Biomolecules

carbon are called carbohydrates

Hydrates of
Cero
Ca
General formula Dy
if 2 6
24 6

It is a carbohydrate
Co 1120

I
CHzcook I
Cz Hyo H2O
Is acetic acid follows general formula
it is not a carbohydrate
Cuddly but still

I Rhamnose CGM20 is a carbohydrate

but does not

fit in this definition of Cathy
is that above definition
So overall conclusion
carbohydrate is old definition
very
of
carbohydrate
Correct definition of
be defined
as optically
The carbohydrates
may
or ketones or the
active polyhydroxy aldehydes
 which produce such units
on hydrolysis
compounds

Some the carbohydrates which are sweet in

taste
of
are also called as sugars
The most common used in our homes
sugar
is named as sucrose whereas the sugar
in milk is known as lactose
present
based on Hydrolysis
Classification
Polysaccharides
Monosaccharides Oligosaccharides
Carbohydrates
Produces 2 10
do wet hydrolyse
monosaccharides
which yield a

further It is the large no

of
unit on hydrolysis
simplest unit monosaccharide
Disaccharides unit on hydrolyses
ex glucose
gives 2 units ex Some common ex
fructose galactose sucrose maltose are starch
lactose eh cellulose glycogen
gums et
Trisaccharides
Polysaccharides are
gives 3 units taste
not sweet in
ex Raffinose eh hence are
they
also called as
non sugars
 Classification 2 Reducing Non Reducing Sugar

1
2 Non reducing sugar
Reducing sugar

Reduces Tollen's Reagent

Do not reduce
Tollen's reagent
Fehling's Reagent
Fehling's Reagent
Benedict's Reagent
wazoo sodium citrate Bendicts solution
mix of tasty 5h20
A mono sac like
Sx Sucrose eh
galactose
glucose fructose
eh
Disac like maltese
monosaccharides
lactose eh
of
C atoms
Classification 3 Based on me
of
ketone
no carbons Aldehyde
of
ketotriose
3 Aldotriose
ketotetrase
Aldo tetrose
5
Aldopentose ketopentose
6 Aldohexose ketohexose
ex fructose
 Methods preparation glucose
of of
Disaccharides
Ts
Sucrose
From by hydrolysis

C12420 6111206 t 8171206

glucose t fructose

Aldohexose
b ketohexose
dextro t laevo f
dextro 92
sj
µ
667 THEES ne

Overall in sucrose rotation is

going from
Ct to E
in product
in reactant
is also called as
So above Hydrolysis reaction
called as
Inversion
Reaction it is
Inversion
cane Sugar We use Invertase enzyme for
of take place
above reaction to

Polysaccharides
From Starch
3 M C6Miz06 glucose
Como 05
 glucose CoA206
Properties of
known as dextrose t as it
Glucose is also
carlson has
the last chiral
is dextrorofatry If is called D
OH towards right then glucose

Fischer projection formula

CHO
µ on
Total
of aways
me
OH M
sp c
4
he OH I
OH
Total stereoisomers
µ
Ln 24
14
H2OM
Chemical Reactions 10M
en

se Y
H OH
OH M
on H
H on a OH
H OH X
H OM
glucose
cmon Cason
glucosecyanohydrin

b
 Total me chiral c 5
of
I stereoisomers 25 32

II Reaction with HI Red Phosphorous

Reducesalcohol as well as

cried
H H carbonyl groups
H OM
M
th
on l m
n hexane

µ in
a y on

CHI
M
OH
H

Reaction with Nazon

CH O T HzNOH CH I NOH

H M OH
Or

m glucose
no
OH H oxime

H up
H OM
H OH µ OH
CHzOH CH2ON
Reaction with acetic anhydride
mac o a

T
CHO
EFE AC
excess M O Ac
t
ACO M
T

H O Ac
t

H OAC

CH2OAC

or
Cho
I glucose
CHOAD Penta
acetate
I
H2OAc

Reaction with Brat 1720

Bret fluconged
H2O
Reaction with cone And

COOK
A OH

OH M

H OH

H OH

COOM
glucharic acid
or
saccharic acid

one
gluchanic an'd
gluconic acid ANO or
Saccharic acid

Osazone formation Reagent Phenyl Hydrazine

TO NH Ph Ph NA NA
MN
TAN Napa
I not

Ph mangy F
Ph NAINA
Nucleophilic
Guare redox
addition Rai
takes placehere reaction takes place
 n na ph
Happen
Till now 2 moles have
RAID t Man NA P
been used

Ph Nth

NH3

Imel
NH
Ph NH

CA N NH Ph
Total moles phenyl
N N mph of
alone 3
press
he on 1st 3rd male
nucleophilic add
for my
reaction
A OH 2nd mode for redox
reaction
CH2OM

Osazone or Glucosazone
its made
of glucose
Osarone can be made glucose fructose or galactose
of
all monosaccharides can be used to make
osarone
The open structure glucose
of
does not give Namsos test
Schiff test
does not react with Nhon
penta acetate
glucose chain structure
So it means that along with open
structure must exist for glucose
I wore

which is cyclic structure

Cyclic structure
of glucose
in s ca on

A OH H o OH

OH M OH A
M

M OH
he On

H At H 0

CH20M H2OM

1st carbon is chiral so

one can he
H can he left
right side vice versa
 HO H
H
1C on L J 1C
H H 2 OH
2 OH

HO M
HO H z
ON
H OH µ 4
4
H s 0 5
H O
420M
CH2OA
6

Cyclic structures drawn are called as Howarth

projection formula
cut is more
whoseever
that up
is
chop
H in only a stem on
H s O this O
case no n r
y in a a u
OH 3 2
3 2 on H
H Or pm M OM
x D Glucopyranose
t B D t glucopyranose
Whichever group is in L Mes that is drawn towards up

x D glucose 4
Fremember B D glucose are
pyran name
Isomers each
of
other are called
anomers or
diastereomers
 C anomers C diastereomers
basically called
are or
They

Reaction with periodic an'd HI Oy

Periodic acid H Iou oxidises

I I a diketone

É hydroxy carbonyl
a
I
É
Vicinal dial
Cook
Just add

I fi
one male
I 1 hand
breaking
add 6M centre
from

It fit co

IF cot
I 4
OH
ok
 risen s Aaron
This c has 3 OH group
M OH 2 oh gives 1120
5 H coom
on Fy
HO µ H CHO

H on

H É on

Ho
CHz bond

Reduction glucose break

of I
can On with zoom

m o
use
Ho M
any of them
LAM Chi A Hh
m oh S BH
Nach tron
H on g
Hat catalyst
CHOH Sorbitol
Nasty or sodium

Note Anomers É Étm of each other

 All diastereomers are not anomers Anomers are
in case
diastereomers
only of carbohydrates
else
nothing
A Muta Eouilibrium btw a RB
rotations isomers
forms are called Muta rotation

x form B form

Istly a form will break convert into open

form then openform will convert into

B form then 13 form will be converted
into cyclic structure

Mutarotation for
is used anomers i e

x anomers convert to 13 anomers

oben Str fructose

of
CH2OM
Total chiral C 3
70
no Total stereoisomer 23 8
H OH
H OH
CH2OH
Cyclicstructureoffructos tchzon

stenos
HO 3
ni
n on
M Eison ont

6CHzOH
4
jpg
chicarbon
mn ay

So 2 configurations can be drawn from it

On towards right Chron towards left

11 11 left 2 1
right
Horst E on Haworth formula

oyy.ci
o

T.at
5
µ
M
y

CHOM on M

X D
fue Tl
lol
fructofuranose
blaevorotatary

Hard E EAMON

no
3 07 Y
µ
n

5
a Y of
µ
on dorso
µ
p
9204 P D E fructofuramese

F X B are C 2 Anomers
be observed B
I Here also mutarotation will
 Trick to remember all monosaccharides

CHO
D Glyceraldehyde

H OH

CHzOH add A right

µ
2 OH left
on
add Huff on
L
a OHright Cho

M
CHO HO
H OH OH
A

OH
H
ELI CHOM

92017
get
three

Threase
Erythrose

H
On OH OH A
yo H
L L
J
Ribose Arabinose Xylose Lyxose
b b b b
 G
G
f
CHO
G Cao card
OH 0 HE
HO
OH

1 OH H OHM H

OH H OH
H O
CHzOH
CHOH
CHOK

Arabinose
Ribose
H
M M
1 OH on On
OH u

glucose Mannose
Allose Altrose
Cho Cho CHO CHO
H OH OH H M OH OH
H OH H OH OH H OH 1
H OH H OH H OH H OH
H OH H OH H OH µ OH

CHIH CHIH CHIH CHIH

LYXOSE
Xylose
A On
con got on

Iodose Galactose Talese

gulose
t t t t
 v
Eno CHO CHO CHO
H OH HO H H OH MO H
H OH H OH OH H MO H

TO H HO H 40 H GO H
H OH M OH M OH M OH
CHIH CHIH CHIH CHIH

AA G M G IGT
II
g Tay Frg't
Midori Glyceraldehyde
4

I threw
No T
tetrose
or Rika Arabined Eyed lyyor
Ado Ka lafda
pentose Rekha amitabh

n
11 fat
downetosey may
YET
 Eeg
Epimers are diastereomers
Mannose
glucose
CHO CHO

HO z
M I 3

H OH H OH
g
H s On M OH
s

842011 fCHzOH

or 2nd carbon M OM are

In 2nd position
So about 2nd carbon
the positions
switching each other
glucose
mannose are epimers of
each other
are C 2 epimers
of
btw and an omer is
The difference epimer
in I compound
that anomer only
have X B
will be there we will
 while in 2 diff
form of that
epaironmer

compounds will be present

is in more than I
the difference
If in more than I carbon suppose
carbon or
then we will not
we can shove epimerism
We call them normally
call it as epimers
For about
as diastereomers epimers only
must be shown
I carbon difference
are C 3 epimers
Allose a glucose
Similarly
G CHO Cho

H OM A OH
z 2

HI OH
HOz
H H OH
OH g
H 5
OM
H s
CH OH
6 2
204
Structure Sucrose
of
B D Fructose Mao
E D glucose

Sucrose
monosaccharide O
monosaccharide

0 M

IT mon
sac

o o
Qin

GHzOH
CHIH
Glycosidic
linkage
comes
btw 2 monosaccharide linkage oxygen
Gf
in between then it is called glycosidic

linkage
at C
Glycosidic linkage is present of glucose
Cz of fructose
 Maltose
Structure of
x D glucose
2 D glucose
Maltose

H
9
EY I

Hunnam
ELIE
is present
C R Cy position

of a glucose

faaaan
str.mg p D
lactose
sum

µ KINKI
 EXLEY
H
is present c
glycosidic linkage of
B glucose
B galactose Cy of
Polysaccharides polymer
structureofffarch.to
f4D
There are

Amylose
2 components

linear
gfse
2 Branched
Amylopectin

Difference blue amylose amylopectin

II
Amylose Amylopectin
Branched polymerof x D
linear polymerof
2 n glucose
are
8 57 starch are in
15 204 starch amylopectin
in amylene water insoluble
Water soluble
glycosidic linkage
glycosidic linkage C key and branch
C 4 Cy
at Co
Amylose

HIIIII

I EX.I iI i
CAmylon
C and G
are
glycosidic
linkages present
X D glucose
of

Mix
 CHz

III Ii Ii
Amylopectin
13 Dglucose
polymer of
amuses
Structure
of

IE

CIEIIIXi EEIEIiEa

Glucosidic linkages
are present at
C Cy linkage
 Amino Acid
bloom
wie
which contain both
Those compounds
is called as

MHz 4
cook group
amino acid
means Coon the

Laga hai
f

amino and R En coom

x

at a position NHL Wtf

grp is attached to

called as a amino acid

L amino acid is the monomer
of
protein
 P amino acid

R En THz coom

hey
J amino acid

8 B
Ch Cha Cha Coon
R

Hz

All L amino acids belongs to Ifamily

coom
R TN NH

ftp.hirad NHz µ

L L
4 amino acids is in
R
NH
hand side so called
the left
family
there are 23 natural
nearly accusing
x amino acids

L amino acid

R
day day Ina Eez Coon

twig
c Hz con is anime
glycine only
Wtf and which is

inactive
optically

anime aids
Heating effect of
L amino acid R ni one

É M

r cu
on
NI
Inn H on C
 R en
É N
I
am r
nm C
Gcalled as M
0

Cacti.de

P
amimean. k
É In
room
I
R H É coom
acid
x B unsaturated

amineadgamma
J

É o a
I
die

Inez
B In Samman
NT
8
w d
lactam
r
 and Delta
L amino

and
p
ch ch th NT
8
k E

B
g ER
delta ladum I
Lactan
eats
Based on R
coom acid
T amino

R cry
nm

amino
Coon andacid
Sf R contains
 basic
r contains NHz
Y amino acid

Sf R neither contains Coote nor Wiz

amino acid
neutral
amino acids
a
Important
structure
Three letter Name
symbol
MO E catch
Tyrocene
Tyr neutral
amino as R
acid
R Yoon
cook or Naz
group don'tcontain NHz
Serine Ho cha on
Ser
neutral R Coon

n cotton
fly glycine R
neutral coom

Nh
Alanine Me of
Ala R
neutral coom

Above 4 amino acids are non essential

amino acidsThey are synthesized automatically
in our body

Phet phenylalanine Ph cuz cat

neutral R

vast valine
neutral
merch oh
I
amino acid

Leucine Nez CH cha cat

Lev neutral Coo
anime and

I let Isoleucine Et CH
CHI
neutral amino
R
he
and

acids with are essential

Above 4 amino
need to consume
amino acids
i e we

them
cha cat
lysine man
Cyst basic
Coon
R
Mhz
Aspartic MOOC cha of
Asp aid COOH
Caidic amino acid R
 C
Nth
glutamic 400 O C Hz
Cz ck
Glu and cook
R
acidic amino acid
MINH dog
Arginine Han feng
Arg hash amino acid p
group

E.it
is donated
i oi n
present
i
as guanidine

in whole organic
which is most hashgroup
chemistry and other N lone pair junks
to shove resonance stabilize
the Hue change
Trite it lysine
Tere Ty A Aspartic acid
Ser
Schar Main and
glutamic
Gw Gly
Ala Ala Ant Arginine
Phe
Pheri
vala val
lagI
www
lone lev
aaye I le
 ion
Zwitter ion Bipolar

Naz basic group

R en
Coon Y acidic group
can react
he acidic
basic group
ion
themselves to form
among Zwitter
th ion
R ch
y g
ions are called as
These bipolar
Zwitter ions

pH solution
I Depending upon
the
of
Twitter ion
exists in 3 different forms

7
11
n

Too
8
outta Anionic
2miHye form
gun
 cationic form
R en
of
love pH region
in
anionic
emitter ionic form
Cationic form form
increases from 2 to Right
CIA PCH
Isoelectric points
Calculation
of pH is also called as PI
P H at isoelectric point
no net migration
where
Isoelectric points where emitter
or
ions takes
place is neither
means At lov
of exists nor going remain
ions coming

acids as zwitter
amino
II for neutral ion
only
N PKa

CoomPIaz
I
we won

PI PKa t PKaz
2
 acidic anime and
Cast for
PKa
CH
coom Pkar
d
g
pI
d
pKa
PkazI
an'd acid ka average lenahai

amino acid
For Basic
cast
NML pka
CH

NAZ
Coon Pkaz
p

pI Pkantzy
hase base ka average
lena hair
 acids
Methods
of preparation of amino

Streaker's synthesis
EntHu
IIE IT c
CN

S AC 120
Gagged

C amino acids
it o

MP BP due to
Amino acids have high
ions in them
Bipolar
water soluble
Amino acids are
like salt
behaves
Amino acids
to ionic nature
due
amino acids
Joining
2 alpha
Dipeptide
Glycine H2O
Alanine
Lala Gly take on fonts from
taken
here
here
 Hz
CH É on t M NA Cha coots

INHz
t
CHz CH É NH C
Hz coom

this bond is called

the It
peptide linkage
is amide
a
part of
linkage
is wet peptide
amide linkage
Every amide linkage is
those
linkage only in which on
linkage
called peptide
on both sides are get amino

hydrolysis
acids praline
Ala Val t
Gly its
Tripeptide on Elon
t H nm on th wa croon
on
chs time
gig
 ch É Nn
tch É Nn cha cook
cuz
the Me
Is peptide linkage

g
or
bond
linkage peptide
peptide

Decapeptide contains how many peptide

I less than n peptide
linkage
I
Globular Fibrous Protein
are 2 main types of
globular
and fibrous
proteins Globular
myoglobin
Fibrous collagen
lie Fold into
Molecules long thin They
spherical
3 d
side side to form shape
by d
fibres blood

hone
Hajjis nope

collagen in skin Insulin

resent in 1 amino
Keratin acids
hair wool silk Enzymes
in
myosin present Albumins
muscles proteinmadeby
our liver