EUROPEAN HISTORY

Unit 12

Europe between the Two World Wars

Form 4
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 Unit 13. 1 - The Great Depression, 1929-1933

1. What caused the Great Depression?

In October 1929 a dramatic fall in share prices on the New York Stock Exchange (Wall Street Crash) caused
thousands of American businesses to collapse. The effects were felt all over the world:
 Banks tried to collect back the huge loans made to overseas industries, mostly in Germany.
 The US Government made higher tariffs on foreign imports to protect American farms and industries.
Other countries did likewise, causing a sharp drop in world trade.
 Businesses shut down or sacked workers because there was a fall in demand. Millions became
unemployed all over the world.
This became known as the Great Depression and it started in America. The worst years were from 1930 to 1933.
2. What caused the Wall Street Crash?
The peak boom years came in 1928-29, when millions of Americans were
buying shares in companies and selling them at a later date when the value had
risen. They thought that they couldn’t lose since prices on the stock market
continued to rise. Some people even mortgaged their houses or business to
buy shares. People from different social classes (nurses, film stars, widows,
grocers, cowboys) took part in this ‘play the market’ rash. Source 1

Source 2 Source 3
‘…it didn’t happen in one day. There were Suicides…left a terrific impression on me, of course.
a great many warnings. The country was People I knew. It was heartbreaking. One day you saw the
crazy. Everybody was in the stock market, prices of a hundred, the next day at $20, at $15. On Wall
whether he could afford it or not. Shoeshine Street, the people walked around like zombies. You saw
boys and waiters and capitalists.’ people who yesterday rode around in Cadillacs lucky now
to have carfare [bus fare]. One of my friends said to me,
Quoted from Hard Times, An Oral History ‘If things keep on as they are, we’ll have to go begging.’ I
of the Depression, by Studs Terkel, 1986. asked, ‘Who from?’
Quoted from Hard Times.

As a result, many companies were over-valued by the stock market. Their factories and profits were not worth as
much as the investors seemed to think they were. American industry was producing more manufactured goods
than people could buy. When people started selling their shares – and others started to follow – the unthinkable
happened. In October 1929, prices fell so sharply that millions of people were financially ruined. The downward
trend of stock prices continued to go down for the next three and a half years.

Source 4 Source 5 Source 6

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3. What was the impact of the Great Depression?
The Wall Street Crash had a knock-on effect. Businesses could not borrow money because their share value had
fallen. People had less to spend in shops or on cars. Many people were unable to repay money borrowed from the
banks. Banks started to go bankrupt. Factories had to shut down or sacked workers. The unemployed, in turn, had
less to spend, so many more factories closed down and many more workers lost their jobs. And the cycle went on.
By 1932, 14 million Americans were out of work but there was no unemployment pay. In every city you could see
men queuing for some bread and soup. There were many evictions. The homeless poor slept in the parks, under
bridges, in the doorways of shops, in public buildings or in empty railway wagons.

Source 7 Source 8
‘A great many shops were empty, with dusty plate-glass ‘Among the well-to-do salary cuts had been widespread.
windows and signs indicating that they were for rent. These people were sacking servants. In many homes,
The streets were not so crowded with trucks as in earlier wives who had never before done housework were
days. There was no mechanical hammering from cooking and scrubbing. Husbands were wearing the old
building work to damage the ear. Beggars were on the suit longer, resigning from the golf club, paying 75c for
pavements in much larger numbers than ever before.’ lunch instead of a dollar.’
From Since Yesterday, by F.L. Allen, 1939. From Since Yesterday

Source 9 Source 10
‘On the outskirts of the cities and on vacant plots there ‘One vivid, gruesome moment of those dark days we
were groups of makeshift shacks made out of packing shall never forget. We saw a crowd of some fifty men
boxes, scrap iron, anything that could be picked up free fighting over a barrel of garbage outside the backdoor of
from the city dumps. Men and sometimes whole a restaurant. American citizens fighting for scraps of
families of evicted people were sleeping on automobile food like animals!’
seats carried from scrapyards, warming themselves
Source: We Too Are The People, Louis V. Armstrong,
before the fires of rubbish in grease drums.’
in Since Yesterday.
Source: Since Yesterday

4. How did the US Government react?

People blamed President Hoover and the Republican Party in Government by saying, ‘They got us into this mess,
they should get us out again.’ But Hoover saw no reason to spend public money on creating new jobs. Self-help
was all the working man needed. He regarded government help as a step on the way to socialism. By 1932 the
average American income had fallen by a third. Hoover introduced a relief scheme to provide loans to railways,
insurance companies and banks that were in danger of collapsing. But it was too late. The American people had
decided to vote for Franklin Roosevelt – a Democrat who offered them help.
During his first 100 days in office, Roosevelt made a number of laws and schemes to pull America out of the
Depression. He recruited enthusiastic and capable men to put the policies into effect. The policy had two aims: to
revive business, industry and farming and to help the unemployed find jobs. In the meantime these were given food
and money. In the end Roosevelt’s New Deal revived American industry and agriculture, saved millions from
hunger, modernised public buildings and services and reduced unemployment. But there was some bitter criticism to
it. The New Deal meant more government interference in the life of the country. This policy was contrary to the
traditional mentality of laissez-faire America. It greatly strengthened the power of the President. Many called
Roosevelt Communist or Fascist since Germany had this type of government at this time. But could these problems
have been solved in a different way from the one taken by Roosevelt?

Source 11 Source 12 Source 13

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 Unit 13. 1 - The Great Depression, 1929-1933

1. Join the following sentences. (4)

(a) The Wall Street Crash Caused many American banks to go bankrupt.
(b) Britain and Germany imposed higher tariffs on imports to fight the Great Depression.
(c) The Great Depression started in the United States.
(d) The US Government were the European countries hit worst by the Great Depression.

2. How did the economic boom year of 1928 lead to the Wall Street Crash of 1929?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________ (2)

3. How do we know from source 2 that the Wall Street Crash did not happen all of a sudden?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________ (2)

4. Why did the Wall Street Crash change the life of many Americans? Sources 3 to 5 can help you answer.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________ (2)

5. How did the Great Depression lead to a sharp rise in unemployment in American and Western Europe?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________ (2)

6. What do sources 7 to 10 have to say about:

(a) American trade and commerce? _______________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________ (1)

(b) American standard of living? __________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________ (1)

7. How did the US Government react to the Great Depression:

(a) in President Hoover’s time? ___________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________ (2)

(c) When Roosevelt was elected President? _________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________ (2)

8. What sort of criticism did Roosevelt’s plan encounter?

_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________ (2)
(Total marks 20)
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 Unit 13.2 - The Rise of Fascism in Italy

Source 1 Source 2 Source 3 Mussolini in a Fascist rally. Source 4

Mussolini in 1921 The fasces Mussolini as Duce

The first of the European dictators was Benito Mussolini (1883-1945). In 1919 he formed the Fascist
Party. Since Italy had a series of weak coalition governments, he organized the ‘March on Rome’
(Oct. 1922) and pressured King Victor Emmanuel III to appoint him as Prime Minister. Within a few
years Mussolini took control of all power, proclaimed himself ‘Duce’ and ruled as a military dictator.
The Fascists
Mussolini used the fasces of Roman times as his symbol to show that he was going to revive the glories of the
ancient Roman Empire. The Fascists wore a uniform of black shirts. They bullied and beat up their political
opponents (Socialists and Communists). The basic idea of the Fascists was that the government should control
the whole of a person’s life. Thus the Fascist regime took firm control over education, newspapers, trade
unions, parliament and even sports and the arts. Opponents of the regime were imprisoned or forced to flee the
country.
The Italian Parliament was abolished and replaced by the Fascist Grand Council. All workers and
professional people were forced to join corporations instead of the former free trade unions. This
system was called the Corporative State.
Mussolini’s popularity lay in his promise to bring discipline to Italy. Many people were afraid that the
Communists might take over and this made them prefer Mussolini instead. In 1924 they kidnapped and
stabbed the Socialist leader Matteotti.

The Lateran Treaty

Many people were influenced by the Lateran Treaty, which Mussolini signed with Pope Pius XI (1929). This
Concordat (agreement) recognized Roman Catholicism as the official religion in Italy. The Vatican became an
independent state separate from Italy. Mussolini could now show that he had made peace with the Pope.

The economy
Mussolini tried to make Italy self-sufficient so that she would not have to rely on imports. Some of his
most important schemes were:
1. Help given to the poor areas of Sicily and Southern Italy.
2. The ‘Battle for Grain’ was a campaign that improved wheat production.
3. The Pontine Marshes outside Rome were drained and used for agriculture.
4. Roads and railways were built across Italy.
5. The ‘Battle for Births’ was a campaign to increase the population by having more babies.
6. Industrial production was encouraged with the aim of reducing unemployment.

©Raymond Spiteri HOD

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But much of what was done was for ‘show’ with no real solid improvements for the country. Even so,
by the time Italy entered the Second World War in 1940, Italy was more efficiently run and more Italian
people were better fed than in 1920. But they had to pay a dear price for this: political freedom was
crushed by police violence, imprisonment and murdering of opponents, censorship of books and
newspapers and the abolition of parliament, political parties and trade unions.

Source 5 The signing of the Lateran Treaty, 1929 Source 6 HQ of the Fascist Party, 1934

Foreign policy
In the 1920s Italy gained influence in Albania. In 1923 Italy went to war against Greece over the island of
Corfu. In 1935 Mussolini ordered the invasion of Abyssinia. The Emperor of that African country went to the
League of Nations for help. Although the League imposed sanctions, most countries continued to trade with
Italy anyway. Had these countries stopped supplying Italy with oil, Italian trucks, tanks and aeroplanes would
have been stopped within a few days. By 1936 Abyssinia was conquered and added to the Italian Empire.
In 1936 Mussolini met Hitler and agreed to work closely together. They signed a treaty known as the
Berlin-Rome Axis. They soon started cooperating in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) by helping
General Franco to take over power in Spain. With their help, Franco won the civil war and became
Fascist dictator in Spain with the title of Caudillo.

Source 7 The Berlin-Rome Axis, 1936 Source 8 The corps of Mussolini hanged in Milan.

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 Unit 13.2 - The Rise of Fascism in Italy

1. Mussolini became dictator in ____________ when he organized the __________________ and

persuaded the King to appoint him __________________. (2)

2. Mussolini’s unexpected rise to power was due to one of the following:

(a) Italy’s weak coalition governments
(b) widespread unemployment
(c) the King sympathized with the Fascists
(d) the Fascists were the largest political party in the country (1)

3. The basic idea of Fascism was ___________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________ (2)

4. How did the Fascists, once in power, kill democracy in Italy? Mention two examples.

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________ (2)

5. (a) Who were the strongest opponents of the Fascist regime? __________________________ (2)
(b) How did the Fascists deal with them? ___________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________ (2)

6. How did Mussolini acquire international recognition as a skilful diplomat and statesman?
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________ (2)

7. Which two of these was not achieved by Mussolini’s regime?

(a) bring about peace between the Italian state and the Vatican
(b) conclude a military alliance with Hitler’s Germany
(c) Italy joined the League of Nations
(d) make Italy an economically self-sufficient country
(e) undertake extensive building of roads and railways
(f) reduce the power and influence of the Sicilian Mafia (2)

8. Explain briefly Mussolini’s involvement in these foreign policy issues:

(a) Abyssinia: ________________________________________________________________

(b) The Berlin-Rome Axis: _______________________________________________________

(c) The Spanish Civil War: _______________________________________________________ (3)

9. How did Mussolini’s fall from power in September 1943 change Italy’s involvement in World War II?
_____________________________________________________________________________ (1)

10. How did Mussolini’s political career come to a tragic end in April 1945?
_____________________________________________________________________________ (1)
(Total marks 20)

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 Unit 13.3 - Stages in Hitler’s Rise to Power in Germany
Munich Putsch Mein Kampf Party Hitler as Chancellor The Reichstag The Enabling The Knight of the Hitler as Führer
Organization burning Law Long Knives

Like the Italian Hitler was Hitler learned By 1932 the Nazis were One month later Hitler made the The Brownshirts or In 1934 Pres.
Fascists, the Nazis imprisoned in from the failure the largest party in the the Nazis burned Reichstag pass SA were made up of Hindenburg died.
had their own private Landsberg Castle of the Munich Reichstag (Parliament). the Reichstag the Enabling 2 million men Hitler then took
army, the SA for 9 months. putsch. building. Law which commanded by over the powers
(Brownshirts). Hitler wanted to be made gave him great Ernst Röhm. of the President
A new election
In prison he He decided to Chancellor. At first, powers. and jointed them
gave the Nazis a
The strength of the wrote the Mein organize the President Hindenburg Hitler feared these with those of
majority in the He then used
party was in Kampf, a long Nazi Party and refused, but then he was could be a threat to Chancellor.
Reichstag. these powers to
Bavaria. Nazi book about increase its forced to accept Hitler’s his power.
leaders in Munich Hitler at once destroy the He took the tile of
Germany, number of seats demand.
organized a coup to declared the other political Führer and made
history, race and in the In 1934 he ordered
take over the Communist parties and the the army take an
his own Reichstag. SS (Schutz-Staffen)
government there. Party illegal. trade unions. oath of loyalty to
autobiography. bodyguards to shot the
SA leaders. The him.
But they were murderers were given
quickly dispersed ceremonial daggers as Hitler was now
and the leaders, a reward. dictator of
including Hitler, Germany, now
were arrested. called the Third
Reich.

Source 7 Source 9
Source 2 Source 3 Source 5

Source 4 Source 6
Source 1 Source 8 Source 11
Source 10

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 Unit 12.4 - How did Hitler and the Nazis Control Germany?

1. Nazism in theory and practice

The Master Race: Mankind is divided into different races, and some races were better than others. In the past
the best race was the Aryan race and the present-day Germans are descended from the Aryans. Thus, for the sake
of human progress, the Germans must keep themselves pure in order to become the master race. The greatest
danger for Germans was to intermarry with Jews. The Slavs are also inferior. Since the Germans are too
crowded in Germany, extra land (lebenstraum) could be taken from Poland and Russia and make the Slav peoples
in these lands serve the master race.
Anti-Semitism: A thorough and horrible campaign was organized against the Jews. When the Nazis took power
there was a steady build-up of persecution of Jews.
 The Nuremberg Laws of 1935: The Reich Citizen Act: ‘No Jew can be a Reich citizen.’ Law for the
Protection of German Blood: ‘Marriages between Jews and citizens of German or kindred blood are . . .
forbidden.’
 Jews were forbidden to practice as doctors and teachers.
 At Kristallnacht (Crystal Night) in 1938, the windows of Jewish shops, homes and synagogues were
smashed, looted and set on fire.
 Concentration camps were set up where many Jews were sent to do forced labour. During World War II
these camps became death camps for what was planned to be the Final Solution of the Jewish problem – their
deliberate killing using gas chambers and ovens (known as Holocaust).
2. The Nazi system of control
Censorship: Bonfires were made of books whose authors or contents the Nazis disliked. School textbooks were
rewritten and newspapers were censored.
The SS and Gestapo: The two most famous police organisations were the Gestapo and the SS. They hunted
down anyone who opposed the Nazis. The SS had the duty of running the concentration camps.
The Concentration camps: Any people the Nazis did not like were rounded up (beggars, gypsies, homosexuals,
Jews) and sent to concentration camps.
3. Support for the Nazis
Hitler could not terrorize or kill everyone. He needed the support of the majority of the people. He achieved this
by the following agents:
 Rallies: He used this ability very skilfully to whip up mass enthusiasm. Sometimes great rallies were held in
huge open-air arenas (e.g. the Nuremberg Rally of 1934).
 Youth movements: Hitler’s supporters set up the Hitler Youth which, by time, became compulsory. German
boys and girls wore uniforms and were taught to love and obey Hitler and the Nazi Party. There was a special
organization for girls called the League of German Maidens.
 Hitler appointed Joseph Goebbels as Minister of Propaganda (telling people what you want them to believe).
Goebbels was brilliant at his job – newspapers, radio broadcasts and films were all telling the German people
how splendid the Nazis were. The Olympic Games of 1936 held in Berlin were used to show the world how
prosperous and efficient Nazi Germany was.
4. Hitler’s achievements before 1939
Hitler could not have remained popular if he did not reduce unemployment. How did he manage this? He did
this in two ways – by directing Germans into certain jobs and by undertaking government building schemes.
 The creation of a National Labour Service for the unemployed.
 Conscription of men into the armed forces.
 Improvements in agriculture and the building of motorways
 The expansion of industry (synthetic oil, rubber, Volkswagen cars)
 The production of weapons and armaments
Many people enjoyed a better standard of living, were happier and
pleased that the chaos of the Weimar Republic had ended with
Hitler’s regime. These people ignored the Gestapo, the
concentration camps and the build-up of armaments that would mean
war in the future. Source 12

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 Unit 12.5 - Hitler’s Foreign Policy leading to the Outbreak of World War II
In foreign policy Hitler wanted to undo the terms of the Treaty of Versailles of 1919 which many Germans thought was too harsh and unjust.
The German-
The Rhineland The Anschluss The Sudetenland The Polish Corridor Hitler’s aims
Soviet Pact
Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5 By 1939 Hitler had build up
In March 1936 Hitler sent The people of Austria speak The German-speaking areas in The ‘Polish Corridor’ and A few days strong armed forces. Does this
German soldiers to occupy the German too. But the Czechoslovakia were called the city of Danzig before the mean that he planned to start a
Rhineland which had been Germans were forbidden to Sudetenland. The Sudeten Germans separated East Prussia invasion of World War? How can we know
declared a demilitarized zone unite with Austrians. complained about their treatment by from the rest of Germany. Poland, Germany what really went on in Hitler’s
by the Treaty of Versailles. the Czech government. It became clear that and Russia mind? Here are the conclusions
By 1934 an Austrian Nazi
France protested but the Party became quite powerful. Hitler made speeches supporting the Poland would be the next signed a Non- of two famous historians:
British were not willing to In 1938 Hitler felt strong Sudetens. The French and British of Hitler’s victims. Aggression Pact. ‘The war of 1939, far from being
help the French if they had enough to interfere. became very worried and Britain and France The two countries premeditated, was a mistake, the
declared war. preparations were made for war. result on both sides of diplomatic
Austria’s Chancellor declared that they would promised not to
blunders.’ (A.J.P. Taylor)
Hitler thought that he could get Schuschnigg, tried to Then the leaders of Germany, Italy, protect Poland if attacked. fight each other.
away with breaking treaties organize a referendum to Britain and France met at the They also agreed ‘Let us consider briefly the
when his forces were weak. show that Austrians wanted to Munich Conference. They agreed On 1 Sep. 1939, German to divide Poland programme which Hitler laid
When they were stronger, stay independent of Germany. to let Germany have the forces invaded Poland. down….It was a programme of
between them at
France and Britain would be Hitler ordered the invasion in Sudetenland. In return Hitler gave a The British and French some future date. Eastern colonization, entailing a
less ready to risk war. any case. There was no vague promise to cause no more Governments demanded war of conquest against
resistance by the Austrian trouble. their withdrawal. When Russia…it was always possible
people. the demand was ignored that a war in the West would be
Britain and France necessary before he could march
against Russia.’
declared war on
Germany. World War II (Hugh Trevor-Roper)
had just begun.
Source 13 Source 16 Source 19

Source 14 Source 18
Source 15 Source 17 Source 20 Source 21
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 Unit 13.6 - The Decline of Democracy and the Rise of Dictators
It was a phenomenon in European history that the years 1919-1939 were years of political upheavals, social tension
and economic booms and depressions. In these circumstances, democratically elected governments failed to come
to grip with the problems of their times. Thus people tended to give their support to military dictators or to one-
party regimes, in the hope that they would bring more political stability and economic progress to their country.
Obviously, the result was that the people lost the civil and political liberties which they used to enjoy under a
democratically elected government. The table below shows how democracy was killed in most of Europe during
that time.

Country When How was democracy killed Restored

The Communist Party seizes power and declares Russia a one-party 1991/2
1 RUSSIA / USSR 1918 state. Lenin became dictator, followed by Joseph Stalin (1926).
Admiral Horthy appointed regent-dictator of Hungary after a brief
2 HUNGARY 1920 1989
Communist regime.
Mustafa Kemal Ataturk abolishes the monarchy and sets up a
3 TURKEY 1922 1938
nationalist one-party dictatorship to modernize the country.
Fascists take over power when Mussolini become prime minister
4 ITALY 1922 1943
and then Duce. Italy become a one-party state.

5 LITHUANIA 1923 The democratic government overthrown by a military coup. 1990

6 POLAND 1926 Gen. Pilsudski sets up a military dictatorship. 1989

7 YUGOSLAVIA 1929 King Peter II dissolved parliament and assumed absolute power. 2000

Salazar established a right-wing military dictatorship to save the

8 PORTUGAL 1932 1974
country from economic collapse.
Hitler was appointed Chancellor. He then transformed the country 1945
9 GERMANY 1933 into a one-party state with the Nazi Party in power.
The constitution was suspended by a right-wing coup and an
10 BUGARIA 1933 1989
authoritarian monarchy.
A right-wing Fascist coup suppresses Socialists and seizes
11 AUSTRIA 1933 1945
power. In 1938 it was taken over by Germany (Anschluss).

12 LATVIA 1934 One-party rule replaced parliamentary democracy. 1990

13 ESTONIA 1935 One-party rule replaced parliamentary democracy 1990

The monarchy was restored in 1935 but in 1936 the Prime

14 GREECE 1936 1974
Minister becomes virtual dictator.

15 ROMANIA 1938 King Carol II dissolved parliament and established a royal dictatorship. 1989
The Civil War was won by Gen. Franco who then established a
16 SPAIN 1939 Fascist 1975
dictatorship with the title of Caudillo.
Czechoslovakia was partitioned between Germany, Hungary and
17 CZECHOSLOVAKIA 1939 1989
Poland.

18 ALBANIA 1938 The King took over absolute powers and ruled without parliament. 1992

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 Unit 13. 6 - The Decline of Democracy and the Rise of Dictators

Source: Modern Eurpean

History - A Practical Guide,
R.R. Sellman, 1948. 3rd
edition (1974).

1. Using the above map as your source, list the European countries where democracy survived in
the 1919-1939 period. Colour these countries on the above map.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________ (5, 2)

2. Using the table as your source, name the countries that had fascist or extreme right-wing
dictatorships in the inter-war years.
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________ (3)

3. Identify two reasons why democracy became unpopular in Europe in the inter-war years.
____________________________________________________________________________________ (2)

4. How do you explain the fact that, in some countries, democracy was not restored upon the end
of World War II but many years later, sometimes as late as 1990?
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________ (2)

5. Why was democracy restored in some countries almost simultaneously in 1989-1991?

____________________________________________________________________________ (2)

6. The terms authoritarian and totalitarian are used to describe dictatorial regimes. Explain the
difference in their meaning.
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________ (4)
(Total marks 20)
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 Unit 13. 7 - Europe Between the Wars – Essay Questions
Read carefully the following essay titles and answer any ONE in about 200 to 300 words.
Essays carry 20 marks each.

PAPER 2A
1. Describe and explain Mussolini’s rise to power in Italy in the 1920s. (8) How successful in the
years to 1940 were (a) his social and economic policies (6) and (b) his foreign and imperial
policies? (6) (London GCE)
2. Describe the main political ideas of the Nazi Party in Germany. (6) Account for the growth
of the Nazi Party in Germany during the 1920s. (6) Explain how Hitler attained supreme
power by 1934. (8)
3. (a) Trace the course of events from 1936 and 1939 which led to the Second World War. (12)
(b) How far was Hitler responsible for the outbreak of war? (8) (Oxford GCE)
4. Show how Hitler’s attitude and policy towards the Jews began and develop. What did he
mean by the ‘final solution’ and how was this brought about? (Oxford GCE)

5. (a) Why was Adolf Hitler successful in becoming Chancellor and President of Germany? (10)
(b) Indicate what his main policies were during the first years of his rule. (10) (SEC 2009)
6. What caused the Second World War, and which were the main results of this war? (SEC
2009)
7. Account for the rise of Nazism under Hitler in Germany. (SEC 2011)

PAPER 2B

1. (a) Who was Benito Mussolini? (8)

(b) What were the failures of Fascism in Italy from 1922 till 1939? (12) (SEC 1996)
2. Trace and explain the steps by which Hitler rose to power until he became Chancellor of
Germany in 1933. (Oxford GCE)
3. (a) How did the Treaty of Versailles (1919) affect Germany? (5)
(b) Who became the leader of the Nazi movement in Germany? (1)
(c) What is Nazism? (4)
(d) Discuss the territorial expansion of Nazi Germany (10) (SEC 2011)

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