Germany,
the comparable percentage was about 75% in 2008, compared to a little over 60% in 1990.
The German economy is the world's fifth biggest by purchasing power parity, and it is the
most closely linked to the global economy of the five—more than the United States, China,
India, or Japan.
Germany is the biggest economy in Europe, accounting for nearly a quarter of the continent's
GDP. It is the world's fourth-largest manufacturer of goods and fourth-largest manufacturer
of vehicles. It is the world's third-largest exporter of commercial services, the third-largest
source of foreign direct investment (FDI), the third-largest patent holder, and has the world's
third-largest banking industry. "Made in Germany" is still a sign of quality, dependability,
and inventive engineering across the globe.

Graph 1: German Foreign Trade with China

Critical review

Germany's perennially sluggish domestic demand renders it particularly reliant on high

export growth. Continued reliance on its manufacturing sector may be difficult as rising
developing countries also begin to develop significant manufacturing industries geared to
exports. It is finding it relatively difficult to attract FDI and high-skilled immigrants, even as
its population shrinks and ages. Unemployment remains stubbornly high, even though it has
declined in recent years. Despite key strengths, German innovation is uneven and its
education system is failing to meet the nation's needs.

Globalization has helped raise Germany's real economic growth and maintain the nation's
status as one of the most prosperous nations on earth. The German economy is the world's
fifth largest, measured by purchasing power parity, and of the five is the most tightly tied to
the global economy – more than the U.S., China, India or Japan. "Made in Germany" is still a
worldwide symbol for quality, reliability and innovative engineering.
 Globalization Challenges faced by China

Date of Input December 6, 2021

Reference of the Academic:

source  Elizabeth Economy (1998) China Confronts the Challenge of
(MLA Style) Globalization and Implications for Domestic Cohesion and
International Cooperation
 Bistra Vassileva (2015) Global Brands Dynamics:
Implications for Building Corporate Identity in Emerging
Markets
Non-academic
 Gygli, Savina, Florian Haelg, Niklas Potrafke and Jan-Egbert
Sturm (2019): The KOF Globalisation Index – Revisited,
Review of International Organizations.
 Huiyao Wang (2019) PhD, president of Center for China and
Globalization (CCG) and counselor for China State Council.

Discussion

Any successful international response to the entire spectrum of growing global concerns must
include China. China is already a major contributor to these issues, and there is little
indication that this will change in the near future. China's significant contributions in five key
areas, including nuclear arms proliferation (China is the world's third-largest nuclear power
after the United States and Russia), drug trafficking (Chinese criminal elements have become
very active and important players in drug trafficking worldwide), and nuclear arms
proliferation (China is the world's third-largest nuclear power after the United States and
Russia), Large opium farms have been reported in China's Yunnan, Sichuan, Guizhou, Inner
Mongolia, Guangxi, Hunan, and Qinghai provinces. Drug cultivation is a particularly vital
source of income for rural ethnic minorities, who have been largely left behind in the Chinese
populace's wave of wealth.
Then there's crime: Chinese gangs have a lengthy history, with some dating back over 2000
years. They have connections all around Asia, North America, and the rest of the globe.
Furthermore, China contributes significantly to a wide range of global environmental issues,
including ozone depletion (18% of total), climate change (second largest, and possibly the
largest emitter of greenhouse gases by 2020), endangered species trade, and biodiversity loss.
Furthermore, China has been recognized by the World Health Organization for its
contributions to the control of communicable diseases in Asia. Cholera and malaria, as well
as sexually transmitted illnesses and HIV/AIDS, continue to be regional issues, particularly in
Corona these days.

Nonetheless, economic globalization has worsened a number of pre-existing problems in

China's economy, reducing state capability. The bankrupt system of state-owned banks and
enterprises; severe economic inequities between coastal and inland provinces, as well as
between urban and rural areas; migration from poorer to wealthier regions; and the
decentralization of authority within the Chinese economy, which has left Beijing scrambling
for adequate resources to perform its necessary public welfare functions

Graph 2; KOF Index of Globalization for China (1971 – 2011)

Critical review

China is a major contributor to the challenges, and there is little evidence to suggest that
change is in the offing. There are reports of large opium fields in the Chinese provinces of
Yunnan, Sichuan, Guizhou, Inner Mongolia, Guangxi, Hunan, and Qinghai. The World
Health Organization has commended China for its contribution to communicable disease
control in Asia. China's interest in participating in international cooperative efforts is at best
mixed; its capacity to fulfill its international obligations is even less certain.

There are at least two underlying reasons for this uncertainty: First, as China's leaders attempt
to cope with the pressures of a political and economic system in transition, they are being
buffeted by international forces over which they have little control. Second, one could argue
that a more decentralized system of authority, relying on responsive local officials, non-
governmental organizations, and an independent local judiciary, is necessary to effectively
respond to transnational threats.

As a result, China has the capacity to be an effective, responsible, and dedicated player in
international systems, which is expected to develop. However, the process will be slow and
inconclusive, as Beijing tries to design a new road into unknown terrain while still relying on
old maps.

Globalization Challenges faced by France

Date of Input December 6, 2021

Reference of the Academic

source  Philip H. Gordon (2000) The Brookings Institution,
(MLA Style) Forthcoming book, tentatively entitled The French Challenge:
Adaptation and Resistance to a Globalizing World (Brookings
Institution Press, forthcoming).
 Sophie Meunier, “The French Exception,” (July/ August
2000). June 30, 2000.
Non-Academic
 Philip Gordon and Sophie Meunier (2001), Brookings
Institution Press, 2001, reviewed by Celia Whitaker (2002).
 https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/
french_challenge_chapter.pdf
 Discussion

Globalization has become a political and public concern in many countries, including France.
While globalization is a problem in any country, it poses a unique challenge for France for
various reasons. For starters, it immediately contradicts the country's statist, dirigiste political
and economic legacy since it necessitates relinquishing governmental control over the
economy—and so over society. The French still have one of the biggest public sectors in
Europe, and people still rely on the state for their well-being rather than the market.

The second reason why globalization is so difficult for France is that the French are very
protective of their culture and identity, which many believe is now endangered by the
globalization they associate with Americanization. Of course, this is an old issue, dating back
to the interwar era, when French intellectuals began to critique American mass culture,
uniformity, and a focus on material prosperity.

Third, globalization calls into question some of the French republic's most basic ideals and
values. While the French republic is built on rationality in theory—an enlightened state
working to enhance the collective destiny of the French people—globalization is always a
chaotic and disordered process that obstructs the state's capacity to fulfill that function.
France feels uneasy with frontal challenges to the ideas of égalité and fraternité, which are
more than words for a country that has witnessed its fair share of conflicts over the years.

The fourth reason why globalization is a particular difficulty for France is that it is perceived
as threatening the country's worldwide status and influence, which it has traditionally taken
pleasure in. Smaller European nations (and bigger ones, such as Britain) essentially
abandoned global geopolitics after WWII, but France has never given up its goal of becoming
a global power in its own right.

Finally, it is perhaps fair to conclude that many French people oppose globalization because
they can afford it. The British, and to a lesser extent, the Americans, were willing to embrace
economic neoliberalism in the late 1970s and early 1980s (with the election of Margaret
Thatcher and Ronald Reagan), not only because of their more liberal political traditions, but
also because of the perception that their economic performance had deteriorated to the point
where fundamental change was required. Despite their struggles with inflation and,
particularly, unemployment, the French never got so dissatisfied with their relative
dependence on the state that they were prepared to forsake it, and the temptation to do so has
lessened even more with recent economic accomplishments.

Graph 04: France Globalization

Critical review

Globalization has become a political and public concern in many nations, including France.
The French are very protective of their culture and identity, which many believe is under
threat from globalization, which they associate with Americanization. Globalization
interferes with the state's capacity to perform that function, while the French republic is built
on reason in principle. The French were never prepared to renounce their relative dependence
on the state because they were dissatisfied with it.

Critics argue that the spread of the Internet and other communications technologies, trade
liberalization in agricultural goods, intellectual property, and services, and the United States'
(and thus the English language's) dominant role in global business all conspire to make the
French fear for their cultural, linguistic, and culinary traditions—in short, their national
identity—in a globalizing world.

Globalization Challenges faced by Russia

Date of Input December 6, 2021

Reference of the Academic

source  Nigel Gould-Davies (2016) Russia’s Sovereign Globalization
(MLA Style) Rise, fall and Future at International relations at Mahidol
University International College in Thailand.
 Mikhail A. Molchanov (2005) Russia and Globalization
Non-Academic
 Jodi Koehn (1999) The Future of Technology Development in
Russia at kennan institute
 Bell Daniel (1960), the End of Ideology: On the Exhaustion of
Political Ideas in the Fifties. Glencoe,

Discussion

Russia's economic relationship with the rest of the world has taken a distinct path; it's been an
arc. The twin imperatives of political control and economic development, which lie at the
core of the Putin agenda, shaped Russia's attitude to globalization after 2000. Putin
recognized that economic growth and state strength needed a stronger connection to the
global economy. This involved working with strong external players, interests, and territories,
but only on conditions that limited unwanted outside influence. The necessity to accept
globalization's demands may have been the most significant limitation on silovik instincts to
strengthen political control further.

Because Russia's early management of this equilibrium was so effective, Putin started to
pursue not only home riches but also outside influence from globalization. This was a bold
move since it turned Russia's historic weakness into a source of strength, completing the
creation of a bold "sovereign globalization" policy. The new technique, like "sovereign
democracy," aimed to exploit spontaneous processes for state-directed purposes. However,
sovereign globalization has proven to be more difficult to implement. While sovereign
democracy shielded the home polity from external forces, sovereign globalization, by
definition, could not exist without them. It aimed to make them useful and safe by applying
interdependence concepts (positive-sum, based on trade and reciprocity) to the practice of
power politics (zero-sum, based on power and subordination). On the changing sands of
unique, transient, and advantageous conditions, an initially effective method was developed.
The synergies of this approach gave way to contradictions as a result of a combination of
internal inefficiencies, market trends, Russian overreach, and foreign response, and the
balance of opportunity and risk shifted rapidly against the Putin regime.

Sovereign globalization's aims were to integrate Russia into the global economy and
government in order to make it wealthier and therefore stronger, to restrict undesired
globalizing impacts on Russian interests, and to utilize those same forces as tools of Russian
foreign policy. In every way, Russia's current prospects are poor: Russia's economic
development prospects are bleak, Russia's power in its own area is strained, and Russia's
influence in the West has been severely harmed. These failures are the most recent in a long
line of Russian efforts to overcome a big power's economic backwardness in an
interdependent era. From Crimea to Crimea, so to speak, has been a voyage.

Graph 01: Perceptions of Russia in the Global world

Critical review

The twin imperatives of political control and economic development drove Russia's attitude
to globalization after 2000. Putin recognized that economic growth and state strength needed
a stronger connection to the global economy. This was a bold move since it turned Russia's
historic weakness into strength. The synergies of this approach gave way to contradictions
due to a mix of internal inefficiencies, market trends, Russian overreach, and international
response.
A reality as complicated as Russia's can't be unlocked with a single master key. The rise and
collapse of Russia's sovereign globalization, on the other hand, reveals the essential dynamics
of the Putin project and its worldwide implications. According to a new landmark analysis of
Russia's relationship with overseas investors, most disagreements in Russia are basically
about power rather than producing value and profits. 105. This may serve as an epitaph for
the bold failure of sovereign globalization as a universal reality in Russia's political economy.

Conclusion

Other nations are willing to adhere to these standards not just because they want access to
German markets, but because they increasingly realize that a system based on such standards
is key to their own ability to benefit from globalization. And that can give them a stake in
quelling conflict, working towards equitable economic development, and promoting
sustainable use of national resources. As a major beneficiary of globalization, Germany has a
particularly important role to play.

Om the other hand, China's desire to engage in international cooperation endeavors is

ambiguous at best, and its ability to meet its international duties is much more so. This
ambiguity may be attributed to at least two factors. First, although China's authorities try to
deal with the strains of a changing political and economic system, they are also buffeted by
foreign factors over which they have little influence. Second, one may argue that, in any
event, to successfully react to transnational threats, a more decentralized structure of power,
depending on responsive local politicians, non-governmental groups, and an independent
local court, is required. In this regard, international trends strengthen China's ability to
participate positively in international cooperative ventures: economic globalizations
necessitate the rule of law; the information revolution increases political transparency; and
global environmentalism elevates the role of nongovernmental actors.

The problems of globalization make it difficult for the French to accept that their economic,
social, and cultural destiny is more in the hands of the rest of the globe than Paris. It also
explains another finding in this study: France is adapting to the globalized international
economy to a considerably larger extent than French politicians are willing to acknowledge in
order preserving the illusion that the French state is still in charge.
Russia's connection with the global economy rose and fell over the twentieth century. So far,
the twenty-first century has seen its ups and downs. Globalization, the main tendency of our
day, threatens to detach the world's biggest nation. Isolation is not synonymous with de-
globalization. Russia continues to trade, invest, and attract investment; Russian firms remain
listed on international stock exchanges; and foreign nationals continue to work in Russia.
Only Russia's most significant allies are exempt from the decoupling. Given the West's
supremacy as a market, a source of cash, and a source of technology, this is a stunning shift,
one that has quickly reversed the growing partnerships that Russia had deliberately fostered
and the West had actively supported. As a result, Russia's participation in globalization is
more than a technical topic for trade and financial experts. It reveals a great deal about Putin's
ambition, Russia's growth choices and possibilities, and globalization's future.
Bibliography

 Autor, David H., David Dorn, and Gordon H. Hanson. 2016. The China Shock:
Learning from Labor-Market Adjustment to Large Changes in Trade [pdf]. Annual
Review of Economics 8: 205–240.
 Bown, Chad P. 2021. US-China phase one tracker: China’s purchases of US goods.