Applications of digital computer
Data storage: Digital computers can store data such as digits, text, images, sound, and system
status.
Communication: Digital computers can be used for communication.
Scientific research: Digital computers are used for scientific calculations and research.
Art and design: Digital computers can be used for art and design.
Control systems: Digital computers can be used for control systems.
Signal processing: Digital computers can be used for signal processing.
Data analytics: Digital computers can be used for data analytics, which involves analyzing large
amounts of data to find patterns and trends.
Agriculture: Digital computers can be used in farming and agriculture to increase food
production.
Business: Digital computers can be used for commercial and business data processing.
Air traffic control: Digital computers can be used for air traffic control.
Space guidance: Digital computers can be used for space guidance.
Education: Digital computers can be used in the educational field.
Applications of memory location and address
Data organization and access
Memory addresses act as unique identifiers for specific locations in a computer's memory,
allowing for efficient storage and retrieval of data.
Data fetching and storage
Memory addresses are used to fetch and store data during operations.
Virtual to physical address translation
Memory addresses can translate virtual addresses generated by the CPU into physical addresses
in the memory.
Processor access
Memory addresses allow the processor to access and manage data stored in the computer's
memory.
Program execution
A program's data and instructions must be stored in memory in order to be executed.
Application of memory operations
In-memory processing
Used in smartphones and tablets to improve app performance, and in gaming consoles to
improve game speed.
Memory management
Allocates memory to programs and frees it up when it's no longer needed. This is important in
advanced computer systems that have multiple processes running at once.
Memory protection
Prevents processes from accessing other processes' memory, or memory used by the OS
kernel. This is a core security mechanism in most operating systems.
Cache memory
A high-speed memory that increases performance and synchronizes with a CPU. It reduces the
time it takes to access data from the main memory.
Memory chips
Provide storage for programs and data in a microprocessor system.
Embedded systems
Used for memory, as boot drives, and other functions. They can be installed inside a larger
system for a specific use.
Applications of instruction
Data transfer: Instructions can move data between the processor register and memory
Arithmetic and logical operations: Instructions can perform arithmetic and logical operations on
data
Program sequencing and control: Instructions can sequence and control programs
I/O transfer: Instructions can transfer data in and out of the computer
Decision-making: Branch logic in the control unit can provide decision-making capabilities
Instruction execution: An execute instruction treats data as a machine instruction and executes it
Applications of addressing modes
Immediate addressing mode: Sets an initial value for a register, typically a constant
Register addressing mode: Used for accessing static data and implementing variables
Register indirect addressing mode: Used for passing arrays as parameters and
implementing pointers
Relative addressing mode: Used for changing the order of instructions during execution
and relocating programs at runtime
Index addressing mode: Used for implementing arrays
Base register addressing mode: Used for writing relocatable code and handling
recursion
Auto-increment/decrement addressing mode: Used for implementing stacks and loops
Applications of basic I/O operations
Direct Memory Access (DMA)
A technique to transfer data between the main memory and an external device without using
the CPU. This improves processor activity and I/O transfer rate.
Buffering and caching
An operating system can use buffering and caching to improve the performance and reliability
of I/O operations. Buffering involves temporarily storing data in a buffer before transferring it
to or from an I/O device.
Device drivers
A device driver supports basic I/O functions like reading, writing, getting configuration, and
setting configuration. Device drivers also manage interrupts from the device.
Asynchronous I/O
Asynchronous I/O requests allow the system to continue processing other tasks while waiting
for the requested operation to complete. This improves system performance and
responsiveness.
Character streams
A type of stream that works with character sequences. I/O operations are performed with a
character stream when reading or writing data using characters.
Writing text files
I/O operations are commonly used for reading and writing text files.
Applications of Subroutine
Breaking down complex programs
Subroutines can break programs into smaller, more manageable parts that can be reused.
Making programs easier to read
Subroutines make programs shorter and easier to read and understand by breaking program
code into smaller sections.
Making programs easier to debug
Subroutines allow you to test procedures or functions separately, making programs easier to
debug.
Saving time and effort
Subroutines can save time and effort by making code more flexible and easier to reuse.
Performing the same action on different data
Subroutines allow you to customize the data that is passed to them, so they can perform the
same action on different data.
Adding to a library
Subroutines can be added to a library so that they can be used in other programs.
Tackling problems in bite-sized pieces
Subroutines allow you to tackle problems individually, rather than working through them all at
once.
Applications of stack
Expression Evaluation Stack is used to evaluate prefix, postfix and infix expressions.
Expression Conversion An expression can be represented in prefix, postfix or infix
notation. Stack can be used to convert one form of expression to another.
Syntax Parsing Many compilers use a stack for parsing the syntax of expressions, program
blocks etc. before translating into low level code.
Parenthesis Checking Stack is used to check the proper opening and closing of
parenthesis.
String Reversal Stack is used to reverse a string. We push the characters of string one by
one into stack and then pop characters from stack.
Applications of Queues
Serving Requests
Serving requests on a single shared resource, like a printer, CPU task scheduling etc.
In real life scenario, Call Center phone systems uses Queues to hold people calling them in
an order, until a service representative is free. Handling of interrupts in real-time systems.
The interrupts are handled in the same order as they arrive i.e First come first served.
Application of additional instructions
In the law
A judge can provide additional instructions to a jury about the law of a case during a trial or
while the jury is deliberating.
In PLC programming
The ADD instruction can be used in multiple ways, such as to create a non-binary counter.
In education,
additional instructions can be used to create flexible and accessible course materials and notes
for all students. This can include providing materials in alternate formats, such as audiobooks,
and making sure that communication methods are accessible to all participants.
In sport psychology,
embodied cognition can be applied to improve athletic performance by helping athletes adapt
to contextual demands and
develop bodily memory.
In technology,
Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS) can be developed to create dynamic learning environments
that engage learners through movement and interaction.
In business,
additional instructions can be used to specify conditions that apply to a contract, such as the
submission of a Business Information Statement.
