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GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Chandkheda, Ahmedabad

S S Agrawal Institute of Engineering and Technology (123)

A report on

TOLL COLLECTION SYSTEM USING ARDUINO

Under subject of
Design engineering – 1B (3140005)
B.E. - ІІ, Semester – IV
(Electrical Engineering Department)
Submitted by:
Team ID:
Sr. No. Name Enrollment No.
1. NIKHIL B PRASAD 231233109017

Under the Guidance of

I/C H.O.D.
Mr. Sagar R. Patel
In fulfilment of DE – 1A term work
Of
Bachelor Of Engineering
In
Electrical Engineering
Academic Year
2024-2025
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CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this report entitled ‘TOLL COLLECTION SYSTEM USING
ARDUINO’ related to the domain of ‘HIGHWAY’ is submitted by Nikhil B Prasad of 4rth
Semester 2nd year for partial fulfilment of requirement for the degree B.E. ELECTRICAL
Engineering of S. S. Agrawal Institute Of Engineering and Technology, Navsari during the
academic year 2024.

DATE:

Mr. Ronak K. Mistry Mr. Sagar R. Patel

Internal Examiner I/C H.O.D.
DE Co-Ordinator, EED Electrical Engineering Department
S.S.A.I.E.T., Navsari.

Faculty Guide
Mr. Sagar R. Patel
I/C H.O.D.
Electrical Engineering Department
S.S.A.I.E.T., Navsari.

PLACE:
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Attach Completion Certificate here.

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Acknowledgement

With great pleasure and deep sense of gratitude I would like to extent my sincere thanks to
almighty GOD for these blessings for granting me the chance and the ability to successfully
complete this study.

I would also like to thanks to my Parents for their everlasting love and financial support
throughout our numerous academic years. Without their support, I would not have been able
to accomplish my dreams.I would like to take this opportunity to thank my guide Mr. Sagar
R. Patel, I/C H.O.D. of Electrical Engineering Department S.S.A.I.E.T., Navsari whose
continuous and persistent valuable guidance, suggestions and encouragement have played a
key role in making my Design Engineering work a success.
I also express my sincere thanks to Prof. (Dr.) Dipesh D. Shukla, Principal to give me an
opportunity to do my project freely and support me to undertake this research study.

Also I would like to thank all the Friends and Staff of my collage who have directly or
indirectly provided their unerring support throughout the course of this design engineering
work, without whom none of this would have been possible.

Thank You All

1. NIKHIL B PRASAD 231233109017

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ABSTRACT
ATCS is an Automated Toll Collection System used for collecting tax
automatically. In this we do the identification with the help of radio frequency. A
vehicle will hold an RFID tag. This tag is nothing but unique identification
number assigned. This will be assigned by RTO or traffic governing authority. In
accordance with this number we will store, all basic information as well as the
amount he has paid in advance for the TOLL collection. Reader will be
strategically placed at toll collection center. Whenever the vehicle passes the
toll collection center, the tax amount will be deducted from his prepaid balance.
New balance will be updated. In case if one has insufficient balance, his
updated balance will be negative one. To tackle this problem, we are alarming a
sound, which will alert the authority that this vehicle doesn’t have sufficient
balance and that particular vehicle can be trapped. As vehicles don’t have to
stop in a queue, it assures time saving, fuel conservation and also contributing
in saving of money. Automatic Toll Collection systems have really helped a lot in
reducing the heavy congestion caused in the metropolitan cities of today. It is
one of the easiest methods used to organize the heavy flow of traffic.

INDEX
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COVER PAGE
i
CERTIFICATE
ii
COMPLETION CERTIFICATE
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
iv
ABSTRACT
v
INDEX
vi
LIST OF FIGURES
vii
LIST OF TABLES
viii
INTRODUCTION
1
PROBLEM DEFINITION
2
PROBLEM STATEMENT
3
SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
5
EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED
7
METHODOLOGY
20
FUTURE SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
25
CONCLUSION
26
REFERENCE
27
IMAGES OF THE CANVAS
28
PROJECT IMAGES
33
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LIST OF FIGURES

Sl no. Name of figure Page

no.
Fig 1 Practical overview of the system 12
Fig 2 Pin diagram of Atmega 328P Microcontroller 14
Fig 3 Arduino Uno (Atmega 328P Microcontroller) 15
Fig 4 MFRC522 RFID Module 17
Fig 5.i DS 1307 19
Fig Circuit Diagram 19
5.ii
Fig 6.i LCD Screen 20
Fig LCD Screen 20
6.ii
Fig Pin diagram of LCD 20
6.iii
Fig 7 Pin diagram of L293D 22
Fig 8 IR LED 23
Fig 9 IR Receiver TSOP1738 23
Fig 10 IR Transmitter Circuit Diagram 24
Fig 11 IR Receiver Circuit Diagram 25
Fig 12 Flow Chart of system implementation 26
Fig 13 Arduino to LCD display connection 27
Fig 14 Arduino to RFID Module connection 27
Fig 15 Pin diagram of the complete system 28
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LIST OF TABLES

Sl no. Name of table Page

no.
Table 1 Pin description of LCD 23
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INTRODUCTION
As we all know that transportation is the backbone of any country’s economy.
Improvement in transportation systems result into the good lifestyle in which
we achieve extraordinary freedom for movement, immense trade in
manufactured goods and services, as well as higher rate of employment levels
and social mobility. In fact, the economic condition of a nation has been closely
related to efficient ways of transportation. Increasing number of vehicles on the
road, result into number of problems such as congestion, accident rate, air
pollution and many other . All economic activities for different tasks use
different methods of transportation. For this reason, increasing transportation is
an immediate impact on productivity of nation and the economy. Reducing the
cost of transporting resource at production sites and transport completed goods
to markets is one of the important key factors in economic competition.
Automatic toll collection is a technology allows the automated electronic
collection of toll costs. As it is studied by researchers and also applied in various
expressways, bridges, and tunnels require such a process of Automatic Toll
Plaza. ATP is capable of determining if the vehicle is registered or not, and then
informing the management center about to process violations, debits, and
participating accounts .The most excellent advantage of this ATP system is that
it is capable of eliminate congestion in toll plaza, especially during those
seasons when traffic seems to be higher than normal.

The Benefits of this System are:

• Shorter queues at toll plazas by increasing toll booth service rates
• Faster and more efficient service
• The ability to make payments by keeping a balance on the card itself and
• The use of postpaid toll statements
• Other general advantages include minimization of fuel wastage and
reduced emissions by reducing deceleration rate, waiting time of vehicles
in queue, and acceleration.

For Toll Operators, the benefits include:

• Lowered toll collection costs
• Better audit control by centralized user account
• Expanded capacity without building more infrastructures.

Thus, the ATP system is useful for both the motorists and toll operators, this is
the reason of extended use of ATP system throughout the world.
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PROBLEM DEFINITION

The base idea behind implementing RFID Based Toll System is to automate the
toll collection process and their by reducing manual operation in toll booths and
the long queues at toll booths using RFID tags installed on the vehicles. In
addition to we can not only help the vehicle owners and system administrators
from vehicle theft detection but also can track over speeding vehicles, and
crossing the signals. Here we are going to see some points regarding to purpose
behind choosing this topic & what is the requirement of this type of the project
in our day to day life.
• Automatic collection of toll tax.

• Free flow of traffic.

• Time saving.

• Record maintenance.

• Problems with pursuing toll evaders.

• Avoid the fuel loss.

• Saving of time in collecting toll.
• Avoid financial loss.
• To monitor the traffic.
According to the survey of Karnataka Government, in Sept.2012 they have
proposed to get the annual toll collection about 2500 crores/year .But in the
present situation they are able to collect only 900 crores of the toll value. Means
there is loss of 600 crores due to human errors. So, in this situation we have to
control this leakage. Now the present system we have with us on the high ways
takes 1 minute to complete the toll collection process for one vehicle. With this
automatic process, it will take just less than a minute. to complete the whole
process. As there is reduction in time for completion of the process so indirectly
there will be no traffic as such & as there is no traffic so no fuel wastage takes
place & the purpose of designing the highways is achieved i.e. reduction in
journey time & also the money loss will be reduced.

PROBLEM STATEMENT

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Whenever the matter of Integration of systems comes to mind, we think of a

system having the following important features viz.
Accuracy: All the functionally bonded logical dependencies must be integrated.
Efficiency: The whole system should work under all circumstances and on a
long run it should work efficiently irrespective of their proprietary format.
Cost Effectiveness: As our software do not require any special software for
implementation hence is less costly as compared to other existing system.
Any Prerequisite for the use: As the existing systems are not altered, and
integration is done at the background hence there is no need for any training.

BACKGROUND OVERVIEW

A. Existing System:
There are two methods of collecting tax presently used they are First is the
traditional manual method where one person collects money and issues a
receipt. The other one is the Smart Card method where the person needs to
show the smart card to the system installed at the toll tax department to open
the Gate.

B.Drawbacks of Existing System:

Both the above mentioned method for collecting tax is time consuming method.
Chances of escaping the payment of tax are there. It leads to queuing up of
following vehicles.

C. History of Automatic Toll Tax:

Design and development of a “RFID Based Automatic Toll Plaza” which is based
on microcontroller, RFID technology and load cell to save the time at toll plaza
and having cashless operation As the name implies “RFID Based Automatic Toll
Plaza” the key theme of our project is the automation. So here we will just take
the overlook of what is mean by Automation. In simple words the Automation
means the human being from the process with the machines. Before going
further we just take the overlook of history of the toll plazas. So before the 90’s
decade the toll plazas were fully manual controlled. Means there are total four
people for operating the Toll gate in this two people will be used for opening &
closing of the gate & another two are for reception of the money & data keeping
etc.
Semi Automatic Toll plazas were launched after the introduction of Express
ways in 1995, in which data is stored in computers and gate operation is
automatic, only two personals are required for single booth. But here we are
going to see the human less toll plaza. Active wave Inc has currently deployed a
system of active tag vehicle monitoring solution. Active wave vehicle products
have a range of 30 meters and operate in the 916 – 927 MHz for the transmit
operations and 433 MHz for the receive link. Active wave products are currently
equipped with 256 Kbits of fixed memory. The tag is powered with a replaceable
3V battery and the total weight is 14 grams. Elementary signals are shown with
the help of blinking LEDs and beeping sounds. Smart key Access Control
Systems have a client – server model based system with an SQL server handling
multiple vehicle monitoring systems. They have designed a user interface using
the Microsoft .NET Framework. Smart key also operate in the 900MHz band but
have a small range of 30 meters. RFID based toll collection system uses active
RFID tag which uses car battery power. The implementation is divided into the
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design of two modules- the Vehicle Module (Active Tag) and the Base Module.
The two modules communicate via RF modem connected to each module.

PROPOSED SYSTEM

This project gives the simplified procedure to passengers to pay toll at toll
booths by making them automated, vehicle theft detection, signal breaking
avoidance, tracking over speed vehicles. All these activities are carried using
single RFID tag thus saving the efforts of carrying money and records manually.

A. Automatic Toll Collection: The RFID Readers mounted at toll booth will
read the prepaid RFID tags fixed on vehicles’ windshield and automatically
respective amount will be deducted. If the tag is removed from the windshield
then cameras fixed at two sites at toll plaza take snaps of the front and back
number plate. Since every vehicle registration ID is linked to users account, toll
can be deducted from the account bank directly.

B. Vehicle Theft Detection: When vehicle is stolen the owner registers

complaint on the website with its registration ID and unique RFID tag number.
Now when stolen vehicle passes by the toll plaza, the tag fixed on it is matched
with the stolen vehicle's tag in the database at the toll booth.

C. Signal Breaking Avoidance: The vehicle ignoring the traffic signal will
be detected by the RFID readers fixed at signal crossing and will be notified to
the traffic police. This can be done efficiently and great accuracy.

D. Tracking Over speeding Vehicle: Vehicle travelling above speed limit

can be tracked with 100 % accuracy.

SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

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Whenever the matter of Integration of systems comes to mind, we think of a

system having the following important features viz.
Accuracy: All the functionally bonded logical dependencies must be integrated.
Efficiency: The whole system should work under all circumstances and on a
long run it should work efficiently irrespective of their proprietary format.
Cost Effectiveness: As our software do not require any special software for
implementation hence is less costly as compared to other existing system.
Any Prerequisite for the use: As the existing systems are not altered, and
integration is done at the background hence there is no need for any training.

Flexibility of implementation
The main power of ATCS is the technology which is used, that is the RADIO
FREQUENCY IDENTIFICATION. The basic power of this technology is that it’s
very flexible. Even with the slightest of change in ATCS, the product can be
shaped into a completely different implementation and all that can be because
RFID is independent of every other hardware that can be used to boost up the
system’s performance.
RADIO FREQUENCY has vast implementation areas in medical, defence and
many latest products that are being developed is based on RFID solution. The
main areas is animal tracking, human implants, vehicle tracking, speed
tracking, physical implementation.

Following are the features and advancement of ATCS over presently existing
system:

[1]RFID tag cannot be cloned, so cannot be cheated.

[2]Very efficient saving of time.

[3]Wastage of money reduced.

[4]Consumption of oil is reduced.

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[5]Pollution is reduced to a large extent.

[6]Speedy transport.

[7]Less congestion on the roadways.

[8]Comparatively less maintenance cost

EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:
• Arduino Uno (Atmega 328P Microcontroller)
• MFRC522 RFID Module
• LCD 16X2
• Switch
• RTC DS1307
• Motor Driver L293D
• IR Obstacle Sensor

Atmega 328P Microcontroller:

It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6
analog inputs, a 16 MHz ceramic resonator, a USB connection, a power jack, an
ICSP header, and a reset button. It contains everything needed to support the
microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it
with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started.

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FIGURE 2: Pin diagram of Atmega 328P Microcontroller

FIGURE 3: Arduino Uno(Atmega 328P Microcontroller)

Specifications:

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• Microcontroller ATmega328
• Operating Voltage 5V
• Input Voltage (recommended) 7-12V
• Digital I/O Pins 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
• Analog Input Pins 6 DC Current per I/O Pin 40 mA
• DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 mA
• Flash Memory 32 KB of which 0.5 KB used by boot loader
• SRAM 2 KB
• EEPROM 1 KB
• Clock Speed 16 MHz

The power pins are as follows:

• VIN. The input voltage to the Arduino board when it's using an external power
source (as opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other regulated
power source). We can supply voltage through this pin, or, if supplying voltage
via the power jack, access it through this pin.
• The regulated power supply used to power the microcontroller and other
components on the board. This can come either from VIN via an on-board
regulator, or be supplied by USB or another regulated 5V supply.
• A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum current draw
is 50 mA.
• GND. Ground pins.
Input Output Pins:
• Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL
serial data. These pins are connected to the corresponding pins of the
ATmega8U2 USB-to-TTL
Serial chip.
• External Interrupts: 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger an
interrupt on a low value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value.
See the attachInterrupt() function for details.
• PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Provide 8-bit PWM output with the
analogWrite() function.
• SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). These pins support SPI
communication, which, although provided by the underlying hardware, is
not currently included in the Arduino language.
• LED: 13. There is a built-in LED connected to digital pin 13. When the
pin is HIGH value, the LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it's off.
• The Uno has 6 analog inputs, each of which provides 10 bits of resolution
(i.e. 1024 different values). By default they measure from ground to 5
volts, though is it possible to change the upper end of their range using
the AREF pin and the analogReference() function. Additionally, some pins
have specialized functionality:
• I 2C: 4 (SDA) and 5 (SCL). Support I2C communication using the Wire
library. There are a couple of other pins on the board:
• AREF. Reference voltage for the analog inputs. Used with analog
Reference().
• Reset. Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller.

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MFRC522 RFID Module:

Mifare RC522 is the high integrated RFID card reader which works on non-
contact 13.56 MHz communication, is designed by NXP as low power
consumption, low cost and compact size read and write chip, is the best choice
in the development of smart meters and portable hand-held devices.
MF RC522 use the advanced modulation system, fully integrated at 13.56MHz
with all kinds of positive non-contact communication protocols. Support 14443A
compatible answer signal. DSP deal with ISO14443A frames and error
correction. Furthermore, it also supports rapid CRYPTO1 encryption to validate
Mifare series products. MFRC522 support Mifare series higher speed non-
contact communication, duplex communication speed up to 424 kb/s. As a new
family member in 13.56MHz RFID family, MF RC522 has many similarities to
MF RC5200 and MF RC530, and also has more new features.
This module can fit directly in hand held devices for mass production. Module
use 3.3V power supply, and can communicate directly with any CPU board by
connecting through SPI protocol, which ensure reliable work, good reading
distance.

Specifications
• Voltage: DC 3.3V
• Operating Current :13-26mA
• Idle Current :10-13mA
• Sleep current: <80uA
• Peak current: <30mA
• Operating Frequency: 13.56MHz
• Supported card types: mifare1 S50, mifare1 S70, mifare UltraLight,
mifare Pro, mifare Desfire
• Dimensions: 40mm × 60mm
• Module Interface SPI Data Transfer Rate: Max. 10Mbit/s
• Card reading distance ：0～30mm （Mifare1 card）

RFID Technology:

The RFID reader is one kind of wireless module used for transferring the data to
identify and track tags which are connected to objects. The RFID tag mainly
includes the stored information. Some of the RFID tags are run by
electromagnetic induction from magnetic fields formed nearby the reader. RFID
reader comprises an RF module that works as a transmitter as well as a receiver
of RF (radio frequency) signals.

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The TX of the RF module is inbuilt with an oscillator to make the carrier

frequency. A modulator to intrude commands upon this carrier signal and an
amplifier to raise the signal sample to wake the tag. The RX (receiver) of the
RFID module contains a demodulator to remove the returned information and
also grips an amplifier for supporting the signal of processing. A microprocessor
is used for forming the control unit, which uses an operating system, a memory
of the module filter and also stores the data.

What are Real Time Clocks?

Real time clocks (RTC), as the name recommends are clock modules. The
DS1307 real time clock (RTC) IC is an 8 pin device using an I2C interface. The
DS1307 is a low-power clock/calendar with 56 bytes of battery backup SRAM.
The clock/calendar provides seconds, minutes, hours, day, date, month and year
qualified data. The end date of each month is automatically adjusted, especially
for months with less than 31 days.
They are available as integrated circuits (ICs) and supervise timing like a clock
and also operate date like a calendar. The main advantage of RTC is that they
have an arrangement of battery backup which keeps the clock/calendar running
even if there is power failure. An exceptionally little current is required for
keeping the RTC animated. We can find these RTCs in many applications like
embedded systems and computer mother boards, etc. In this article we are
going to see about one of the real time clock (RTC), i.e. DS1307.

Pin Description of DS1307:

Pin 1, 2: Connections for standard 32.768 kHz quartz crystal. The internal
oscillator circuitry is intended for operation with a crystal having a specified
load capacitance of 12.5pF. X1 is the input to the oscillator and can alternatively
be connected to an external 32.768 kHz oscillator. The output of the internal
oscillator, X2 is drifted if an external oscillator is connected to X1.

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Pin 3: Battery input for any standard 3V lithium cell or other energy source.
Battery voltage should be between 2V and 3.5V for suitable operation. The
nominal write protect trip point voltage at which access to the RTC and user
RAM is denied is set by the internal circuitry as 1.25 x VBAT nominal. A lithium
battery with 48mAhr or greater will backup the DS1307 for more than 10 years
in the absence of power at 25ºC. UL recognized to ensure against reverse
charging current when utilized as a part of conjunction with a lithium battery.

Pin 4: Ground.

Pin 5: Serial data input/output. The input/output for the I2C serial interface is
the SDA, which is open drain and requires a pull up resistor, allowing a pull up
voltage upto 5.5V. Regardless of the voltage on VCC.

Pin 6: Serial clock input. It is the I2C interface clock input and is used in data
synchronization.

Pin 7: Square wave/output driver. When enabled, the SQWE bit set to 1, the
SQW/OUT pin outputs one of four square-wave frequencies (1Hz, 4 kHz, 8 kHz,
and 32 kHz). This is also open drain and requires an external pull-up resistor. It
requires application of either Vcc or Vb at to operate SQW/OUT, with an
allowable pull up voltage of 5.5V and can be left floating, if not used.

Pin 8: Primary power supply. When voltage is applied within normal limits, the
device is fully accessible and data can be written and read. When a backup
supply is connected to the device and VCC is below VTP, read and writes are
inhibited. However at low voltages, the timekeeping function still functions.

Features:
• Programmable square wave output signal
• Automatic power-fail detect and switch circuitry
• Consumes less than 500nA in battery backup mode with oscillator
running
• Available in 8-pin DIP or SOIC
• Underwriters Laboratory (UL) recognized
• Real-time clock (RTC) counts seconds, minutes, hours, date of the month,
month, day of the week, and year with leap-year compensation valid up to
2100
• 56-byte non-volatile RAM for data storage
• Two-wire interface (I2C)

Using the DS1307 is primarily written to and read the registers of this chip. The
memory contains all 64 DS1307 8-bit registers are addressed from 0 to 63 (from
00H to 3FH the hexadecimal system). The first eight registers are used for the
clock register the remaining 56 vacant can be used as RAM contains temporary
variable if desired. The first seven registers contain information about the time
of the clock including: seconds, minutes, hours, secondary, date, month and
year. The DS1307 include several components such as power circuits, oscillator
circuits, logic controller and I2C interface circuit and the address pointer
register (or RAM). Let’s see the working of DS1307.
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Working of DS1307:

In the simple circuit the two inputs X1 and X2 are connected to a 32.768 kHz
crystal oscillator as the source for the chip. VBAT is connected to positive
culture of a 3V battery chip. Vcc power to the I2C interface is 5V and can be
given using microcontrollers. If the power supply Vcc is not granted read and
writes are inhibited. START and STOP conditions are required when a device
wants to establish communication with a device in the I2C network.

FIGURE 5: i) DS1307

FIGURE 5: ii) Circuit Diagram

Liquid Crystal Display(LCD):

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Liquid crystal displays (LCDs) have materials which combine the properties of
both liquids and crystals. An LCD consists of two glass panels, with the liquid
crystal material sand witched in between them. The inner surface of the glass
plates are coated with transparent electrodes which define the character,
symbols or patterns to be displayed polymeric layers are present in between the
electrodes and the liquid crystal, which makes the liquid crystal molecules to
maintain a defined orientation angle.

FIGURE 6: i) LCD DISPLAY

FIGURE6: ii) LCD Screen

FIGURE 6: iii) Pin diagram of LCD

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Pin Description:
Pin Function Name
No
1 Ground (0V) Ground
2 Supply voltage; 5V (4.7V – 5.3V) Vcc
3 Contrast adjustment; through a variable resistor VEE
Selects command register when low; and data register Register
4
when high Select
5 Low to write to the register; High to read from the Read/write
register
6 Sends data to data pins when a high to low pulse is Enable
given
7 DB0
8 DB1
9 DB2
10 DB3
8-bit data pins
11 DB4
12 DB5
13 DB6
14 DB7
15 Backlight VCC (5V) Led+
16 Backlight Ground (0V) Led-

In this project we will be constructing a simplest RFID based attendance system

which does not overcomplicate the project.
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In this project we will be using RTC module, which is utilized for enabling and
disabling the attendance system within a given time period, so that we can keep
the late comers at bay. The RFID module “RFID-RC522” which can do read and
write operations on NXP based RFID tags. NXP is lead producer of RFID tags in
the world and we can get them on online and offline stores easily. A 16 x 2 LCD
display is used, which is to showcase information such as time, date, number of
attendance, etc. And finally an Arduino board is utilized which is the brain of the
project.

DC Motor Driver:

L293D is a dual H-Bridge motor driver, so with one IC we can interface two DC
motors which can be controlled in both clockwise and counter clockwise
direction we can control speed of each dc motor by giving PWM to enable
pin .L293D has output current of 600mA and peak output current of 1.2A per
channel. Moreover for protection of circuit from back EMF output diodes are
included within the IC. The output supply (VCC2) has a wide range from 4.5V to
36V, which has made L293D a best choice for DC motor driver.
As we can see in the circuit, three pins are needed for interfacing a DC motor
(A, B, Enable). If we want to control speed enable pin is connected to the PWM
pin of microcontroller. We have connected only one motor and used the enable
pin to control the speed of dc motor.

FIGURE 7: Pin diagram of L293D

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L293D Logic Table:

Let’s consider a Motor connected on left side output pins (pin 3, 6). For rotating
the motor in clockwise direction the input pins has to be provided with Logic 1
and Logic 0.
• Pin 2 = Logic 1 and Pin 7 = Logic 0 | Clockwise Direction
• Pin 2 = Logic 0 and Pin 7 = Logic 1 | Anticlockwise Direction
• Pin 2 = Logic 0 and Pin 7 = Logic 0 | Idle *No rotation+ *Hi-Impedance state]
• Pin 2 = Logic 1 and Pin 7 = Logic 1 | Idle *No rotation+
In a very similar way the motor can also operate across input pin 15,10 for
motor on the right hand side.
IR LEDs:

IR LED emits infrared light, means it emits light in the range of Infrared
frequency. We cannot see Infrared light through our eyes; they are invisible to
human eyes. The wavelength of Infrared (700nm – 1mm) is just beyond the
normal visible light. Everything which produces heat emits infrared like our
human body. Infrared have the same properties as visible light, like it can be
focused, reflected and polarized like visible light.

Other than emitting invisible infrared light, IR LED looks like a normal LED and
also operates like a normal LED, means it consumes 20mA current and 3vots
power. IR LEDs have light emitting angle of approx. 20-60 degree and range of
approx. few centimeters to several feet’s, it depends upon the type of IR
transmitter and the manufacturer. Some transmitters have the range in meters.

FIGURE 8: IR LED

IR Receiver (TSOP17XX):

TSOP17XX receives the modulated Infrared waves and changes its output. TSOP
is available in many frequency ranges like TSOP1730, TSOP1738, and
TSOP1740 etc. Last two digits represent the frequency (in Khz) of modulated IR
rays, on which TSOP responds. Like for example TSOP1738 reacts when it
receives the IR radiation modulated at 38Khz. Means it detects the IR which is

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switching On and Off at the rate of 38Khz. TSOP’s output is active low, means
its output is remains HIGH when there is no IR, and becomes low when it
detects IR radiation. TSOP operates on particular frequency so that other IRs in
the environment can’t interfere, except the modulated IR of particular
frequency. It has three pins, Ground, Vs (power), and OUTPUT PIN.

FIGURE 9: IR Receiver TSOP1738

IR Transmitter Circuit Diagram:

We are using TSOP1738 for receiver, so we need to generate the modulated IR

of 38 kHz. You can use any TSOP, but you need to generate IR of respective
frequency as TSOP. So we are using 555 timer in astable mode to oscillate
the IR at 38KHz frequency. As we know oscillation frequency of 555 timer is
decided by resistor R1, R2 and capacitor C1. We have used 1k R1, 20K R2 and
1nF capacitor to generate the frequency of approx. 38 KHz. It can be calculated
using this formula: 1.44/((R1+2*R2)*C1).

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FIGURE 10: IR Transmitter Circuit Diagram

Output Pin 3 of the 555 Timer IC has been connected to IR LED using 470 resistors
and a push button switch. Whenever we press the button, circuit emits modulated
IR at 38 KHz. A 100uF capacitor is connected across the supply to provide the
constant supply to the circuit, without any ripple.

IR Receiver Circuit Diagram:

IR Receiver circuit is very simple we just need to connect a LED to the output of
the TSOP1738, to test the receiver. We have use BC557 PNP transistor here, to
reverse the effect of TSOP, means whenever the output is HIGH LED will be
OFF and whenever it detects IR and output is low, LED will be ON. PNP
transistor behaves opposite to the NPN transistor, it acts as open switch when a
voltage applied to its base and acts as closed switch when there is no voltage at
its base. So normally TSOP output remains HIGH and Transistor behaves as
open switch and LED will be OFF. As soon as TSOP detects Infrared, its output
becomes low and transistor behaves as closed switch and LED will be ON. A 10k
resistor is used for provide proper biasing to transistor and a 470ohm resistor is
used at LED for limiting the current. So whenever we press the Button at IR
transmitter, it is detected by TSOP1738 and LED will glow.

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FIGURE 11: IR Receiver Circuit Diagram

METHODOLOGY
Flow of RFID based toll tax are:
• Detection of vehicle
• Display of toll
• Payment through RFID card

Whenever any person buys a vehicle, first he/she need to do her vehicle
registered at the RTO office. RTO people will assign a number plate to it along
with it they will give a RFID enabled tag. This card will have a unique ID
feasible to use with that vehicle only. They will also create an account for that
particular smart card and maintain transaction history in database. Owner of
the vehicle needs to deposit some minimum amount to this account. Every time
a registered vehicle approaches the toll booth, first the Infrared sensors will
detect the presence of the vehicle which in turn activates the RFID circuit to
read the RFID enable smart card fixed on the windscreen of the vehicle.
Transaction will begin, depending upon the balance available toll will be
deducted directly or the vehicle will be directed towards another lane to pay tax
manually. The software further updates the details in the Centralized database
server. It also triggers mechanism to generate the bill and will be sent to user as
a text message. On the other hand, whenever any vehicle owner registers a
complaint at the RTO office regarding theft of the vehicle respective entry is
made in the database. Now any vehicle arriving at toll booth with same ID as
already present in stolen vehicle category will be easily identified as the ID
assigned with it is unique. All the toll plazas will be connected to each other
along with the centralized server in the form of LAN. Updates of any sort of
transaction will be immediately updated to local database and centralized
server.

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Arduino to LCD display connection:

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Arduino to RFID module connection:

The RFID module must be powered by 3.3V and 5V can damage the on board
components. The RFID-RC522 module works on SPI communication protocol while
communicating with Arduino.
Rest of the circuit:
The Arduino can be powered from 9V wall adapter. There is a buzzer and LED to
indicate that the card is detected. There are 4 buttons provided for viewing the
vehicle attendance, clearing the memory and “yes” and “no” buttons.

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Now we have to set the correct time to RTC module to do this, follow the below
steps with completed hardware setup.
• Open the Arduino IDE.
• Navigate to File> Examples> DS1307RTC> SetTime.  Upload the code.
Once the code is uploaded to Arduino, open the serial monitor. Now the RTC is
synchronized with the time of your computer.

Now we have to find UID or unique identification number of all 12 RFID

cards/tags. To find

UID, upload the below code and open the serial monitor.
• Open serial monitor.
• Scan the card/tag on RFID module.
• Now you will see some hexadecimal code for each card.
• Write it down, we will be entering those data in the next program.

We have to place the UID codes here (our RFID tag’s UID):

// ---------------- SET UIDs ----------------- //

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char UID1[] =
"F6:97:ED:70"; char
UID2[] = "45:B8:AF:C0";
char UID3[] =
"15:9F:A5:C0"; char UID4[]
= "C5:E4:AD:C0"; char
UID5[] = "65:1D:AF:C0";
char UID6[] =
"45:8A:AF:C0"; char
UID7[] = "15:9F:A4:C0";
char UID8[] =
"55:CB:AF:C0"; char
UID9[] = "65:7D:AF:C0";
char UID10[] =
"05:2C:AA:04"; char
UID11[] = "55:7D:AA:04";
char UID12[] = "BD:8A:16:0B";
//----------------------------------------------//
You have place names here:
// -------------- NAMES -----------------------//
char Name1[] = "Vehicle1";
char Name2[] = "
Vehicle2"; char Name3[] =
" Vehicle3"; char Name4[]
= " Vehicle4"; char
Name5[] = " Vehicle5";
char Name6[] = "
Vehicle6"; char Name7[] =
" Vehicle7"; char Name8[]
= " Vehicle8"; char
Name9[] = " Vehicle9";
char Name10[] = "
Vehicle10"; char Name11[]
= " Vehicle11"; char
Name12[] = " Vehicle12";
//--------------------------------------------//
Replace student1, student2 with any name you wish or leave it as it is.

You have to set the time from when to when the attendance system should be
active, rest of the time the system won’t register the attendance when we scan
RFID tag/card:
// ------ From -------- //
int h = 21; // Hrs
int m = 00; //
Min // ------- To
------- // int h1 =
21; // Hrs
int m1 = 50; //Min
//-------------------------//

The upper part is starting time and the lower part is ending time. You have to
enter time in hours from 0 to 23 and minutes from 00 to 59.

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FUTURE SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

1. Automatic Vehicle Identification: The automatic vehicle identification

(AVI) component of this system refers to the technologies that determine the
identification or ownership of the vehicle so that the toll will be charged to the
corresponding customer.

2. Automatic Vehicle Classification: Vehicle type and class may have

differentiated toll amount. The vehicle type may include light vehicles like the
passenger car or heavy vehicles like recreational vehicles. A vehicle’s class can
be determined by the physical attributes of the vehicle, the number of
occupants in the vehicle, the number of axles in the vehicles and the purpose
for which the vehicle is being used at the time of classification

3. Video Enforcement System: When used for electronic toll collection,

the video enforcement system (VES) captures images of the license plates of
vehicles that pass through an electronic tollbooth without a valid electronic tag.
Although the deployment of these technologies makes the initial cost of
installation very high, but there exits huge benefits accompanied with such high
investment. These benefits are discussed in the upcoming section.

CONCLUSION
The Electronic Toll Collection system in expressway based on RFID, a design
scheme was put forward. It is low cost, high security, far communication and

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efficiency, etc. It not only improves the passage ability of expressway but also
improves the technology level of charge. Electronic toll collection system using
RFID is an effective measure to reduce management costs and fees, at the same
time, greatly reduce noise and pollutant emission of toll station. In the design of
the proposed Electronic toll collection (ETC) system, real time toll collection and
anti-theft solution system have been designed. This reduces the manual labour
and delays that often occur on roads. This system of collecting tolls is eco
friendly and also results in increased toll lane capacity. Also an anti-theft
solution system module which prevents passing of any defaulter vehicle is
implemented, thus assuring security on the roadways.

REFERENCES
[1]RFID based toll collection system 2011 IEEE third international Conference
[2]Active Wave Inc. http://www.activewaveinc.com
[3] Smart key Access Control System http://www.smartkey-rfid.com
[4] D. M. Grimes and T. O. Jones, ―Automotive radar: A brief review, Proc. IEEE,
vol. 62, no. 6, pp. 804–822, Jun.1974.
[5] Klaus Finkenzeller, “RFID Handbook: Radio-Frequency Identification
Fundamentals and Applications”. John Wiley & Sons, 2000.

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IMAGES OF PROJECT CANVAS

AEIOU CANVAS:

EMPATHY CANVAS:
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MIND MAPPING CANVAS:

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IDEATION CANVAS:

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PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT CANVAS:

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