LJEN A: CASSA1ASTEM W LEAVES AND ROTs INTAC)

hingdom Pantac

Division Anyiospcrmophy ta/Iracleophyta Magnoliophyta

(iaNs Dcots ledonac Magnoiopsida
Order Malp1ghales
Seientific name Manihot esculenta
Rcasons by Specimen A(CassavaStem with Lgaves and Roots ntact) Belongs to The
Kingdom Plantae

1. It is a cukaryotic organism,
2. It is a multicellular organism.
3. It as chloroplast which contains chlorophyll
4. It is photosynthetie.
5, It has cell wall made of ccllulose.
6 It stores glucose as starch
7. It can reproduIce both sexually and asexually.
8 It undergoes alternation of generation
Reasons Why SpecimenA (Cassava Stem with Lecaves and Roots lntact) Belongs to The
Phylum Angiospermophvta
1. It has vascular tissues (xylem and phloem)
2. it possesses true roots, stems and leaves.
3. It is lignified (presence of lignin in the cell wall of its vascular tissues)
4. Has a dominant sporophyte generation
Reasons Why Spccimen A(Cassava Stem with Leaves and Roots Intact) Belongs to The
Class Dicotvledonae
1. It has two cotyledons.
2 Its leaves have reticulate'net venation.
3. Possesses tap root system.
4. Has floral purt of fours or fives or their multiples
Has branched stem.
Tvne Of Reproduction Undertaken bv Specimen A (Cassava Stem with Leaves and Roots
Intact)
1. Asexual Reproduction (Vegetative Propagation): it the basic means for propagating
cassava. Iis done through stem cutting
Reason:

1. Presence of buds for sprouting

 3Contains stored fod
Roots
Propagation of Specimen of Specimen A(aVa Stenm with Laves and
Niode o
Intact)
ptent Plnt)
VCgetative propapation by stem cutting (art of the
Intact)
of Root Possessed by Specimen A (Cassaa Stem with Leaves and Roots
Iype
Tap root
Leaves and Ro0ts Intact)
Modification 0f the Root of Specimen A (Cassava Stem with
Modification for food storuge (root tuber)
Reason:

1. Root is swollen with stored food.

2. Root bears no buds.
3. Absence of nodes, internodes, terminal and axillary buds.

Other Plants with Similar Modifications: potato, carrot ete

Life Cycle of Specimen A(Cassava Stem with Leaves and Roots Intact)
Perennial
Economic Importance of Specimen M Of Specimen A (Cassava Stem with Leaves and
Roots Intact)
1. The roots serve as source food
2. The leaves serve as fodder for livestock.
3. The leaves can also be used in the preparation of compost.

SPECIMEN B: DRYMAIZE GRAIN

Observable Features of the Dry Maize Grain (external features).
1. It is oval or round, flattened with a wedged shape.
2. White/ ereamy/ yellowish colouration.
3. Has a hard and smooth seed coatípericarp.
4. Pericarp and testa fused.
5. Scar of stalk and style present.
6. Has bulky endosperm
7 Has a sImall stalk/dark area at its lower end/at its base for
8. Its flat surface shows a whitish patch indicating the
attachment to the cob.
of the plumule and radicle) position of the embryo (the position
 Obsertxhle leatures of the Dry Maize Grain (internal
features).
Thin sccdcoattesta
I'encarp present.
3 Presence of one cotyledon.
. No icaf-like cotylcdon.
$. Micropyle e absent.
Caruncle absent.
Plumule and radicle covered with sheath
8. Embryo cotyledon is not enclosed by the endosperm
The testa is fused with the pericarp.
10. Aleurone layer present.
Tvpe of Germination exhibited by Specimen B(Drv Maize Grain)
Hypogcal germination
Deseription of Mode of Germination of Specimen B
1. The sced imbibes water and swell.
2 The testa ruptures or split.
3. Epicotyl clongates.
4. Cotylcdon remains in the soil.
5, Cotylcdon does not photosynthesize.
6. Plumule and radicles emerge simultancously.
7. Energy is derived mainly from the endosperm.
Tyne of Placentation
Basal placentation
Iype of Fruit
Caryopsis (True fruit)
Structure
Classification of Specimen B(Dry Maize Grain) Fullv According to Origin and
True fruit

Simple fruit
Dry fruit
Indehiscent
caryopsis
Mode of Dispersal of Specimen B(Drv Maize Grain)
Animal/Man
 Maize (GTAn!
Discases that affect Specimen B (ry
| Maize streak disease
Chlorosis
3 Stalk rot.
4 Maize icthai ncerosis.
Attack by pest like grain wecvil.
preserVed
How Specimen B(Dry Maize Grain) can be
Drying
2. Storage in silos.
3. Fumigating the maize grain.
4. Treating with insecticidal dust. pest infestation ad moisture.
S. Packaging in hermetic bags to keep it from
Why is Specimen BConsidered as a Fruit?
with pericarp and the seed coat fused
I is in fact a ripened ovary which contains ripened ovule
together to cover the secd This structure is called caryops1s
Observable Features of Specimen B(Dry Maize Grain) that shows that it is afruit
1. Scar of stalk and style present.
2. Pericarp and testa fused.
3. Presence of point of atachment to the cob.
4. Presence of seed.
Economic Importance of Specimen B(Drv Maize Grain)
1. Serves as a source of food.
2. Provide income to farmers when sold.

SPECIMEN C: STEM OFA MATURE MAIZE PLANT (WITH AT LEAST TWO

LEAVESAND AL1 ROOTS INTACT)

Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Angiospermophyta/Trachcophyta/'Magnoliphyta
Class. Monocotyledonae Liliopsida
Order: Poales

Scientific name: Zea muys

 Reasens Mhy SpeciDen C
(Stem ofA Mature Maize Plant - With At Least Two lcaves and
u Roots Intaet) Belongs to The Phvlum Angiospernnephvta
1 lt bears lower which serves as itsreproductive structure
2 Has t secds enclosed within its ovary which develops into the fruit (con kernel)
; i has vascular tissucs (xylem and phloem)
4. posseSses true roots, stems and lcaves.
5. It does not depend on wvater for transfer of its gametes but rather agent of pollination
Reasons Why Specimen C(Stem of A Mature Maize Plant - With At Least Two Leaves and
a Roots Intact) Belongs to The Class Monocotvledonae
1 It has one seed leaf/cotyledon
2 Its Leaves have parallel venation.
3. Presence of leaf sheath.
4 Possesses fibrous root system
5. Its floral prats are arranged in multiples of three.
6 Has vascular tissuc.

Type of Plant of Specimen C(Stem ofA Mature Maize Plant - With At Least Two Leaves
and all Roots Intact)
Monoccious plant
Reason:
it is also
A monoccious plant is a plant on which separate male and female flowers are borne.
hermaphrodite.
Agent off Pollination of Specimen C(Stem ofA Mature Maize Plant - WVith At Least Two
Leaves and all Roots Intact)

Wind
Reason
1. Has flowers that are dull in colour.
2. Flowers are small and inconspicuous.
3. Flowers arc not scented.
4. Has feathery stigma.
5. Stigma hangs out to expose itself to pollen grains.
Type of Germination Exhibited by Specimen C(Stem of A Mature Maize Plant -With At
Least Two icaves and ali Roots intact)
Hypogeal germination
 an
Propagatine C(Ntem ofA Matute Maize l'lant- With AL czst Iwe Leaves
Mrans of
Roof Intact)
Sced
and
Tife (1ele of Specimen C(Sten of \Malure Maize Plant - With At Least Two leaves
all Roots Intact):
Annual plani
and
Deseription of Specimen ( (Stem ofa Mature Maize lant (With At Least Two Icaves
all Roots Intact)
Specimen C has a stem which is upright aund cvlindrical forming a solid central stalk The base of
the stem foms a fibrous root mod1ficd to form a prop root to support the plant Along the stalk of
the stem are nodes and internodes with each node bearing a leaf The leaves are large, lincar and
arranged alternately on opposite sides of the stem The leaves are parallel veined
Ivpe of Root Possessed by Spccimen C(Stem ofa Mature Maize Piant (With At icast Two
Leaves and all Roots Intact)
Fibrous root
Root Modification
Prop roots (they grow from the lower nodes of the base of the stem above the soil surface and
extends down into the soil.
Function of the root modification
They provide additional support and stability to the plant especially in windy conditions or when
the plant grows very tall.
Differences Between Specimen Aand Specimen C
Specimen A CaSSavE Specimen CMaZe
Its stem is woody Its stem is herbaceous (non-woody)
2. Leaves have net venation Leaves have parallel venation
3. It has a tap root svstem It has a fibrous root
4 Root is modified into root tuber (food
system
Root is modificd to form prop roots
storage)
leaves have petioles
leaves lack petioles
6. leaves are broad Lcaves are narrow/ lincar
7. Itsstem looks brown Its stem looks grecn

Relationship Between Specimen B(Dry Maize Grain) and Specimen C(Stem ofA Mature
Maize Plant - With At Least Two Ieaves and all Roots Intact)
Specimen B is fruit/sced of specimen C
 SPECIMEN D: LEAF OF A MANGO PLANT
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Angiospemophyta/Tracheophyta/Magnoliophyta
Cass: Dicotyledonae/Magnoliopsida
Seientific name: AMangnifera indica
rainfall environment, Savannah areas cetc.
Habitat: (Terrestrial) Example: Low to moderate

Belongs to The Phylum

Reasons Why Specimen D(Leaf of AMango Plant)
Angiospermophvta
1. It bears flower which serves as its reproductive structure.
into the fruit (corn kemel),
2. Has it seeds enclosed within its ovary which develops
3. I has vascular tissues (xylem and phlocm)
4. It poSsesses truc roots, stems and leaves.
gametes but rather agent of pollination.
5. Itdoes not depend on water for transfer of its
6. Sexual reproduction organs found in flowers
to The Class Dicotyledonae
Reasons Why Specimen D(Leaf of A Mango Plant) Belongs
1. It has two cotyledons
2. Its leaves have reticulate/net venation
3. Possesses tap root system.
4. Has floral purt of fours or fives or thcir multiples.
5. Has branched stem.

Life cycle of specimen D(Leaf of a mango plant):

Perennial plant
Type Of Leaf
Simple leaf
Ivpe Of Venation
Reticulate or net venation
 Mango Plan)
Ikcripton Of Specimen DLcaf ofA
I Spear-shaed danceolate leat)
2 Green coloured
Net veined
4 Has ashorn petiolelcaf stalk
5. Tipped apx tapered apex
6. Has leathery and gtlossy texture (sturdy texture)
Importauce Of Specimen DLcafof AMango Plant)
I For photosvnthesis
2 It ensures transpiration
3 ous exchange into and out of the plant
It ensures gascouS
ranspots food, water and mineral salts
Economic Importanse of Specimçn D(lcaf of AMango Plant)
1 As mcdicine in traditional clinies (for treatmcnt of diabetes, hypertension ctc.)
2. Mango leaves can be uscd to produce organic fertilzers and compost.
3. Extracts from mango leaves uscd in the pharmaceutical industries in making drugs
4 As food for some insects and other higher animals

Features 0r Speciallnterest/ Biological Importance of SpecimenD lafof AMango

Plant)
1 Green colored to ensure photosynthesis
2. Very thin and lat to cnsure eflicicnt cxchange of gasscs
3Spcar-shaped (Lanceolate lcat) for beautification.
4 Network of veins to ensure rapid transport of water for
photosynthesis
Adaptations 0f Specimen D(Leaf of AMango Plant) For Photosynthesis
Large surface area for muNimum I1ght and carbon dioxide
absorption.
2 Very th1n for rapd difusion of' gasses
3 Network of veins to ensure rapd
transport of water.
4 Loosely packed spongy mesophyll cells to
allow casy difusion of gasses.
Proccdure to Test for Presence of Starch in Specimen D(Leaf of A Mango
Plant)
| Obtain a leaf which has exposcd to sunlight for
2. The leaf is boilecd in water for five three to six hours.
3. minutes o kill cells.
The leaf is then boiled in alcohol over
4 Dipped the leaf into water - to soften it.water bath-to remove chlorophyll.
5. Place it into a petri dish, add few drops of
6. It is let for threc iodine solution.
minutes.
Observation Appatance of blue-black coloration indicates the
presence of starch.
 SPECIMEN E: FLOWER OF HIBISCUS PLANT (MATURE. WHOLE)
Kingdom: Plantae
Division Angiospermophyta 1Tracheophyta/Magnoliphyta
Class. Dicotyledoncae Magnoliopsida
Seientific name: Hibiscus rasas1ensis
location, warm regions, tropical
Habitat (Terrestrial) Example: Temperate regions, Moist shady
and sub-tropical regions etc.

Whole)
Description of Specimen E(Flower of Hibiscus Plant-Mature,
contains both the male parts (stamens) and the
1. It is a bisexual (hermaphrodite) flower/It
female parts (stigma).
2 It is large with five pctals.
are inserted below the ovary or at the
3. All the floral parts arise from the rcceptacle and
a superior ovary)
same levcl as the ovary (it is a hypogynous flower/ it has
4. The flower is trumpet-shapcd.
5. It has large papery petals.
center.
6. lt has a long colourful stamen protruding from the
are fused (it has syncarpous pistil)
7. The stigmas are free but the styles and the ovaries
female parts
8. The male (stigma) part is slightly longer than the
Plant -Mature, Whole)
Type of Svmmetry Specimen E(Flower of Hibiscus
Radial symmetry (actinomorphic)
-Mature, Whole)
Type of Ovary Specimen E(Flower of Hibiscus Plant
Superior
Whole)
Iype of Pistil Specimen E(Flower of libiscus Plant -Mature,
Syncarpuous pistil

Reason:

1. Carpels or ovaries are fused

-Mature, WVhole)
Tvpe of Pollination of Specimen E(Flower of Hibiscus Plant
Cross pollination.
 ibiscus Plant--Mature, Whole)
(lower of
Agent of Pollination of Specimen E
Insccts (Entomophilous)
Reason

pollinators
Tv
It is conspicuous. attract
2 T has brightly coloured retals to Siny
3 It has neclar to attract pollinators
4. It is swcet scented. Ivpe
5 It has sticky pollen grains Retc
of 7bSTS THnT -Mature, Whole)
How Pollination (Oceurs in Specimen E(Flower Des
I. The flower has brightly coloured pctals
which produce nectar.
2. ted and also has ncctary
It is sweet scented
3. Insects are attracted b the petals of the flower
ncctar, he hairy body of the ine
4. When the insect lands on the lower to fced on the
touches the anther, dusting it with pollen grains
to
5. When the insect flies to another flower of the same species with mature stigma
continue feeding the pollen grains on its body falls onto the stigma bringing about
pollination. Imp
Economic Importance of Specimen E(Flower of Hibiscus Plant-Mature, Whole)
For making dyes for clothing
2. As mcdicine in traditional clinics
3. For beautification of the environment and decoration
4 Has nectaries which producc nectar which serve as food for insccts and birds Ec
5. As a garden plant/ ornamental plant

Adaptive Features of Specimen E OR Features of Biological Interest in E (Flower of

Hibiscus Plant -Mature, Whole)
1. Brightly coloured petals to attract insects and
2. Thick green sepals to support the birds for pollination
inner whorl and also Fe
3. The length of the
stamens being slightly longer photosynthesize.
than the stigmas ensures casy selt
pollination.
4. Nectaries which produce ncctar which attrct insect
5. Sweet scented to attract pollinators pollinators.
6. Large sticky pollen grains which attach to
insect pollinators.
NB: Floral formula of
specimen E: Flower of Hibiscus Plant
(Mature, Whole)
 SPECIMENE CASSAVA LEAVES

Iype of Ieaf- Specimen F(Cansava Leaves)

Simplc lcat
Tye of \enation -Specimen F(Cassava Lcaves)
Reticulaule o nct venation
Deseription of Specimen E(CassAva Leaves)
Icaf is palmately lobed in shap< (digitate- resembles an open hand with fingers spread
out)
2 ach lole or digit of the leaf is oval-shaped/lanceolate-shaped and tuppers at their ends.
3. een coloured
4. Net veined
5 Ilas a long ptioleleaf stalk.

Importanee of Specimen F(Cassava lLeaves)

For photosynthesis.
2 It ensures transpiration
3 It ensures gascous exchange into and out of the plant.
4 It transports food, water and mineral salts
Economic Importance of Specimen F(Cassava Leaves)

1. As medicine in traditional clinics.

2. Cassava leaves can be used to produce organic fertilizers and compost
3 Cassava leaves serve as source of fodder for livestock.
4. They are commonly used in various culinary dishes.

Features of Special Interest / Biological Importance of Specimen F(Cassava Leaves)

1 Gteen coloured to ensure photosynthesis.
2. Very thin and flat to ensure eficient exchange of gasses.
Finger-ike lobes of the cassava leaf increase the surface area exposed to surnlight,
enhancing photosynthesis
4. The shupc allows for better water distribution across the leaf surface reducing water loss
through evaporation.
Finger-ike lobes reduce wind resistance, minimizing risk of damage during strong winds.
 Spccimeni

Differences Between 1
Specimen
Ddcatof
Mango Mant) And
FCIsavalcal
Specimen F(Cassava leaf
I caf is pamately lobcd in shan
mango plant las a broad lam1na leaf blad
Sjecimen D(Lcafoflanccolate parted
spear-shuped Icaf margin ispetiole
I Itis lamtu lcaf blde
It has a narrow paricd Lcaf has long
Lcal narginis not I eaf is thinner and more fiexible
Lcaf has short petiole Leat is grcener
5. Leafis hot flex1ble
the uppet
L.caf is dark gteen on on the under
lighter Sreen
Sutace and
suttace

FRUITGARDENEGG FRUIT(CROSS SECTION)

SPECCIMEN G: GUAVA
Kingdom Plantace
rachcophv ta Magnol1phvta
Division Angiospermophyta/I
Class: DicotyledonaeMagnoliopsida
Scientific name. Psudum guajnvd
Iype of Fruit
Berry
According to Oriei
Classification of Specimen G Guava Fruit/Garden Bgg Fruit) Fully
and Structure
True fruit
Simple fruit
Fleshy fruit
Bery

Type of Placentation
Axile placentation
Mode of Dispersal of Specimen
Animal/Man
Economic Importance of Specimen G(Guava FruivGarden Egg Fruit- Cross Scction)
As source of food
2. Are sold for income.
 SPECIMEN H: ORANGE FRUII(CROSS SECTION)
kingdom Plantae

Division Angiospermophyta/Iracheophyta/Magnoliphvta
iass Dcotyledonae Magnoliopsida
Keientific name Ctrus sinensS

Ispe of lroit
Berry
of Specimen H Orange Fruit (Cross Section) Fully According to Origin and
Classification
Structure
Irue fruit
Smiple fruit
Tleshy fruit

Iierry
Ivpe of Placentation
Axile placentation
Mode of Dispersal of Specimen
Animal/Man

fruit -Cross section) and Specimen H(Orange

Differences Between Specimen G(Guava
Fruit -Cross section)
section)
Specimen H (Orange Fruit-Cross
Cross section)
Specimen G (Guava fruit -
Has few seeds
1 Has numerous sceds Seeds are large
2. Seeds are small Has many chambers
fruit Mesocarp is leathery/membranous
It is onc chambered
Has succulent/leshy mesocarp
epicarp It has a thick and lcathery epicarp
It has a tin and tender Has a rough epicarp distinctly
6. Has a smooth epicarp Mesocarp and endocarp are
endocarp are not
7 Mesocarp and separated
caten
distinctly separated It is the endocarp that is
hole nxericarp is caten
 H
andJ Specimen
Specimen G
Changein ixing
Physiological Factors for causc sugar
ITKTCascs lo
then
decreascs,
level of incrcascS as Irut npes
Auxins concentration
concentration
2 Ascorbic acid
soltes
3 Epicarp and mesocarp
4 Ethylenc expcdhies ipcn
Climatic Eactors Resposible
1. Warnnth
2 Increasc in temperature

TOAD
SPECIMEN J: ADULT

Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Amnphibia
Scientific name Bufo regularis
streams, and rivers, under lo0s of
Habitat: stagnant water. pool of wate, freshwater pond,
stones or litter, ditches containing water.

Reasons Why Specimen J (Toad/Frog - Wet Preserved) Belongs to The Kingdom Animat:,
1. It is eukaryotic organism
2. It is a multicellular organ1sm
3. It is non-photosynthetic.
4. it is hcterotrophic.
5. It lacks cell wall.
6. Reproduction is mainly sexual
7. It has nervous system that coordinates its bodv activities.
8 Has specialzed tissues and orpans that perform specific functions.
Reasons Why Specimen J(Toad/Frog - Wet Preserved) Belongs to The Phylum Chordat
It is a triploblastic organism.
It is coelomate.
3. it possesses two pair of linbs.
4. it has a vertcbral coiumn.
$. It hasa muscular heart and a closed
circulatory System
6 Has endo skeleton of bones and cartilage
7 t has lungs for respiration.
 Reasons Whv Specimen J(ToadFrog- Wet Preserved) Belongs to The Class Amphibia
L Aduit ate usually tenestrial, while larval forms are aquatic
It can survive n both water and on lad
Has dual life cvclc
4. iKoSsesses thn loosc, Inoist and sHnh warty sk1n
Soft skin with no scales
Are poikilothemic (cold bloodcd)
7 Row of small conical teeth at upper Jaw only
8 lay cggs.
Fertilization is external
9.
10, Possesses two pairs of limbs
11. it breeds in water
12 Has webbed digits

of J (Toad/Frog -Wet
Observ ble Features of Special Interest/Biological Importance
Preserved)
1 Bulging eves for vision.
2. Nictitating membranc cleans and moistens the eye.
vibrations and sound
3. iympanic mcmbrane/ Ear drum picks up escapc predators
to
4. Poisonous glands secrete a milky foul substance
5 Moist and loose skin.
6. Skin has no scales.

for Survival in Its Environment

Adaptation of Speccimen J (Toad/Frog- Wet Preserved)
Adaptation to Terrestrial life
hopping.
1. Long powerful muscular hind limbs for on landing.
Short and stout forelimbs absorb shock
in its environment.
Skin colouration serves as a camouflage
Bulging eyes for vision.
Nostrils for breathing.
vibrations and sound.
6 Tvmpanic membrane /Ear drum picks up
respiration on land
Moist warty skin for cutaneous drum secrets a milky foul substance to
escape
Poison secreting glands bchind the car
predators difficult to catch.
Mucus glands secretes mucus which covers the skin and makes it
9.
effective organ for catching insects.
10. Thick sticky tongue serves as an moistens the eye.
on its lower eyelid to clean and
11. Possession of nictitating membrane temperature changes.
12. Skin is sensitive to mechanical and
 Adaptation to Aquatic life movement
swmng
fo soth
swming
I Stvamtined boty shapx
nb alless casy when swimming
Wehed dugits on bnd
vision
hcad lot oud
of the
CSes on top and
Ioition of bulyng dm pks up vibrations
IVmpanC embanc Ln water
eye when im oranism to snetl food
membraC protccts the when in water
Nictitatins the hcad enables thc sk1n fo
6 Spcal olfactory organ in t
yascousexchangc (morst cutaneouS respiration)
The skin is efficicnt for
J(Iond/rog -Yet Preserved)
Modes ofGaseonsEschangein Specimen
skn)
Cutancous respiration (through the
Mouth)
2 Buccal Respiration (throuph the
3 Pulmonary Respiration (through the Lungs)
Specumen J (ul Jrg wetpreserved)
srgion of the moxdes of Respuraton m
J(load/frog- Wet Preserved)
Cutaneous Respiration in Specimen
1. The skin is highly vascularizcd
2. As it comes into contact with water
of blood caniloe
3 Oxygen in the water diffuses through the thin skin nto the network
bencath.
Carbon dioxide pusses out in the opposite direction
Buccal Respiration in Specimen J (Toad/frog - Wet Preserved)
| A large volume of air s taken into the mouth
2 Oxygen dissolves in the moist surface of the mouth
3 It then diffuses into the capillary blood vessel and is carried away into the blood
4 Carbon doxide d1fuse out of the blood into the mouth cavity.
5 Exchange of gasses is achieved by pressing air against the mucus lining of the mouh
6 It occurs when the animal is on land and resting.
Pulmonary Respiration in Specimen J (Toad/frog Wet Preserved).
1 During movement, oxygen requirement for the body increases.
2 Air is drawn into the mouth
3. The nostrils are closed and the floor of the mouth is raised to force air into the lungs
4. In the ungs oxygen difluses through the thin-walled air sacks into blood capillarnies
5. Oxygen is carried by the blood from all respiratory surfaces to release energy from
6 Carbon dioxide d1ffuses out into the toou
air sacks.

Type of Skeleton of Specimen J

(Toad/Frog - Wet Preserved): Endoskeleton
 Skelcton Material of specimen A: Bones
Specimen J (Toad/Erot - Wet Preserved) Carmivorous (fecds on insects,
Feeding Habit off
worms)

Preserved)
Mode of Feeding of Specimnen J (Toad/Frog-Wet attached
front end of the lower jaw has a long, coilcd, flexibie tongue
1. The
2 The tongue is forklike
in nature
The tip of the tongue has a sticky secretion
tonguc to a considerabic distance to catch prey.
3
4. It shoots out the coiled sticky
Escapes Predation
How Specimen .J (Toad/Frog - Wet Preserved)
away from predators.
Long powerful muscular hind limbs for hopping substance to escape
the car drum secrets a milky foul
Poison secreting glands bchind
predators difficult to
Mucus glands in the skin secretes mucus which covers the skin and makes it
3.
catch.
camouflage in its environment.
4. Its skin colour serves as a mcans to
Preserved)
Economic Importance of Specimen J (Toad/Frog- Net
1. Thev feed on insects and reduce their population.
as locust and grasshopper.
2. They serve as biological agents in controlling crop pest such
3. They are used as baits for fishing
4. They are used for scientific research.
5. They serve as delicacy in some parts of the world.
6. They cultivated and sold for income.

PROCURED)
SPECIMEN K: LIZARD/AGAMA LIZARD(FRESHLY
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia

Order. Squamata
Scientific name: Agama agama
Habitat: In gardens, rocky areas, crevices, parks, buildings etc.
 Procured)
KLizard/ ramu l
izard- Freshly Bclongs to lhe Ch
Reasons Why Specimen
Reptilia
I Iis manty a terrestrial organisn
scales
has a try sku covered with
3 Ithas fwo psut of mtbs
4 It has a homodont dentition
It exhitbits interal fertilization
Ius porkilothermi red or yellow hcad colouration
or brown yad wh Iype of
as hlue
Observable Features of Special lnterest/BiologicalImportance of Observable Feature of Skeko

lnterest/Biological Importance of k(izardAgaaIAZArd -Freshly Proeur

eCl tempcratures Eeedin:
dehvdration during high (fecds
Dry Skin with scales that resist
2. It is wedged-shaped
Has mouth with wIde yape for feeding
4 Has a shot ncck between its head and trunk
Slightly bulging eves for vision, protected by eyelids.
moIstens the eye
O Presence of nictitating membrane clcans and and sound Lcone
1. Tympannc membrane Far drum behind the eves picks up vibrations
5 Presence of nuchal crest on the dorsal side of the ncck.
21
9 Presence of fold of skin (gular fold) bencath the chin 3. T1
10 Pair of nostrils above the mouth for breathing 4
II. Has two pair of limbs (fore and hind limbs) 5. 1
12. Each Iimb terminates in five digits which ends in sharp claws 6. 1
13. It has a long tapering tail
Difl

Adaptation of Specimen K
(LizardlAgama Lizard - Freshly Procured) For Survivalints
Environment
1 two pair of limbs for walking, running and climbing on land
2. Long tapering tail for balancing when walking.
3. Tympanic membrane/Ear drum behind the eyes picks up
vibrations and sound on land
4. It is a cold-blooded animal'poikilothermic.
5. Dry skin with scales that resist dehy
6. Scales also
dration during high temperatures.
prevents mechanical injury
7. Excretion of solid or dry uric acid as its
nitrogenous waste product to
8. Presence of nuchal crest and
gular fold which is raised and lowered conserve Watet
fight and courtship respectively in trg.
9. Pair of nostrils above the
mouth for breathing.
10. Slightly bulging cyes for vision
J1. Possesses
wide-gaped mouth for swallowing their prey whole.
12. Long tapering casily brcaks of to enable it escape predation.
Gaseous Exchange in Speccimen K(Lizard/AgaaLizard - Freshiy Procured)
Izard
Inlike toads, ascous exchange cannot take place across the body in the Agama
2 The Iungs are the sole organ for respirntion
gten entets the lungs through the nostrils during breathing.
the lungs during which carbon dioxidc is
GascouN Cxchange oxcus across the alveoli in
also given oft
Ivpe ofSkeleton of Specimen K(Lizard/Agama Lizard - Freshlv Procured): Endoskeleton
Skeleton \iuterial of Specimen K(lizard/Agama Lizard - Freshly Procured): Bones
Feeding labit of Specimen K(Lizard/Agama I izard - Freshly Procured): Carnivorous
lecds on isccts hke ants and temites ctc.)
liow Specimen K(Lizard/Agama Lizard - Freshly Procured) Escapes Predation
1. Bod colouration is used as camouflage.
Tail casily breaks off when held by predator.
Eeonomic Importance of Specimen K (Lizard/Agama Lizard - Freshly Procured)
1 They fecd on insects and reduce their population.
They serve as biological agents in controlling crop pest such as
They are uscd as baits for fishing locust and grasshopper.
They are used for scientific rescarch.
Thev serve as delicacy in some parts of the
6. They
world.
cultivated and sold for income.
Differenees Between Specimen (Toad/Frog) and Specimen K(LizardJAgama Lizard)
Speccimen J (Toad/Frog)
1, Has moist loose skin Specimen K (Lizard/Agama Lizard)
Skin has no scales Has
as dry skin

4
Has no tail
Teeth is absent
Skin has
Has tail dermal scales
Lack neck Teeth present
Has a poison secreting gland Has neck
the car drum behind Has no poison
7 las a wcbbed secreting gland
8 digits for swimming Has
Digits of fcet does not end in
no
webbed digits
9
Long powerful muscular hind limbs claws Digits end in claws
for hopping Hind legs for walking
 Specmenk(Uizard/Avo.

Specimen
(load/og)aud Livard)
Similarities Betwcen 1
! Both have eves for viston
2 Both have nostrils
Both nave two pairrof legs
4 Both are poikilothermc.

COCKROACH(WETPRESERVED
SPECIMEN L: ADULT
Kingdon: Animalia
Phylum Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order Blattodea
americand
SCientific name: Blatta orientals/Periplaneta
crevices in walis, drawers, toilet pits refet
Habitat: dark corners or cunboards cracks and
septic tanks.

Preservedi
Reasons Why Specimen Reasons Why Specimen L(Adult Cockroach - Wet
Belongs to The Phylum Arthropoda.
its body is bilaterally symmetrical
2. it has a segmented tbody.
3. its body is covered iwith thick chitinous cxoskeleton.
4. it has jointed appendages.

Reasons Why Specimen Reasons Why Specimen L(Adult Cockroach - Wet

Belongs to The Class Insecta. Preserved)
1. Has three body divisions (hcad, thorax, abdomen).
2. Head bears a pair of large
3. compound eyes.
Head bcars a pair of antennac.
4. It has wings.
5. Thorax has three pair of walking legs.
 ObseEalbie Features of Special Interest/Biological Inportance of Observable Features of
Speciallnterest/Biological Importance of Specimen L(Adult C'ockroach - Wet Prescrved)
1 Has winps for fliglt
2. Dark brown in colour to blend with its environment
3. iis dorsoventrally flattencd for casy movement in smail and narow places
4. Has 1ointed walking legs
< Clawed legs with sticky arolium for climbing smooth surfaces casily
6 Biting and chewing mouthpats for feeding
7 Head which beara pair of compound cyes for vision
8. Posscsses a pair of antennac to detect food, vibration and touch.
9, Chitinous cxoskeleton for protection against mechanical injury and desiccation
10 Large leathery wings to protect the flight wings
I Biting and chewing mouthparts for fecding

Life Cyele Specimen L(Adult C'ockroach - Wet Preserved); incomplete metamorphesis

Fgg-nymph - adul/imago

Mode of Life of Specimen L.(Adult Cockroach - Wet Preserved)

1. It is a nocturnal animal
2. Itshuns light and ives in the dark places.
3. Keeps on moving antennae for sensitivity and eyes are of little or no use.
4. Wimgs are used for flight over short distances.

Feeding lHabit of Specimen L(Adult Cockroach - Wet Preserved):

It is omnivorous and feed on all kind of organic materials such as dead bodies of fellow
cockroaches, other insects, books, clothing, sugar ete

Eeonomic Importance of Specimen L(Adult Cockroach- Wet Preserved)

L Iis a houschold pest which destroys clothing, books, shoes and food.
2. It hasa foul smel.
3 lt contaminates food.
4 It is the vector for the sprcad discases like leprosy,. typhoid fever and cholera.
5. It leaves in filthy places like toilets, dustbins etc. and distributes dit and germs as it
moves from one place to another.
 Specimen1LAdult Cockroach)
(losdl'rog)and Snecimen L(Adult Cockroarl.
Differeuces Between Specimen Has three par of legs
Specimen J (load/Frog) Has wings
1 Has two i r of legs llas antennae
2 Has no wings Has three body divISIons (hcad t
3 Ilas Do antennac and abdomen)
(hcad itu
4 Has two body divisions
trunk
Has no pOISon glands
No warts on skin
$ Has poison glands Ilas exoskcleton
6 Warts present on skin
7 Has cndoskeleton Has claws and spines on the leps
3 Has no claws and spines on the lgs Body is segmented
9 Body is not segmented

(Toad/Frog) and Specimen L(Adult Cockroach)

SImlarities Between Specimen
1 Both have eyes
2 Both have legs

SPECIMEN M: TILAPIA(WET PRESERVED)

Kingdom Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Osteichthyes/Actinopterygi
Order: Cichliformes

Scientifie name Oreochrom1s nilot1ICUs

Habitat: lakes, rivers and lagoons.

Reasons Why Specimen M(Tilapia - Wet

Its skeleton is made of
Preserved) Belongs to The Class Osteiehthve
2. Has vastly hones and patches of
operculum
3. It has a covering its gills. cartilage.
terminal mouth.
4 Its body is
$. It has a covered with flat overlapping scales.
6. It has homocercal tail.
raycd fins.
 of Observable Fecatures of
Observable Features of Snecial Interest/Biological Importance Preserned)
SjecialInterest/Biological lmportance of Specimen M(ilapia - WNet
1 Strecamlincd bodv for casy Hovement in water
to prevent influx of water by os1mosis
Bodv hts tlat backwardy overlapcd scales efiect.
Backwardiy overiapped scales aiso provide strcamined
changes in pressure in water
Has lateral line for detection vibrations and
$ Has eves for vision
6 Hasa terminal mouth for feed1ng
7 Has operculum or gill cover to protect gills
8. Presence of fins on the body for swinming.
9 Hasa dark dorsal part and a light ventral part
Survival in Its Environment
Adaptation of Specimen M(Tilapia - Wet Preserved) for
1.A pair large cyes for vision.
2. Nostrnl connccted to the olfactory organ for smelling.
3. Lateal line for detcction of vibrationon :and pressure.
swim bladder which enables it to move up and down (buoyancy) when swimming
4. Has a

Preserved): it is a heterotrophic and feed by

Feeding lHabit of Specimen M(Tilapia - Wet plankton and aquatic wecds
mcans of filter feeding. It feed on insect larvac,

Fceding
Adaptation of Specimen M(Tilapia - Wet Preserved) for
1. Wide mouth for trapping food
2, Presence of gill rakers to trap food in water.
food.
3. Presence of large eyes to spotfood
4. Presence of nostril to smell
containing food
3. Ventilation movement to draw water outside environment.
6. Presence of operculum which opens to the
Desceription of Fecding.
feeding method used by tilapia is known as filter fecding It feed on inscct larvac, plankton
The with water and then over gills and out
and aquatic weeds. Food passes into the mouth together
through the opercular opening As water flows over the
gills, food particles are filtered or
the pharyns for swallowing.
strained in the gill rakers. The filtered food then moves into
How Specimen MEscapes Predation
when a predator views below.
It has a dark dorsal side which blends with the dark water views above
2 It also has alight ventral side which blends with the sky when a predator

516130S4
 VTiapia - Wet Preserved)
Lomie Importance of Soecimes
food protein
I SCIvs as a source of
ncome mosquto Ian
Iarmers is rear them selI the for
conttol malara by introdueing it into gutters to feed on
I can be used to Wet
Specimen k (liard/4gaa Lizard) and Specimen MTilapia -
Differences Between Preserved)
Specimen M (Tilapia - Wet Preserved)
Specimen K(Lizard/4gama liard)
Has fins for swimming
Has legs for walking Has operculum
Has no operculu
3 Has lungs for gaseous exchange Has gills for gaseous exchange
Has lateral line
Has no lateral line
Has nuchal crest and gular fold Has no nuchal crest and gular fold
Has short wedge tail
7. Has long tapering tail

Similarities Between Specimen K (Lizard/Agama Lizard- Freshly Procured) Specimen M

(Tilupia - Wet Preserved)
1. Both have scales on their body,
2. Both have mouth for feeding
3 Both have eves for sight
4. Both have tail.
5. Both have nostrils

Differences BetweenSpecimen J (Toad/Frog)- Wet Preserved) and Specimen M(Tilapia -

Wet Preserved)
Specimen J ((Toad/Frog)- Wet Preserved) Specimen M (Tilapia -Wet Preserved)
1. Skin has no scales skin is smooth Skin is covered with scales
2. Absenceof fins Prescnce of fins
3. Has no tail Has a tail
4 Has no lateral Iine Has lateral line
5. Has poison gland in skin Has no poIson gland
6. Has nictating nembrane
Has no nictating membrane