DEBARK UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL

CONSERVATION

Department of Natural Resource Management

A Senior Seminar Paper Cause of Deforestation and Its Socio Economic

Impact in Ethiopia
Id
By: 1,Bizuayehu Gelaye................1300204
2,Silayenoa Asmara...........130212

Submitted to the Department of Natural Resource Management, Debark

University in fulfillment of the Requirements for the Course Senior Seminar
(NaRM48)

Advisor: Honelgn. K (MSc.)

May, 2024
Debark,Ethiopia
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and for most, we would like to express the almighty God for keeping on the right way
through our life. we would like to thanks intellectual advisor: Honelgn(MSc.)for his nice
suggestion, supports, comments and other instructor for this general advice and encouraged in
every aspect. Secondly, we would like to thanks for our classmates. Finally, we would like
express to thanks deepest gratitude to our family members for their whole hearted support and
inspiration in our academic from starting up to the end of our senior seminar papers
LIST OF ABBREVIATION
CBD................................................................................ Convention on Biological Diversity
FAO.................................................................................Food Agricultural Organization
GDP.................................................................................Gross Domestic Production

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Table of Contents

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .............................................................................................................. 2
LIST OF ABBREVIATION ............................................................................................................ I
ABSTRACT .....................................................................................................................................I
1. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................1
1.1 Background ............................................................................................................................1
1.2 Objectives .............................................................................................................................. 2
1.2.1 General objective ............................................................................................................ 2
1.2.2 Specific objective ............................................................................................................2
2. LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................................3
2.1 Concepts and definition of deforestation ...............................................................................3
2.2 Deforestation in Ethiopia .....................................................................................................4
2.3 Causes Of Deforestation ......................................................................................................5
2.3.1. Direct Cause of Deforestation ............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.3.2 Indirect causes deforestation ........................................................................................... 6
2.4 Socio-economic impacts of deforestation ............................................................................. 7
2.4.1 Economic impacts of deforestation ................................................................................. 8
2.4.2. Social impacts of deforestation ...................................................................................... 8
2.5.Negative consequences of Deforestation .................................................................................. 9
3. CONCLUSION ......................................................................................................................... 10
4 RECOMMENDATION..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 11

REFERENCE ................................................................................................................................ 12

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ABSTRACT

Deforestation, clearance or clearing is the removal of a forest or stand of trees where the land is
thereafter converted to a non-forest use. Deforestation in Ethiopia is due to locals clearing forests
for their personal needs, such as for fuel, hunting, agriculture, and at times for religious reasons.
the main Goal of Obejective The cause of deforestation
and Its socio-economic impacts in Ethiopia Deforestation has impact on Socio-economic factor.
Socio-economic factors influencing human disturbances in the forest reserve. The main causes of
deforestation in Ethiopia are shifting agriculture, livestock production and fuel in drier areas.
Deforestation occurs for many reasons: trees are cut down to be used or sold as fuel (sometimes
in the form of charcoal) or timber, while cleared land is used as pasture for livestock, plantations
of commodities and settlements. Deforestation can be defind as the transformation of forest land
to non forested use where forest land includes land under agroforestery and shifting
cultivation ,and not simply closed canopy primary forets . Deforestation can be reduce biological
diversity and increases soil erosion and the siltation of rivers and streams and can endanger
hydroelectric dams ,agricultural irrigation systems ,and other technological and economic
facilitie.Growing populations are incrasing forest degradation which is leading the country to
famine . Deforestation gives rise trod awhole host of problems such as soil erosion, silting of
rivrbeds ,flooding ,drought and loss of agricultral and forest productivity. Deforestation is the
loss of other renewable natural resource such as valuable non-timber forest products and
ecotourism value of the aera.
Keywords: Deforestation, Drought, Forest, Overgrazing , Renewable

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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background
Forests provide a wide variety of ecological, economic and social services. Including the
conservation of biological diversity, carbon storage, soil and water conservation, provision of
employment and enhanced livelihood, enhancement of agricultural productivity and
improvement of urban and per urban living conditions. Obviously, these services differ widely in
nature and therefore tend to be valued in different manners by different society and different
social groups. While some services are immediately visible, other are of a long-term nature and
take their full sense only in the perspective of intergenerational equity. These services are at risk
where they are most needed, especially in fragile ecosystem which characterized many poor
countries and areas in the developing countries. However, these forest functions and services are
being continuously affected by forest deforestation and degradation (FAO, 1999).
Deforestation of forest resource is one of the major environmental issues not only in directly
affected countries, but also from global perspective, the degree of international attention to
deforestation is proportionate with the role of forests in the global, national and local ecosystems.
Globally, land use change and deforestation are estimated to account for 18.2% World forest
(FAO,2020).Greenhouse gases emissions. This amounts to 1.6 billion tons of carbon emissions
annually, more than the global emissions from the transport sector, and almost equivalent to the
total emissions from US fossil fuel use (Portillo et al., 2012).
Deforestation and degradation have contributed some 90% of total global emissions from land
use change since 1950. Land use change and forestry is thus the only truly significant source of
emissions from least developing countries in both global terms and within least developing
countries, where 74.4% of emissions derive from this source (Portillo et al., 2012).
The ongoing effects of climate change are, however, expected to impact on forest ecosystems in
terms of both the physical metabolism of forests and the functions they provided. For instance,
changes in atmospheric carbon content, as well as in rainfall and temperatures, may lead to a
number of changes in terms of biomass production, composition of forest species (Robledo et al.,
2010).
Ethiopia is one of the most severely deforested countries in sub- Saharan African countries,
particularly in forest degradation which resulted in soil erosion and degradation of agricultural
land. The decline in overall stability and productivity of the country’s natural resource is the

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result of complex and interrelated series of processes that were triggered by the loss of forest
cover in critical watershed (Tumcha, 2004).
Measuring the total rate of habitat conservation for the 1990-2005 intervals, Ethiopia lost 3.6%
(FAO,1990-2020).its forest and woodland habitat due to firewood collection, conservation to
farm land, overgrazing and use of forest for building materials. As a result, Ethiopia faces a
difficult future because the agricultural sector which forms the backbone of the economy is
totally dependent on forest resources. (Oljirra, A. 2019).
Deforestation has many far-reaching consequences. The environmental functions and services of
the forest ecosystem are reduced or even lost, depending on the extent of deforestation (Okoji, M.
2001).
According to (Chakravarty et al., 2012) a number of large environmental problems are primarily
due to deforestation, excessive run-off, soil erosion, lowered water tables, desertification and loss
of biodiversity.
Many plant species are threatened with extraction due to loss and fragmentation of habitats,
over-exploitation and introduction of invasive species.
Deforestation gives rise to a whole host of problems such as soil erosion, silting of river beds,
flooding, drought and loss of agricultural and forest productivity (Karki, K. & Ojha, R. 2021).
The main objective of this seminar paper is to review causes of deforestation, and negative
consequence of deforestation and impact of deforestation on social and economic activities in
Ethiopia.

1.2 Objectives

1.2.1 General objective

To review the impact of deforestation on socio economic activities in Ethiopia

3.3.3 Specific objective

 To review the causes of deforestation
 To review the impact of deforestation on social and economic activities

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2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Concepts and definition of deforestation
Deforestation is clearing the removal of foresters and of tree, where the land is there after
converted to non-forest use. It is also the removal or damage of vegetation in a forest to the
extent that it no longer supports its natural flora and fauna.
In other words, deforestation can be defined as the transformation of forest land to non-forest
uses where forest land includes lands under agro-forestry and shifting cultivation, and not simply
closed canopy primary forests (FAO,1982). However, this definition does not include “logging”.
More inclusive was Myers’s 1980 definition, where deforestation refers, “generally to the
complete destruction of forest cover through clearing for agriculture that not a tree remains, and
the land is given over to non-forest purposes and where very heavy and unduly negligent logging
result in a decline of biomass and depletion of ecosystem services.
According to ( FAO,1993) forests defined as “ecosystems with a minimum of 10% crown cover
of trees and/or natural forest, generally associated with wild flora, fauna, and natural soil
conditions, and not subject to agricultural practices” and deforestations “change of land use with
a depletion of tree crown cover to less than 10% crown cover”. Forests contain numerous species
of flora and fauna and protect the soils from heavy rainfall and its effects on erosion.
Deforestation reduces biological diversity and increases soil erosion and the siltation of rivers
and streams and can endanger hydroelectric dams, agricultural irrigation systems, and other
technological and economic facilities (Bruijn zee 1991).
Additionally, deforestation so means the loss of other renewable natural resources such as
valuable non-timber forest products and ecotourism value of the area.
Deforestation defined broadly can include not only conversion to non-forest, but also
degradation that reduces forest quality, density and structure of the trees, the ecological services
supplied, the biomass of plants and animals, the species diversity, and the genetic diversity (FAO,
2005).
Myers (1993) states that a number of large Environmental problems are primarily due to
deforestation: excessive run-off, soil erosion, lowered water tables, desertification and
biodiversity loss.

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Deforestation gives rise trod a whole host of problems such as soil erosion, silting of riverbeds,
flooding, drought and loss of agricultural and forest productivity; It also used to describe forest
clearing for annual crops and forest loss from overgrazing (Rajbhanari,2000).
2.2 Deforestation in Ethiopia
Deforestation is caused by what human beings do to the forests and can be accentuated by
drought. Generally, deforestation occurs when people clear forest for their personal need such as,
for fuel, hunting, when they need the land to grow and harvest crops, for building houses, and at
times because of religion beliefs (Scoff, 2003).
The main causes of deforestation in Ethiopia are shifting agriculture, unsound infrastructure
development, (hydroelectrical power, road construction), livestock production and fuel wood in
drier are as (Ibid, 2003).
Subsistence farming is responsible for 48% of deforestation; commercial agriculture is
responsible for 32% of deforestation; logging is responsible for 14% of deforestation and fuel
wood removals make up 5% of deforestation.
In 2000 the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) found that" the role of
population dynamics in a local setting may vary from decisive to negligible and that
deforestation can result from" a combination of population pressure and stagnating economic,
social and technological conditions.
Ethiopia is a country in Eastern Africa; it has the second largest population in Africa and has
been hit by famine many times because there was a shortage of rain, and a depletion of natural
resources (Haile Selassie, 2004).
Growing populations are increasing forest degradation, which is leading the country to famine.
As the population, continue to grow the need of the people increase. And the country has lost
98% of its forested regions in the last 50 years (Parry, 2003).
Forests in Ethiopia play a big role in protecting erosion, because if there are more trees the water
wouldn’t be able to washaway the soil. Trees also help to keep water in the soil and reduce
global warming by uptake of carbon dioxide. Because there are not enough trees, the Blue Nile is
carrying all the soil and other nutrients in the water to the neighboring countries of the Sudan and
Egypt, where their land is very fertile.

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2.3 Causes of Deforestation
In order to save forests, we need to know why they are being destroyed. Distinguishing between
the agents of deforestation and its causes is very important in order to understand the major
determinants of deforestation.
The agents of deforestation are those slash and burn farmers, commercial farmers, ranchers,
loggers, firewood collectors, infrastructure developers and others who are cutting down the
forests.
Causes of deforestation are the forces that motivate the agents to clear the forests. However,
most of the existing literature typically distinguishes between two levels of specific factors:
direct and indirect causes of deforestation (Barbier et al., 1994).
Direct agents and causes of deforestation, also typically referred to as sources of deforestation,
first level or proximate causes are relatively easy to identify but the indirect causes which are
usually the main divers of deforestation are the ones that cause most disagreement and the ones
that are hardest to quantify (Humphreys, 2006).
According to (Pearce and Brown ,1994) also identified two main forces affecting deforestation.
They are Competition between humans and other species for the remaining ecological niches on
land and in coastal regions. This factor is substantially demonstrated by the conversion of
forestland to other uses such as agriculture, infrastructure, urban development, industry and
others.
1. Agricultural Expansion

The conversion of forests into agricultural plantations is a major cause of deforestation. The
increase in global demand for commodities, such as palm oil and soybeans, are driving
industrial-scale producers to clear forests at an alarming rate. Indonesia, the largest producer of
palm oil, was named the “Fastest Forest Destroyer,” in the 2008 Guinness World Records. Even
when efforts are made to replenish barren plantations, the depleted soil is not able to produce the
same biodiversity it once was.
2. Livestock Ranching

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Forest clearing for livestock ranching is another contributor of deforestation. Since 1990, Brazil,
a top exporter of beef, has lost an area of forest that is three-fourths the size of Texas.
A strong global demand for beef, supported by governments such as in Brazil, is expanding this
kind of deforestation.
3. Logging

Logging, including illegal logging, is a driver of deforestation. In Indonesia, illegal logging

operations provide short-term income for people living on less than $1 a day. However, it
destroys the livelihoods of those who depend on the forest.
Indonesia is one of the largest exporters of timber, with about 80 percent of it being exported
illegally. It is estimated that organized criminals get between $10-15 billion dollars from illegal
logging per year.
4. Infrastructure Expansion

Road construction can lead to deforestation by providing an entryway to previously remote land.
The 5,404-km Interoceanic Highway, which runs from Brazil to Peru, is a concern for
conservationists as the road cuts a strip through the biodiverse Amazon rainforest.
The road expansions often lead to logging and illegal logging, where opportunists slash down
trees without permission from authorities. The cleared land then attracts an influx of settlers and
disturbs the peace that once reigned the small villages.
5. Overpopulation

Our planet once housed an estimated maximum of 15 million people in prehistory. It now
sustains a whopping 7 billion and counting. With overpopulation, there is an increase in global
needs and wants, leading to expansion and deforestation. The planet’s forests are being
devastated at an even rate with population growth.
6. Expansion of farming land
Deforestation is proxied by the expansion of agricultural land. This is because agricultural land
expansion is generally viewed as the main source of Deforestation contributing around 60 per
cent of total tropical deforestation.
Shifting agriculture also called slash and burn agriculture is the clearing of forested land for
raising or growing the crops until the soil is exhausted of nutrients and/or the site is overtaken by

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weeds and then moving on to clear more forest. It is been often reported as the main agent of
deforestation.

Smallholder production in deforestation and the growing number of such producers notably
shifting cultivation were the main cause of deforestation. it appears that the proportion of direct
conversion of forest to agriculture is increasing and the proportion of shifting agriculture is
decreasing with time.
7. Infrastructure development

Development of new, or expansion of existing, infrastructures such as roads, urban and industrial
settlement, energy plants and lines contribute to the deforestation process. New forest roads can
also provide farmers with easier access to previously in accessible land, thus extending the
agricultural frontier.
8. Logging and fuel wood

logging can seriously degrade forests (Putzet al., 2001). Logging in Southeast Asia is more
intensive and can be quite destructive. However, logging provides access roads to follow-on
settlers and log scales can help finance the cost of clearing remaining trees and preparing land for
planting of crops or pasture. Logging thus catalyzes deforestation (Chomitzet al., 2007).
Fuelwood gathering is often concentrated in tropical dry forests and degraded forest areas
(Repetto, 1988; 1990; Rowe et al., 1992; Anon., 1994a). Fuelwood is not usually the major cause
of deforestation in the humid tropics although it can be in some populated regions with reduced
forest area such as in the Philippines, Thailand and parts of Central America. In the drier areas
of tropics, Fuel wood gathering can be a major cause of deforestation and degradation.
9. Overgrazing
Overgrazing is more common in drier areas of the tropics where pastures degraded by
overgrazing are subject to soil erosion. Stripping trees to provide fodder for grazing animals can
also be a problem in some dry areas of the tropics but is probably not a major cause of
deforestation.
Overgrazing is exacerbated by sociological phenomena called "the tragedy of the common."
People share land but raises animals for themselves and try to enrich them by rising as many as
they can. This leads to more animals than the land can support. Animals remove the vegetation
and winds finished the job by blowing away the top soil, transforming grasslands into desert.

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When a herder was asked why he was grazing goats next to a sign that said “Protect vegetation,
no grazing,” he said, “The lands are too infertile to grow crops—herding is the only way for us to
survive.” (Hays, 2008 web page).
10. Urbanization/industrialization and infra-structure

Expanding cities and towns require land to establish the infrastructures necessary to support
growing population which is done by clearing the forests (Mather, 1991; Sands, 2005).
Tropical forests are a major target of infra-structure developments for oil exploitation, logging
concessions or hydropower dam construction which inevitably conveys the expansion of the road
network and the construction of roads in pristine areas (Kaimowitz and Angelsen, 1998).
The construction of roads, railways, bridges, and airports opens up the land to development and
brings increasing members of people to the forest frontier. Whether supported or not by the Vern
mental programmers, these settlers have usually colonized the forest by using logging trails or
new roads to access
The development of these infrastructure projects is of worldwide concern, since tropical forest
clearing accounts for roughly 20 per cent of anthropogenic carbon emissions destroying globally
significant carbon sinks (Anon., 2001c) and around 21 per cent of tropical forests have been lost
worldwide since 1980 (Bawa et al., 2004).

2.4 Socio-economic impacts of deforestation

Socio-economic impact assessment focuses on evaluating the impacts of development has on
community social and economic well-being.
2.4.1 Economic impacts of deforestation
The tropical forests including Ethiopia destroyed each year amounts to a loss in forest capital
valued at US $ 45 billion (Hansen, 1997). By destroying the forests, all potential future revenues
and future employment that could be derived from their sustainable management for timber and
nontimber products disappear.
Damage to forests and other aspects of nature could halve living standards for the world's poor
and reduce global GDP by about 7% by 2050, a report concluded at the Convention on
Biological Diversity (CBD) meeting in Bonn. Historically, utilization of forest products,

8
including timber and fuel wood, has played a key role in human societies, comparable to the
roles of water and cultivable land.
Today, developed countries continue to utilize timber for building houses, and wood pulp for
paper. In developing countries almost three billion people rely on wood for heating and cooking.
The forest products industry is a large part of the economy in both developed and developing
countries. Short-term economic gains made by conversion of forest to agriculture, or over-
exploitation of wood products, typically leads to loss of long-term income and long-term
biological productivity.
West Africa, Madagascar, Southeast Asia and many other regions have experienced lower
revenue because of declining timber harvests. Illegal logging causes billions of dollars of losses
to national economies annually.
According to a study, "in most areas studied, the various ventures that prompted deforestation
rarely generated more than US$5 for every ton of carbon they released and frequently returned
far less than US$1". The price on the European market for an offset tied to a one-ton reduction in
carbon is 23 euro (about US$35). Rapidly growing economies also have an effect on
deforestation.
Most pressure will come from the world's developing countries, which have the fastest-growing
populations and most rapid economic (industrial) growth in 1995, economic growth in
developing countries reached nearly 6%, compared with the 2% growth rate for developed
countries. As our human population grows, new homes, communities, and expansions of cities
will occur. Connecting all of the new expansions will be roads, a very important part in our daily
life. Rural roads promote economic development but also facilitate deforestation. About 90% of
the deforestation has occurred within 100 km of roads in most parts of the Amazon.
2.4.2. Social impacts of deforestation
The social consequences of deforestation are many, often with devastating long-term impacts.
For indigenous communities, the arrival of civilization usually means the destruction/change of
their traditional life-style and the breakdown of their social institutions mostly with their
displacement from their ancestral area.
The intrusion of outsiders destroys traditional life styles, customs and religious beliefs which
intensifies with infra-structure development like construction of roads which results into frontier
expansion often with social and land conflicts (Schmink and Wood, 1992).

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The most immediate social impact of deforestation occurs at the local level with the loss of
ecological services provided by the forests. Forests afford humans valuable services such as
erosion prevention, flood control, water treatment, fisheries protection and pollination functions
that are particularly important to the people who rely on natural resources for their everyday
survival. By destroying the forests, we risk our own quality of life, gamble with the stability of
climate and local weather, threaten the existence of other species and undermine the valuable
services provided by biological diversity
2. 5... Negative consequences of Deforestation
The negative consequences of global warming are catastrophic increasing drought and
desertification, crop failures, melting of the polar ice caps, coastal flooding, and displacement of
major vegetation regimes.
The amount of carbon currently in the atmosphere is estimated to be about 800,000 million tons
and is increasing at the rate of about 1 percent annually.
Deforestation is an important contributor to global warming, however, its contribution relative to
the other factors is not precisely known. The principal cause of global warming is the excessive
discharges in industrialized countries of greenhouse gases, mostly from the burning of fossil
fuels

3. CONCLUSION
Deforestation, clearance or clearing is the removal of a forest or stand of trees where the land is
there after converted to a non-forest use. Examples of deforestation include conversion of
forestland to farms, ranches, or urban use.
The term deforestation can be misused when applied to describe a tree harvesting method in
which all trees in an area are removed (clear cutting). However, in temperate climates, this
method is in conformance with sustainable forestry practices, and correctly described as
regeneration harvest.
Uncontrolled mesic climates, natural regeneration of forest stands often will not occur in the
absence of disturbance, whether natural or anthropogenic.
socio economic factors influence human disturbances in the forest reserve, the factors were
entered sequentially in the logistic regression model, checked and the insignificant factors were
removed from the prediction model.

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The agents of deforestation are those slash and burn farmers, commercial farmers, ranchers,
loggers, firewood collectors, infra-structure developers and others who are cutting down the
forests. Causes of deforestation are the forces that motivate the agents to clear the forests
Generally, there are two Causes of deforestation: direct and indirect causes of deforestation.
Direct Cause of Deforestation like Expansion of farming land, Logging and fuel wood,
Overgrazing, Mining, Urbanization/industrialization and infra-structure and Indirect causes
deforestation such as Colonialism, Overpopulation and poverty.

RECOMMNDATION
Although the deforestation and the forest degradation is related in the Ethiopia. There is an
opportunity for rehabilitation the degraded forest and minimize deforestation. These brings a
behavioral change of the Country about sustainable forest resource conservation to eliminate the
deforestation problem first, it is necessary to avoid the root cause of deforestation problem. For
eliminate the deforestation issue the following solution are recommended for the Ethiopia.

 To change the livelihood of forest dependent of the poor housed is intensive

agricultural production system is a crucial point to minimize poverty
 The population growth rate of the Ethiopia need family planning to minimize
caring capacity of the land in Ethiopia.
 Free grazing of livestock is contribute to the deforestation and to prevent the
regeneration capacity natural forest and plantation. So cut and carry feeding
system of the livestock is needed or modern raring is essential.
 The urban people forest demand for energy source, for house furniture and
construction is leads to forest destruction in the Ethiopia thus, urban population
had better it they adopt the culture using electricity for energy source, plastic and
metal for furniture and cement for construction materials.
 Agro forestry such as fodder suitable tree plantation in home gardens and woods,
tree platation, liveing fenes on from bounderis and roadsides area important to
provide the demand of forest so that agro forestry is recommended to maize
deforestation.

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Humphreys, D. 2006. Forest Politics. Earthscan Publications Ltd., London.

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