SHRI DHARMASTHALA

MANJUNATHESWARA COLLEGE
(AUTONOMOUS)
UJIRE – 574 240
Department of Physics
QUESTION BANK

B.Sc -VI Semester –Paper

VII

(2023-2024)
NEP SYLLABUS

CODE NO: PHCT 351

CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS
 UNIT I

Question carrying 2 marks

1. State and explain Mosley’s law
2. Give the procedure for finding the miller Indices of a given plane of crystal
3. Mention the seven crystal systems.
4. Write the limitations of classical theory.
5. What are the limitations of Einstien’s theory of specific heat of solids.
6. What are the assumptions of Debye’s theory.
7. Write the Expression for debye’s frequency
8. Write the Expression for Deby’s temperature
9. Define Specific heat and molar specific heat of solid
10. Write any 2 properties of X – rays.
11. On what factors the cut off wavelength of X – rays coming from a
Coolidge tube depend?
12. Why X-rays cannot be diffracted by optical grating?
13. Explain the terms primitive cell and non primitive cell.
14. Give any 2 important (scientific) applications of X – rays
15. Define molar specific heat and phonon.
16. Define drift velocity, relaxation time, mobility and mean free path.
17. State and equate Weidman-Franz law.
18. Define Fermi level at T =0K and T>
0K. 11 Give the significance of
Boltzmann tail.
19. Give the expression for density of states for free electrons in a solid and
explain each term.
20. Give the expressions for Fermi energy at T =0K and T> 0K (explain each Term).
21. State Weidman-Franz law, write its expression.

Question carrying 4 marks

1. Explain with a figure, space lattice and basis in a crystal. Write the relationship connecting
them.
2. Give the procedure of finding the Miller indices for a defined plane of a crystal.
3. Describe the construction and working of a Coolidge tube.
4. Derive Bragg’s Law of X –ray diffraction.
5. What are Miller indices of a crystal plane? Draw neat diagrams to indicate Miller indices
of important planes in a simple cubic crystal.
6. Explain Drude – Lorentz model of a metal.
7. Give the failure of classical free electron theory of metals.
8. With suitable assumptions ,explain Sommerfeld model of a metal.
9. Using energy distribution plot describe electron occupation at various energy states at T
=0K and T> 0K. Mention the significance of Boltzmann tail.
10. Explain Classical theory – Dulong -Petit’s law
11. Describe the working Braggs spectrometer with a diagram.
12. Derive Bravais Lattice.
13. Explain the structure of NaCl
14. Explain the production of X-ray by Coolidge tube.
15. Show how the Dulong and petit’s law for specific heat follows from classical theory.

Question carrying 6 marks

1. Explain with a figure, space lattice and basis in a crystal. Write the relationship connecting
them.
2. Describe the construction and working of a Coolidge tube.
3. Derive Bragg’s Law of X –ray diffraction.
4. What are Miller indices of a crystal plane? Draw neat diagrams to indicate Miller indices of
important planes in a simple cubic crystal.
5. Explain Drude – Lorentz model of a metal.
6. Give the failure of classical free electron theory of metals.
7. With suitable assumptions ,explain Sommerfeld model of a metal.
8. Using energy distribution plot describe electron occupation at various energy states at T
=0K and T> 0K. Mention the significance of Boltzmann tail.
9. Explain Classical theory – Dulong -Petit’s law
10. Explain the origin of Continuous and Characteristics X-Ray.
11. describe Bragg’s spectrometer and explain how it is used to determine the wavelength of
X-Ray.
12. Explain the origin of Continuous X-Ray and explain the Mosley’s law.
13. Explain the origin of Characteristic X-Ray and explain the Mosley’s law.
14. Derive the expression for electrical and thermal conductivity of metals and arrive at
Weidman - Franz law
15. Assuming the expression for density of energy states obtain the expression for Fermi
energy and Average kinetic energy of the free electron at zero kelvin.
16. What is Hall Effect? Derive an expression for Hall Coefficient and Hall Voltage.
17. Give Einstien’s theory of specific heat of solid.
18. Give Debye’s expression for specific heat of solids.
19. Assuming the Debye’s expression for energy, discuss the results at very low and very high
temperature.
Problems-4 marks
1. X-rays incident on a crystal with inter planar spacing of 0.265 nm produce the first
three orders of reflection at glancing angles of 8.60, 17.50 and 26.70 degrees
respectively. Show that these observations are in conformity with Bragg’s law. Ans:
n=1,2,3
2. An X-ray machine has an accelerating voltage of 25 KV. Find the shortest wavelength
present in the X-ray spectrum and also evaluate its frequency as well as the energy of
photon.
Ans: λ= 0.049 nm, f = 6.06×108 Hz, E = 40x10-16J
3. What is the shortest wave-length emitted by an X-ray tube if 55 kV is applied across
it? Also calculate the corresponding energy of the photons. Given: Planck’s constant =
6.625x10-34 J S.
 Charge of an electron = 1.6 x10-19 C Velocity of light = 3 x108 m/s

Ans: λm = 0.225x10-10 m, E = 8.8x10-6 J

4. If X-ray of wavelength 0.06 nm are diffracted at an angle 8° in the first order. What is
the spacing between the adjacent planes of the crystal. At what angle will second
maximum occur.

Ans: 16.14°

5. Calculate Einstein’s frequency for NaCl having Einstein’s temperature 150 K. What
would be the Einstein’s temperature for KCl having Einstein’s frequency double of that of
NaCl?

Ans: 𝛾𝐸 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 = 3.124× 1012 Hz, 𝜃𝐸 𝐾𝐶𝑙 = 300 K

6. Sodium has density 970 kg/m3, atomic weight 23 and electrical conductivity 2.1× 107
mho/m. Calculate: (a) the concentration of conduction electrons (b) relaxation time.

Ans: n = 2.54× 1028 /m3

Relaxation time = 2.9×1014 s

7. Find the drift velocity of free electrons in a copper wire of cross sectional area 10
mm3 when the wire carries a current of 100 A. Assume that each copper atom
contributes one electron to the free electron gas. Density of copper is 8969 kg/m3 and its
atomic weight is 63.54.

Ans.: n = 8.49 × 1028 /m3 , vd = 7.4 × 10-4 m/s.

8. Find electrical conductivity of a metal and mobility of free electrons in a metal if

relaxation time is 3.9 × 10-14 s and the metal has 5.8 × 1028
/m3 of conduction electrons.

Ans.: σ = 6.49 × 107 Ω-1 m-1 , µ = 6.98 × 10-3 m2/V.s.

9. Calculate number of electrons per unit volume and Fermi energy of sodium at 0 K
assuming that it has one free electron per atom and density of sodium is 970 kg/m3 and
atomic weight 23.

Ans.: ne = 2.5× 1028 /m3. EF (0) = 5.11× 10-19 J = 3.1 eV

Unit II
Questions carrying 2 marks: -

1. Define magnetic intensity and give its SI unit.

2. Define magnetic susceptibility and equate its relation with magnetization (M) of a
material.
3. Equate the relations between parameters: µ, 𝜇𝑜, 𝜇𝑟
or 𝜇𝑜, B, H, ꭓ
4. Define magnetization (M) of a material. Give the equation for it.
5. State and equate Curie’s law of paramagnetism.
6. What are diamagnetic substances? Give example.
7. What are paramagnetic substances? Give example.
8. What are ferromagnetic substances? Give example.
9. Write the difference between soft and hard magnetic materials.
10. Define ionic polarization. Give an expression for ionic polarizability.
11. Define electronic polarization. Give an expression for electronic polarizability.
12. Give the expression for Lorentz field. Explain each term.
13. Write Clausius- Mosotti equation. Explain each term.
14. What is piezoelectric effect. Give one application.
15. What is superconductivity?
16. Give any four applications of superconductivity.
17. Explain the concept of zero resistivity and critical temperature.

Questions carrying 4 marks: -

1. Give the classification of magnetic materials with suitable examples.

2. Explain Weiss hypothesis of ferromagnetic domains.
3. With the help of B - H curve explain hysteresis loop.
4. On the basis of hysteresis give the classification of magnetic materials. Give suitable
examples for each.
5. Using suitable expressions, explain various types of dielectric polarizability.
6. What is meant by dielectric loss? Explain the origin of dielectric loss in substances.
7. Give experimental facts of superconductivity with reference to Meissner effect and
Josephson effect.
8. Give experimental facts of superconductivity with reference to Isotope effect and
Persistent current.
9. Give experimental facts of superconductivity with reference to: 1. Meissner effect 2. High
temperature superconductivity.
10. Describe BCS theory of superconductivity.

Questions carrying 6 marks: -

1. Give the theory of Langevin’ s theory of diamagnetism.
2. Give the theory of Langevin’ s theory of Paramagnetism.
3. Derive an expression for Lorentz field.
4. Derive Clausius - Mosotti equation
5. Explain any four experimental facts of super conductivity.
6. Describe the classification of superconductors based on magnetization versus external
magnetic field plot.
7. What is meant by piezo electricity? Give any four applications of piezo electric materials.
Problems 4 marks

1. A magnetic material has a magnetization of 2300A/m and produces a flux density of

0.00314 Wb/m2. Calculate magnetizing force and relative permeability of the material.
2. Diamagnetic Al2O3 is subjected an external magnetic field of 105 A/m. Evaluate
magnetization and magnetic flux density in Al2O3. (susceptibility of Al2O3 = -5 ×10-5).
3. The susceptibility of paramagnetic FeCl3 is 3.7 ×10-3 at 27 oC. What will be the value of its
relative permeability at 200K and 500K.
4. Calculate the electronic polarizability of argon atom. Given ∈𝑟= 1.0024 at NTP and N =
2.7×1025 atoms/m3.
5. The atomic weight and density of sulphur are 32 and 2.08 g/cm3 respectively. The
electronic polarizability of the atom is 3.28 ×10-40 Fm2. If sulphur solid has cubic symmetry,
what will be its relative permittivity?
6. For certain metal the critical magnetic field is 5 ×103 A/m at 6K and 2
×104 A/m at 0 K. Determine its transition temperature.
7. In a superconducting material isotopic mass is 199.5 amu and critical temperature is 5 K.
Calculate isotopic mass at 5.1 K.

UNIT-III
2 mark questions
1.Define Curie and Becqurel.
2. Give an empirical relation between range and velocity of an alpha particle ?
3. Give an empirical relation between range and energy of an alpha particle ?
4. State Geiger - Nuttal law.
5. Write Geiger Nuttal relation. What is its significance ?
6.What is K capture ? How it is detected
7. What is the condition of emission of Beta decay ?
8. How gamma rays are produced ? Explain.
9. What is the condition for the pair production when gamma rays interact with matter ?
10.Give an expression of intensity of gamma rays when it passes through matter.
11. Explain nuclear angular momentum.
12. What are mirror nuclei ? Write an example.
13. What do you mean by nuclear quadrupole moment ?
14. Find the value of Bhor magneton.
15. Find the value of Nuclear magneton.
16) Describe the constituents of nucleus.
17) What are isotopes/isobars/isotones/mirror nuclei? Give one example for each.
18) Give the empirical formula for nuclear radius and nuclear mass.
19) Give the values of nuclear mass charge and radius of Hydrogen nucleus?
20) What is nuclear density? Give the expression for the same.
21) Define mass defect and Binding energy. Give the expressions.
22) Define orbital angular momentum of nucleus. Give the expression for the same.
23) Define spin momentum of nucleus. Give the expression for the same.
24) Define nuclear magnetic moment. Give the values of nuclear magnetic moments for
proton and neutron.
4 Mark questions.
1. Obtain an expression for the alpha disintegration energy.
2. Explain the various factors on which the range of alpha particles depends.
3. State and explain Geiger -Nuttal law.
4. Explain the interaction of gamma rays with matter.
5. Show that nuclear density is constant.
6. Explain any four properties of the nucleus.
7. What is the electric quadrupole moment? Explain the charge distribution on the
basis of Quadrupole moments.
8. Define Isotopes, Isobars, Isotones, Isomers with one example each.
9. What are laws of Radioactivity?

6 Mark questions
1. Derive an expression of alpha ray disintegration energy. Explain Geiger Nuttel law.
2. State law of Radioactive decay. Derive an expression for number of nuclei present in
the sample at an instant.
3. What are the paradoxes of beta decay ? Explain these paradoxes on the basis of
Pauli`s neutrino hypothesis.
4. Explain 3 types of Beta decay using Pauli`s Neutrino hypothesis. What are the
condition for emission of Beta particles.
5. What is Gamma ray emission. Explain the interaction of gamma rays with matter.
6. What is Range of alpha particle. Derive the relation between range -velocity and
range - energy.
Problems -4 marks

1. Calculate the activity of one gram of Plutonium in becquerel. Given half life of Pu 238
is 87.4 years.
2. 84 Po212 emits an alpha particle of K.E. 10.54 MeV. Calculate alpha disintegration
energy ?
3. The half-life of radon is 3.82 days. Calculate the mass of radon gas that will be in
equilibrium with 2gram of radium of half-life 1620 years.
4. Thorium-228 emits alpha particles of energy 5.42MeV. Calculate the alpha
disintegration energy and energy carried by daughter nucleus.
5. Calculate range and energy of alpha particles moving with a velocity of.
6. How long will it take for a sample of radium to decrease to 10%, if it has a half-life
of 22 years?
7. Calculate the alpha particle potential barrier in the case of
8. Polonium-212 emits alpha particles, whose kinetic energy is 10.54MeV. Determine
the alpha disintegration energy.
 9. Calculate the mass in kg of radium-226 of activity 10 Curi and half-life of 1600
years.

Unit IV
2 marks questions

1) Name the different type of Gas filled detector.

2) What is Cerenkov radiation?
3) Explain pair production.
4) Mention Bethe Bloch Formula for energy loss.
5) What are nuclear detectors?
6) Name the different type of nuclear detectors.
7) Draw the labelled diagram of cyclotron.
8) What are the limitation of a cyclotron?
9) Why a cyclotron can’t be used to accelerate electrons?
10) What modification are required to accelerate electrons in cyclotrons?
11) How an ions made to move in a circular orbit in cyclotron?
12) Why a cyclotron is called a resonance device?
13) What is the resonance condition of a cyclotron?
14) Write down the expression for maximum energy of a particles from cyclotron?
15) Discuss the relative merits and demerits of a cyclotron.
16) Name the different types of synchrotron.
17) What is the difference between a cyclotron and a synchrocyclotron?
18) Draw GM characteristics.
19) What is the significance of a GM characteristics?
20) What is dead time of a GM counter?
21) How a GM counter can be used to detect neutrons?
22) What are the draw backs of a GM counters?
23) Mention two methods of quenching.
24) Why quenching agents are introduced into GM counter?
25) Which compounds are used as quenching agent in a GM counter?
26) Draw the schematic diagram of a semiconductor detector.
27) What is the principle of a semiconductor detector?
28) Why semiconductor crystal of a semiconductor detector is reverse biased?
29) Why semiconductor crystal of the detector is maintained at very low temperature?
4 marks questions

1) Why electron cannot be accelerated in a cyclotron? How this draw back can be solved?
2) Derive the expression for the maximum energy for particles coming out of cyclotron.
3) Write a note on quenching action of GM tube.
4) Draw GM characteristics and explain.
5) Explain the working of semiconductor detector.
6) Describe the construction of photo-multiplier tube.
7) Explain the working of ionization chamber.
8) Explain the principle and theory and principle of working of a synchrocyclotron.
9) Explain with necessary diagram working of electron synchrotrons/ Proton synchrotron.
6 marks questions

1) Describe with theory the construction and working of a cyclotron.

2) Obtain the resonance condition of a cyclotron and obtain the expression of the final
energy of the output beam.
3) Describe the working of GM tube with the necessary diagram.
4) Describe the working of a semiconductor detector.
5) Explain the basic principle of scintillation detectors with necessary diagram.
6) Explain the working of ionization chamber with the schematic diagram.
7) Derive an expression for Bethe - Bloch Formula due to energy loss of electrons.

Problems -4 marks
1) In a cyclotron dees with diameter 2m accelerate alpha particles to the energy of
100MeV. Calculate the magnetic field strength and frequency of the oscillator used.
2) Calculate the energy gained by the protons from the accelerator having 2m diameter of
the dees of cyclotron in a magnetic field of strength 0.72T.
3) A cyclotron accelerate protons to 4MeV. To what energy will the cyclotron accelerate
(a) alpha particles? (b) Deuterons.
4) A cyclotron in which the magnetic field of strength 20T is used to accelerate alpha
particles. How rapidly should the electric field between the dees be reversed?
5) Deuterons in a cyclotron describes a circle of radius 0.32m just before emerging from
the dees. The frequency of the applied emf is 10MHz. Find the magnetic flux density of the
magnetic field and the velocity of deuterons emerging out of cyclotron.
6) A cyclotron in which the flux density 1.4T is employed to accelerate protons. How
rapidly should the electric field between the dees be reversed?
7) Show that the radius of curvature ‘R’ of the path of a particle inside the dees of a
cyclotron is proportional to the, where ‘N’ is the number of times the particles has been
accelerated across the space between the ‘dees’.

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