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Americans spend on average 90% of release fewer and less harmful chemical
their time indoors where the U.S. En- compounds. Evaluation of the properties Fm\im`\n
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vironmental Protection Agency reports of the adhesives, paints, carpets, com-
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that levels of pollutants may run two to posite wood products and furniture and
five times—and occasionally more than specifying those materials with low levels <H
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100 times—higher than outdoor levels1. of potentially irritating off-gassing can D`e`dld
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reported in its Air Quality Guidelines for of deliveries and sequencing construction <H
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Europe, Second Edition2 that most of an activities can reduce material exposure Jdfb\
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ants comes through inhalation of indoor contaminants. Protection of air handling Flk[ffi
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air. Many of these pollutants can cause systems during construction and a build- Dfe`kfi`e^

health reactions in the estimated 17 mil- ing flush-out prior to occupancy further <H
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contributing to millions of days absent Using higher ratios of filtered outside air, DXeX^\d\ek
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from school and work. Outbreaks of Le- ;li`e^
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gionnaires’ disease and sick building syn- <H
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air quality to the occupant health. used can provide optimal air quality for 9\]fi\
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bers and building owners. The results are occupied space can also effectively balance 8^i`ÔY\i
increased market value for buildings with energy and IEQ issues.
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investment. ductivity. K_\idXc
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practical way to prevent IEQ problems quality indoor environment.
from arising is to specify materials that
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Table 1 shows which credits were sub-
stantially revised for LEED for New
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Construction Version 2.2, which credits
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are eligible to be submitted in the Design
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Phase Submittal, and which project team
members are likely to carry decision-mak-
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ing responsibility for each credit. The
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Significant Change from Version 2.1

Design Team Decision-Making

Contractor Decision-Making
Owner Decision-Making
Construction Submittal
Credit

EQp1: Minimum IAQ Performance * Design Submittal

* *
EQp2: Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) Control * * *
EQc1: Outdoor Air Delivery Monitoring * * *
EQc2: Increased Ventilation * * *
EQc3.1: Construction IAQ Management Plan, * * *
During Construction
EQc3.2: Construction IAQ Management Plan, * * *
Before Occupancy
EQc4.1: Low-Emitting Materials, Adhesives & Sealants * * *
EQc4.2: Low-Emitting Materials, Paints & Coatings * * *
EQc4.3: Low-Emitting Materials, Carpet Systems * * *
EQc4.4: Low-Emitting Materials, Composite Wood & Agrifiber * * *
EQc5: Indoor Chemical & Pollutant Source Control * * *
EQc6.1: Controllability of Systems, Lighting * * *
EQc6.2: Controllability of Systems, Thermal Comfort * * *
EQc7.1: Thermal Comfort, Design * * *
EQc7.2: Thermal Comfort, Verification * * * *
EQc8.1: Daylighting & Views, Daylight 75% of Spaces * * *
EQc8.2: Daylighting & Views, Views for 90% of Spaces * * *

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@ek\ek I\hl`i\[
Establish minimum indoor air quality (IAQ) performance to enhance indoor air quality
in buildings, thus contributing to the comfort and well-being of the occupants.
I\hl`i\d\ekj
Meet the minimum requirements of Sections 4 through 7 of ASHRAE 62.1-2004,
Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality. Mechanical ventilation systems shall be
designed using the Ventilation Rate Procedure or the applicable local code, whichever
is more stringent.
Naturally ventilated buildings shall comply with ASHRAE 62.1-2004, paragraph 5.1.
Gfk\ek`Xc
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Design ventilation systems to meet or exceed the minimum outdoor air ventilation
rates as described in the ASHRAE standard. Balance the impacts of ventilation rates
on energy use and indoor air quality to optimize for energy efficiency and occupant
health. Use the ASHRAE 62 Users Manual for detailed guidance on meeting the
referenced requirements.

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ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2004: Ven- Building mechanical and passive ventila-
tilation For Acceptable Indoor Air tion systems seek to ensure that adequate
Quality fresh air is available for occupants in the
American Society of Heating, Refrigerat- space. Under-ventilated buildings may be
ing and Air-Conditioning Engineers stuffy, odorous, uncomfortable and/or un-
healthy for occupants. ASHRAE Standard
www.ashrae.org 62.1-2004 establishes minimum require-
(800) 527-4723 ments for the ventilation air rates in vari-
“The purpose of this standard is to specify ous types of occupied zones and building
minimum ventilation rates and indoor air ventilation systems. The standard takes
quality that will be acceptable to human into account the density of people within
occupants and are intended to minimize an area, the type of activity that is expected
the potential for adverse health effects. to occur in the space, and the nature of the
This standard is intended for regulatory ventilation air delivery system.
application to new buildings, additions
to existing buildings and those changes to JkiXk\^`\j
existing buildings that are identified in the
There are three basic methods for ventilat-
body of the standard. This standard ap-
ing buildings:
plies to all indoor or enclosed spaces that
people may occupy, except where other Q Active Ventilation (i.e., mechanical
applicable standards and requirements ventilation)
dictate larger amounts of ventilation than Q Passive Ventilation (i.e., natural venti-
this standard. Release of moisture in resi- lation)
dential kitchens and bathrooms, locker
Q Mixed-mode Ventilation (i.e., both
rooms, and swimming pools is included
mechanical and natural ventilation)
in the scope of this standard. Additional
requirements for laboratory, industrial, D\Z_Xe`ZXccp
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and other spaces may be dictated by M\ek`cXk`fe
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workplace and other standards, as well
For mechanical ventilation systems,
as by the processes occurring within the
ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2004, Section
space. This standard considers chemical,
6, presents procedures for determining
physical, and biological contaminants
the minimum required ventilation rates
that can affect air quality. Thermal com-
for various applications, using either the
fort requirements are not included in this
Ventilation Rate Procedure or the Indoor
standard.” (ASHRAE 62.1-2004)
Air Quality Procedure. The Ventilation
Note that although ASHRAE Standard Rate Procedure is more straightforward
62.1-2004 will be the relevant stan- to apply and much more common in
dard for the vast majority of projects, practice and is the prescribed approach
certain low-rise residential projects required by EQ Prerequisite 1.
pursuing certification under LEED for
The Ventilation Rate Procedure method-
New Construction may use ASHRAE
ology is found in Section 6.2 of ASHRAE
Standard 62.2-2004 Ventilation and Ac-
62.1-2004. The breathing zone outdoor
ceptable Indoor Air Quality in Low-Rise
airflow is equal to the sum of the outdoor
Residential Buildings to comply with this
airflow rate required per person times the
prerequisite.
zone population, plus the outdoor air-

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zone floor area. The standard’s Table 6-1 ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2004 Section
“Minimum Ventilation Rates in Breathing Gi\i\hl`j`k\
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5.1 provides requirements on the loca-
Zone” provides information by occupancy tion and size of ventilation openings for
category to determine both the amount of naturally ventilated buildings. The stan-
outdoor air needed to ventilate people-re- dard requires that all naturally ventilated
lated source contaminants and area-related spaces shall be permanently open to and
source contaminants. The people-related within 25 feet of operable wall or roof
sources portion of the outdoor air rate openings and that the openable area be
addresses actual occupancy density and at least 4% of the net occupiable floor
activity. The area-related sources portion area. As appropriate, all other non-venti-
accounts for background off-gassing from lation-related requirements (i.e., exhaust
building materials, furniture and materials for combustion appliances, outdoor air
typically found in that particular occu- assessment, and outdoor air intakes) in
pancy. Finally, the required zone outdoor the standard must be met to comply with
airflow is the breathing zone outdoor this prerequisite.
airflow adjusted to reflect the “zone air dis-
tribution effectiveness” using adjustment D`o\[$Df[\
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factors in Table 6-2 of the standard. For For mixed-mode ventilated spaces, proj-
multiple-zone systems, outdoor air intake ect teams need to meet the minimum
flow is adjusted to reflect the “system ven- ventilation rates required by Chapter
tilation efficiency” of the air distribution 6 of ASHRAE 62.1-2004 regardless of
configuration, using adjustment factors in ventilation mode (natural ventilation,
Table 6-3 of the standard. mechanical ventilation or both mechani-
This prerequisite requires that applicants cal and natural ventilation).
demonstrate that the delivered minimum
zone outdoor airflow for each zone and
:XcZlcXk`fej
the outdoor air intake flow for the system
meets or exceeds that required by ASHRAE
Standard 62.1-2004 for each zone. <o\dgcXip
G\i]fidXeZ\
This prerequisite is not eligible for exem-
plary performance under the Innovation
in Design section.

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Zone Identification Standard Case: ASHRAE Std 62.1-2004 Verification Rate Procedure Design Case
Table 6-2 Table 6-3
Zone Occupancy Area People Area Occupant Breathing Zone Air Zone System Outdoor Outdoor Zone Primary Meets
Category Outdoor Outdoor Density Zone Distribution Outdoor Ventilation Air Intake Air Intake Primary Outdoor Standard?
Air Rate Air Rate Outdoor Effectiveness Air Flow Efficiency Flow Flow Air Flow Air
Air Flow Fraction Fraction
(sf) (cfm/ (cfm/ (#/ Vbz/ Ez Voz/ Ev Vot/ (CFM) Vpz/ Zp = Voz/
person) sf) 1000 sf) (CFM) (CFM) (CFM) (CFM) Vpz
General Office 8000 5 0.06 5 680 1.0 680 1.0 680 800 8000 0.09 Y
Office Space
Training Lecture 750 7.5 0.06 65 411 1.2 342 0.9 360 400 1400 0.24 Y
Room Classroom
Break Conference 250 5 0.06 50 63 1.0 63 1.0 63 75 500 0.13 Y
Room Meeting

Total 9000 1154 1085 1123 1275 9900 Y

Notes: For the general office space air distrubution is overhead, hence Ez = 1. Outdoor air fraction, Zp, < 0.15, hence System Ventilation Efficiency is 1.0.
For the training room, air distrubution is underfloor, hence Ez = 1.2. Outdoor air fraction, Zp < 0.25, hence System Ventilation Efficiency is 0.9.
For the break room, air distrubution is overhead, hence Ez = 1. Outdoor air fraction, Zp, < 0.15, hence System Ventilation Efficiency is 1.0.

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Zone Identification ASHRAE Std 62.1-2004 Section 5.1 Natural Ventilation
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Zone Net Description Operable Operable Ratio > Operable
Occupiable of Operable Area Area/ 4%? Openings
Area Openings Occupiable within 25’?
Area
(sf) (sf) (%)
Bedroom 1 150 (1) 5’x5’ 12.5 8.3% Y Y
slider
window
Bedroom 2 180 (1) 5’ x 5’ 12.5 6.9% Y Y
slider
window
Living Room 275 (1) 6’ x 5’ 21 7.6% Y Y
slider
window &
(2) 3’ x 1’
transome
windows
Total 605 46 8% Y Y

JlYd`kkXc
;fZld\ekXk`fe AND
This prerequisite is submitted as part of Q For Naturally Ventilated Buildings:
the Design Submittal. provide applicable project drawings to
show the naturally ventilated building
The following project data and calcula-
zones and the operable window areas.
tion information is required to document
prerequisite compliance using the v2.2
Submittal Templates: :fej`[\iXk`fej
Q Design narrative describing the Good indoor air quality in buildings may
project’s ventilation design. Include yield improved occupant comfort, well-
specific information regarding fresh being and productivity. A key component
air intake volumes and any special of maintaining indoor air quality in a green
conditions that affected the project’s building is providing adequate ventilation.
ventilation design. ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2004 describes
AND procedures for avoiding the introduction
of contaminants; the criterion includes
Q For Mechanically Ventilated Build-
location of air intakes as they relate to
ings: confirmation that the project has potential outdoor sources of contamina-
been designed to meet the minimum tion. The standard also outlines general
requirements of ASHRAE Standard ventilation rates for a variety of building
62.1-2004, Ventilation for Acceptable types and occupancy categories.
Indoor Air Quality, using the Ventila-
tion Rate Procedure. Because ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2004
has become standard ventilation design
OR practice for many areas, generally no ad-
Q For Naturally Ventilated Buildings: ditional design effort or capital cost will
confirmation that the project has been be required to meet this prerequisite. Its
designed to comply with the require- successful implementation reduces poten-
ments for location and size of window tial liability regarding indoor air quality
openings per ASHRAE Standard 62.1- issues for architects, builders, owners,
2004, Section 5.1. building operators and occupants.

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Ventilation is the process of supplying JJ N< <8 DI <H @;
and removing air to and from a space
Please see the USGBC Web site at www. Gi\i\hl`j`k\
(
for the purpose of controlling air con-
usgbc.org/resources for more specific
taminant levels, humidity or temperature
resources on materials sources and other
within the space.
technical information.
Mixed-mode Ventilation is a ventilation
N\Y
J`k\j strategy that combines natural ventilation
American Society of Heating, Refriger- with mechanical ventilation allowing the
ating and Air-Conditioning Engineers building to be ventilated either mechani-
cally or naturally and at times both me-
(ASHRAE)
chanically and naturally simultaneously.
www.ashrae.org
(404) 636-8400
Advances the science of heating, ventila-
tion, air conditioning and refrigeration
for the public’s benefit through research,
standards writing, continuing education
and publications.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agen-
cy’s Indoor Air Quality Web site
www.epa.gov/iaq
(800) 438-4318
Includes a wide variety of tools, publica-
tions and links to address IAQ concerns
in schools and large buildings.

;\Ôe`k`fej
Indoor Air Quality is the nature of air
inside the space that affects the health and
well-being of building occupants.
Mechanical Ventilation is provided by
mechanical powered equipment, such as
motor-driven fans and blowers, but not
by devices such as wind-driven turbine
ventilators and mechanically operated
windows. (ASHRAE 62.1-2004)
Natural Ventilation is provided by ther-
mal, wind or diffusion effects through
doors, windows or other intentional
openings in the building. (ASHRAE
62.1-2004)

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)

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Minimize exposure of building occupants, indoor surfaces, and ventilation air distribu-
tion systems to Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS).
I\hl`i\d\ekj
OPTION 1
Q Prohibit smoking in the building.
Q Locate any exterior designated smoking areas at least 25 feet away from entries,
outdoor air intakes and operable windows.
OR
OPTION 2
Q Prohibit smoking in the building except in designated smoking areas.
Q Locate any exterior designated smoking areas at least 25 feet away from entries,
outdoor air intakes and operable windows.
Q Locate designated smoking rooms to effectively contain, capture and remove ETS
from the building. At a minimum, the smoking room must be directly exhausted to
the outdoors with no re-circulation of ETS-containing air to the non-smoking area
of the building, and enclosed with impermeable deck-to-deck partitions. With the
doors to the smoking room closed, operate exhaust sufficient to create a negative
pressure with respect to the adjacent spaces of at least an average of 5 Pa (0.02 inches
of water gauge) and with a minimum of 1 Pa (0.004 inches of water gauge).
Q Performance of the smoking room differential air pressures shall be verified by
conducting 15 minutes of measurement, with a minimum of one measurement
every 10 seconds, of the differential pressure in the smoking room with respect to
each adjacent area and in each adjacent vertical chase with the doors to the smoking
room closed. The testing will be conducted with each space configured for worst
case conditions of transport of air from the smoking rooms to adjacent spaces with
the smoking rooms’ doors closed to the adjacent spaces.
OR
OPTION 3 (For residential buildings only)
Q Prohibit smoking in all common areas of the building.
Q Locate any exterior designated smoking areas at least 25 feet away from entries,
outdoor air intakes and operable windows opening to common areas.
Q Minimize uncontrolled pathways for ETS transfer between individual residential
units by sealing penetrations in walls, ceilings and floors in the residential units,
and by sealing vertical chases adjacent to the units.
Q All doors in the residential units leading to common hallways shall be weather-
stripped to minimize air leakage into the hallway. If the common hallways are
pressurized with respect to the residential units then doors in the residential units

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leading to the common hallways need not be weather-stripped provided that the
Gi\i\hl`j`k\
) positive differential pressure is demonstrated as in Option 2 above, considering the
residential unit as the smoking room.
Q Acceptable sealing of residential units shall be demonstrated by a blower door test
conducted in accordance with ANSI/ASTM-E779-03, Standard Test Method for De-
termining Air Leakage Rate By Fan Pressurization, AND use the progressive sampling
methodology defined in Chapter 4 (Compliance Through Quality Construction) of
the Residential Manual for Compliance with California’s 2001 Energy Efficiency Stan-
dards (http://www.energy.ca.gov/title24/2001standards/residential_manual/index.
html). Residential units must demonstrate less than 1.25 square inches leakage area
per 100 square feet of enclosure area (i.e., sum of all wall, ceiling and floor areas).
Gfk\ek`Xc
K\Z_efcf^`\j

JkiXk\^`\j
Prohibit smoking in commercial buildings or effectively control the ventilation air in
smoking rooms. For residential buildings, prohibit smoking in common areas, design
building envelope and systems to minimize ETS transfer among dwelling units.

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These designated areas should also be JJ N< <8 DI <H @;
JkXe[Xi[j located away from concentrations of build-
ing occupants or pedestrian traffic. Post Gi\i\hl`j`k\
)
ANSI/ASTM-E779-03, Standard Test information regarding the building’s non-
Method for Determining Air Leakage smoking policy for all occupants to read.
Rate By Fan Pressurization
If interior smoking areas are designed
To purchase this standard go to: www. within the building, separate ventilation
astm.org systems must be installed, and their ef-
“1.1 This test method covers a standard- fectiveness must be tested to ensure that
ized technique for measuring air-leakage they are isolated from other, non-smoking
rates through a building envelope under portions of the building.
controlled pressurization and de-pressur- The design criteria and instructions for
ization…1.3 This test method is intended Options 2 and 3 are detailed in the credit
to produce a measure of airtightness of a requirements and the referenced standard
building envelope...” (ASTM-E779-03) for Option 3.
Residential Manual for Compliance
with California’s 2001 Energy Efficien-
cy Standards (For Low Rise Residential
:XcZlcXk`fej
Buildings), Chapter 4 There are no calculations associated with
this credit.
http://www.energy.ca.gov/title24/
2001standards/residential_manual/res_
manual_chapter4.PDF <o\dgcXip
G\i]fidXeZ\
“The Standards require quality design This prerequisite is not eligible for exem-
and construction of HVAC systems and plary performance under the Innovation
air distribution systems. They also offer in Design section.
compliance credit for the construction
of less leaky building envelopes. With
the 2001 Standards, testing of ducts,
JlYd`kkXc
;fZld\ekXk`fe
refrigerant charge, and airflow was added This prerequisite is submitted as part of
to the prescriptive requirements (Package the Design Submittal.
D) and is assumed as part of the standard The following project data and informa-
design in performance calculations. Many tion is required to document prerequisite
of the compliance credit options require compliance using the v2.2 Submittal
installer diagnostic testing and certifica- Templates:
tion, and independent diagnostic testing
Q Confirmation that the project has met
and field verification by a certified Home
the requirements for the appropriate
Energy Rater. (Residential Manual for
project category: Non-Smoking Build-
Compliance with California’s 2001 En-
ing; Building with Designated Smok-
ergy Efficiency Standards [For Low Rise
ing Rooms; or Residential Project.
Residential Buildings] Chapter 4)
Q For buildings with interior smoking
rooms or for residential projects, pro-
8ggifXZ_
Xe[
vide appropriate copies of construction
@dgc\d\ekXk`fe drawings to document the location of
Prohibit smoking in the building. Provide the smoking rooms, designed area
designated smoking areas outside of the separations, and dedicated ventilation
building in locations where ETS will not systems.
enter the building or ventilation system. Q An optional narrative may be provided

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 JJ N< <8 DI <H @; to further describe the testing proto- :fddle`kp
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cols/results and compliance methods Air is a community natural resource, and
Gi\i\hl`j`k\
) implemented by the project. promoting clean air benefits everyone.
Strict no-smoking policies improve the
:fej`[\iXk`fej health of the community as a whole,
resulting in lower health care and insur-
The relationship between smoking and
ance costs.
various health risks, including lung dis-
ease, cancer and heart disease, has been
well documented. A strong link between I\jfliZ\j

Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) or Please see the USGBC Web site at www.
“secondhand smoke” and health risks has usgbc.org/resources for more specific
also been demonstrated. resources on materials sources and other
The most effective way to avoid health technical information.
problems associated with ETS is to pro-
hibit smoking indoors. If this cannot be ac- N\Y
J`k\j
complished, indoor smoking areas should ANSI/ASTM-E779-03, Standard Test
be isolated from non-smoking areas and Method for Determining Air Leakage
have separate ventilation systems to avoid Rate By Fan Pressurization
the introduction of tobacco smoke con- www.astm.org
taminants to non-smoking areas.
Standard may be purchased at this Web
<em`ifed\ekXc
@jjl\j site.
Separate smoking areas occupy space in the Energy Rating Systems (HERS) Re-
building and may result in a larger build- quired Verification And Diagnostic
ing, additional material use and increased Testing, California Low Rise Residen-
energy for ventilation. However, these tial Alternative Calculation Method
environmental impacts can be offset by Approval Manual
building occupants who are more comfort- http://www.energy.ca.gov/title24/
able, have higher productivity rates, and 2001standards/residential_manual/res_
have lower absenteeism and illnesses. manual_chapter4.PDF
<Zfefd`Z
@jjl\j Setting the Record Straight: Secondhand
Separate smoking areas add to the design Smoke Is a Preventable Health Risk
and construction costs of most projects. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Maintenance of designated smoking areas www.epa.gov/smokefree/pubs/strsfs.
also adds to lease and operating costs. Pro- html
hibition of indoor smoking can increase
the useful life of interior fixtures and An EPA document with a discussion of
furnishings. Smoking within a building laboratory research on ETS and federal leg-
contaminates indoor air and can cause islation aimed at curbing ETS problems.
occupant reactions ranging from irrita- Gi`ek
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tion and illness to decreased productivity.
These problems increase expenses and The Chemistry of Environmental Tobacco
liability for building owners, tenants, Smoke: Composition and Measurement,
operators and insurance companies. Second Edition by R.A. Jenkins, B.A.
Tomkins, et al., CRC Press & Lewis
Publishers, 2000.

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Tobacco Smoke from Your Environment by
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Publishers, 1988.

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Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS),
or secondhand smoke, consists of airborne
particles emitted from the burning end of
cigarettes, pipes, and cigars, and exhaled
by smokers. These particles contain about
4,000 different compounds, up to 40 of
which are known to cause cancer.

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Provide capacity for ventilation system monitoring to help sustain occupant comfort
and well-being.
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Install permanent monitoring systems that provide feedback on ventilation system
performance to ensure that ventilation systems maintain design minimum ventila-
tion requirements. Configure all monitoring equipment to generate an alarm when
the conditions vary by 10% or more from setpoint, via either a building automation
system alarm to the building operator or via a visual or audible alert to the building
occupants.
FOR MECHANICALLY VENTILATED SPACES
Q Monitor carbon dioxide concentrations within all densely occupied spaces (those
with a design occupant density greater than or equal to 25 people per 1000 sq.ft.).
CO2 monitoring locations shall be between 3 feet and 6 feet above the floor.
Q For each mechanical ventilation system serving non-densely occupied spaces, provide
a direct outdoor airflow measurement device capable of measuring the minimum
outdoor airflow rate with an accuracy of plus or minus 15% of the design minimum
outdoor air rate, as defined by ASHRAE 62.1-2004.
FOR NATURALLY VENTILATED SPACES
Monitor CO2 concentrations within all naturally ventilated spaces. CO2 monitoring
shall be located within the room between 3 feet and 6 feet above the floor. One CO2
sensor may be used to represent multiple spaces if the natural ventilation design uses
passive stack(s) or other means to induce airflow through those spaces equally and
simultaneously without intervention by building occupants.
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Install carbon dioxide and airflow measurement equipment and feed the information
to the HVAC system and/or Building Automation System (BAS) to trigger corrective
action, if applicable. If such automatic controls are not feasible with the building sys-
tems, use the measurement equipment to trigger alarms that inform building operators
or occupants of a possible deficiency in outdoor air delivery.

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There is no standard referenced for this ments may be necessary.
credit.
The minimum outdoor air rate may
change based on the design and modes
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Building HVAC systems are designed to pancy conditions usually have different
flush out indoor airborne contaminants outdoor air rates for weekdays and night-
by exhausting old air and replacing it with time or off-peak conditions. In variable
fresh outdoor air. The rate of ventilation air volume (VAV) systems, the rate of
air exchange is generally determined in outdoor air needs to stay above the design
the design phase based on space density minimum even when the supply air flow
and type of occupancy. Many conven- is reduced due to reduced thermal load
tional ventilation systems do not directly conditions.
measure the amount of outdoor air de- :F)
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livered. Implementation of the following
strategies is recommended to achieve this The effectiveness of the ventilation system
credit. to deliver the needed outdoor air can also
be monitored using carbon dioxide (CO2)
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Air flow monitoring of the outdoor air tion (DCV) systems, where the outdoor
rate validates that the HVAC equipment air rate supplied to an area is based on
is delivering the required ventilation rate. readings taken by one or more CO2 moni-
Air balance control methodologies, such tors located within the occupied spaces,
as fan tracking and measuring build- the system-wide outdoor air rate will
ing-pressurization based strategies, do fluctuate. A DCV system, is a typical en-
not directly determine that appropriate ergy conservation strategy for large spaces
ventilation air is being provided and do with variable occupancy, such as a large
not satisfy the credit requirement. The lecture hall where the number of people
ventilation rate can be measured at the and times of use varies significantly. In
outdoor air intake to an air distribution this type of operation, the monitoring
system using a variety of airflow devices system confirms that the space—the lec-
including Pitot tubes, Venturi meters and ture hall—is receiving adequate outdoor
rotating vane anemometers. Ventilation air for the current occupancy, and that the
rate for a particular HVAC system can central system adjusts the ventilation rate
also be accurately determined from a to match the changing requirement.
mass balance calculation if both supply CO2 sensors, when properly placed, are
air flow and return air flow are directly a practical means of confirming that a
measured with air flow monitoring de- ventilation system is functioning properly.
vices. To satisfy the requirements of this There are two typical system configura-
credit, the measurement devices must tions that generally meet the requirements
detect when the system is 15% below the of this credit.
design minimum outdoor air rate. When One approach utilizes CO2 sensors that
the ventilation system fails to provide the use measured concentration to provide
required levels of fresh air, the monitoring an alert. An indoor concentration of
system should be configured to deliver 1000 ppm has commonly been used in

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but a higher alarm concentration may be located in the outdoor air intakes of each
appropriate when the design complies central HVAC air distribution system. :i\[`k
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with Standard 62.1-2004, since the ef- The direct outdoor airflow measurement
fective ventilation rate per person has device must be capable of measuring the
been reduced significantly for some zones. outdoor airflow rate at all expected system
ASHRAE 62.1-2004 Users Manual Ap- operating conditions within an accuracy
pendix A provides a further discussion on of plus or minus 15% of the design mini-
CO2 sensors including demand control mum outdoor air rate.
ventilation.
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CO2 monitoring locations should be se- M\ek`cXk\[
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lected so that they provide representative
readings of the CO2 concentrations in For naturally ventilated buildings, moni-
occupied spaces. Providing multiple CO2 toring CO2 levels in the occupied space
monitoring stations throughout occupied provides feedback to building occupants
spaces will provide better information and operators, so that they can make
and control than providing a single CO2 operational adjustments, such as open-
monitor for the entire system. A single ing windows, if the space becomes under
CO2 monitor, typically installed in the ventilated. The CO2 monitors in naturally
return air duct, is less expensive and more ventilated spaces should be mounted in
straightforward to implement than prov- the vertical breathing zone between 3 and
ing multiple sensors, but may not yield 6 feet above the floor.
information that identifies areas within Fg\iXk`fej

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project teams should confirm that the
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Within buildings that are mechanically is calibrated, and that the appropriate
ventilated, the CO2 level within each setpoints and control sequences have
densely occupied space needs to be moni- been implemented. Provide the build-
tored to satisfy the credit requirements. ing owner, maintenance personnel and
The density factor is 25 people per 1000 occupants with the information needed
sq.ft. or 40 sq.ft. per person; for example, to understand, maintain and respond
a 240 sq.ft. conference room planned for to the monitoring system. Maintenance
6 or more people would need to be moni- personnel should make inspection of CO2
tored. CO2 monitors in densely occupied monitors and airflow monitoring stations
spaces should be mounted in the space part of routine O&M and preventive
within the vertical breathing zone—be- maintenance activities. Sensors should be
tween 3 and 6 feet above the floor. recalibrated based on the manufacturer’s
requirements. It is recommended to use
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For mechanically-ventilated spaces with is allowed to fall out of calibration it may
occupant density less than 25 people per indicate that indoor CO2 concentrations
1000 sq.ft., this LEED for New Con- are lower or higher than they actually
struction credit requires that the outdoor are, leading to under- or over-ventilation
ventilation rate be directly measured and of the space.
compared against the minimum required A permanent ventilation monitoring sys-
ventilation rate. Typically this will be tem assists in detecting indoor air quality

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 JJ N< <8 DI <H @; problems quickly so that corrective ac- credit compliance using the v2.2 Submit-
tion can be taken. Under-ventilation of tal Templates:

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( a space can lead to unsatisfactory indoor Q Confirmation of the type of ventila-
environmental conditions and occupant tion system and installed controls.
discomfort. Over-ventilation of a space
may needlessly increase HVAC energy Q Design narrative describing the
costs. project's ventilation design and CO2
monitoring system. Include specific
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Air flow and CO2 monitoring systems quantity of installed monitors, opera-
can be applied to any building or HVAC tional parameters and setpoints.
system type—including both mechani- Q Provide copies of the applicable project
cally and naturally ventilated buildings. In drawings to document the location
addition to ventilation alarms, such moni- and type of installed sensors. Drawings
tors can provide building operators and should also show natural ventilation
automated control systems (i.e., demand components (operable windows, air
control ventilation) with information intakes, etc.) as applicable.
that allows for operational adjustments,
such as increasing or decreasing intake
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airflow rates.
For naturally ventilated buildings and :fjk
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spaces served by HVAC systems that do CO2 and ventilation rate monitoring
not allow for active control of ventila- systems increase initial construction costs
tion rates, CO2 monitors in the occupied compared to ventilation systems without
spaces can provide building occupants such monitoring capabilities. Capital costs
and operators with useful information and annual costs for air flow monitoring
that allows for operational adjustments, equipment maintenance and calibration
such as opening windows or adjust- procedures may be offset by reduced ab-
ing fixed ventilation rates, if the CO2 senteeism, increased occupant productiv-
monitors indicate that the space is under ity and/or reduced HVAC energy use.
ventilated.
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:XcZlcXk`fej Ambient outdoor CO2 concentrations

may fluctuate somewhat based on local
There are no calculations required for and regional factors, between approxi-
this credit. mately 300 and 500 ppm. The time-of-
day fluctuations near major congested
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should also be considered. High ambient
This credit is not eligible for exemplary
CO2 concentrations are typically an indi-
performance under the Innovation in
cator of combustion or other contaminant
Design section.
sources. Lower ventilation rates may yield
a sense of stuffiness or general dissatisfac-
JlYd`kkXc
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This credit is submitted as part of the
Design Submittal. I\jfliZ\j

The following project data and calcula- Please see the USGBC Web site at www.
tion information is required to document usgbc.org/resources for more specific

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resources on materials sources and other ASTM D 6245-1998: Standard Guide JJ N< <8 DI <H @;
technical information. for Using Indoor Carbon Dioxide Con-
centrations to Valuate Indoor Air Quality :i\[`k
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N\Y
J`k\j and Ventilation, ASTM, 1998
ASHRAE 62.1-2004 Users Manual Efficient Building Design Series, Volume 2:
Appendix A Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning
www.ashrae.org by J. Trost and Frederick Trost, Prentice
Provides information on CO2 sensors Hall, 1998.
including demand control ventilation.
American Society of Heating, Refrig- ;\Ôe`k`fej
erating and Air-Conditioning Engi- CO2 is carbon dioxide.
neers
Mechanical Ventilation is ventilation
(ASHRAE) provided by mechanically powered
www.ashrae.org equipment, such as motor-driven fans
and blowers, but not by devices such as
(404) 636-8400
wind-driven turbine ventilators and me-
Advances the science of heating, ventila- chanically operated windows. (ASHRAE
tion, air conditioning and refrigeration 62.1-2004)
for the public’s benefit through research,
Natural Ventilation is ventilation pro-
standards writing, continuing education
vided by thermal, wind, or diffusion
and publications.
effects through doors, windows, or other
Building Air Quality: A Guide for Build- intentional openings in the building.
ing Owners and Facility Managers (ASHRAE 62.1-2004)
www.epa.gov/iaq/largebldgs/baqtoc. ppm stands for parts per million
html
Ventilation is the process of supplying air
(800) 438-4318 to or removing air from a space for the
An EPA publication on IAQ sources in purpose of controlling air contaminant
buildings and methods to prevent and levels, humidity, or temperature within
resolve IAQ problems. the space. (ASHRAE 62.1-2004)

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Air Handling Systems Design by Tseng-Yao
Sun, McGraw Hill, 1992.
ASHRAE Standard 55-2004: Thermal
Environmental Conditions for Human
Occupancy, ASHRAE, 2004
ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2004: Ventila-
tion for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality,
ASHRAE, 2004
ASHRAE Standard 62.2-2004: Ventila-
tion for Acceptable Indoor Air Qual-
ity in Low-Rise Residential Buildings,
ASHRAE, 2004

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Provide additional outdoor air ventilation to improve indoor air quality for improved
occupant comfort, well-being and productivity.
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FOR MECHANICALLY VENTILATED SPACES
Q Increase breathing zone outdoor air ventilation rates to all occupied spaces by at
least 30% above the minimum rates required by ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2004 as
determined by EQ Prerequisite 1.
FOR NATURALLY VENTILATED SPACES
Q Design natural ventilation systems for occupied spaces to meet the recommenda-
tions set forth in the Carbon Trust Good Practice Guide 237 [1998]. Determine
that natural ventilation is an effective strategy for the project by following the flow
diagram process shown in Figure 1.18 of the Chartered Institution of Building
Services Engineers (CIBSE) Applications Manual 10: 2005, Natural ventilation in
non-domestic buildings.
AND
Q Use diagrams and calculations to show that the design of the natural ventilation
systems meets the recommendations set forth in the CIBSE Applications Manual
10: 2005, Natural ventilation in non-domestic buildings.
OR
Q Use a macroscopic, multi-zone, analytic model to predict that room-by-room airflows
will effectively naturally ventilate, defined as providing the minimum ventilation
rates required by ASHRAE 62.1-2004 Chapter 6, for at least 90% of occupied
spaces.
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For mechanically ventilated spaces: use heat recovery, where appropriate, to minimize
the additional energy consumption associated with higher ventilation rates.
For naturally ventilated spaces: follow the eight design steps described in the Carbon
Trust Good Practice Guide 237: 1) Develop design requirements, 2) Plan airflow
paths, 3) Identify building uses and features that might require special attention, 4)
Determine ventilation requirements, 5) Estimate external driving pressures, 6) Select
types of ventilation devices, 7) Size ventilation devices, 8) Analyze the design. Use
public domain software such as NIST’s CONTAM, Multizone Modeling Software,
along with LoopDA, Natural Ventilation Sizing Tool, to analytically predict room-by-
room airflows.

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The Carbon Trust Good Practice Guide
JkXe[Xi[j 237—Natural ventilation in non-
:i\[`k
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ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2004: Ven- signers; developers and owners (1999)
tilation For Acceptable Indoor Air
Quality h t t p : / / w w w. c a r b o n t r u s t . c o . u k /
Publications/publicationdetail.htm?
American Society of Heating, Refrigerat- productid=GPG237&metaNoCache=1
ing and Air-Conditioning Engineers
“Carefully designed, naturally ventilated
www.ashrae.org buildings can be cheaper to construct,
(800) 527-4723 maintain and operate than more heavily
“The purpose of this standard is to specify serviced equivalents. Occupants generally
minimum ventilation rates and indoor air prefer windows that can be opened, and
quality that will be acceptable to human natural light, both of which are features of
occupants and are intended to minimize well designed, naturally ventilated build-
the potential for adverse health effects. ings. The Guide summarizes the benefits
This standard is intended for regulatory of natural ventilation and considers the
application to new buildings, additions to commercial implications, illustrating the
existing buildings, and those changes to issues by means of case studies.” (The
existing buildings that are identified in the Carbon Trust)
body of the standard. This standard ap- CIBSE Applications Manual 10: 2005,
plies to all indoor or enclosed spaces that Natural ventilation in non-domestic
people may occupy, except where other buildings
applicable standards and requirements www.cibse.org
dictate larger amounts of ventilation than
this standard. Release of moisture in resi- “This publication is a major revision
dential kitchens and bathrooms, locker of the Applications Manual (AM) first
rooms, and swimming pools is included published in 1997. At that time, there
in the scope of this standard. Additional was a significant expansion of interest
requirements for laboratory, industrial, in the application of engineered natural
and other spaces may be dictated by ventilation to the design of non-domestic
workplace and other standards, as well buildings. The original AM10 sought to
as by the processes occurring within the capture the state of knowledge as it existed
space. This standard considers chemical, in the mid-90s and present it in a form
physical, and biological contaminants suited to the needs of every member of
that can affect air quality. Thermal com- the design team. Some 10 years on from
fort requirements are not included in this the time when the initial manual was
standard.” (ASHRAE 62.1-2004) conceived, the state of knowledge has
increased, and experience in the design
Note that although ASHARE Standard and operation of naturally ventilated
62.1-2004 will be the relevant standard buildings has grown. This revision of
for the vast majority of LEED for New AM10 is therefore a timely opportunity
Construction projects, certain low-rise to update and enhance the guidance of-
residential projects pursuing LEED for fered to designers and users of naturally
New Construction certification may use ventilated buildings.” (CIBSE)
ASHRAE Standard 62.2-2004 Ventila-
tion and Acceptable Indoor Air Quality in
Low-Rise Residential Buildings to comply
with this credit.

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AM10 provides a decision diagram to aid JJ N< <8 DI <H @;
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addition to these considerations, project :i\[`k
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A green building should provide its oc- teams considering natural ventilation
cupants with superior indoor air quality should evaluate site conditions and build-
to support their health, comfort and well- ing design. Potential IAQ problems might
being. A key component for maintaining result from heavy traffic, nearby polluting
superior indoor air quality is provid- industries and neighboring waste manage-
ing adequate ventilation rates. Under- ment sites.
ventilated buildings may be stuffy, odor-
ous, uncomfortable and/or unhealthy for For mechanical ventilation, the design
occupants. and operating setpoints of the HVAC
system will be the primary influence on
Building ventilation systems, including ventilation rates in the building. Building
both active HVAC systems and natural owners and designers should determine
ventilation systems, are designed and in- if increasing ventilation rates beyond
stalled to introduce fresh outside air into ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2004 require-
the building while exhausting an equal ments is a good idea for their facility.
amount of building air. HVAC systems The HVAC design and sizing should
typically serve other functions as well, account for increased ventilation rates if
including providing thermal comfort for this strategy is applied.
occupants. Building conditioning systems
that provide enhanced ventilation air, Occupants generally take a primary role
as efficiently and effectively as possible, in managing ventilation conditions in
will help to maintain a high standard of naturally ventilated buildings by open-
indoor air quality in the building. ing and closing windows as necessary
and appropriate. Naturally ventilated
The requirement for this credit is a 30% buildings generally have somewhat more
increase in ventilation rates beyond the variable ventilation rates than actively
amounts required by ASHRAE 62.1- conditioned buildings, whose systems
2004 in office buildings at the breathing are often designed to maintain no less
zone. The ASHRAE 62.1-2004 rates than minimum ventilation requirements
are approximately 15% to 20% lower through all periods of occupancy.
than the ASHRAE 62.1-2001 rates. The
threshold for this credit was developed
based on documented research demon- JkiXk\^`\j
strating indoor air quality benefits from There are three basic methods for ventilat-
ventilation rates in the 25 cfm/person ing buildings:
range. To achieve 25 cfm/person, the in-
Q Active Ventilation (i.e., mechanical
crease would be closer to 50%. 30% was
ventilation)
chosen as a compromise between indoor
air quality and energy efficiency. Q Passive Ventilation (i.e., natural venti-
lation)
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Q Mixed-mode Ventilation (i.e., both
Most projects decide early on whether mechanical and natural ventilation)
to have a mechanical ventilation system,
Projects employing both mechanical and
a passive ventilation system, or a com-
natural ventilation (i.e., mixed-mode
bination of both. This decision may be
ventilation) strategies will need to exceed
influenced by the building size and type,
minimum ventilation rates required by
as well as climatic, economic and organi-
ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2004, Chapter
zational influences. Figure 1 from CIBSE
6 by at least 30%.
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For mechanical ventilation systems,
ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2004, Section tribution effectiveness” using adjustment
6, outlines procedures for determining factors in Table 6-2 of the Standard. For
ventilation rates for various applications, multiple-zone systems, outdoor air intake
using either the Ventilation Rate Proce- flow is adjusted to reflect the “system ven-
dure or the Indoor Air Quality Procedure. tilation efficiency” for the air distribution
The Ventilation Rate Procedure is more configuration, using adjustment factors in
straightforward to apply and much more Table 6-3 of the Standard.
common in practice—and it is the pre- This LEED for New Construction credit
scribed approach used in EQ Prerequisite requires that applicants demonstrate that
1, Minimum IAQ Performance. the delivered minimum zone outdoor
The Ventilation Rate Procedure method- airflow is at least 30% higher than is the
ology is found in Section 6.2 of ASHRAE minimum airflow required by ASHRAE
62.1-2004. The breathing zone outdoor Standard 62.1-2004 for each zone. Table
airflow is equal to the sum of the outdoor 1 shows how the sample space used in
airflow rate required per person times the EQ Prerequisite 1 has attained the 30%
zone population, plus the outdoor air- increase.
flow rate required per unit area times the EXkliXccp
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zone floor area. The standard’s Table 6-1
“Minimum Ventilation Rates in Breathing Project teams electing natural ventilation
Zone” provides information by occupancy have two primary means of demonstrating
category to determine both the amount of credit compliance:
outdoor air needed to ventilate people-re- Q The compliance path found in Chap-
lated source contaminants and area-related ter 2 of The CIBSE Applications
source contaminants. The people-related Manual 10 (AM10)
sources portion of the outdoor air rate OR
addresses actual occupancy density and
Q Documentation using a macroscopic,
activity. The area-related sources portion
accounts for background off-gassing from multi-zone, analytic model that pre-
building materials, furniture and materials dicts room-by-room outdoor air flow
typically found in that particular occu- rates.

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Zone Identification Standard Case: ASHRAE Std 62.1-2004 Verification Rate Procedure Design Case
Table 6-1 Table 6-2 Table 6-3
Zone Occupancy Area People Area Occupant Breathing Zone Air Zone System Outdoor Outdoor Zone Primary % Increase
Category Outdoor Outdoor Density Zone Distribution Outdoor Ventilation Air Intake Air Intake Primary Outdoor Over
Air Rate Air Rate Outdoor Effectiveness Air Flow Efficiency Flow Flow Air Flow Air Standard
Air Flow Faction Fraction
(sf) (cfm/ (cfm/ (#/ Vbz (CFM) Ez Voz (CFM) Ev Vot (CFM) (CFM) Vpz (CFM) Zp = Voz/
person) sf) 1000 sf) Vpz
General Office 8000 5 0.06 5 680 1.0 680 1.0 680 900 8000 0.09 32%
Office Space
Training Lecture 750 7.5 0.06 65 411 1.2 342 0.9 380 500 1400 0.24 32%
Room Classroom
Break Conference 250 5 0.06 50 63 1.0 63 1.0 63 85 500 0.13 36%
Room Meeting

Total 9000 1154 1085 1123 1485 9900 32%

Notes: For the general office space air distrubution is overhead, hence Ez = 1. Outdoor air fraction, Zp, < 0.15, hence System Ventilation Efficiency is 1.0.
For the training room, air distrubution is underfloor, hence Ez = 1.2. Outdoor air fraction, Zp < 0.25, hence System Ventilation Efficiency is 0.9.
For the break room, air distrubution is overhead, hence Ez = 1. Outdoor air fraction, Zp, < 0.15, hence System Ventilation Efficiency is 1.0.

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flow rates through each space. There is of the internal heat gains and weather :i\[`k
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an acceptable average rate needed for conditions. Explain the ventilation
IAQ and thermal comfort; increasing this strategy, including the airflow paths, the
rate results in wasted energy during the rates planned for different operational
heating seasons. There is also additional periods during the day and night, the
ventilation needed for the summer cool- peak internal temperatures, and means of
ing requirements. shading for summer solar gains. Provide
CIBSE AM10 lists several natural ven- sample calculations on the determination
tilation analysis methods, either using a of opening size for operable windows,
separate manual or simulation software. trickle vents and louvers. Finally, include
Project teams should confirm their choice the calculations for the driving pressure
with justification. Submittals will need to showing the effects of both wind and
include a narrative that provides informa- stack-induced pressure differentials.

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 JJ N< <8 DI <H @; Project teams using a macroscopic, required by ASHRAE Standard 62.1-
multi-zone, analytic model that predicts 2004, Chapter 6.
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provide a narrative providing the same
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information listed above. They will also
need to demonstrate that 90% of the oc- This credit is not eligible for exemplary
cupied areas are effectively ventilated, that performance under the Innovation in
is to provide minimum ventilation rates Design section.
required by ASHRAE 62.1-2004, Chap-
ter 6, by natural ventilation and should JlYd`kkXc
;fZld\ekXk`fe
provide room-by-room outdoor airflow
rates predicted by the analysis. This credit is submitted as part of the
Design Submittal.
:XcZlcXk`fej The following project data and calcula-
For mechanical ventilation systems, tion information is required to document
project teams should prepare calculations credit compliance using the v2.2 Submit-
to demonstrate that the design ventila- tal Templates:
tion rates for each zone are at least 30%
above the minimum rates required by the D\Z_Xe`ZXccp
M\ek`cXk\[
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Ventilation Rate Procedure of ASHRAE Q Confirmation that the breathing zone
62.1-2004. This calculation should take ventilation rates in all occupied spaces
the form of a table or spreadsheet similar have been designed to exceed the
to Table 1. The same calculation may be minimum rates required by ASHRAE
used to document both EQ Prerequisite Standard 62.1-2004 or the applicable
1 and EQ Credit 2. local code, whichever is more strin-
If this credit is pursued, the design ven- gent, by a minimum of 30%.
tilation rates, at least 30% higher than Q Design narrative describing the
standard ventilation rates, should be project's ventilation system design.
incorporated into the energy calculations Include specific information regarding
EA Credit 1. Depending on the system the fresh air intake volume for each
design and climatic factors, increased specific occupied zone to demonstrate
ventilation may reduce the calculated that the design exceeds the referenced
and actual energy performance of the standard or the applicable local code,
building. whichever is more stringent, by at least
For naturally ventilated spaces, project 30%.
teams should provide sample calcula-
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tions demonstrating how opening size
for operable windows, trickle vents and Q Confirmation that the natural ventila-
louvers were determined in accordance tion system has been designed to meet
with CIBSE AM10 and the Carbon Trust the recommendations set forth in the
Good Practice Guide 237. See Figure 1. Carbon Trust Good Practice Guide
237 [1988].
For naturally ventilated spaces, project
teams using a macroscopic, multi-zone, Q Design narrative describing the design
analytic model that predicts room-by- method (CIBSE Method/Analytic
room air flow rates will need to provide Model) utilized in determining the
the room-by-room outdoor airflow rates natural ventilation design for the
predicted by the analysis and a com- project. Provide specific information
parison to minimum ventilation rates regarding calculation methodology

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that the ventilation design complies control their environment.
with the referenced standards. :i\[`k
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In addition to designing the HVAC sys-
:fej`[\iXk`fej tems properly and selecting appropriate
:fjk
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rates beyond standard practice may be
Increasing ventilation rates by 30% beyond
one strategy to provide superior indoor
ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2004 will yield
air quality. Managing indoor air quality
higher HVAC energy costs and potentially
concerns during construction and opera-
greater HVAC capacity than associated
tions is also appropriate for many green
with the ventilation rates established in the
building projects.
standard. This increase in HVAC capacity
and energy use will be more pronounced For mechanically ventilated and air-con-
in extreme climates than in mild, temper- ditioned buildings, increasing ventilation
ate climates. Some projects may choose to rates will require somewhat larger HVAC
increase the outdoor air rate, and accept system capacity and greater energy use
higher HVAC equipment and energy adding to both capital and operational
costs, because research indicates that the costs. Natural ventilation systems can
resulting indoor air quality is associated provide increased ventilation rates, good
with improved employee health, welfare, indoor air quality, and occupant control
well-being and productivity. over thermal comfort and ventilation
via operable windows while potentially
While a naturally ventilated building may
reducing operating costs compared to
have less equipment than a comparable
mechanical ventilation systems.
mechanically ventilated building, natural
ventilation designs may require additional
costs for operable windows, increased I\jfliZ\j

thermal mass, and other architectural Please see the USGBC Web site at www.
elements which allow for passive ventila- usgbc.org/resources for more specific
tion and space conditioning. Energy and resources on materials sources and other
maintenance costs of naturally ventilated technical information.
buildings tend to be lower than for com-
parable mechanically ventilated spaces. N\Y
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tilation For Acceptable Indoor Air
Additional ventilation is more practi- Quality
cal for mild climates, where increasing
ventilation rates beyond the ASHRAE American Society of Heating, Refrig-
62.1-2004 minimum rates will not have erating and Air-Conditioning Engi-
as great an impact on HVAC systems ca- neers
pacity and energy consumption as in hot, www.ashrae.org
humid or cold climates. Natural ventila- (800) 527-4723
tion and passive conditioning approaches
are also more typical in mild and temper- The Carbon Trust Good Practice Guide
ate climates, although there are precedents 237—Natural ventilation in non-do-
for passively conditioned buildings in all mestic buildings—a guide for design-
climates. There may be variable condi- ers; developers and owners (1998)
tions in naturally ventilated buildings, www.thecarbontrust.org.uk

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 JJ N< <8 DI <H @; CIBSE Applications Manual 10: 2005, Building Air Quality Action Plan
Natural ventilation in non-domestic U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
:i\[`k
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http://www.epa.gov/iaq/largebldgs/
www.cibse.org #Building%20Air%20Quality%20Action
“This publication is a major revision %20Plan
of the Applications Manual (AM) first The Chartered Institution of Building
published in 1997. At that time, there Services Engineers (CIBSE)
was a significant expansion of interest
in the application of engineered natural www.cibse.org
ventilation to the design of non-domestic This organization, located in London, on
buildings. The original AM10 sought to its own and in collaboration with other
capture the state of knowledge as it existed entities, publishes a full series of guides on
in the mid-90s and present it in a form the topic of ventilation, including natural
suited to the needs of every member of ventilation.
the design team. Some 10 years on from
the time when the initial manual was
;\Ôe`k`fej
conceived, the state of knowledge has
increased, and experience in the design Air Conditioning is the process of
and operation of naturally ventilated treating air to meet the requirements of
buildings has grown. This revision of a conditioned space by controlling its
AM10 is therefore a timely opportunity temperature, humidity, cleanliness and
to update and enhance the guidance of- distribution. (ASHRAE 62.1-2004)
fered to designers and users of naturally Breathing Zone is the region within an
ventilated buildings.” (CIBSE) occupied space between planes 3 and 6
American Society of Heating, Refriger- ft. above the floor and more than 2 ft.
ating and Air-Conditioning Engineers from the walls or fixed air-conditioning
equipment.
(ASHRAE)
Conditioned Space is that part of a
www.ashrae.org
building that is heated or cooled, or both,
(404) 636-8400 for the comfort of occupants. (ASHRAE
Advances the science of heating, ventila- 62.1-2004)
tion, air conditioning and refrigeration Contaminant is an unwanted airborne
for the public’s benefit through research, constituent that may reduce acceptability
standards writing, continuing education of the air. (ASHRAE 62.1-2004)
and publications. To purchase ASHRAE
Exfiltration is uncontrolled outward air
standards and guidelines, visit the book-
leakage from conditioned spaces through
store on the ASHRAE Web site and search
unintentional openings in ceiling, floors
for the desired publication.
and walls to unconditioned spaces or the
Building Assessment, Survey and outdoors caused by pressure differences
Evaluation Study across these openings due to wind, inside-
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency outside temperature differences (stack
effect), and imbalances between supply
www.epa.gov/iaq/largebldgs/base_page.
and exhaust airflow rates. (ASHRAE
htm
62.1-2004)

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Exhaust Air is the air removed from a Natural Ventilation is ventilation pro- JJ N< <8 DI <H @;
space and discharged to outside the build- vided by thermal, wind, or diffusion
ing by means of mechanical or natural effects through doors, windows, or other :i\[`k
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ventilation systems. intentional openings in the building.
Infiltration is uncontrolled inward air (ASHRAE 62.1-2004)
leakage from conditioned spaces through Outdoor Air is the ambient air that enters
unintentional openings in ceilings, floors a building through a ventilation system,
and walls from unconditioned spaces or through intentional openings for natural
the outdoors caused by the same pres- ventilation, or by infiltration. (ASHRAE
sure differences that induce exfiltration. 62.1-2004)
(ASHRAE 62.1-2004) Recirculated Air is the air removed
Makeup Air is any combination of out- from a space and reused as supply air.
door and transfer air intended to replace (ASHRAE 62.1-2004)
exhaust air and exfiltration. (ASHRAE Return Air is the air removed from a
62.1-2004) space to be then recirculated or exhausted.
Mechanical Ventilation is ventilation (ASHRAE 62.1-2004)
provided by mechanically powered Supply Air is the air delivered by me-
equipment, such as motor-driven fans chanical or natural ventilation to a space,
and blowers, but not by devices such as composed of any combination of out-
wind-driven turbine ventilators and me- door air, recirculated air, or transfer air.
chanically operated windows. (ASHRAE (ASHRAE 62.1-2004)
62.1-2004)

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Reduce indoor air quality problems resulting from the construction/renovation pro-
cess in order to help sustain the comfort and well-being of construction workers and
building occupants.
I\hl`i\d\ekj
Develop and implement an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management Plan for the con-
struction and pre-occupancy phases of the building as follows:
Q During construction meet or exceed the recommended Control Measures of the
Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors National Association (SMACNA)
IAQ Guidelines for Occupied Buildings under Construction, 1995, Chapter 3.
Q Protect stored on-site or installed absorptive materials from moisture damage.
Q If permanently installed air handlers are used during construction, filtration media
with a Minimum Efficiency Reporting Value (MERV) of 8 shall be used at each
return air grille, as determined by ASHRAE 52.2-1999. Replace all filtration media
immediately prior to occupancy.
Gfk\ek`Xc
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Adopt an IAQ management plan to protect the HVAC system during construction,
control pollutant sources and interrupt contamination pathways. Sequence the instal-
lation of materials to avoid contamination of absorptive materials such as insulation,
carpeting, ceiling tile and gypsum wallboard. Coordinate with EQ Credits 3.2 and 5
to determine the appropriate specifications and schedules for filtration media.
If possible, avoid using permanently installed air handlers for temporary heating/cool-
ing during construction. Consult this LEED for New Construction v2.2 Reference
Guide for more detailed information on how to ensure the well-being of construction
workers and building occupants if permanently installed air handlers must be used
during construction.

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construction begins and should include
JkXe[Xi[j construction-related IAQ procedures in
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IAQ Guidelines for Occupied Buildings progress meeting agendas. Education of
Under Construction subcontractors and all field personnel
Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contrac- on the goals of the IAQ Management
tors’ National Association (SMACNA) Plan and importance of following the
www.smacna.org plan’s procedures ensures compliance
and achievement. If warranted, select a
(703) 803-2980 member of the contractor’s team to serve
This standard provides an overview of air as the IAQ Manager who will have the
pollutants associated with construction, responsibility to identify IAQ problems
control measures, construction process and their mitigation. The referenced
management, quality control, commu- SMACNA standard recommends control
nications with occupants, and case stud- measures in five areas: HVAC protection,
ies. Consult the referenced standard for source control, pathway interruption,
measures to protect the building HVAC housekeeping and scheduling. For each
system and maintain acceptable indoor air project, review the applicability of each
quality during construction and demoli- control measure and include those that
tion activities. apply in the final IAQ Management Plan.
ANSI/ASHRAE 52.2-1999: Method of The control measures are as follows:
Testing General Ventilation Air-Clean- ?M8:
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ing Devices for Removal Efficiency by
Particle Size Ideally, permanently installed HVAC
systems should not be used during the
American Society of Heating, Refriger- construction process as using this equip-
ating and Air-Conditioning Engineers ment can cause contamination of the
(ASHRAE) HVAC system. In most cases, use of
www.ashrae.org the HVAC system during construction
(800) 527-4723 activates the manufacturer’s warranty,
exposing the contractor to potential out-
This standard presents methods for testing
of-pocket costs if problems occur when
air cleaners for two performance character-
the manufacturer’s warranty has expired
istics: the ability of the device to remove
but the warranty for the building has
particles from the air stream and the de-
not. Using temporary heaters is feasible,
vice’s resistance to airflow. The minimum
practical and generally not costly.
efficiency reporting value (MERV) is based
on three composite average particle size Protect all HVAC equipment from both
removal efficiency (PSE) points. Consult dust and odors. Ideally, do not use the sys-
the standard for a complete explanation of tem during construction, particularly dur-
MERV value calculations. ing demolition. Seal all duct and equip-
ment openings with plastic. If the system
must be operated to maintain service to
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other occupied portions of the building
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or to protect finished work be sure to
protect the return/negative pressure side
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of the system. If the returns cannot be
This credit hinges on performance by the closed off, install and maintain tempo-
general contractor. The IAQ Manage- rary filters over grilles and openings. To
ment Plan should be completed before comply with the credit requirements the
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filtration medium must have a rating of be protected from exposure to moisture JJ N< <8 DI <H @;
MERV 8 or better. If an unducted plenum and stored in a clean area prior to instal-
over the construction zone must be used, lation. Some other strategies are using :i\[`k
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isolate it by having all ceiling tiles in place. vacuum cleaners with high efficiency
Leaks in the return ducts and air handlers particulate filters, increasing the cleaning
should be checked. Make needed repairs frequency and utilizing wetting agents
promptly. Avoid using the mechanical for dust.
rooms for construction storage.
JZ_\[lc`e^
Replace all filtration media immediately
prior to occupancy, installing only a single Coordinate construction activities to
set of final filtration media. Note that the minimize or eliminate disruption of
requirement for MERV 13 rated filters has operations in the occupied portions of
been moved to EQ Credit 5. This credit the building. Construction activities
does not regulate the efficiency of the over the duration of the project should
filters used for the long-term operation be sequenced carefully to minimize the
of the building. impact on the indoor air quality. It may be
necessary to conduct activities with high
JfliZ\
:fekifc pollution potential during off-hours, such
Specify finish materials such as paints, as on the weekends or in the evenings to
carpet, composite wood, adhesives, and allow time for new materials to air out.
sealants that have low toxicity levels, or Plan adequate time to complete work so
none at all. The selection of low-emitting flush-out and IAQ test procedures can
materials is covered under EQ Credit be completed prior to occupancy. Upon
4. The IAQ Management Plan should completion of construction, replace all
specify the control measures for materials filtration media immediately prior to oc-
containing VOCs. Recover, isolate and cupancy. This activity should be coordi-
ventilate containers housing toxic materi- nated with the activities and requirements
als. Also, avoid exhaust fumes from idling addressed in EQ Credit 3.2 and 5.
vehicles and gasoline fueled tools. Utilizing temporary ventilation units
is one strategy to meet the SMACNA
GXk_nXp
@ek\iilgk`fe control measure for HVAC protection,
During construction, isolate areas of but does not on its own satisfy all of the
work to prevent contamination of clean requirements of this credit.
or occupied spaces. Depending on the
weather conditions, ventilate using 100%
outside air to exhaust contaminated air
:XcZlcXk`fej
directly to the outside during installation There are no calculations to support this
of VOC-emitting materials. Depressurize credit.
the work area allowing the air pressure
differential between construction and <o\dgcXip
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clean areas to contain dust and odors.
Provide temporary barriers that contain This credit is not eligible for exemplary
the construction area. performance under the Innovation in
Design section.
?flj\b\\g`e^
Institute cleaning activities designed to JlYd`kkXc
;fZld\ekXk`fe
control contaminants in building spaces
This credit is submitted as part of the
during construction and prior to occu-
Construction Submittal.
pancy. Porous building materials should

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 JJ N< <8 DI <H @; The following project data and calcula- improve ventilation system efficiency,
tion information is required to document resulting in reduced energy use. The
:i\[`k
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tal Templates: require additional time and could poten-
Q Provide a copy of the project’s Indoor tially delay the date of initial occupancy.
Air Quality (IAQ) Management Early coordination between the contrac-
Plan. tor and subcontractors can minimize or
eliminate scheduling delays.
Q Confirm if the permanently installed
air handling equipment was used dur-
ing construction. I\jfliZ\j

Q Provide photos to highlight the imple- Please see the USGBC Web site at www.
mented construction IAQ practices. usgbc.org/resources for more specific
resources on materials sources and other
Q List all filtration media (manufacturer,
technical information.
model #, MERV rating, location of
installed filter) installed during con- N\Y
J`k\j
struction and confirm that each was
Controlling Pollutants and Sources
replaced prior to final occupancy.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Q Provide an optional narrative describing
any special circumstances or non-stan- w w w. e p a . g o v / i a q / s c h o o l d e s i g n /
dard approaches taken by the project. controlling.html
Detailed information on exhaust or spot
:fej`[\iXk`fej ventilation practices during construction
activity can be found toward the end of
Building construction invariably intro- the webpage at the abovementioned URL
duces contaminates into the building. If address.
unaddressed, the contamination can result
in poor indoor air quality extending over The State of Washington (SOW) Pro-
the lifetime of the building. Fortunately gram and IAQ Standards
there are IAQ management strategies, if http://www.aerias.org/DesktopModules/
instituted during construction and before ArticleDetail.aspx?articleId=85
occupancy, that will minimize potential This IAQ standard for the state of
problems. Washington was the first state-initiated
<em`ifed\ekXc
@jjl\j program to ensure the design of buildings
with acceptable indoor air quality.
Contaminant reduction is beneficial to
building occupants, resulting in greater Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning
comfort, lower absenteeism and greater Contractors’ National Association, Inc.
productivity. (SMACNA)
www.smacna.org
<Zfefd`Z
@jjl\j
(703) 803-2980
Superior indoor air quality is likely to
increase worker productivity translating SMACNA is a professional trade as-
to greater profitability for companies. Ad- sociation that publishes the referenced
ditional time and labor may be required standard as well as Indoor Air Quality:
during construction to protect and clean A Systems Approach, a comprehensive
ventilation systems and building spaces. discussion of the sources of pollutants,
However, these actions can extend the measurement, methods of control, and
lifetime of the ventilation system and management techniques.

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Indoor Air Quality, Construction Technol- :i\[`k
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ogy Centre Atlantic. Written as a compre-
hensive review of indoor air quality issues
and solutions, the report is available for
purchase from http://ctca.unb.ca/CTCA/
communication/IAQ/Order_IAQ.htm or
by calling (506) 453-5000.

;\Ôe`k`fej
A Construction IAQ Management Plan
is a document specific to a building proj-
ect that outlines measures to minimize
contamination in the building during
construction and to flush the building of
contaminants prior to occupancy.
HVAC Systems include heating, ventilat-
ing, and air-conditioning systems used to
provide thermal comfort and ventilation
for building interiors.

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Reduce indoor air quality problems resulting from the construction/renovation pro-
cess in order to help sustain the comfort and well-being of construction workers and
building occupants.
I\hl`i\d\ekj
Develop and implement an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management Plan for the pre-
occupancy phase as follows:
OPTION 1 — FLUSH-OUT
Q After construction ends, prior to occupancy and with all interior finishes installed,
perform a building flush-out by supplying a total air volume of 14,000 cu.ft. of
outdoor air per sq.ft. of floor area while maintaining an internal temperature of at
least 60ºF and relative humidity no higher than 60%.
OR
Q If occupancy is desired prior to completion of the flush-out, the space may be oc-
cupied following delivery of a minimum of 3,500 cu.ft. of outdoor air per sq.ft. of
floor area to the space. Once a space is occupied, it shall be ventilated at a minimum
rate of 0.30 cfm/sq.ft. of outside air or the design minimum outside air rate deter-
mined in EQ Prerequisite 1, whichever is greater. During each day of the flush-out
period, ventilation shall begin a minimum of three hours prior to occupancy and
continue during occupancy. These conditions shall be maintained until a total of
14,000 cu.ft./sq.ft. of outside air has been delivered to the space.
OR
OPTION 2 — AIR QUALITY TESTING
Q Conduct baseline IAQ testing, after construction ends and prior to occupancy, us-
ing testing protocols consistent with the United States Environmental Protection
Agency Compendium of Methods for the Determination of Air Pollutants in Indoor
Air and as additionally detailed in this Reference Guide.
Q Demonstrate that the contaminant maximum concentrations listed below are not
exceeded.
Contaminant Maximum Concentration
Formaldehyde 50 parts per billion
Particulates (PM10) 50 micrograms per cubic meter
Total Volatile Organic Compounds (TVOC) 500 micrograms per cubic meter
* 4-Phenylcyclohexene (4-PCH) 6.5 micrograms per cubic meter
Carbon Monoxide (CO) 9 parts per million and no greater than 2 parts
per million above outdoor levels
* This test is only required if carpets and fabrics with styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) latex
backing material are installed as part of the base building systems.

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Q For each sampling point where the maximum concentration limits are exceeded
:i\[`k
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exceeded to indicate the requirements are achieved. Repeat procedure until all
requirements have been met. When retesting non-complying building areas, take
samples from the same locations as in the first test.
Q The air sample testing shall be conducted as follows:
1) All measurements shall be conducted prior to occupancy, but during normal
occupied hours, and with the building ventilation system starting at the normal
daily start time and operated at the minimum outside air flow rate for the oc-
cupied mode throughout the duration of the air testing.
2) The building shall have all interior finishes installed, including but not limited
to millwork, doors, paint, carpet and acoustic tiles. Non-fixed furnishings such
as workstations and partitions are encouraged, but not required, to be in place
for the testing.
3) The number of sampling locations will vary depending upon the size of the
building and number of ventilation systems. For each portion of the building
served by a separate ventilation system, the number of sampling points shall not
be less than one per 25,000 sq.ft., or for each contiguous floor area, whichever is
larger, and include areas with the least ventilation and greatest presumed source
strength.
4) Air samples shall be collected between 3 feet and 6 feet from the floor to represent
the breathing zone of occupants, and over a minimum 4-hour period.
Gfk\ek`Xc
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Prior to occupancy, perform a building flush-out or test the air contaminant levels in
the building. The flush-out is often used where occupancy is not required immedi-
ately upon substantial completion of construction. IAQ testing can minimize schedule
impacts but may be more costly. Coordinate with EQ Credits 3.1 and 5 to determine
the appropriate specifications and schedules for filtration media.

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during flush-out provided it does not JJ N< <8 DI <H @;
JkXe[Xi[ introduce any additional contaminants
into the building. :i\[`k
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United States Environmental Protec-
tion Agency “Compendium of Methods The flush-out procedure discussed below
for the Determination of Air Pollutants assumes the use of the building’s HVAC
in Indoor Air” system, but alternatives are acceptable
provided they meet the air quantity, tem-
This standard is available from NTIS perature and humidity requirements.
(800) 553-6847 with the ordering num-
ber PB90200288. One approach uses temporary supply
and exhaust systems placed into windows
“The Compendium has been prepared or window openings. EPA’s Indoor Air
to provide regional, state and local en- Quality for Schools Web site provides
vironmental regulatory agencies with information on exhaust and spot venti-
step-by-step sampling and analysis pro- lation during construction activities (see
cedures for the determination of selected Web site information in the Resources
pollutants in indoor air. Determination section of this credit) that can be helpful
of pollutants in indoor air is a complex for design teams who are considering us-
task, primarily because of the wide variety ing this approach. Care must be taken to
of compounds of interest and the lack ensure the airflow is not short circuited,
of standardized sampling and analysis potentially leaving remote corners within
procedures. The Compendium has been the project spaces with less than adequate
prepared to provide a standardized format circulation, or other parts of the building
for such analytical procedures. A core set with unanticipated increases, such as a
of ten chapters with each chapter contain- stack effect up elevator shafts.
ing one or more methods are presented
in the current document. Compendium If the space’s central HVAC system is
covers a variety of active and passive being used, remove any temporary filters
sampling procedures, as well as several and duct coverings installed as part of the
analytical techniques both on and off Construction IAQ Management Plan. Re-
site…” (Compendium of Methods for place the HVAC filtration media with new
the Determination of Air Pollutants in media; if the system is configured such that
Indoor Air Project Summary) only outside air is filtered, these outside
air filters do not need to be replaced. New
filters which meet the design specification,
8ggifXZ_
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installed prior to the start of flush-out, will
@dgc\d\ekXk`fe satisfy the requirements of EQ Credit 3.1
as well. Note that these filters must be
Fgk`fe
(Ç=clj_$flk
GifZ\[li\ MERV 13 or better when a project plans
This compliance path uses the building to earn EQ Credit 5, Indoor Chemical
HVAC system to evacuate airborne con- and Pollution Source Control. Depending
taminants. The flush-out may begin only upon their condition following flush-out,
after all construction work is completed, some or all of the filters may be ready for
including punch-list items. All cleaning replacement, but this is not a condition for
should be finalized prior to flush-out. satisfying the credit requirements.
Final test and balancing should be com- Outside air is used to dilute and remove
pleted and HVAC control should be off-gassed contaminants. The quantity
functional, particularly if the occupants of outside air that must be introduced
will be moving in during the second phase to the project space for the flush-out is
of flush-out. Commissioning may occur 14,000 cu.ft. of air per sq.ft. of floor area.
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 JJ N< <8 DI <H @; Occupants may move in earlier, after the There are other thermal comfort, expense
point in the flush-out where 3,500 cu.ft. and operational considerations to evaluate
:i\[`k
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Graph 1 below. After the initial flush-out before the end of flush-out. Check to
phase when 3,500 cu.ft. of outside air has make sure the HVAC system is capable of
been supplied per sq.ft. of floor area, the maintaining temperatures within a range
occupants may move in, but the flush-out acceptable to the occupants; opinions
is not complete. A total of 14,000 cu.ft. formed during this period may last long
of outside air must be supplied per sq.ft. after the system is operating normally.
of floor area before switching the HVAC There are numerous expense and op-
system to its normal operational mode. erational issues to be considered such as
Not all outside air is equal. Depending the rent or lease details, and the existing
upon geography and season it can be very HVAC system capacity to accommodate
cold or damp. Because of this, prudent the flush-out criteria. It is evident that
limits have been set to ensure no harm input from nearly the entire project team
comes to the building and potentially is needed to determine the best approach.
to the occupants. The rate of outside air When completed, make the evaluation
should not cause the interior temperature and the resulting flush-out strategy part
to drop below 60ºF and the relative hu- of the project Construction IAQ Manage-
midity should not exceed 60%. ment Plan.
During an occupied flush-out phase, there When there are multiple HVAC systems
is a minimum ventilation rate that must that can be operated independently, it
commence at least three hours prior to is acceptable to flush out portions of
daily occupancy and continue while the the building as they are completed but
space is occupied. The rate of outside air no additional construction work is to
must be at least 0.30 cfm/sq.ft. or the de- occur once the flush-out of an area be-
sign minimum outside air rate, whichever gins. Isolate completed areas from those
is greater. The design minimum outside under construction per SMACNA IAQ
air rate should be determined using Guidelines for Occupied Buildings Under
ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2004, the same Construction.
criteria for EQ Prerequisite 1, or the appli- When core and shell projects are certify-
cable local code if it is more stringent. The ing using the LEED for New Construc-
0.30 cfm/sq.ft. rate may be several times tion Rating System, they are not eligible
that required by ASHRAE 62.1-2004 for to earn either EQ Credit 3.1 or 3.2 until
a project’s planned occupancy. As a result, all interior construction has been com-
consider the minimum flush-out rate dur- pleted. Because the intent of these credits
ing the early HVAC design process. is to eliminate indoor air quality problems
that occur as a result of construction,
>iXg_
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HlXek`kp architectural finishes used in tenant build-
outs—a significant source of air pollut-
ants—must be addressed. If significant
build-outs remain to be completed at the
time of a LEED for New Construction
certification review, EQ Credit 3.2 is not
applicable unless the project includes
specific design guidelines and protocols
to implement the requirements of this
credit in future build-outs. IAQ testing

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of one floor should not be presumed to and balancing of the HVAC system before JJ N< <8 DI <H @;
be representative of other floors within a beginning the baseline IAQ testing. The
building. IAQ maximum contaminant levels are :i\[`k
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dependent on the HVAC system operat-
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HlXc`kp
K\jk`e^ ing under normal conditions with out-
The baseline IAQ testing approach to door air flow rates at the minimum; this
credit compliance provides confirmation stipulation is made so that the air tested
that major contaminants are below recog- is as similar as possible to what the oc-
nized acceptable levels prior to occupancy. cupants will be breathing. The protocols
While the list included in the credit is not described in the referenced publication,
intended to be all inclusive, together they U.S. EPA’s “Compendium of Methods
approximate the major forms of airborne for the Determination of Air Pollutants
constituents found following construc- in Indoor Air” are recommended, but
tion. More explanation on the signifi- others may be used if valid justification
cance of each contaminant is provided can be provided. The sampling locations
in the Considerations section. Favorable should be selected carefully to ascertain
test results are strong indicators that the the concentrations in areas with the least
project has implemented a successful ventilation with potentially the greatest
construction IAQ management plan, presumed contaminant source strength.
that low-emitting materials have been Samples are to be taken in each portion of
specified, that cleanup has been thorough, the building served by a separate ventila-
and that the HVAC system is providing tion system, and shall not be less then one
adequate ventilation. They also can mean per 25,000 sq.ft. For example, in a tenant
that occupancy can occur potentially space of 20,000 sq.ft. which is served
sooner than what might be possible if by three rooftop units, one each for the
the flush-out compliance path has been north and south elevations (general office
followed. Ideally the groundwork for area), and the third for a training room
baseline testing should occur during the and conference rooms, samples should be
design process, making sure the testing taken in at least three places, even though
requirements are included in Division 1 two of the units serve one general office
of the project construction specifications. area. The samples are to be taken in the
This credit does not establish qualifica- breathing zone, between 3 feet and 6
tions for the laboratory or those conduct- feet above the floor. They are to be taken
ing the sampling. However, the project during normal occupied hours with the
team should evaluate the capabilities of HVAC system operating with normal
the IAQ specialist, industrial hygienist daily start times at the minimum outside
and testing facility being considered in air flow rate. Record the exact sample
the context of field sampling for IAQ in locations, since follow-up samples may
buildings. During construction, maintain be needed. If a test sample exceeds the
vigilance to avoid substitutions of the maximum concentration level, flush out
specified low-emitting materials. Use low- the space by increasing the rate of outside
VOC cleaning supplies to prevent short- air. While the credit requirements do not
term high VOC levels that may affect test prescribe the duration of the flush-out,
results. Use vacuum cleaners with HEPA those responsible for testing should make
filtration to capture particulates. an evaluation based on the contaminant,
Projects also following the requirements of its concentration and the potential source.
LEED for New Construction EQ Credit The off-gassing characteristics of sources
3.1 should replace all filtration media at differ; some deplete rapidly while others
this point. Finally, complete the air test emit at a steady rate over an extended

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 JJ N< <8 DI <H @; period of time. Resample and confirm dehyde release formaldehyde gas into the
compliance before allowing the space to air. Short term effects include eye, nose,
:i\[`k
*%) throat and skin irritation; nausea; head-
be occupied. The retest may be limited to
the chemical contaminants that produced ache; allergic sensitization; and exacerba-
excessive chemical concentration levels in tion of asthma. People vary substantially
the initial test of the spaces. in their sensitivity to formaldehyde. For
this credit, the maximum indoor con-
centration of 50 ppb of formaldehyde
:XcZlcXk`fej is an adaptation of a 1989 architectural
There are no calculations associated with specification for a group of buildings in
this credit. the state of Washington. This specifica-
tion required that each material in the
building not contribute more than 50
<o\dgcXip
G\i]fidXeZ\ ppb of formaldehyde to the indoor con-
This credit is not eligible for exemplary centrations. For this credit the total emis-
performance under the Innovation & sions from all building materials must
Design section. not result in an indoor concentration of
formaldehyde greater than 50 ppb with
JlYd`kkXc
;fZld\ekXk`fe the building ventilation system operating
in the minimum outside air mode.
This credit is submitted as part of the
Construction Submittal. GXik`ZlcXk\
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GD('
The following project data and calcula- Airborne particulate matter is often
tion information is required to document generated in large quantities during
credit compliance using the v2.2 Submit- construction. If dust control precautions
tal Templates: are not undertaken during construction
Q Confirmation regarding the approach then reservoirs of construction dusts can
taken by the project (pre-occupancy remain on surfaces and especially within
flush-out; flush-out with early occu- carpeted surfaces where the particles may
pancy; IAQ testing) be resuspended into the air by occupant
activities for many months following
Q A copy of the project’s Indoor Air construction. The outdoor air which enters
Quality testing report (if applicable) the building can also be a significant source
Q A narrative describing the project’s of indoor airborne particulate matter. The
specific flush-out procedures and/or test samples particles with an aerodynamic
IAQ testing process and results diameter less than or equal to a nominal
10 micrometers (PM10). For this credit
the maximum indoor PM10 concentration
:_\d`ZXc
:fekXd`eXekj
of 50 μg/m3 is an adaptation of a 1989
=fidXc[\_p[\ architectural specification for a group of
buildings in the state of Washington. This
Formaldehyde is a gas emitted from
specification required that each material in
numerous indoor sources. These include
the building not contribute more than 50
many building materials (especially
μg/m3 of PM10 to the indoor concentra-
pressed wood products such as particle-
tions. For this credit the concentration of
board, plywood, oriented strand board,
PM10 resulting from all indoor and out-
fiberboard), glues and adhesives, most
door sources must be less than 50 μg/m3
carpets, composite wood furnishings,
with the building ventilation system oper-
permanent pressed fabrics, and combus-
ating in the minimum outside air mode.
tion sources. Materials containing formal-
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This test may be waived if there are no JJ N< <8 DI <H @;
:fdgfle[j carpets or fabrics containing SBR.
:i\[`k
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TVOC is the sum of all of the individual :XiYfe
Dfefo`[\
:F
VOCs in the air. There are hundreds of
individual VOCs emitted by materials in Carbon monoxide is a colorless, odorless
buildings. These include pressed wood and tasteless gas. It is a product of incom-
products such as particleboard, plywood, plete combustion, emitted from sources
oriented strand board, fiberboard, as such as vehicle exhaust, gas and propane
well as glues and adhesives, paints, most device exhaust, wood stoves, kerosene
carpets, composite wood furnishings, heaters and cigarettes. For this credit the
thermal insulation, and combustion maximum indoor CO concentration of 9
sources. In addition, many volatile or- ppm is from the EPA National Primary
ganic compounds are carcinogenic. For and Secondary Ambient Air Quality Stan-
this credit, the maximum indoor TVOC dards, Code of Federal Regulations, Title
concentration of 500 μg/m3 is an adapta- 40 Part 50 (40CFR50), as amended July
tion of an 1989 architectural specification 1, 1987. A summary of the Primary Stan-
for a group of buildings in the state of dards is included in ASHRAE 62-2001,
Washington. This specification required Table 1. In addition, a concentration of
that each material in the building not no more than 2 ppm over outdoor con-
contribute more than 500 μg/m3 of centrations is required, as this indicates
TVOC to the indoor concentrations. a source of this potentially lethal gas in
For this credit the total emissions from the building.
all building materials must not result
in an indoor concentration greater than :fej`[\iXk`fej
500 μg/m3 with the building ventilation
system operating in the minimum outside <Zfefd`Z
@jjl\j
air mode. Superior indoor air quality is likely to
increase worker productivity translating
+$G:?#
+$g_\epcZpZcf_\o\e\
to greater profitability for companies. Ad-
This compound, whose odor is easily ditional time and labor may be required
detectable at very low levels, is generally during and after construction to protect
known as “new carpet” odor. It is emitted and clean ventilation systems. However,
from the styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) these actions can extend the lifetime
binder that some manufacturers used to of the ventilation system and improve
hold carpet fibers and backing together. ventilation system efficiency, resulting
For this credit, the maximum indoor 4- in reduced energy use. The sequenc-
PCH concentration of 6.5 μg/m3 is an ing of material installation may require
adaptation of a 1989 architectural speci- additional time and could potentially
fication for a group of buildings in the delay the date of initial occupancy. Early
state of Washington. This specification coordination between the contractor and
required that each material in the build- subcontractors can minimize or eliminate
ing not contribute more than 6.5 μg/m3 scheduling delays.
of 4-PCH to the indoor concentrations.
For this credit the total emissions from :fddle`kp
@jjl\j
all building materials must not result in Contaminants from the construction pro-
an indoor concentration greater than 6.5 cess can affect the health of construction
μg/m3 of 4-PCH with the building ven- workers during construction and building
tilation system operating in the minimum users during occupancy. If contaminants
outside air mode. remain after occupancy commences,
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 JJ N< <8 DI <H @; they may lead to expensive and compli- SMACNA is a professional trade as-
cated clean-up procedures. Construction sociation that publishes the referenced
:i\[`k
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state regulations, primarily the Occupa- A Systems Approach, a comprehensive
tional Safety and Health Administration discussion of the sources of pollutants,
(OSHA). However, building occupants measurement, methods of control, and
are not covered under these regulations. management techniques.
Gi`ek
D\[`X
I\jfliZ\j Indoor Air Quality, Construction Technol-
Please see the USGBC Web site at www. ogy Centre Atlantic. Written as a compre-
usgbc.org/resources for more specific hensive review of indoor air quality issues
resources on materials sources and other and solutions, the report is available for
technical information. purchase from http://ctca.unb.ca/CTCA/
communication/IAQ/Order_IAQ.htm or
N\Y
J`k\j
by calling (506) 453-5000.
Indoor Air Pollution Report ( July,
Compendium of Methods for the De-
2005)
termination of Inorganic Compounds
California Air Resources Board in Ambient Air
www.arb.ca.gov/research/indoor/ab1173/ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
finalreport.htm
This standard is available from NTIS
Controlling Pollutants and Sources, (800) 553-6847 with the ordering num-
IAQ Design for Schools ber PB90200288.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
w w w. e p a . g o v / i a q / s c h o o l d e s i g n / ;\Ôe`k`fej
controlling.html A Construction IAQ Management Plan
Detailed information on exhaust or spot is a document specific to a building proj-
ventilation practices during construction ect that outlines measures to minimize
activity can be found toward the end of contamination in the building during
the webpage at the abovementioned URL construction and to flush the building of
address. contaminants prior to occupancy.
State of Washington (SOW) Program HVAC Systems include heating, ventilat-
and IAQ Standards ing, and air-conditioning systems used to
www.aerias.org/kview.asp?DocId=85&sp provide thermal comfort and ventilation
aceid=2&subid=13 for building interiors.
This IAQ standard for the State of
Washington was the first state-initiated
program to ensure the design of buildings
with acceptable indoor air quality.
Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning
Contractors’ National Association
(SMACNA)
www.smacna.org
(703) 803-2980

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Reduce the quantity of indoor air contaminants that are odorous, irritating and/or
harmful to the comfort and well-being of installers and occupants.
I\hl`i\d\ekj
All adhesives and sealants used on the interior of the building (defined as inside of the
weatherproofing system and applied on-site) shall comply with the requirements of
the following reference standards:
Q Adhesives, Sealants and Sealant Primers: South Coast Air Quality Management
District (SCAQMD) Rule #1168. VOC limits are listed in the table below and
correspond to an effective date of July 1, 2005 and rule amendment date of January
7, 2005.
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Architectural Applications VOC Limit Specialty Applications VOC Limit

[g/L less water] [g/L less water]
Indoor Carpet Adhesives 50 PVC Welding 510
Carpet Pad Adhesives 50 CPVC Welding 490
Wood Flooring Adhesives 100 ABS Welding 325
Rubber Floor Adhesives 60 Plastic Cement Welding 250
Subfloor Adhesives 50 Adhesive Primer for Plastic 550
Ceramic Tile Adhesives 65 Contact Adhesive 80
VCT & Asphalt Adhesives 50 Special Purpose Contact 250
Adhesive
Drywall & Panel Adhesives 50 Structural Wood Member 140
Adhesive
Cove Base Adhesives 50 Sheet Applied Rubber 850
Lining Operations
Multipurpose 70 Top & Trim Adhesive 250
Construction Adhesives
Structural Glazing 100
Adhesives

Substrate Specific VOC Limit Sealants VOC Limit

Applications [g/L less water] [g/L less water]
Metal to Metal 30 Architectural 250
Plastic Foams 50 Nonmembrane Roof 300
Porous Material 50 Roadway 250
(except wood)
Wood 30 Single-Ply Roof Membrane 450
Fiberglass 80 Other 420

Sealant Primers VOC Limit

[g/L less water]
Architectural Non Porous 250
Architectural Porous 775
Other 750

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+%( Aerosol Adhesives VOC Weight [g/L minus water]
General purpose mist spray 65% VOCs by weight
General purpose web spray 55% VOCs by weight
Special purpose aerosol adhesives (all types) 70% VOCs by weight

Q Aerosol Adhesives: Green Seal Standard for Commercial Adhesives GS-36 require-
ments in effect on October 19, 2000.
Gfk\ek`Xc
K\Z_efcf^`\j

JkiXk\^`\j
Specify low-VOC materials in construction documents. Ensure that VOC limits are
clearly stated in each section of the specifications where adhesives and sealants are ad-
dressed. Common products to evaluate include general construction adhesives, flooring
adhesives, fire-stopping sealants, caulking, duct sealants, plumbing adhesives, and cove
base adhesives.

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JlddXip
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JlYd`kkXc
;fZld\ekXk`fe JJ N< <8 DI <H @;
JkXe[Xi[j This credit is submitted as part of the :i\[`k
+%(
South Coast Rule #1168 October 3, Construction Submittal.
2003 Amendment by the South Coast The following project data and calcula-
Air Quality Management District tion information is required to document
South Coast Air Quality Management credit compliance using the v2.2 Submit-
District tal Templates:
www.aqmd.gov/rules/reg/reg11/r1168. Q Provide a listing of each indoor ad-
pdf hesive, sealant and sealant primer
product used on the project. Include
(909) 396-2000
the manufacturer’s name, product
The South Coast Air Quality Manage- name, specific VOC data (in g/L, less
ment District is a governmental organi- water) for each product, and the cor-
zation in Southern California with the responding allowable VOC from the
mission to maintain healthful air quality referenced standard.
for its residents. The organization estab-
Q Provide a listing of each indoor aerosol
lished source specific standards to reduce
adhesive product used on the project.
air quality impacts. The South Coast Rule
Include the manufacturer’s name,
#1168 VOC limits for adhesives are sum-
product name, specific VOC data (in
marized above in Table 1.
g/L, less water) for each product, and
Green Seal Standard 36 (GS-36), Effec- the corresponding allowable VOC
tive October 19, 2000 from the referenced standard.
http://www.greenseal.org/certification/ Q Provide a narrative to describe any
standards/commercialadhesives.cfm special circumstances or non-stan-
Green Seal is an independent nonprofit dard compliance paths taken by the
organization that promotes the manu- project.
facture and sale of environmentally re-
sponsible consumer products. GS-36 I\jfliZ\j

is a standard that sets VOC limits for
commercial adhesives. Please see the USGBC Web site at www.
usgbc.org/resources for more specific
resources on materials sources and other
8ggifXZ_
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technical information.
@dgc\d\ekXk`fe
N\Y
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See the supplemental section at the end of
this credit for all EQ Credit 4 instructions. South Coast Rule #1168 by the South
Coast Air Quality Management District
South Coast Air Quality Management
:XcZlcXk`fej District
There are no calculations associated with
www.aqmd.gov/rules
this credit.
(909) 396-2000

<o\dgcXip
G\i]fidXeZ\ The South Coast Air Quality Manage-

ment District is a governmental organi-
This credit is not eligible for exemplary zation in Southern California with the
performance under the Innovation in mission to maintain healthful air quality
Design section. for its residents. The organization estab-

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 JJ N< <8 DI <H @; lished source specific standards to reduce Non-porous Sealant is a substance used
air quality impacts. The South Coast Rule as a sealant on non-porous materials.
:i\[`k
+%( #1168 VOC limits for adhesives are sum- Non-porous materials do not have open-
marized above in Table 1. ings in which fluids may be absorbed or
Green Seal Standard 36 (GS-36) discharged. Such materials include, but
are not limited to, plastic and metal.
http://www.greenseal.org/certification/
standards/commercialadhesives.cfm A Sealant is any material with adhesive
properties that is formulated primarily
Green Seal is an independent nonprofit to fill, seal, or waterproof gaps or joints
organization that promotes the manu- between two surfaces. Sealants include
facture and sale of environmentally re- sealant primers and caulks.
sponsible consumer products. GS-36
is a standard that sets VOC limits for VOC (Volatile Organic Compounds)
commercial adhesives. are carbon compounds that participate
in atmospheric photochemical reactions
(excluding carbon monoxide, carbon di-
;\Ôe`k`fej oxide, carbonic acid, metallic carbides and
Adhesive is any substance that is used to carbonates, and ammonium carbonate).
bond one surface to another surface by The compounds vaporize (become a gas)
attachment. Adhesives include adhesive at normal room temperatures.
bonding primers, adhesive primers, ad-
hesive primers for plastics, and any other
primer.
Aerosol Adhesive is an adhesive packaged
as an aerosol product in which the spray
mechanism is permanently housed in a
non-refillable can designed for hand-held
application without the need for ancil-
lary hoses or spray equipment. Aerosol
adhesives include special purpose spray
adhesives, mist spray adhesives and web
spray adhesives.
Indoor Adhesive, Sealant and/or Sealant
Primer product is defined as an adhe-
sive or sealant product applied on-site,
inside of the building’s weatherproofing
system.
Porous Sealant is a substance used as
a sealant on porous materials. Porous
materials have tiny openings, often micro-
scopic, in which fluids may be absorbed or
discharged. Such materials include, but are
not limited to, wood, fabric, paper, cor-
rugated paperboard and plastic foam.
Primer is a material applied to a substrate
to improve adhesion of subsequently ap-
plied adhesive.

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DXk\i`Xcj :i\[`k
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GX`ekj

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(
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@ek\ek
Reduce the quantity of indoor air contaminants that are odorous, irritating and/or
harmful to the comfort and well-being of installers and occupants.
I\hl`i\d\ekj
Paints and coatings used on the interior of the building (defined as inside of the weath-
erproofing system and applied on-site) shall comply with the following criteria:
Q Architectural paints, coatings and primers applied to interior walls and ceilings:
Do not exceed the VOC content limits established in Green Seal Standard GS-11,
Paints, First Edition, May 20, 1993. Primers must meet the VOC limit for non-flat
paint.
h Flats: 50 g/L
h Non-Flats: 150 g/L
Q Anti-corrosive and anti-rust paints applied to interior ferrous metal substrates: Do
not exceed the VOC content limit of 250 g/L established in Green Seal Standard
GS-03, Anti-Corrosive Paints, Second Edition, January 7, 1997.
Q Clear wood finishes, floor coatings, stains, sealers, and shellacs applied to interior
elements: Do not exceed the VOC content limits established in South Coast Air
Quality Management District (SCAQMD) Rule 1113, Architectural Coatings,
rules in effect on January 1, 2004. The following list of SCAQMD VOC limits are
examples. Refer to the standards for complete details.
h Clear wood finishes: varnish 350 g/L; lacquer 550 g/L
h Floor coatings: 100 g/L
h Sealers: waterproofing sealers 250 g/L; sanding sealers 275 g/L; all other sealers
200 g/L
h Shellac: clear 730 g/L; pigmented 550 g/L
h Stains: 250 g/L
Gfk\ek`Xc
K\Z_efcf^`\j

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Specify low-VOC paints and coatings in construction documents. Ensure that VOC
limits are clearly stated in each section of the specifications where paints and coat-
ings are addressed. Track the VOC content of all interior paints and coatings during
construction.

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f]
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<o\dgcXip
G\i]fidXeZ\
:i\[`k
+%) JkXe[Xi[j This credit is not eligible for exemplary
Green Seal Standard GS-11 performance under the Innovation &
Design section.
http://www.greenseal.org/certification/
standards/paints.cfm
(202) 872-6400 JlYd`kkXc
;fZld\ekXk`fe
Green Seal is an independent nonprofit This credit is submitted as part of the
organization that promotes the manu- Construction Submittal.
facture and sale of environmentally re- The following project data and calcula-
sponsible consumer products. GS-11 is tion information is required to document
a standard that sets VOC limits for com- credit compliance using the v2.2 Submit-
mercial flat and non-flat paints. tal Templates:
Green Seal Standard GC-03 Q Provide a listing of each indoor paint
http://www.greenseal.org/certification/ and coating used on the project.
standards/anti-corrosivepaints.cfm Include the manufacturer’s name,
product name, specific VOC data (in
(202) 872-6400 g/L) for each product, and the cor-
GC-03 is a Green Seal standard that sets responding allowable VOC from the
VOC limits for anti-corrosive and anti- referenced standard.
rust paints. Q Provide a narrative to describe any
South Coast Air Quality Management special circumstances or non-stan-
District (SCAQMD) Rule 1113, Archi- dard compliance paths taken by the
tectural Coatings project.
www.aqmd.gov/rules
The South Coast Air Quality Manage- I\jfliZ\j

ment District is a governmental organi- Please see the USGBC Web site at www.
zation in Southern California with the usgbc.org/resources for more specific
mission to maintain healthful air quality resources on materials sources and other
for its residents. The organization estab- technical information.
lished source specific standards to reduce
air quality impacts. N\Y
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Green Seal
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www.greenseal.org
@dgc\d\ekXk`fe South Coast Air Quality Management
See the supplemental section at the end District
of this credit for all EQ Credit 4 instruc- www.aqmd.gov
tions.
;\Ôe`k`fej
:XcZlcXk`fej Anti-corrosive Paints are coatings for-
There are no calculations associated with mulated and recommended for use in
this credit. preventing the corrosion of ferrous metal
substrates.

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composition that is converted to a solid
protective, decorative, or functional ad- :i\[`k
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herent film after application as a thin
layer. These coatings are intended for
on-site application to interior or exterior
surfaces of residential, commercial, insti-
tutional or industrial buildings.
Indoor Paint or Coating Product is
defined as a paint or coating product
applied on-site inside of the building’s
weatherproofing system.
Flat Coatings are coatings that register a
gloss of less than 15 on an 85-degree me-
ter or less than 5 on a 60-degree meter.
Non-flat Coatings are coatings that reg-
ister a gloss of 5 or greater on a 60-degree
meter and a gloss of 15 or greater on an
85-degree meter.
Primer is a material applied to a substrate
to improve adhesion of subsequently ap-
plied adhesive.
VOCs (Volatile Organic Compounds)
are carbon compounds that participate
in atmospheric photochemical reactions
(excluding carbon monoxide, carbon di-
oxide, carbonic acid, metallic carbides and
carbonates, and ammonium carbonate).
The compounds vaporize (become a gas)
at normal room temperatures.

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Reduce the quantity of indoor air contaminants that are odorous, irritating and/or
harmful to the comfort and well-being of installers and occupants.
I\hl`i\d\ekj
All carpet installed in the building interior shall meet the testing and product require-
ments of the Carpet and Rug Institute’s Green Label Plus program.
All carpet cushion installed in the building interior shall meet the requirements of the
Carpet and Rug Institute Green Label program.
All carpet adhesive shall meet the requirements of EQ Credit 4.1: VOC limit of 50 g/L.
Gfk\ek`Xc
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Clearly specify requirements for product testing and/or certification in the construc-
tion documents. Select products that are either certified under the Green Label Plus
program or for which testing has been done by qualified independent laboratories in
accordance with the appropriate requirements.
The Green Label Plus program for carpets and its associated VOC emission criteria in
micrograms per square meter per hour, along with information on testing method and
sample collection developed by the Carpet & Rug Institute (CRI) in coordination with
California’s Sustainable Building Task Force and the California Department of Health
Services (DHS), are described in Section 9, Acceptable Emissions Testing for Carpet,
DHS Standard Practice CA/DHS/EHLB/R-174, dated 07/15/04. This document is
available at: http://www.cal-iaq.org/VOC/Section01350_7_15_2004_FINAL_PLUS_
ADDENDUM-2004-01.pdf (also published as Section 01350 Section 9 [dated 2004]
by the Collaborative for High Performance Schools [www.chps.net]).

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This standard practice document specifies
JkXe[Xi[ testing criteria for carpet emissions that
:i\[`k
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Carpet and Rug Institute Green Label
Plus Testing Program
Carpet and Rug Institute
8ggifXZ_
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@dgc\d\ekXk`fe
www.carpet-rug.com
See the supplemental section at the end
(800) 882-8846 of this credit for all EQ Credit 4 instruc-
The Carpet and Rug Institute is a trade tions.
organization representing the carpet
and rug industry. Green Label Plus is an
independent testing program that iden-
:XcZlcXk`fej
tifies carpets with very low emissions of There are no calculations associated with
volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The this credit.
“Green Label Plus” program for carpets
and its associated VOC emission criteria <o\dgcXip
G\i]fidXeZ\
in micrograms per square meter per hour
developed by the Carpet & Rug Institute This credit is not eligible for exemplary
(CRI) in coordination with California’s performance under the Innovation in
Sustainable Building Task Force and the Design section.
California Department of Health Services
(DHS) are described on the CRI Web site. JlYd`kkXc
;fZld\ekXk`fe
In the CRI Green Label Plus Program,
This credit is submitted as part of the
emission rates must be verified by con-
Construction Submittal.
ducting annual testing. Valid/approved
certification numbers can be reviewed The following project data and calcula-
on the CRI Web site under Indoor Air tion information is required to document
Quality/Green Label Plus/Approved credit compliance using the v2.2 Submit-
companies. Approved products are listed tal Templates:
under the company heading. Q Provide a listing of each carpet prod-
uct installed in the building interior.
K\jk`e^
:i`k\i`X Confirm that the product complies
with the CRI Green Label Plus testing
Carpet must not exceed the maximum program.
target emission factors used in the CRI
Green Label program and following the Q Provide a listing of each carpet cush-
test protocol used by Green Label Plus. ion product installed in the building
Test results submitted must be no more interior. Confirm that the product
than 2 years old at the time of submis- complies with the CRI Green Label
sion. Standard Practice for the Testing of testing program.
Volatile Organic Emissions from Various Q Provide a narrative to describe any
Sources using Small-Scale Environmental special circumstances or non-standard
Chambers (State of California Standard compliance paths taken by the project.
1350), Section 9
h t t p : / / w w w. c a l - i a q . o r g / V O C /
Section01350_7_15_2004_FINAL_
PLUS_ADDENDUM-2004-01.pdf

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Please see the USGBC Web site at www. :i\[`k
+%*
usgbc.org/resources for more specific
resources on materials sources and other
technical information.
N\Y
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Carpet and Rug Institute
www.carpet-rug.org

;\Ôe`k`fej
Indoor carpet systems are defined as
carpet, carpet adhesive, or carpet cushion
product installed on-site inside of the
building’s weatherproofing system.
VOCs (Volatile Organic Compounds)
are carbon compounds that participate
in atmospheric photochemical reactions
(excluding carbon monoxide, carbon di-
oxide, carbonic acid, metallic carbides and
carbonates, and ammonium carbonate).
The compounds vaporize (become a gas)
at normal room temperatures.

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+%+
:fdgfj`k\
Nff[

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Gif[lZkj
(
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Reduce the quantity of indoor air contaminants that are odorous, irritating and/or
harmful to the comfort and well-being of installers and occupants.
I\hl`i\d\ekj
Composite wood and agrifiber products used on the interior of the building (defined as
inside of the weatherproofing system) shall contain no added urea-formaldehyde resins.
Laminating adhesives used to fabricate on-site and shop-applied composite wood and
agrifiber assemblies shall contain no added urea-formaldehyde resins.
Composite wood and agrifiber products are defined as: particleboard, medium den-
sity fiberboard (MDF), plywood, wheatboard, strawboard, panel substrates and door
cores. Furniture and equipment are not considered base building elements and are not
included.
Gfk\ek`Xc
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Specify wood and agrifiber products that contain no added urea-formaldehyde resins.
Specify laminating adhesives for field and shop applied assemblies that contain no
added urea-formaldehyde resins.

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:i\[`k
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There is no standard referenced for this Consumer Product Safety Commission
credit. www.cpsc.gov/CPSCPUB/PUBS/725.
html
8ggifXZ_
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An informational document from the
@dgc\d\ekXk`fe Consumer Product Safety Commission.
See the supplemental section at the end ;\Ôe`k`fej
of this credit for all EQ Credit 4 instruc-
tions. Agrifiber Board is a composite panel
product derived from recovered agricul-
tural waste fiber from sources including,
:XcZlcXk`fej but not limited to, cereal straw, sugarcane
There are no calculations associated with bagasse, sunflower husk, walnut shells,
this credit. coconut husks, and agricultural prunings.
The raw fibers are processed and mixed
with resins to produce panel products
<o\dgcXip
G\i]fidXeZ\ with characteristics similar to those de-
This credit is not eligible for exemplary rived from wood fiber. The following
performance under the Innovation in conditions describe which products must
Design section. comply with the requirements:
1. The product is inside of the building’s
JlYd`kkXc
;fZld\ekXk`fe waterproofing system.
This credit is submitted as part of the 2. Composite components used in as-
Construction Submittal. semblies are to be included (e.g., door
cores, panel substrates, etc.)
The following project data and calcula-
tion information is required to document 3. The product is part of the base build-
credit compliance using the v2.2 Submit- ing systems.
tal Templates: Composite Wood is a product consisting
Q Provide a listing of each composite of wood or plant particles or fibers bond-
wood and agrifiber product installed ed together by a synthetic resin or binder.
in the building interior. Confirm that Examples: plywood, particle-board,
each product does not contain any OSB, MDF, composite door cores. For
added urea-formaldehyde. the purposes of this credit, the following
conditions describe which products must
Q Provide a narrative to describe any
comply with the requirements:
special circumstances or non-standard
compliance paths taken by the project. 1. The product is inside of the building’s
waterproofing system.
I\jfliZ\j
2. Composite wood components used
in assemblies are included (e.g., door
Please see the USGBC Web site at www. cores, panel substrates, plywood sec-
usgbc.org/resources for more specific tions of I-beams).
resources on materials sources and other
technical information. 3. The product is part of the base build-
ing systems.

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Formaldehyde is a naturally occurring JJ N< <8 DI <H @;
VOC found in small amounts in animals
and plants, but is carcinogenic and an :i\[`k
+%+
irritant to most people when present in
high concentrations—causing headaches,
dizziness, mental impairment, and other
symptoms. When present in the air at
levels above 0.1 ppm parts of air, it can
cause watery eyes, burning sensations in
the eyes, nose and throat; nausea; cough-
ing; chest tightness; wheezing; skin rashes;
and asthmatic and allergic reactions.
Indoor Composite Wood or Agrifiber
product is defined as a composite wood
or agrifiber product installed on-site
inside of the building’s weatherproofing
system.
Laminate Adhesive is an adhesive used
in wood/agrifiber products (veneered pan-
els, composite wood products contained
in engineered lumber, door assemblies,
etc.).
Urea Formaldehyde is a combination
of urea and formaldehyde that is used in
some glues and may emit formaldehyde
at room temperature.
Phenol Formaldehyde, which off-gas-
ses only at high temperature, is used
for exterior products, although many of
those products are suitable for interior
applications.

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The four parts of LEED for New Construction EQ Credit 4 apply to products and
installation processes that have the potential to adversely affect the indoor air quality
(IAQ) of a project space and, in turn, those exposed to the contaminants these materi-
als may off-gas.

JkiXk\^`\j
The requirements for products and activities covered in EQ Credit 4 should be noted
in the project specifications and, ideally, within the specific section of the document
applicable to a particular trade or supplier.
;\j`^e
G_Xj\
In order to achieve this goal, credit requirements should be clearly stated in project
specifications. Reference the credit requirements in both Division 1 and in the techni-
cal divisions. Indicate what must be provided in the way of cut sheets, material safety
data sheets (MSD sheets), certificates and test reports. Consider making submittal of
this compliance documentation a condition of product approval.
:fejkilZk`fe
G_Xj\
Meeting the requirements set in EQ Credit 4 is not everyday practice for all construc-
tion teams and suppliers. Consider asking the project owner to stress the importance
of meeting the LEED requirements during pre-bid meetings and again at the time of
contract award. During these sessions, have LEED Accredited Professionals available and
ask for questions. Include requirements in subcontract and purchase order language.
:fdgfj`k`fe
C`d`kj
All materials that emit contaminants that have the potential to enter the indoor air will
be considered as indoor sources of contaminants. Materials which have the potential
to communicate their emissions to the indoor air include all indoor surfaces in contact
with the indoor air including flooring; walls; ceilings; interior furnishings; suspended
ceiling systems and the materials above those suspended ceilings; all ventilation sys-
tem components in communication with the ventilation supply or return air; and all
materials inside of wall cavities, ceiling cavities, floor cavities, or horizontal or vertical
chases. These materials include the caulking materials for windows and insulation in
ceilings or walls. An example of a material that has little or no potential for commu-
nicating with the indoor air is siding that is on the exterior side of the waterproofing
membrane. In this approach the formulation of a product is controlled. Limits are set
on the amount of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) permitted in a given volume
of the product. The threshold limits and the content within a particular product are
generally expressed in grams per liter (g/L). EQ Credits 4.1 and 4.2 use this approach
for adhesives, sealants, paints and coatings. EQ Credit 4.4 also controls formulation
by setting a limit of zero added urea-formaldehyde resins.

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+ This standard sets a limit on the rate that off-gassing may occur. The rate is stated as
the mass of contaminant that may be off-gassed by a given unit quantity of the product
in a set period of time. This approach is used in EQ Credit 4.3 for carpet where the
rate is expressed as micrograms of contaminant per square meter of carpet per hour.
These tests, which are now being done on an array of product types, place samples of
precise size in test chambers.
Air samples are drawn off at set times, generally over several days, and analyzed. There
are extensive protocols established to make the testing representative of actual conditions
on a project site and consistent between similar products from multiple manufactures.
The Carpet and Rug Institute (CRI) Green Label Plus program uses emission factor
test results for its certifications.
MF:
9l[^\kj
This alternative compliance path allows for specialty applications for which there is no
low-VOC product option. It may be used with adhesives and sealants covered in EQ
Credit 4.1 and with paints and coatings covered in EQ Credit 4.2. The documentation
must demonstrate that the overall low-VOC performance has been attained for paints
and adhesives separately, not in combination. The calculation is a comparison between
a baseline case and the design case. When the design (or actual) is less than the base-
line, the credit requirement is satisfied. The values used in the comparison are the total
VOCs contained in the products (i.e., paint) used on the project. The total VOCs is
determined by multiplying the volume of the product used by the threshold VOC level
for the baseline case and actual product VOC level for the design case. The baseline ap-
plication rate should not be greater than that used in the design case. When submitting
a VOC budget calculation, also provide the supporting documentation concerning the
product—the name, application rate, class or use to confirm that the correct threshold
VOC level has been used in determining the baseline case, and finally the actual VOC
level of the product. As the term “budget” implies, this compliance path should be a deci-
sion planned in advance. Occasionally, honest mistakes occur—even on LEED projects.
If realized in time, this approach may be used to determine if credit compliance can be
attained. A narrative explaining the situation should accompany the project submittal,
but project teams should never “paint” their way out of a mistake. Additional coats, even
with products below the threshold limits, add to the overall level of off-gassed VOCs. It is
not enough to meet the requirements; the intent also has to be met to earn the credit.

:fej`[\iXk`fej
A large number of building products contain compounds that have a negative im-
pact on indoor air quality and the Earth’s atmosphere. The most prominent of these
compounds, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), contribute to smog generation and
air pollution outdoors while having an adverse effect on the well-being of building
occupants indoors. By selecting low-emitting materials, both outdoor and indoor air
quality impacts can be reduced.
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ozone, a chemical that has a detrimental effect on human health, agricultural crops,

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Healthy occupants are more productive and have less illness-related absenteeism. Use of
high-VOC content materials can cause illness and may decrease occupant productivity.
These problems result in increased expenses and liability for building owners, opera-
tors and insurance companies. As a result, the construction market is driving product
manufacturers to offer low-VOC alternatives to conventional building products. Costs
for these low-VOC products are generally competitive with conventional materials.
However, some low-VOC materials are more expensive than conventional materials,
particularly when the products are first introduced to the marketplace. Low-VOC prod-
ucts may also be difficult to obtain for some product types. However, these problems
will recede as application of low-VOC products become more commonplace.
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Selecting materials that are low in VOCs helps reduce sources of pollutants during the
construction process and in the finished building. There are typically multiple prod-
ucts available that meet these criteria for a wide variety of applications. However, these
criteria must be balanced against other green building considerations, such as location
of manufacture, durability and performance.

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Minimize exposure of building occupants to potentially hazardous particulates and
chemical pollutants.
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Design to minimize and control pollutant entry into buildings and later cross-con-
tamination of regularly occupied areas:
Q Employ permanent entryway systems at least six feet long in the primary direction of
travel to capture dirt and particulates from entering the building at entryways that are
directly connected to the outdoors and that serve as regular entry points for building
users. Acceptable entryway systems include permanently installed grates, grilles, or
slotted systems that allow for cleaning underneath. Roll-out mats are only acceptable
when maintained on a weekly basis by a contracted service organization.
Q Where hazardous gases or chemicals may be present or used (including garages,
housekeeping/laundry areas and copying/printing rooms), exhaust each space suf-
ficiently to create negative pressure with respect to adjacent spaces with the doors
to the room closed. For each of these spaces, provide self-closing doors and deck to
deck partitions or a hard lid ceiling. The exhaust rate shall be at least 0.50 cfm/sq.ft.,
with no air re-circulation. The pressure differential with the surrounding spaces shall
be at least 5 Pa (0.02 inches of water gauge) on average and 1 Pa (0.004 inches of
water) at a minimum when the doors to the rooms are closed.
Q In mechanically ventilated buildings, provide regularly occupied areas of the building
with air filtration media prior to occupancy that provides a Minimum Efficiency
Reporting Value (MERV) of 13 or better. Filtration should be applied to process
both return and outside air that is to be delivered as supply air.
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Design facility cleaning and maintenance areas with isolated exhaust systems for con-
taminants. Maintain physical isolation from the rest of the regularly occupied areas
of the building. Install permanent architectural entryway systems such as grilles or
grates to prevent occupant-borne contaminants from entering the building. Install
high-level filtration systems in air handling units processing both return air and out-
side supply air. Ensure that air handling units can accommodate required filter sizes
and pressure drops.

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taminants that occupants are exposed to
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ANSI/ASHRAE 52.2-1999: Method of Incorporate permanent entryway systems,
Testing General Ventilation Air-Clean- which remove debris from shoes, at all
ing Devices for Removal Efficiency by high-traffic exterior access points to reduce
Particle Size, American Society of Heat- the amount of contaminants tracked into
ing, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning the occupied space by people. The entry-
Engineers (ASHRAE) way systems should be designed to capture
and remove particles from shoes without
www.ashrae.org allowing build-up of contaminants. Open
(800) 527-4723 grates/grilles or other entryway systems
This standard presents methods for that have a recessed collection area are
testing air cleaners for two performance generally thought to be most effective.
characteristics: the ability of the device (Carpeted systems are not regarded as pro-
to remove particles from the air stream viding the same effectiveness in particulate
and the device’s resistance to airflow. removal as open grid type systems and
The minimum efficiency reporting value require continuous cleaning/maintenance
(MERV) is based on three composite to avoid build-up of dirt and debris.)
average particle size removal efficiency Locate high-volume copy, print and fax
(PSE) points. Consult the standard for equipment away from occupant work
a complete explanation of MERV value spaces in enclosed rooms with self-clos-
calculations. Table 1 summarizes the re- ing doors. In order to effectively remove
quirements for a MERV value of 13. airborne contaminants generated by this
type of equipment, the rooms must be
physically separated from adjacent spaces.
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This may be accomplished through in-
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The indoor air quality of buildings is sealed gypsum board enclosures. Rooms
adversely affected by seemingly benign with large openings but no doors will
activities of daily occupancy and op- not be able to meet the credit require-
erations. Occupants and building visitors ment. To remove airborne contaminants,
contribute to IAQ issues within buildings and prevent cross-contamination into
by tracking in contaminants on their occupied spaces, copy, print and/or fax
shoes and clothing. Daily copier, fax and rooms must be equipped with a dedicated
printer operations add contaminants exhaust system (no return air) that cre-
to the building’s interior environment. ates a negative pressure within the room
Additionally, the storage, mixing and meeting the requirements of this credit.
disposal of housekeeping liquids may Convenience (small) copier and printer
adversely affect the health and produc- use should be minimized where possible.
tivity of building occupants. This credit Although encouraged, designing exhaust
strives to improve indoor environmental systems that account for convenience
conditions by mitigating the amount of copier and printer use is not a required
particulate, chemical and biological con- part of this credit.

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< 75% ≥90% ≥90% 350 1.4

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as janitor’s closets and photo labs should
This credit is submitted as part of the :i\[`k
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also be located away from occupant work
Design Submittal.
areas. Additionally, these rooms must
be physically separated from adjacent The following project data and calcula-
spaces via installation of deck-to-deck tion information is required to document
partitions or sealed gypsum board en- credit compliance using the v2.2 Submit-
closures. Rooms must be equipped with tal Templates:
a dedicated exhaust system (no return Q Provide confirmation that required
air) that creates the required negative entryway systems have been speci-
pressurization to ensure that cross con- fied/installed.
tamination into adjacent occupied spaces
Q Provide a listing of each entryway
will not occur.
product specified/installed in the
All building HVAC systems must be de- building. For roll-up or carpeted sys-
signed to accommodate filtration systems tems, confirm that the required con-
with a minimum MERV 13 rating. tracted maintenance will take place.
Additional ventilation systems to mitigate Q Provide copies of the project’s con-
contaminating space activities may affect struction drawings to highlight the
building energy performance and require location of the installed entryway
commissioning and Measurement & systems.
Verification attention. Ventilation system
Q Confirm that chemical use areas have
design will also be affected to ensure that
been designed as separate rooms with
installed systems are capable of accom-
dedicated exhaust systems and appro-
modating filtration media required for
priate negative pressurization.
credit compliance. This may be difficult
to achieve for spaces with low capacity, Q Provide copies of the project’s me-
packaged air handling systems, due to chanical drawings to highlight the
the size of these filters and their associated location of chemical usage areas, room
pressure drop. The selected space layout separations, and the associated exhaust
may prohibit deck-to-deck separation and systems.
separate ventilation systems for chemical Q If mechanically ventilated, confirm
use areas. Storage areas for recyclable that the installed filters have a MERV
materials may also be considered to be rating of 13 or better.
contaminant sources, depending on the Q Provide a listing of the installed filters
items recycled. Janitorial supplies may and their associated MERV ratings.
impact indoor air quality if not wisely
chosen. Q Provide a narrative to describe any
special circumstances or non-standard
compliance paths taken by the project.
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There are no specific calculations associ- :fej`[\iXk`fej
ated with this credit.
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tions, and separate exhausts for copying
This credit is not eligible for exemplary
and housekeeping areas can increase the
performance under the Innovation in
project’s overall initial cost. Also, dedicated
Design section.
ventilation and exhaust systems may re-

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installation costs. However, effective clean- Green Seal
:i\[`k
, ing spaces and systems coupled with good
human health initiatives should prove http://www.greenseal.org/findaproduct/
economically sound over the lifetime of index.cfm#cleaners
the building. Clean air can help support (202) 872-6400
worker productivity, and this translates Green Seal is an independent nonprofit
into increased profitability for the com- organization that promotes the manufac-
pany. Reducing the potential for spills can ture and sale of environmentally respon-
avoid costly environmental cleanups. sible consumer products. This Web site
:fddle`kp
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general purpose cleaning solutions.
Good housekeeping benefits the com-
munity by reducing the potential for Janitorial Products Pollution Preven-
chemical spills that can impact neigh- tion Project
boring properties. An environmentally http://www.westp2net.org/janitorial/jp4.
sound building also supports the well-be- cfm
ing of occupants, which may contribute A governmental and nonprofit project
to lowering health insurance rates and that researches issues and provides fact
healthcare costs. sheets, tools and links.
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@jjl\j EPA Environmentally Preferable Prod-
Local weather conditions should be fac- uct Information
tored into determining the location and www.epa.gov/opptintr/epp/
type of entryway systems. For example, in This Web site includes links to cleaning
areas that are prone to large amounts of product information and a database of
rain or snow, it may be prudent to locate environmental information on over 600
entryway systems in an enclosed vestibule products, including janitorial and pest
or inside the building. A floor drain be- control products.
neath the grille may also be necessary to
remove collected moisture. Gi`ek
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@jjl\j Clean and Green: The Complete Guide

to Non-Toxic and Environmentally Safe
Additional materials and energy may be Housekeeping by Annie Berthold-Bond,
required to provide entryway systems Ceres Press, 1994.
and isolated chemical use areas. This can
increase natural resource consumption as
well as air and water pollution. However,
through proper management of hazardous
chemicals used for building operations
and maintenance, chemical spills and
accidents can be avoided that would oth-
erwise harm wildlife and ecosystems.

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Please see the USGBC Web site at www.
usgbc.org/resources for more specific
resources on materials sources and other
technical information.
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Provide a high level of lighting system control by individual occupants or by specific
groups in multi-occupant spaces (i.e., classrooms or conference areas) to promote the
productivity, comfort and well-being of building occupants.
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Provide individual lighting controls for 90% (minimum) of the building occupants to
enable adjustments to suit individual task needs and preferences.
AND
Provide lighting system controllability for all shared multi-occupant spaces to enable
lighting adjustment that meets group needs and preferences.
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Design the building with occupant controls for lighting. Strategies to consider include
lighting controls and task lighting. Integrate lighting systems controllability into the
overall lighting design, providing ambient and task lighting while managing the overall
energy use of the building.

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nologies and strategies to compensate for
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There is no standard referenced for this is important to determine if any installed
credit. lighting systems or controls will require
special calibration and commissioning
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prior to occupancy. The office and equip-
@dgc\d\ekXk`fe ment layout should be carefully analyzed
to ensure that 90% of the occupants have
Conventional buildings too frequently the lighting controls. Task lights come in
only have fixed-intensity general lighting several varieties, from desk-top lamps to
systems which illuminate indoor spaces fixtures that are permanently attached to
without consideration of specific tasks workstations. While not required, design-
and individual occupant comfort. A more ers should investigate the potential for the
desirable approach provides uniform selected task lighting to have user-adjust-
general ambient lighting, augmented with able lighting levels and automatic shutoff
individually controlled task fixtures. switching.
During the early planning phase of a It is important to remember that the
project, it is important to ask questions operation of automatic occupancy sen-
that will enable the design team to un- sors, daylight sensors, and other lighting
derstand the client’s lighting needs and controls may be adversely affected by
desires. Determine the tasks that will items that are installed during and fol-
be accomplished in each space and the lowing construction, such as office equip-
specific tools and equipment that will ment and furnishings. It is important to
be used by occupants. For example, a coordinate the final calibration of these
lighting strategy that is appropriate for items with the installer and commission-
a computer data entry area may not pro- ing agent early in the construction phase
vide the functionality needed for other to ensure the system operates as design
occupant functions. When developing intended, providing lighting controls to
a task-ambient approach, the designer 90% of the occupants.
should investigate methods for providing
uniform ambient illumination. Increased
uniformity will reduce the perception :XcZlcXk`fej
of decreased foot-candle levels in open
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spaces by minimizing high contrast areas.
Designers should investigate the benefits To satisfy this portion of the requirement,
of direct/indirect or pendant mounted start by identifying those workstation
systems coupled with high reflectance locations intended for individual use.
ceiling surfaces and finishes. Integration The total count should include private
of surface materials selection and lighting offices, open plan workstations, reception
design may create opportunities to reduce stations, ticket booths, etc. Confirm that
the number of installed lighting fixtures, 90% or more of these occupants have task
resulting in potential energy savings. lighting that enables adjustment to suit
individual task needs. Adjustability, at a
To comply and be consistent with ANSI/
minimum, must allow the workstation
ASHRAE/IESNA 90.1-2004, task light-
occupant the ability to turn the fixture
ing must be included in the lighting
on and off. Ideally the fixture should be
allowance for EA Prerequisite 2 and EA
able to be easily repositioned by the oc-
Credit 1.2. Daylighting can be integrated
cupant and should have multiple light
with this credit by using daylighting tech-

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for the occupant’s task. In LEED for New controls.
Construction, task lights need not be :i\[`k
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Q Provide a narrative describing the
permanently wired. project's lighting control strategy.
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location of individual controls (gen-
These spaces include conference rooms, eral area illumination controls for
classrooms and other indoor spaces used multi-workstation spaces may not
as a place of congregation for functions be counted towards this credit) and
such as presentations and training. In also the type and location of controls
these spaces, the work group should have provided for shared multi-occupant
access to adequate controls to provide the spaces.
functionality to suit their activities. Spe-
cific types or numbers of controls are not
listed in the credit requirements to allow :fej`[\iXk`fej
for flexibility in designing to the unique
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uses of each project. Meeting spaces that
can be subdivided, as with a movable wall Additional task lights and lighting
in a convention hall, must be designed controls may increase first costs for the
so occupants in each area have control of building. However, these costs are gen-
their individual area. When daylighting erally offset by reduced heat load and
is used as a component of an ambient may allow designers to reduce ambient
lighting scheme, in either type of space, footcandle levels, thereby lowering the
there should be glare control, lighting required amount of installed fixtures and
level controls and room-darkening shades lamps. Conversely, abuse of personal
(where required by function.) controls, such as leaving task lights on
when not in the office, has the potential
to increase energy costs. Therefore, it is
<o\dgcXip
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This credit is not eligible for exemplary design and function of system controls.
performance under the Innovation in Integrating individual controls with oc-
Design section. cupancy sensors provides project teams
with an opportunity to reduce the overall
energy cost.
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This credit is submitted as part of the <em`ifed\ekXc
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Design Submittal. Provision of individual controls for
The following project data and calcula- lighting can lead to increased occupant
tion information is required to document comfort by enabling occupants to tailor
credit compliance using the v2.2 Submit- the workspace to their individual needs.
tal Templates: Additionally, by reducing ambient space
footcandle levels and providing user con-
Q For individual workstation controls,
trolled, flexible, task-appropriate lighting,
provide a listing of the total number
the project may reduce the overall light-
of individual workstations and lighting
ing energy costs and reduce heat loads
controls.
associated with high footcandle levels of
Q For shared multi-occupant space con- indoor lighting.
trol, provide a listing of the project’s
group multi-occupant spaces and a

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separate zone with accessible thermostat
and an air-flow control.
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usgbc.org/resources for more specific Individual Occupant Spaces are typi-
resources on materials sources and other cally private offices and open office plans
technical information. with workstations.
Non-Occupied Spaces include all rooms
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used by maintenance personnel that are
A Field Study of PEM (Personal En- not open for use by occupants. Included
vironmental Module) Performance in in this category are janitorial, storage and
Bank of America’s San Francisco Office equipment rooms, and closets.
Buildings
Non-Regularly Occupied Spaces include
www.cbe.berkeley.edu/research/pdf_files/ corridors, hallways, lobbies, break rooms,
bauman1998_bofa.pdf copy rooms, storage rooms, kitchens,
This University of California, Berkeley restrooms, stairwells, etc.
Center for Environmental Design Re-
search provides information on lighting
quality, underfloor air distribution tech-
nologies and other topics.
“Do Green Buildings Enhance the
Well-being of Workers? Yes”
Environmental Design + Construction
h t t p : / / w w w. e d c m a g . c o m / C D A /
Archives/fb077b7338697010
VgnVCM100000f932a8c0____
This article by Judith Heerwagen, PhD in
the July/August 2000 edition of Environ-
mental Design + Construction, quantifies
the effects of green building environments
on productivity. This article requires free
registration to Environmental Design +
Construction.
Gi`ek
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Controls and Automation for Facilities
Managers: Applications Engineering by
Viktor Boed, CRC Press, 1998.

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Shared (Group) Multi-Occupant Spac-
es include conference rooms, classrooms
and other indoor spaces used as a place of
congregation for presentations, trainings,
etc. Individuals using these spaces share
the lighting and temperature controls
and they should have, at a minimum, a

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Provide a high level of thermal comfort system control by individual occupants or by
specific groups in multi-occupant spaces (i.e., classrooms or conference areas) to promote
the productivity, comfort and well-being of building occupants.
I\hl`i\d\ekj
Provide individual comfort controls for 50% (minimum) of the building occupants to
enable adjustments to suit individual task needs and preferences. Operable windows
can be used in lieu of comfort controls for occupants of areas that are 20 feet inside
of and 10 feet to either side of the operable part of the window. The areas of operable
window must meet the requirements of ASHRAE 62.1-2004, paragraph 5.1, Natural
Ventilation.
AND
Provide comfort system controls for all shared multi-occupant spaces to enable adjust-
ments to suit group needs and preferences.
Conditions for thermal comfort are described in ASHRAE Standard 55-2004 to
include the primary factors of air temperature, radiant temperature, air speed and
humidity. Comfort system control, for the purposes of this credit, is defined as the
provision of control over at least one of these primary factors in the occupant’s local
environment.
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Design the building and systems with comfort controls to allow adjustments to suit
individual needs or those of groups in shared spaces. ASHRAE Standard 55-2004
identifies the factors of thermal comfort and a process for developing comfort criteria
for building spaces that suit the needs of the occupants involved in their daily activi-
ties. Control strategies can be developed to expand on the comfort criteria to allow
adjustments to suit individual needs and preferences. These may involve system designs
incorporating operable windows, hybrid systems integrating operable windows and
mechanical systems, or mechanical systems alone. Individual adjustments may involve
individual thermostat controls, local diffusers at floor, desk or overhead levels, or control
of individual radiant panels, or other means integrated into the overall building, thermal
comfort systems, and energy systems design. In addition, designers should evaluate the
closely tied interactions between thermal comfort (as required by ASHRAE Standard
55-2004) and acceptable indoor air quality (as required by ASHRAE Standard 62.1-
2004, whether natural or mechanical ventilation).

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controls to adjust the thermal conditions
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ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2004: comfort include air temperature and
Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air velocity, the amount of outside air and
Quality moisture content.
American Society of Heating, Refriger- The design team should determine the
ating and Air-Conditioning Engineers level of individual control desired. Design
(ASHRAE) the building with comfort controls to suit
www.ashrae.org both individual needs and those of groups
(800) 527-4723 in shared spaces.
Section 5.1 (Natural Ventilation) of the Strategies to consider include designs
standard provides minimum require- with operable windows, hybrid designs
ments for operable openings. The portion incorporating operable windows and me-
of the window that can be opened must chanical systems, or mechanical systems
be 4% of the net occupiable floor area. alone. Individual control of comfort with
The means to open the windows must be mechanical systems may be integrated
readily accessible to building occupants. into the overall systems design by enabling
individual adjustment of selected comfort
ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55-2004: parameters, such as individual thermo-
Thermal Environmental Conditions stats, individual diffusers (located at floor,
for Human Occupancy desk or overhead), and individual radiant
American Society of Heating, Refriger- panels. Occupancy sensors can also be
ating and Air-Conditioning Engineers integrated in the design to automatically
(ASHRAE) turn down the thermostat and reduce
www.ashrae.org airflow when occupants are away, helping
reduce energy use.
(800) 527-4723
Occupants must be educated on indi-
ASHRAE Standard 55-2004 identifies the
vidual control of their office space envi-
factors of thermal comfort and the process
ronment. Additionally, key maintenance
for developing comfort criteria for a build-
staff must be trained in the operations of
ing space and the occupants of that space.
the HVAC equipment and any installed
“This standard specifies the combinations
controls.
of indoor space environment and personal
factors that will produce thermal environ-
mental conditions acceptable to 80% or :XcZlcXk`fej
more of the occupants within a space. The
@e[`m`[lXc
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environmental factors addressed are tem-
perature, thermal radiation, humidity, and To satisfy this portion of the requirement,
air speed; the personal factors are those of start by identifying those workstation lo-
activity and clothing.” (ASHRAE) cations intended for individual use. The
count should include private offices, open
plan workstations, reception stations,
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ticket booths, etc. Confirm that 50% or
@dgc\d\ekXk`fe more of individuals occupying these loca-
Conventional buildings too frequently tions have at least one means of individual
are built as sealed space where the oc- control over thermal comfort.
cupants have no control. A more desir- Operable windows may be used in lieu of
able approach provides individuals the individual controls for those occupants lo-
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cated within 20 ft. of the exterior wall and Q For shared multi-occupant space con- JJ N< <8 DI <H @;
within 10 ft. of either side of the operable trol, provide a listing of the project’s
part of the window. The operable portion group multi-occupant spaces and a :i\[`k
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of the window will need to comply with description of the installed thermal
the free-opening size criteria of ASHRAE controls.
Standard 62.1-2004 section 5.1. The mini- Q Provide a narrative describing the
mum area of the window opening may be project's comfort control strategy.
4% of the net occupiable area for the ven- Include data regarding the type and
tilation purposes, however larger opening location of individual and shared
areas may be required for thermal comfort group-occupancy controls.
over a wide range of outside conditions.
For the limits used in this credit, an area
20 ft. by 20 ft. per window, the opening :fej`[\iXk`fej
size would need to be 16 sq.ft.
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The most frequently reported occupant
To satisfy this portion of the requirement, complaints involve thermal discomfort.
start by identifying those areas where tran- Greater thermal comfort may increase oc-
sient groups share spaces, such as confer- cupant performance and attendance and,
ence rooms, break rooms and lecture halls. at least, will reduce complaints. According
Specific types or numbers of controls are to the Rocky Mountain Institute’s Green
not listed in the credit requirements to Developments in Real Estate, office worker
allow for flexibility in designing to the salaries are estimated to be 72 times higher
unique uses of each project. Confirm that than energy costs, and they account for
there is at least one means of control over 92% of the life-cycle costs of a building;
thermal comfort that is accessible. Meet- with this in mind, thermal comfort can
ing spaces that can be subdivided, as with have a tremendous effect on overall costs.
a movable wall in a convention hall, must As noted in a report published by the Cen-
be designed so occupants in each area have ter for the Built Environment (“Giving
control of their individual area. Occupants What They Want: Guidelines
for Implementing Personal Environmen-
tal Control in Your Building” by Fred S.
<o\dgcXip
G\i]fidXeZ\ Bauman, PE – 1999) studies have shown
This credit is not eligible for exemplary that individual occupant controls can
performance under the Innovation in potentially increase the satisfaction and
Design section. productivity of occupants. The financial
implications of such improvements can
be extremely large for building owners.
JlYd`kkXc
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Additional controllability may add to first
This credit is submitted as part of the costs of a project, however, these costs are
Design Submittal. generally offset by energy savings through
The following project data and calcula- lower conditioned temperatures, natural
tion information is required to document ventilation and less solar gain through
credit compliance using the v2.2 Submit- proper use of shading devices. Conversely,
tal Templates: abuse of personal controls such as setting
thermostats too high or leaving windows
Q For individual workstation controls,
open during non-working hours increases
provide a listing of the total number
energy costs. Therefore, it is important
of individual workstations and thermal
to educate occupants on the design and
controls.
function of system controls.
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 JJ N< <8 DI <H @; Alteration of the ventilation and tem- h t t p : / / w w w. e d c m a g . c o m / C D A /
perature scheme may change the energy Archives/fb077b7338697010
:i\[`k
-%) performance of the building and may re- VgnVCM100000f932a8c0____
quire commissioning and Measurement & An article by Judith Heerwagen in the
Verification attention. Controllability of July/August 2000 edition, of Environ-
systems may not be possible for occupants mental Design + Construction quantifies
in existing buildings being rehabilitated, the effects of green building environments
especially with regard to operable win- on productivity. This article requires free
dows. The degree of occupant controls will registration to Environmental Design +
affect the performance of the ventilation Construction.
system. Daylighting and view strategies are
affected by the controlling requirements of Gi`ek
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the operable windows in this credit. Controls and Automation for Facilities
I\^`feXc
@jjl\j Managers: Applications Engineering by
Viktor Boed, CRC Press, 1998.
Local weather and ambient air conditions
must be considered when determining the Giving Occupants What They Want:
feasibility of operable windows for projects. Guidelines for Implementing Personal En-
For example, in areas that are prone to vironmental Control in Your Building by
extreme temperatures for a majority of the Fred S. Bauman, PE, Center for the Built
year, or urban areas where traffic and air Environment, 1999.
pollution are problematic, operable win- Using advanced office technology to increase
dows may not be an appropriate addition productivity: the impact of environmentally
to a building. responsive workstations (ERWs) on produc-
tivity and worker attitude by W. Kroner, J.
Stark-Martin, and T. Willemain. 1992. The
I\jfliZ\j
Center for Architectural Research, Rensse-
Please see the USGBC Web site at www. laer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, N.Y.
usgbc.org/resources for more specific
resources on materials sources and other
technical information. ;\Ôe`k`fej
Shared (Group) Multi-Occupant Spac-
N\Y
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Center for the Built Environment and other indoor spaces used as a place
www.cbe.berkeley.edu of congregation for presentations, train-
ings, etc.
This University of California, Berkeley
Center for Environmental Design Re- Individual Occupant Spaces are typi-
search provides information on under- cally private offices and open office plans
floor air distribution technologies and with workstations.
other topics. See the publications page Non-Occupied Spaces include all rooms
for articles such as “A Field Study of used by maintenance personnel that are
PEM (Personal Environmental Module) not open for use by occupants. Included
Performance in Bank of America’s San in this category are janitorial, storage and
Francisco Office Buildings.” equipment rooms, and closets.
“Do Green Buildings Enhance the Non-Regularly Occupied Spaces include
Well-being of Workers? Yes” corridors, hallways, lobbies, break rooms,
Environmental Design + Construction copy rooms, storage rooms, kitchens,
restrooms, stairwells, etc.

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 JJ N< <8 DI <H @;

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Provide a comfortable thermal environment that supports the productivity and well-
being of building occupants.
I\hl`i\d\ekj
Design HVAC systems and the building envelope to meet the requirements of ASHRAE
Standard 55-2004, Thermal Comfort Conditions for Human Occupancy. Demonstrate
design compliance in accordance with the Section 6.1.1 Documentation.
Gfk\ek`Xc
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Establish comfort criteria per ASHRAE Standard 55-2004 that support the desired
quality and occupant satisfaction with building performance. Design building enve-
lope and systems with the capability to deliver performance to the comfort criteria
under expected environmental and use conditions. Evaluate air temperature, radiant
temperature, air speed, and relative humidity in an integrated fashion and coordinate
these criteria with EQ Prerequisite 1, EQ Credit 1 and EQ Credit 2.

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 JJ N< <8 DI <H @; JlddXip
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ing approaches are appropriate for the
JkXe[Xi[j building. ASHRAE Standard 55-2004
:i\[`k
.%( provides thermal comfort standards, with
ASHRAE Standard 55-2004, Thermal an optional alternate approach specifically
Comfort Conditions for Human Oc- for naturally ventilated spaces.
cupancy
ASHRAE 55-2004 is based on the Pre-
American Society of Heating, Refrigerat- dicted Mean Vote (PMV) comfort model
ing and Air-Conditioning Engineers which incorporates heat balance principles
“This standard specifies the combinations to relate the personal and environmental
of indoor space environment and personal thermal comfort factors based on the ther-
factors that will produce thermal environ- mal sensation scale that shows seven levels
mental conditions acceptable to 80% or ranging from +3 (hot) to -3 (cold). The
more of the occupants within a space. The PMV model is applicable to air speeds not
environmental factors addressed are tem- greater than 0.20 m/s (40 fpm).
perature, thermal radiation, humidity, and For naturally ventilated spaces, the stan-
air speed; the personal factors are those of dard notes that field experiments have
activity and clothing.” (ASHRAE) shown that occupants’ thermal responses
depend in part on the outdoor climate
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and may differ from thermal responses
@dgc\d\ekXk`fe in buildings with centralized HVAC
systems. This is primarily because of the
If properly designed, built, and operated, different thermal experiences, changes in
a green building provides its occupants clothing, availability of control, and shifts
with comfortable indoor conditions that in occupant expectations. The standard
support their productivity and well-being. provides an optional method of compli-
Although often associated only with air ance, intended for naturally ventilated
temperature, thermal comfort is a com- spaces. This optional method (section 5.3
plex issue, impacted by environmental of the standard) provides broad indoor
conditions (air temperature, radiant temperature ranges as a function of mean
temperature, humidity and air speed) monthly outdoor temperatures; assuming
and personal factors (metabolic rate and light, sedentary activity but independent
clothing level) as well as personal prefer- of humidity, air speed and clothing con-
ences of occupants. siderations.
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;\j`^e
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Using ASHRAE Standard 55-2004, the
There are three basic approaches to pro-
design team and the owner in collabora-
viding thermal comfort within a project
tion should identify the environmental
space:
parameters required to maintain the
Q Active Conditioning (e.g. mechanical desired thermal comfort in the project
HVAC systems) space and then identify the conditioning
Q Passive Conditioning (e.g. natural systems (whether active or passive) that
ventilation) can best provide these conditions. This
decision may be influenced by the size,
Q Mixed-mode conditioning—employ-
type, location, and climatic conditions
ing a combination of active and passive
of the proposed building as well as the
systems
nature of the operations that will occur
The owner and project team should make in the building.
a decision as to which of the condition-
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There are many well established HVAC :XcZlcXk`fej JJ N< <8 DI <H @;
load calculation methodologies to assist
There are no calculations required for :i\[`k
.%(
designers in sizing and selecting HVAC
this LEED for New Construction credit.
equipment in order to provide thermal
However, project teams should be able
comfort conditions. Lighting systems and
to describe how thermal comfort condi-
other internal HVAC loads are integrated
tions were established for the project and
into the HVAC sizing calculations, to
how the design of conditioning systems
allow for adequate system capacity to
addresses the thermal comfort design
meet thermal comfort criteria without
criteria.
over-sizing the HVAC systems.
A natural ventilation approach may be
more difficult to evaluate in design and <o\dgcXip
G\i]fidXeZ\
require more intensive analysis and/or This credit is not eligible for exemplary
reliance on experience and precedents. performance under the Innovation in
For naturally ventilated buildings CIBSE Design section.
AM10 presents design strategies for com-
fortable and healthy naturally ventilated
JlYd`kkXc
;fZld\ekXk`fe
buildings.
This credit is submitted as part of the
Fg\iXk`fe
G_Xj\ Design Submittal.
For mechanical conditioning, the op- The following project data and calcula-
erating setpoints and parameters of the tion information is required to document
HVAC system will be a primary influ- credit compliance using the v2.2 Submit-
ence on thermal comfort conditions in tal Templates:
the project space. Many facility operators
Q Provide data regarding seasonal tem-
in mechanically air-conditioned spaces
perature and humidity design crite-
spend significant effort and time ad-
ria.
justing thermostat setpoints and other
operational parameters in order to limit Q Provide a narrative describing the
complaints associated with poor thermal method used to establish the thermal
comfort. Systems where individual oc- comfort conditions for the project and
cupants are provided some amount of how the systems design addresses the
direct control over temperature and/or air design criteria. Include specific infor-
movement generally yield fewer thermal mation regarding compliance with the
comfort complaints. referenced standard.
The maxim “passive buildings, active oc-
cupants” fits the natural ventilation model :fej`[\iXk`fej
well. Occupants generally take a primary
<em`ifed\ekXc
@jjl\j
role in managing thermal comfort condi-
tions in naturally ventilated buildings by Building conditioning systems, including
opening and closing windows as neces- both active HVAC systems and natural
sary and appropriate. Thermal comfort ventilation systems, are designed and
in naturally conditioned buildings is also installed in buildings to enhance thermal
somewhat more variable and tied to the comfort for building occupants. These
ambient conditions than in mechanically building conditioning systems may serve
conditioned buildings where systems are other functions as well, including provid-
often designed to maintain relatively ing ventilation air and providing thermal
consistent conditions through all periods conditioning for equipment and pro-
of occupancy.
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 JJ N< <8 DI <H @; cesses. Designing and installing building Humidity Control Design Guide by L.
conditioning systems to provide superior Harriman, G.W. Brundett and R. Kittler,
:i\[`k
.%( thermal comfort, ventilation, and indoor ASHRAE, 2000.
air quality as efficiently, and cost effec- The Impact of Part-Load Air-Conditioner
tively as possible is a central challenge for Operation on Dehumidification Perfor-
many green building projects mance: Thermal Comfort by P.O. Fanger,
Jpe\i^`\j
Xe[
KiX[\$F]]j Mc-Graw Hill, 1973.
An active HVAC system generally will pro- Thermal Delight in Architecture by Lisa
vide a higher degree of control over indoor Heschong, MIT Press, 1979.
thermal comfort conditions than a pas-
sive conditioning system. Capital, energy ;\Ôe`k`fej
and lifecycle costs, however, are generally
Natural Ventilation is the ventilation
higher for an active HVAC system than
provided by thermal, wind, or diffusion
for a naturally ventilated system.
effects through doors, windows, or other
Natural ventilation and other passive intentional openings in the building.
conditioning approaches are often de- (ASHRAE 62.1-2004)
pendent on occupants’ managing the
Relative Humidity is the ratio of partial
system (e.g. opening windows or closing
density of water vapor in the air to the
blinds at appropriate times) to meet the
saturation density of water vapor at the
comfort criteria. Active conditioning sys-
same temperature and the same total pres-
tems generally rely on central automation
sure. (ASHRAE 55-2004).
systems to comply with little or no direct
occupant control. Thermal Comfort is a condition of
mind experienced by building occupants
expressing satisfaction with the thermal
I\jfliZ\j
environment.
Please see the USGBC Web site at www. Comfort Criteria is specific original
usgbc.org/resources for more specific design conditions that shall at minimum
resources on materials sources and other include temperature (air, radiant and
technical information. surface), humidity and air speed as well as
N\Y
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outdoor humidity design conditions,
Enhance Indoor Environmental Qual- clothing (seasonal) and activity expected.
ity (IEQ), The Whole Building Design (ASHRAE 55-2004)
Guide
www.wbdg.org/design/ieq.php
The Indoor Environmental Quality sec-
tion provides a wealth of resources includ-
ing definitions, fundamentals, materials
and tools.
Gi`ek
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ASHRAE Standard 62.1 –2004: Ventila-
tion for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality,
ASHRAE, 2004.

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Provide for the assessment of building thermal comfort over time. <H
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Agree to implement a thermal comfort survey of building occupants within a period
of six to 18 months after occupancy. This survey should collect anonymous responses
about thermal comfort in the building including an assessment of overall satisfaction
with thermal performance and identification of thermal comfort-related problems.
Agree to develop a plan for corrective action if the survey results indicate that more
than 20% of occupants are dissatisfied with thermal comfort in the building. This plan
should include measurement of relevant environmental variables in problem areas in
accordance with ASHRAE Standard 55-2004.
Gfk\ek`Xc
K\Z_efcf^`\j

JkiXk\^`\j
ASHRAE Standard 55-2004 provides guidance for establishing thermal comfort criteria
and the documentation and validation of building performance to the criteria. While
the standard is not intended for purposes of continuous monitoring and maintenance
of the thermal environment, the principles expressed in the standard provide a basis
for design of monitoring and corrective action systems.

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Temperature, humidity and other envi-
JkXe[Xi[j ronmental monitoring systems provide
:i\[`k
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ASHRAE Standard 55-2004, Thermal determine if the building space conditions
Comfort Conditions for Human Oc- meet the design intent and/or if they are
cupancy being maintained consistently through
American Society of Heating, Refrigerat- the occupied periods.
ing and Air-Conditioning Engineers
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;\j`^e
G_Xj\
“This standard specifies the combina-
tions of indoor space environment and Once the project has identified appro-
personal factors that will produce thermal priate thermal comfort criteria (as part
environmental conditions acceptable to of compliance with EQ Credit 7.1) and
80% or more of the occupants within determined the appropriate conditioning
a space. The environmental factors ad- system to meet the criteria, the project
dressed are temperature, thermal radia- team should identify the key areas of
tion, humidity, and air speed; the personal focus for the occupant survey and should
factors are those of activity and clothing.” anticipate provisions for analysis of en-
(ASHRAE) vironmental variables should the survey
identify problems.

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Jlim\p
FZZlgXekj
@dgc\d\ekXk`fe Facility operators or outside consultants
When properly designed, built and op- shall develop procedures to survey build-
erated, a green building provides its oc- ing occupants about thermal comfort
cupants with comfortable indoor condi- conditions. The main parameter to
tions that support their productivity and be measured in the occupant survey is
well-being. Since poor thermal comfort is satisfaction with thermal environment
the primary occupant complaint in many (e.g.: “How satisfied are you with the
facilities, a well managed and responsive temperature in your workspace?”). The
green building should have systems in answer is posed in a seven-point scale
place to gauge whether occupant comfort format running from very satisfied (+3)
is being maintained or can be improved. to very dissatisfied (-3) with the center
(0) signifying the neutral point. Survey
respondents identify their approximate
JkiXk\^`\j location by building nominal zone, and
Since thermal comfort is inherently can specify their exact location volun-
subjective and is psychological as much tarily. The survey must include follow-up
as physiological, regularly surveying oc- questions that are asked if the respondent
cupants may be the best way to determine indicates dissatisfaction, to identify the
if a facility is “comfortable.” Sporadic oc- nature and cause of the problem. Sources
cupant complaints about thermal comfort of sample surveys include, but are not
may not be an appropriate indicator of limited to, the Center for the Built Envi-
overall thermal comfort but rather an ronment and the Usable Buildings Trust
indicator of local or personal dissatisfac- (see Resources below.)
tion. Providing a systematic process and This survey may be administered in
mechanism for all occupants to provide person, over the phone, over networked
feedback about their thermal comfort computers, or on paper but should be
will help building operators adjust and consistently applied and available for
maintain thermal comfort in the building. participation by all regular occupants.

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Percent dissatisfied will be the percentage JlYd`kkXc
;fZld\ekXk`fe JJ N< <8 DI <H @;
of respondents who answer “dissatisfied”
This credit is submitted as part of the :i\[`k
.%)
(any of the lower three point of the seven-
Design Submittal.
point scale, i.e., <0) on the satisfaction
with the thermal environment question. The following project data and calcula-
tion information is required to document
The survey may encompass other indoor
credit compliance using the v2.2 Submit-
environmental quality considerations
tal Templates:
(such as lighting or acoustics) as well, al-
though this is not required for this LEED Q Provide a narrative describing the
for New Construction credit. survey planned for the validation of
the thermal comfort conditions for the
GcXe
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:fii\Zk`m\
8Zk`fe project. Include a specific description
The survey will identify the nature and of the provisions for creating a plan
location of any thermal environmental for corrective action.
problems and the diagnostic questions
will suggest directions for corrective ac- :fej`[\iXk`fej
tions. Corrective actions typically include:
control adjustments (e.g., temperature :fjk
@jjl\j
setpoints, schedules, operating modes), Monitoring, managing and maintaining
diffuser airflow adjustments, and solar thermal comfort conditions in a build-
control. ing may increase or decrease building
Thermal discomfort in buildings is often operating costs slightly. Thermal comfort
caused by local variations in the thermal complaints are among the most prevalent
environment. It is impractical to have occupant complaints in many buildings.
thermal comfort monitoring systems in Maintaining thermal comfort in a build-
every workstation in the building that ing may allow operations and mainte-
are capable of monitoring and diagnos- nance staff to address other facility issues
ing thermal comfort problems. The more thoroughly by reducing the need to
resolution of performance failure is at the respond to “hot calls” and “cold calls.”
discretion of the design team and facility
O&M staff. Short-term monitoring and Jpe\i^`\j
Xe[
KiX[\$F]]j
spot measurements of environmental vari- Thermal comfort monitoring (via oc-
ables with temporary equipment should cupant surveying or monitoring envi-
be done once problem areas have been ronmental variables) may add capital,
identified through the occupant survey. operations and/or maintenance costs to
a facility. The building systems, build-
ing use, and occupants may change with
:XcZlcXk`fej time, requiring on-going maintenance
There are no calculations associated with and perhaps adjustments to thermal com-
this credit. fort systems. Reducing thermal comfort
problems and complaints contributes to
<o\dgcXip
G\i]fidXeZ\ occupant well-being and may allow facil-
ity operations and maintenance staff to
This credit is not eligible for exemplary focus on other critical areas.
performance under the Innovation in
Design section. <em`ifed\ekXc
@jjl\j
For many facilities, the HVAC systems
which maintain indoor thermal comfort

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 JJ N< <8 DI <H @; are the largest energy end-use. A suc- ;\Ôe`k`fej
cessful green building should minimize
:i\[`k
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the energy use associated with building
provided by thermal, wind or diffusion
conditioning—along with the associated
effects through doors, windows, or other
energy cost, fuel consumption and air
intentional openings in the building.
emissions—while maintaining thermal
(ASHRAE 62.1-2004)
comfort conditions that enhance the oc-
cupants’ well-being. Relative Humidity is the ratio of partial
density of water vapor in the air to the
saturation density of water vapor at the
I\jfliZ\j
same temperature and the same total pres-
Please see the USGBC Web site at www. sure. (ASHRAE 55-2004)
usgbc.org/resources for more specific Thermal Comfort is a condition of
resources on materials sources and other mind experienced by building occupants
technical information. expressing satisfaction with the thermal
N\Y
J`k\j environment.

Center for the Built Environment Comfort Criteria is specific original

(CBE) design conditions that shall at minimum
include temperature (air, radiant and
www.cbesurvey.org surface), humidity and air speed as well as
An introduction to Center for the Built outdoor temperature design conditions,
Environment (CBE) web-based indoor outdoor humidity design conditions,
environmental quality survey. clothing (seasonal) and activity expected.
The Usable Buildings Trust (ASHRAE 55-2004)

www.usablebuildings.co.uk/
The Usable Buildings Trust promotes
better buildings through the more ef-
fective use of feedback. Home of the
PROBE studies includes an occupant
survey that addresses thermal comfort
along with other indoor environmental
quality issues.
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“Unplanned Airflows and Moisture Prob-
lems” by T. Brennan, J. Cummings and J.
Lstiburek, ASHRAE Journal, November,
2000.
Federal Facilities Council, Technical Re-
port 145: “Learning From our Buildings:
a State-of-the-Practice Summary of Post-
occupancy Evaluation,” Washington,
National Academy Press, 2001.

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.,
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(
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Provide for the building occupants a connection between indoor spaces and the out-
doors through the introduction of daylight and views into the regularly occupied areas
of the building.
I\hl`i\d\ekj
OPTION 1 — GLAZING FACTOR CALCULATION
Achieve a minimum glazing factor of 2% in a minimum of 75% of all regularly oc-
cupied areas. The glazing factor is calculated as follows:
Window Area
Glazing [SF] Window Actual Tvis Window
= x x x
Factor Floor Area Geometry Minimum Height
[SF] Factor Tvis Factor

OR
OPTION 2 — DAYLIGHT SIMULATION MODEL
Demonstrate, through computer simulation, that a minimum daylight illumination
level of 25 footcandles has been achieved in a minimum of 75% of all regularly oc-
cupied areas. Modeling must demonstrate 25 horizontal footcandles under clear sky
conditions, at noon, on the equinox, at 30” above the floor.
OR
OPTION 3 — DAYLIGHT MEASUREMENT
Demonstrate, through records of indoor light measurements, that a minimum daylight
illumination level of 25 footcandles has been achieved in at least 75% of all regularly
occupied areas. Measurements must be taken on a 10-foot grid for all occupied spaces
and must be recorded on building floor plans.
In all cases, only the square footage associated with the portions of rooms or spaces
meeting the minimum illumination requirements can be applied towards the 75% of
total area calculation required to qualify for this credit.
In all cases, provide daylight redirection and/or glare control devices to avoid high-con-
trast situations that could impede visual tasks. Exceptions for areas where tasks would
be hindered by the use of daylight will be considered on their merits.
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Design the building to maximize interior daylighting. Strategies to consider include
building orientation, shallow floor plates, increased building perimeter, exterior and
interior permanent shading devices, high performance glazing and automatic photocell-
based controls. Predict daylight factors via manual calculations or model daylighting
strategies with a physical or computer model to assess footcandle levels and daylight
factors achieved.

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important to address the glazing properly
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There is no standard referenced for this
credit. The desired amount of daylight will differ
depending on the tasks occurring within
each program space. Daylit spaces often
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have several daylight zones with differing
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A building may have limited daylight- levels, daylighting strategies should ad-
ing potential due to site or program dress interior color schemes, direct beam
constraints that limit the orientation of penetration and integration with the
the building, number and size of build- electric lighting system. Glare control is
ing openings and floor plate dimensions. perhaps the most common failure in day-
Vertical site elements such as neighboring lighting strategies. Glare is defined as any
buildings and trees may reduce the poten- excessively bright source of light within
tial for daylighting. Evaluate the impact the visual field that creates discomfort
of the building’s orientation on possible or loss in visibility. Large window areas
daylighting options; strive to incorporate provide generous amounts of daylight to
shallow floor plates, courtyards, atriums, the task area. If not controlled properly,
clerestory windows and skylights into the this daylight can produce unwanted glare
project to increase daylighting potential. and affect the lighting quality. Measures
Evaluate the potential to add interior to control glare include light shelves, lou-
light shelves, exterior fins, louvers and vers, blinds, fins and shades. Typically, low
adjustable blinds. See Figure 1, which luminance ratios and lighting of primary
illustrates various daylighting strategies. surfaces will enhance visual quality.
Glazing parameters directly affect the Computer modeling software can be
heat gain and loss of the building which used to simulate daylighting conditions
may result in increased energy use. It is and to provide valuable input into the

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development of an effective, integrated visible transmittance (Tvis) and window JJ N< <8 DI <H @;
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to simulate the daylighting conditions of of a space. The Glazing Factor calculation
interior spaces and to account for com- method is designed to identify daylighting
bined effects of multiple windows within conditions based on room and window
a daylit space. geometry and visible transmittance based
Photo-responsive controls for electric on meeting the performance criteria for
lighting can be incorporated into day- overcast sky conditions. Currently this
lighting strategies to maintain consistent calculation method doesn’t take into ac-
light levels and to minimize occupant count light shelves, partitions, significant
perception of the transition from natural exterior obstructions or exterior reflective
light to artificial light. These controls re- surfaces.
sult in energy savings by reducing electric The development of a Daylight Simula-
lighting in high daylight conditions while tion Model is highly recommended where
preserving footcandle levels on the task daylighting strategies go beyond the
surface. These types of automatic controls current capability to the Glazing Factor
require commissioning and also Measure- Calculation Method.
ment & Verification attention.
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1. Create a spreadsheet and identify all
:XcZlcXk`fej regularly occupied rooms/areas. Deter-
Compliance with the requirements for mine the floor area of each applicable
this credit may be determined by either room using construction documents.
following the Glazing Factor calculation
2. For each room/area identified, calcu-
methodology (outlined in the following
late the window area and use Table
paragraphs) to determine overall glazing
1 to indicate the acceptable window
factor, or by using daylighting simulation
types. Note that window areas above
software to determine point-by-point il-
7’6” are considered to be daylight glaz-
lumination levels (footcandles) measured
ing. Glazing at this height is the most
at desk height (30” above the finished
effective at distributing daylight deep
floor).
into the interior space. Window areas
Areas to include in the daylighting calcu- from 2’6” to 7’6” are considered to be
lations are all regularly occupied spaces vision glazing. These window areas are
such as office spaces, meeting areas and primarily used for viewing and lighting
cafeterias. Areas that should not be con- interior spaces close to the building
sidered include support areas for copying, perimeter. Window areas below 2’6”
storage, mechanical equipment, laundry do not contribute to daylighting of
and restrooms. interior spaces and are to be excluded
The calculation methodology below can from the calculations.
be applied to approximate the Glazing 3. For each window type, insert the ap-
Factor for each regularly occupied room propriate geometry and height factors
in the building. The Glazing Factor (GF) as listed in Table 1. The geometry
is the ratio of exterior illumination to factor indicates the effectiveness of a
interior illumination and is expressed as particular aperture to distribute day-
a percentage. The variables used to deter- light relative to window location. The
mine the daylight factor include the floor height factor accounts for where light
area, window area, window geometry, is introduced to the space.

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 JJ N< <8 DI <H @; 4. For each window type, indicate the 7. Sum the square footage of all applica-
visible transmittance (Tvis), a variable ble rooms/areas and divide by the total
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Minimum Tvis is the recommended spaces. If this percentage is equal to
level of transmittance for selected glaz- or greater than 75%, then the project
ing. qualifies for this point. (See Note 1
5. Calculate the Glazing Factor for each below for further information.)
window type using Equation 1. For 8. Note that glare control is also required
rooms/areas with more than one win- for each window. Table 3 provides
dow type, sum all window types to best-practice glare control measures
obtain a total Glazing Factor for the for different window types.
room/area. Table 2 provides an example of daylight-
6. If the total Glazing Factor for a room/ ing calculations for a typical office space.
area is 2% or greater, then the square All of the offices are considered to be
footage of the room/area is applicable regularly occupied spaces, while support
to the credit. areas such as hallways, foyers, storage

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Window Geometry Minimum Height Best Practice Glare Control

Type Factor Tvis Factor
0.1 0.7 1.4 Adjustable blinds
Interior light shelves
Fixed transluscent exterior shading
sidelighting devices
daylight glazing

0.1 0.4 0.8 Adjustable blinds

Exterior shading devices
sidelighting
vision glazing

0.2 0.4 1.0 Fixed interior

Adjustable exterior blinds
toplighting
vertical
monitor

0.33 0.4 1.0 Fixed interior

Exterior louvers
toplighting
sawtooth
monitor
0.5 0.4 1.0 Interior fins
Exterior fins
Louvers
toplighting
horizontal
skylights

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Window Area
Glazing [SF] Window Actual Tvis Window
= x x x
Factor Floor Area Geometry Minimum Tvis Height
[SF] Factor

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are not considered to be regularly oc- Description
cupied. The example qualifies for this :i\[`k
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Fixed Exterior Shading Devices
credit because it exceeds the minimum Light Shelf, Exterior
square footage percentage for daylit area Light Shelf, Interior
and includes glare control on all windows Interior Blinds or Pull-Down Shade
in daylit rooms. Fritted Glazing
Drapes
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Electronic Black-Out Glazing
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1. Create a daylight simulation model 3. Calculate the daylight illumination
for the building, or each regularly for each applicable space using the
occupied space with glazing. The following daylight criteria: clear sky
model should include appropriate conditions at 12:00 noon on the equi-
glazing factors as well as representative nox (March 21/September 21) for the
surface reflectance settings for interior project’s specific geographic location.
finishes. Figure 2 illustrates a sample daylight
analysis for an office space.
2. For each applicable room/area, include
a horizontal calculation grid at 30” 4. Create a spreadsheet and identify all
above the floor. This grid will represent regularly occupied rooms/areas. Deter-
the typical work plane height. The mine the floor area of each applicable
calculation grid should be set at ap- room using construction documents.
proximately 2 foot intervals to provide Provide the minimum illumina-
a detailed illumination diagram for tion level (footcandles), determined
each area. (For larger areas, it may be through the simulation model, for
necessary to increase the grid size for each space.
clarity.) 5. If the minimum illumination for a
room/area is 25 footcandles or greater,

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Regularly Regularly Regularly Sidelighting - Sidelighting - Toplighting Toplighting Toplighting Glazing

Occupied Occupied Occupied Vision Daylight Sawtooth Vertical Horizontal Factor
Space ID Space Name Space Area (sf) Glazing Glazing Monitor Monitor Skylight
Area Tvis Area Tvis Area Tvis Area Tvis Area Tvis
(sf) (sf) (sf) (sf) (sf)
101 Office 820 120 0.9 40 0.7 0 N/A 0 N/A 0 N/A 3.3
102 Office 330 30 0.9 5 0.7 0 N/A 0 N/A 0 N/A 1.8
103 Open Office 2250 330 0.9 110 0.7 0 N/A 0 N/A 0 N/A 3.3
(Daylit Area)
103 Open Office 685 0 0.9 0 0.7 0 N/A 0 N/A 0 N/A 0
(Non-Daylit
Area)
104 Office 250 25 0.9 5 0.7 0 N/A 0 N/A 0 N/A 2.1
105 Office 250 25 0.9 5 0.7 0 N/A 0 N/A 0 N/A 2.1
Total Regularly Occupied Total Regularly Percentage of
Space Area (sf) Occupied Space Area Regularly
with a Minimum 2% Occupied Space
Glazing Factor with a 2%
Glazing
4585 3570 78%

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then the square footage of the room/area with a 2% (or higher) daylight factor or
is applicable to the credit. (See Note 1 25 footcandle minimum illumination
below for further information) would count towards the percentage of
6. Sum the square footage of all daylit all space occupied for critical visual tasks.
rooms/areas and divide by the total The portion of the room not meeting the
square footage of all regularly occupied daylight factor or illumination criteria
spaces. If this percentage is equal to would not count towards the compliant
or greater than 75%, then the project area total, but would be considered in
qualifies for one point under this the calculation of total area calculation.
Credit. For the calculation spreadsheet, the two
portions of the room (the one meeting the
7. Note that glare control is also required minimum daylight factor or illumination
for each window. Table 1 provides and the one not meeting the requirements)
best-practice glare control measures would be counted as separate spaces (See
for different window types. Create Table 2—Room 103 “Open Office”).
another spreadsheet entry that identi- The square footage of all compliant spaces
fies the type of glare control applied to is tallied and then divided over the total
each window type. The type of glare square footage of all regularly occupied
control selected for each window does spaces. If the percentage is equal to or
not affect the daylight factor calcula- greater than 75%, then the project quali-
tions. Table 3 provides a listing of fies for one point under this Credit.
common glare control strategies.
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NOTE 1: This credit can be approached This credit may be eligible for exemplary
so that 100% of each room does not have performance under the Innovation &
to meet the 2% daylight factor or the Design section if the project achieves 95%
minimum 25 footcandle requirement. In daylighting based on the requirements
order to do so, the portion of the room and guidelines of this credit.

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special occupancy areas that have
This credit is submitted as part of the :i\[`k
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been excluded from compliance. The
Design Submittal.
narrative should include a detailed
The following project data and calcula- description of the space function and
tion information is required to document an explanation as to why the inclusion
credit compliance using the v2.2 Submit- of views would hinder the normal
tal Templates: tasks/function of each excluded area.
Glazing Factor Calculation Method For projects that have used computer
Q Complete the template calculation simulation or physical measurements,
spreadsheet to demonstrate overall please include detailed information de-
Glazing Factor. The following data scribing the method used to determine
is required for input in the template: the daylighting contributions in the
occupied space area (sq.ft.); area of building. Include specific information
each type of glazing (sidelighting and regarding the actual or simulated time
toplighting); visible light transmit- of day and weather conditions, mea-
tance (Tvis) for each glazing type. surement equipment or software used,
OR and the calculation method for deter-
mining the final daylighting area.
Computer Simulation Method
Q Complete the template calculation
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spreadsheet to demonstrate that the
project complies with the minimum :fjk
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illumination levels. The following data Specialized glazing can increase initial
is required for input in the template: costs for a project and can lead to excessive
total regularly occupied space area (sq. heat gain if not designed properly. Glazing
ft.); total regularly occupied space area provides less insulating effects compared
that achieves a simulated minimum of to standard walls, resulting in higher
25 footcandles. energy use and requiring additional main-
Q Provide copies of the applicable project tenance. However, offices with sufficient
drawings showing the illumination natural daylight have proven to increase
simulation results. occupant productivity and comfort. In
OR most cases, occupant salaries significantly
outweigh first costs of incorporating
Daylight Measurement Method
daylighting measures into a building
Q Complete the template calculation design. Studies of schools and stores
spreadsheet to demonstrate that the have shown that daylighting can improve
project complies with the minimum student performance and retail sales (see
illumination levels. The following data the Resources section). Daylighting can
is required for input in the template: significantly reduce artificial lighting
total regularly occupied space area (sq. requirements and energy costs in many
ft.); total regularly occupied space area commercial and industrial buildings, as
that achieves a measured minimum of well as schools, libraries and hospitals.
25 footcandles. Daylighting, combined with energy-ef-
Q Provide copies of the applicable project ficient lighting and electronic ballasts, can
drawings showing the illumination reduce the lighting power density in some
simulation results. office buildings by up to 30%.
AND
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@jjl\j The Art of Daylighting

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lighting of building interiors, resulting Archives/10e5869a47697010VgnVCM
in decreased energy use. A well-designed 100000f932a8c0____
daylit building is estimated to reduce This Environmental Design + Construc-
lighting energy use by 50 to 80% (Sus- tion article provides a solid introduction
tainable Building Technical Manual, to daylighting. This article requires free
chapter IV.7, page 90). This conserves registration to Environmental Design +
natural resources and reduces air pollu- Construction.
tion impacts due to energy production
and consumption. New Buildings Institute’s Productivity
and Building Science Program
Daylighting design involves a careful bal-
ance of heat gain and loss, glare control, http://newbuildings.org/lighting.htm
visual quality and variations in daylight Provides case studies and report on the
availability. Shading devices, light shelves, benefits of daylighting.
courtyards, atriums and window glazing Radiance Software
are all strategies employed in daylighting
design. Important considerations in- http://radsite.lbl.gov/radiance/
clude the selected building’s orientation, Free daylighting simulation software
window size and spacing, glass selec- from the Lawrence Berkeley National
tion, reflectance of interior finishes and Laboratory
locations of interior walls. Daylit spaces The Whole Building Design Guide,
also increase occupant productivity and Daylighting
reduce absenteeism and illness.
http://www.wbdg.org/design/daylighting.
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Daylighting and outdoor views provide Lighting Controls
a connection with the building site and h t t p : / / w w w. w b d g . o r g / d e s i g n /
adjacent sites, creating a more integrated electriclighting.php
neighborhood. Daylit spaces can increase
occupant productivity and reduce illness The Daylighting and Lighting Controls
and absenteeism. sections provide a wealth of resources
including definitions, fundamentals,
materials and tools.
I\jfliZ\j
Gi`ek
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Please see the USGBC Web site at www.
usgbc.org/resources for more specific Architectural Lighting, Second Edition by
resources on materials sources and other M. David Egan, PE, and Victor Olgyay,
technical information. AIA, McGraw-Hill, 2002.
“Daylighting Design” by Benjamin Evans,
N\Y
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in Time-Saver Standards for Architectural
Analysis of the Performance of Students Design Data, McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1997.
in Daylit Schools
Daylighting for Sustainable Design by
w w w. i n n o v a t i v e d e s i g n . n e t / Mary Guzowski, McGraw-Hill, Inc.,
studentperformance.htm 1999.
Nicklas and Bailey’s 1996 study of three Daylighting Performance and Design by
daylit schools in North Carolina. Gregg D. Ander, John Wiley & Sons,
1997.

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Sustainable Building Technical Manual, JJ N< <8 DI <H @;
Public Technology Institute, 1996. (www.
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Glazing Factor is the ratio of interior illu-
minance at a given point on a given plane
(usually the work plane) to the exterior il-
luminance under known overcast sky con-
ditions. LEED uses a simplified approach
for its credit compliance calculations. The
variables used to determine the daylight
factor include the floor area, window area,
window geometry, visible transmittance
(Tvis) and window height.)
Daylighting is the controlled admission
of natural light into a space through glaz-
ing with the intent of reducing or elimi-
nating electric lighting. By utilizing solar
light, daylighting creates a stimulating
and productive environment for building
occupants.
Non-Occupied Spaces include all rooms
used by maintenance personnel that are
not open for use by occupants. Included
in this category are janitorial, storage and
equipment rooms, and closets.
Non-Regularly Occupied Spaces include
corridors, hallways, lobbies, break rooms,
copy rooms, storage rooms, kitchens,
restrooms, stairwells, etc.
Regularly Occupied Spaces are areas
where workers are seated or standing as
they work inside a building; in residential
applications it refers to living and family
rooms.
Visible Light Transmittance (Tvis) is the
ratio of total transmitted light to total
incident light. In other words, it is the
amount of visible spectrum (380–780
nanometers) light passing through a glaz-
ing surface divided by the amount of light
striking the glazing surface. A higher Tvis
value indicates that a greater amount of
visible spectrum incident light is passing
through the glazing.

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Provide for the building occupants a connection between indoor spaces and the out-
doors through the introduction of daylight and views into the regularly occupied areas
of the building.
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Achieve direct line of sight to the outdoor environment via vision glazing between 2’6”
and 7’6” above finish floor for building occupants in 90% of all regularly occupied
areas. Determine the area with direct line of sight by totaling the regularly occupied
square footage that meets the following criteria:
Q In plan view, the area is within sight lines drawn from perimeter vision glazing.
Q In section view, a direct sight line can be drawn from the area to perimeter vision
glazing.
Line of sight may be drawn through interior glazing. For private offices, the entire square
footage of the office can be counted if 75% or more of the area has direct line of sight
to perimeter vision glazing. For multi-occupant spaces, the actual square footage with
direct line of sight to perimeter vision glazing is counted.
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Design the space to maximize daylighting and view opportunities. Strategies to consider
include lower partition heights, interior shading devices, interior glazing, and automatic
photocell-based controls.

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determination confirms that the available
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There is no standard referenced for this mination of Horizontal Views is assumed
credit. to be 42” to reflect an average seated eye
height. Design teams may, however, wish
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to utilize alternate view heights for areas
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the views for spaces near the core is a pri-
There are two calculations required to de- mary design objective. See Figure 2.
termine achievement of this credit—Di-
rect Line of Sight to Perimeter Glazing Regularly occupied spaces include office
and Horizontal View. The Direct Line of spaces, conference rooms and cafeterias.
Sight to Perimeter Glazing determination Areas that need not be considered in-
is an area calculation, and confirms that clude support areas for copying, storage,
90% of the occupied area is designed so mechanical equipment, laundry and
there is the potential for views from regu- restrooms.
larly occupied areas. It is based on vision
glazing (2’6” – 7’6”), and the location of :XcZlcXk`fej
full height interior partitions. Movable
Direct Line of Sight to Perimeter Vision
furniture and partitions are not included
Glazing
in the scope of this credit calculation. See
Figure 1. 1. Create a spreadsheet and identify all
regularly occupied rooms/areas. Deter-
One successful design strategy for offices
mine the floor area of each applicable
locates open plan areas along the exterior
room using construction documents.
walls, while placing private offices and
areas not regularly occupied to the core 2. Using a floor plan, construct line of
of the building. The Horizontal Views sight geometries at each window to

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determine the fraction of the regularly rooms, estimate the actual square
occupied room/area that has direct line footage with direct line of sight to
of sight to the outdoors. Note: line of perimeter vision glazing.
sight can pass through interior glaz-
ing but not through doorways with ?fi`qfekXc
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solid doors. 1. Using representative building sections,
3. For private offices, if the percentage draw a line at 42”. (average seated eye
of floor area with direct line of sight height) across the section to establish
is equal to or greater than 75% (i.e., the height of the perimeter glazing
only the corners are non-compliant), and any obstruction to it. Draw one or
you may enter the entire square foot- more representative sight lines from a
age of that room in the spreadsheet point at 42” in the regularly occupied
(see Table 1) as meeting the credit space(s) to the perimeter vision glaz-
requirement. If less than 75% of the ing. (See Figure 2.)
room has direct line of sight, you must 2. For each space where the view, taken
estimate the compliant floor area and at 42”. above the floor, is maintained,
enter that value in the spreadsheet. enter a YES in the spreadsheet in the
4. For multi-occupant spaces, such “Horizontal View” column of Table 1.
as open work areas and conference If a room has direct line of site on the

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Room Regularly Plan Area of Calculated Horizontal Compliant

Occupied Floor Direct Line of Area of Direct View at 42 Area [SF]
Area [SF] Sight to Line of Sight to Inches
Perimeter Perimeter [Yes/No]
Vision Glazing Vision Glazing
[SF] [SF]
101 Office 820 790 820 Yes 820
102 Conference 330 280 330 Yes 330
103 Open Office 4,935 4,641 4,641 Yes 4,641
104 Office 250 201 250 No 0
105 Office 250 175 175 Yes 175
Total 6,585 5,966
Percent Access to Views [5,966/6,585] 90.5% Credit Earned

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ing the credit requirement and should Additional glazing required to provide ac-
be marked as NO in the table. cess to views can increase initial costs for a
Total the area that is determined to meet project and can lead to increased heat gain
all criteria above and divide it by the total if not designed properly. Glazing provides
regularly occupied area to determine if the less insulating effects compared to stan-
building meets the 90% access to views dard walls, resulting in higher energy use
requirement. and requiring additional maintenance.
However, offices with sufficient natural
daylight and a visual connection to the
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This credit may be eligible for exemplary increase occupant productivity and com-
performance under the Innovation in fort. Daylighting can significantly reduce
Design section however, there is no pre- artificial lighting requirements and energy
scribed threshold for determination of costs in many commercial and industrial
exemplary performance. Projects will be buildings, as well as schools, libraries and
evaluated on a case-by-case basis. hospitals. Daylighting, combined with
energy-efficient lighting and electronic
ballasts, can reduce the lighting power
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This credit is submitted as part of the to 30%.
Design Submittal.
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The following project data and calcula-
tion information is required to document Providing access to views of the outdoors,
credit compliance using the v2.2 Submit- through the incorporation of vision glaz-
tal Templates: ing, enables building occupants to main-
tain a visual connection to the surround-
Q Complete the template calculation
ing environment. The additional glazed
spreadsheet to demonstrate overall
area may reduce the need for electric
access to views from occupied spaces.
lighting of building interiors, resulting
The following data is required for
in decreased energy use. This conserves
input in the template: occupied space
natural resources and reduces air pollu-
identification, occupied space area (sq.
tion impacts due to energy production
ft.), and area (sq.ft.) of each occupied
and consumption.
space with direct access to views.
When designing for maximum views
Q Provide copies of the applicable project
and daylighting, designers must evaluate
drawings showing the line of sight from
and balance a number of environmental
interior spaces through exterior win-
factors, such as heat gain and loss, glare
dows in both plan and sectional views.
control, visual quality and variations in
Q Provide a narrative describing any daylight availability. Appropriate shad-
special occupancy areas that have ing devices, to control glare and direct
been excluded from compliance. The beam illumination, must be utilized to
narrative should include a detailed provide the highest level of environmental
description of the space function and comfort.
an explanation as to why the inclusion
of views would hinder the normal
tasks/function of each excluded area.

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Please see the USGBC Web site at www. “Daylighting Design” by Benjamin Evans, :i\[`k
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usgbc.org/resources for more specific in Time-Saver Standards for Architectural
resources on materials sources and other Design Data, McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1997.
technical information. Daylighting for Sustainable Design by
Mary Guzowski, McGraw-Hill, Inc.,
N\Y
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1999.
Analysis of the Performance of Students
Daylighting Performance and Design by
in Daylit Schools
Gregg D. Ander, John Wiley & Sons,
w w w. i n n o v a t i v e d e s i g n . n e t / 1997.
studentperformance.htm
Sustainable Building Technical Manual,
Nicklas and Bailey’s 1996 study of three Public Technology Institute, 1996. (www.
daylit schools in North Carolina. pti.org)
The Art of Daylighting
h t t p : / / w w w. e d c m a g . c o m / C D A / ;\Ôe`k`fej
Archives/10e5869a47697010VgnVCM Daylighting is the controlled admission
100000f932a8c0____ of natural light into a space through glaz-
This Environmental Design + Construc- ing with the intent of reducing or elimi-
tion article provides a solid introduction nating electric lighting. By utilizing solar
to daylighting. This article requires free light, daylighting creates a stimulating
registration to Environmental Design + and productive environment for building
Construction. occupants.
New Buildings Institute’s Productivity Direct Line of Sight to Perimeter Vi-
and Building Science Program sion Glazing is the approach used to
http://newbuildings.org/lighting.htm determine the calculated area of regularly
occupied areas with direct line of sight
Provides case studies and report on the
to perimeter vision glazing. The area
benefits of daylighting.
determination includes full height parti-
Radiance Software tions and other fixed construction prior
http://radsite.lbl.gov to installation of furniture.
Free daylighting simulation software Horizontal View at 42 Inches is the
from the Lawrence Berkeley National approach used to confirm that the direct
Laboratory line of sight to perimeter vision glazing
remains available from a seated position.
The Whole Building Design Guide
It uses section drawings that include the
Daylighting
installed furniture to make the determi-
http://www.wbdg.org/design/daylighting. nation.
php
Non-Occupied Spaces include all rooms
Lighting Controls used by maintenance personnel that are
h t t p : / / w w w. w b d g . o r g / d e s i g n / not open for use by occupants. Included
electriclighting.php in this category are janitorial, storage and
equipment rooms, and closets.
The Daylighting and Lighting Controls
sections provide a wealth of resources Non-Regularly Occupied Spaces include
including definitions, fundamentals, corridors, hallways, lobbies, break rooms,
materials and tools. copy rooms, storage rooms, kitchens,
restrooms, stairwells, etc.
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 JJ N< <8 DI <H @; Regularly Occupied Spaces are areas
where workers are seated or standing as
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applications, it refers to the living and
family rooms.
Vision Glazing is that portion of exte-
rior windows above 2’6” and below 7’6”
that permits a view to the outside of the
project space.

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