KOg; gjpg;GupikAilaJ.

,yq;if fzf;fl
P L
; j; njhopyE
; l;gtpayhsu; fofk;
kl;lk; II guPli
; r – 2022 rdtup
(203) tzpfr; rl;lk;
(Business Law) 2022-03-19
gpw;gfy;
[01.45 – 05.00]
• guPlr ; pfSf;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs; (jaTnra;J ftdkhf thrpf;fTk;):
; hu;jj
(1) mDkjpf;fg;gl;l fhyk; : thrpg;Gf;F : 15 epkplq;fs;
tpilnaOj : 03 kzpj;jpahyq;fs; gf;fq;fs; : 08
tpdhf;fs; : 07
(2) rfy tpdhf;fSf;Fk; tpilaspj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
(3) toq;fg;gl;Ls;s tpilg; Gj;jfj;jpy; ePqf
; s; tpz;zg;gpj;j nkhop %yj;jpNyNa tpilfs;
vOjg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
(4) VjhtJ vLNfhs;fis ePqf
; s; Nkw;nfhz;bUg;gpd; mtw;iwj; njspthff; Fwpg;gplTk;.
(5) nray; tpidr; nrhw;fspd; nrt;it epuy; mtw;wpd; tiutpyf;
tiutpyf;fzq;fSld
Sld; ,izf;fg;
gl;Ls;sJ. Nehf;fr; Nrhjid tpdhf;fs; jtpu;ej ; Vida xt;nthU tpdhTk; xU nray;
tpidr; nrhy;iy nfhz;Ls;sJ. guPlr ; hu;jj
; pfs; nray; tpidr; nrhy; nrt;it epuypy;
jug;gl;Ls;s tiutpyf;fzq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; tpdhf;fSf;F tpilaspj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
(6) 100 Gs;spfs;

gFjp A
Nehf;fr; Nrhjid tpdhf;fs; (OTQs)
(nkhj;jk; 25 Gs;spfs;)

tpdh 01
,y. 1.1 njhlf;fk; 1.6 tiuahd tpdhf;fSf;F kpfg; nghUj;jkhd tpiliaj; njupT nra;f.
njupT nra;ag;gl;l tpilapd; ,yf;fj;ij mjw;Fupa tpdh ,yf;fj;Jld; ckJ tpilg; Gj;jfj;jpy;
vOJf.

1.1 gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; ,yq;ifapd; tl gFjpapYs;s aho;gg

; hzf; Flhehl;bypUf;Fk; jkpo;
Fbkf;fSf;F khj;jpuk; Vw;Gila rl;lk; vJ?

(1) cNuhkd; - lr;Rr; rl;lk; (2) Mq;fpyr; rl;lk;

(3) Njrtoikr; rl;lk; (4) K];ypk; rl;lk;

1.2 gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; nghUs;fs; tpw;gid xg;ge;jk; xd;wpy; tpw;gidahsUf;F fpilf;ff;$ba

gupfhukhf (remedy) mikahjJ vJ?

(1) kPst
; pw;gid cupik (2) gw;Wupik (jLj;J itg;gjw;fhd cupik)

(3) ,iltopapy; epWj;Jtjw;fhd cupik (4) Fwpg;ghd nraw;ghl;ilg; ngWjy;

1.3 fPot
; Uk; $w;Wfisf; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;f :

(a) ghuhSkd;wr; rpwg;Gupikfs; kPwg;gLtJ Fwpj;j epahahjpf;fj;ij cau; ePjpkd;wk;

(Supreme Court) nfhz;bUf;fpwJ.
(b) khtl;l ePjpkd;wk; Kjdpiy ePjpkd;wnkhd;whff; fUjg;gLfpwJ.

(c) tpthfuj;J kw;Wk; gps;isfis nghWg;gpy; itj;jpUj;jy; Nghd;wit njhlu;ghd

tof;Ffs; ePjpthd; ePjpkd;wq;fshy; tprhupf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

NkYs;stw;Ws; ,yq;ifapYs;s jw;Nghija epahahjpf;f Kiwik (judicial system)

njhlu;gpy; rupahd $w;Wfs; :

(1) (a) Ak; (b) Ak; khj;jpuk; (2) (b) Ak; (c) Ak; khj;jpuk;
(3) (a) Ak; (c) Ak; khj;jpuk; (4) Nkw;$wpa ahTk;.

1.4 1980 Mk; Mz;bd; 46 Mk; ,yf;f Copau; ek;gpf;if epjpar; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; cs;slf;fg;gLk;
Copau;fs; tif :

(1) Njrpa gapYeu; rigapd; fPohd gapYeu;fs;

(2) $l;Lj;jhgdq;fspd; Copau;fs;

(3) Xa;Tngw;w mur Nritahsu;fs;

(4) cs;ehl;Lr; Nritahsu;fs;.

1.5 vLj;Jr; nry;yg;gLfpd;w nghUs;fspd; tif> msT kw;Wk; NrUk; ,lk; Mfpatw;iw
tptupf;Fk; tifapy; xU fg;gNyw;WeUf;F vLj;Jr; nry;gtuhy; tpepNahfpf;fg;gLfpd;w xU
rl;l Mtzk; :

(1) ehzaf; fbjk; (2) thu;ehkk;

(3) tpiyg;gl;bay; (4) gupkhw;W cz;bay;

1.6 fPot
; Uk; Copau; tiffisf; ftdj;jpw; nfhs;f :

(a) $l;LwTr; rq;fj;jpy; gzpahw;Wk; Copau;fs;

(b) tPlL
; g; gzpg;ngz;fs;> jdpg;gl;l rhujpfs; Nghd;w tPlL
; g; gzpahsu;fs;

(c) jdpahu; Jiwapy; gzpahw;Wk; Copau;fs;

(d) murhq;fk;> khfhz rigfs; kw;Wk; cs;@uhl;rp mjpfhurigfspy; gzpahw;Wk; Copau;fs;

NkYs;stw;Ws;> 1983 Mk; Mz;bd; 12 Mk; ,yf;f gzpf;nfhilf; nfhLg;gdTr; rl;lj;jpd;

fPo; tpyf;fspf;fg;gl;l Copau;fs; :

(1) (a) Ak; (b) Ak; (d) Ak; khj;jpuk; (2) (a) Ak; (c) Ak; (d) Ak; khj;jpuk;
(3) (b) Ak; (c) Ak; (d) Ak; khj;jpuk; (4) Nkw;$wpa ahTk;.
(02 Gs;spfs; tPjk;, 12 Gs;spfs;)
2|Page
,y. 1.7 njhlf;fk; 1.9 tiuahd gpdt ; Uk; xt;nthU $w;Wk; rupahdjh my;yJ jtwhdjh
vd;gijf; Fwpg;gpLf. njupT nra;ag;gl;l tpilia (rupahdJ / jtwhdJ) ckJ tpilg;Gj;jfj;jpy;
tpdh ,yf;fj;ijf; Fwpg;gpl;L mjd; vjpNu vOJf.

1.7 fil kw;Wk; mYtyf Copau;fs; rl;lkhdJ fil my;yJ mYtyfnkhd;wpy; 18

tajpw;Fk; Fiwe;j ve;jnthU egiuAk; njhopYf;fku;jJ
; tijj; jil nra;fpwJ.

1.8 nghUs;fs; tpw;gid xg;ge;jnkhd;wpd; xU $W (element) ,lk; (location) MFk;.

1.9 CIF cld;gbf;ifapd; fPo>; nfhs;tdthsUf;F ed;ikaspf;fpd;w fhg;GWjp xg;ge;j

nkhd;iwr; nra;Jnfhs;tJ tpw;gidahsupd; nghWg;ghFk;.
(01 Gs;sp tPjk;, 03 Gs;spfs;)
,y. 1.10 njhlf;fk; 1.14 tiuahd tpdhf;fSf;fhd FWfpa tpilfis> cq;fSila tpilg;
Gj;jfj;jpy; cupa tpdh ,yf;fj;ijf; Fwpg;gpl;L mjd; vjpNu vOjTk;.
1.10 gzpaplj;jpy; Copau;fSf;F cupj;jhd ,uz;L (02) kdpj cupikfisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
1.11 ru;tNjr tu;j;jfg; gpzf;nfhd;iwj; jPug
; g
; jw;Fg; gad;gLj;jf;$ba ,uz;L (02) ePjpj;Jiw
rhuhj gpzf;Fj; jPuj
; ;jy; topKiwfisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
1.12 nghUs;fs; tpw;gidf; fl;lisr; rl;lj;jpd; fPohd ,uz;L (02) cl;fpil epge;jidfisf;
(implied conditions) Fwpg;gpLf.
1.13 ,yq;if fk;gdpfs; gjpthsupd; ,uz;L (02) gpujhd njhopw;ghLfisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
1.14 Copau; xUtUf;Fk; RahjPd xg;ge;jfhuu; xUtUf;Fkpilapyhd NtWghl;il
,dq;fhz;gjw;F gad;gLj;jf;$ba ,uz;L (02) Nrhjidfisf; (tests) Fwpg;gpLf.
(02 Gs;spfs; tPjk;, 10 Gs;spfs;)
(Gs;spfs; 25 Gs;spfs;)
gFjp A KbT

gFjp B
(nkhj;jk; 50 Gs;spfs;)

tpdh 02
nlhk; kw;Wk; n[up MfpNahu; rpWtu;fSf;fhd fhu;^d; jpiug;glq;fisj; jahupf;Fk; gq;Flik
tpahghuj;ij Muk;gpj;Js;sdu;. mtu;fs; fzpdp nkd;nghUisg; gad;gLj;jpj; jahupf;fg;gLk;
mirT+l;lq;fspd; (mdpNk~d;) mbg;gilapy; jkJ tpahghuj;ij mgptpUj;jp nra;tjw;F
xd;whfr; Nru;eJ
; gzpahw;Wfpd;wdu;. vt;thwhapDk; n[up> tiuaWf;fg;gl;l ABC fk;gpA+l;lu;];
fk;gdpaplkpUe;J fopT tpiyapy; fzpdp nkd;nghUis nfhs;tdT nra;jpUe;j NghjpYk;> mtu;
thq;fpa tpiyapd; ,Uklq;F tpiyahd jw;Nghija re;ij tpiyapy; mjid mtu; gq;Flik
tpahghuj;jpw;F tpw;gid nra;jpUe;jij nlhk; fz;lwpe;Js;shu;. ,e;jf; nfhLf;fy; thq;fy; %yk;
n[up ,ufrpa ,yhgnkhd;iw <l;bAs;sJld; mtu; mjid nlhk; cld; gfpu;eJ ; nfhs;stpy;iy.

NkYk;> n[up ,NjNghd;wnjhU tpahghuj;ij Muk;gpj;Js;sijAk; mtuJ tpahghuj;jpw;fhf>

gq;Flikapy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w fzpdp nkd;nghUisg; gad;gLj;jpapUg;gijAk; nlhk;
fz;lwpe;Js;shu;.
ePqf
; s; nra;a Ntz;bait :
(a) n[up xU gq;fhsu; vd;w tifapy; mtuJ flikfis kPwpAs;shuh vd;gij tpgupf;Ff.
(07 Gs;spfs;)
(b) ,e;j tplak; njhlu;gpy; nlhk;kpd; rl;l cupikfis tpgupf;Ff. (03 Gs;spfs;)
(nkhj;jk; 10 Gs;spfs;)
3|Page
 tpdh 03
khwpf;nfhz;bUf;Fk; tzpfr; #oypy;> tzpfk; kw;Wk; ehl;ljhuu;fspy; nry;thf;Fr; (influence)
nrYj;Jfpd;w Gjpa Nghf;Ffs; ehSf;F ehs; ntspg;gLfpd;wd. vdNt> ,j;jifa Gjpa
Nghf;Ffs; kw;Wk; mtw;Wf;Fj; JizGupAk; $Wfis xOq;FgLj;Jtjw;F rl;luPjpahd
Ntiyr;rl;lfj;ij tpUj;jp nra;tJ ,d;wpaikahjjhFk;. eltbf;iffis xOq;FgLj;Jtjw;Fk;
kf;fisg; ghJfhg;gjw;Fk; vd gy Gjpa rl;lq;fSk; xOq;FtpjpfSk; ,yq;ifapy;
mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.

ePqf
; s; nra;a Ntz;bait :

(a) 2006 Mk; Mz;bd; 06 Mk; ,yf;f epjpg; guptu;jj

; id mwpf;ifaply; rl;lj;jpd; ,uz;L
(02) Nehf;fq;fisf; (objectives) Fwpg;gpLf. (04 Gs;spfs;)

(b) 2003 Mk; Mz;bd; 36 Mk; ,yf;f Gyikr; nrhj;Jfs; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; cs;slf;fg;gLfpd;w
%d;W (03) tifahd Gyikr; nrhj;Jfis (intellectual property) tpgupf;Ff. (06 Gs;spfs;)
(nkhj;jk; 10 Gs;spfs;)

tpdh 04

gy;Njrpaf; fk;gdpnahd;wpy; gzpahw;Wfpd;w ruj; kw;Wk; khyd; MfpNahu; ey;y ez;gu;fshtu;.

mtu;fs; ,UtUk; jkJ FLk;g mq;fj;jtu;fSf;fhf fhg;GWjpfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s
tpUk;Gfpd;wdu;. ruj; jdf;Fk; jdJ kidtpahd Nuh]pf;
Nuh] Fkhd MAs; fhg;GWjpf;F tpz;zg;gpj;
Js;shu;. khyd; jpUkzkhfhjtu;. vdNt mtu; jdJ fhUf;fhd nghJf; fhg;GWjp xd;wpw;Fk;
mtuJ %j;j rNfhjupahd gpupahTf;
gpupah fhd MAs; fhg;GWjpnahd;wpw;Fk; tpz;zg;gpj;Js;shu;.
fhg;GWjpf; fk;gdpahdJ khydhy; jdJ rNfhjupapd; nghUl;L mDg;gg;gl;l fhg;GWjp
tpz;zg;gj;ij epuhfupj;jpUe;j mNjNtis ruj;jpdhy; Nuh]p njhlu;gpy; mDg;gg;gl;l fhg;GWjp
tpz;zg;gj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhz;bUe;jJ.

3 khjq;fspd; gpd;du;> khyDila fhu; kuk; xd;wpd; fPo; epWj;jp itf;fg;gl;bUe;jNghJ me;j kuk;
NtNuhL rha;ej ; jhy; Nrjkile;jJ. mtu; Nrjj;jpw;fhd cupikf;Nfhupf;if (claim) xd;iw
Kd;itj;jNghJ> fhg;GWjpf; fk;gdp me;j cupikf;Nfhupf;ifia epuhfupj;jpUe;jJ. khyd; jdJ
tpz;zg;gg;gbtj;jpy; rpy cz;ikfis kiwj;Js;shu;. mjpy; mtu; jdJ fhupid thfd$lk;
(fuh[;) xd;wpy; epWj;jp itg;gjhff; Fwpg;gpl;bUe;jhu;. Mdhy; mtu; jdJ fhiu nghJthf ney;
taYf;F mUfpYs;s kuj;jbapy; epWj;Jtij fhg;GWjpf; fk;gdp fz;lwpe;jJ.

ePqf
; s; nra;a Ntz;bait :

(a) jdJ kidtpapd; MAs; fhg;GWjpf;fhf ruj;jpdhy;

pdhy mDg;gg;gl;l tpz;zg;gg;gbtk; Vw;Wf;
nfhs;sg;gl;bUe;j mNj Ntis jdJ rNfhjupapd; MAs; fhg;GWjpf;fhf khyd; mDg;gpa
tpz;zg;gg;gbtk; epuhfupf;fg;gl;ljw;fhd fhuzq;fis Muha;f. (06 Gs;spfs;)

(b) Nrjkile;j fhu; njhlu;gpy; fhg;GWjpf; fk;gdpahy; khydpd; cupikf;Nfhupf;if epuhfupf;fg;

gl;likf;fhd mbg;gilia (basis) tpgupf;Ff. (04 Gs;spfs;)
(nkhj;jk; 10 Gs;spfs;)

4|Page
 tpdh 05
ifkhw;wj;jF rhjdk; vd;gJ Fwpg;gpl;l Neuj;jpy; my;yJ Nfs;tpapd; kPJ epiyahd gzj;
njhif xd;iwr; nrYj;Jtjw;fhd vOj;jpyhd xU fl;lis my;yJ epge;jidaw;w cWjpnkhop
MFk;. ,jid xUtuplkpUe;J ,d;ndhUtUf;F khw;w KbAk; vd;gJld; mt;thW
khw;wg;gl;lJk; mjid itj;jpUg;gtu; rhjdj;jpw;fhd KOikahd rl;l cupj;ijAk;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpwhu;.

ePqf
; s; nra;a Ntz;bait :

(a) fhNrhiynahd;wpw;Fk; khw;Wz;banyhd;wpw;Fk; ,ilapyhd %d;W (03) NtWghLfisf;

Fwpg;gpLf. (03 Gs;spfs;)

(b) fhyf;fpukj;jpy; khw;Wz;banyhd;iw itj;jpUg;gtuhff; fUjg;gLtjw;F fhzg;gl Ntz;ba

ehd;F (04) gz;Gfisf; (characteristics) Fwpg;gpLf. (04 Gs;spfs;)

(c) khw;Wz;banyhd;iw tiugtupd; (drawer) %d;W (03) nghWg;Gfis (liabilities)

epuw;gLj;Jf. (03 Gs;spfs;)
(nkhj;jk; 10 Gs;spfs;)

tpdh 06
r=fh
r=fh vd;gtu; ,yq;iff;F ,urhad cuq;fis ,wf;Fkjp nra;Ak; tpahghuj;jpy; <Lgl;Ls;shu;.
mtu; rPdhtplkpUe;J &gh 100 kpy;ypad; ngWkjpahd ,urhad cuq;fis ,wf;Fkjp nra;jJld;
mit Nku;ikl; vd;Dk; ngUila fg;gy; xd;wpy; ,yq;iff;F mDg;gg;gl;ld. ,yq;ifapy;
,urhad cuq;fisj; jil nra;fpd;w jw;Nghija murpay; #o;epiy fhuzkhf fg;gyhdJ
fpl;lj;jl;l xU khj fhykhf ,e;jpahTf;F mz;ikapyhd Mo;flypy; rpf;fpf;nfhz;lJ.
Mo;flypy; ePzl
; ehl;fs; jupj;jpUg;gjhy; cuj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;s nfhs;fyd;fspy; ,urhad
khw;wq;fs; epfo;tij fg;gy; khYkpahd (jiytd;) jpU. $y; vd;gtu; fz;Zw;whu;. ,jdhy;
mtu; jdJ nrhe;jr; nrytpy; ,e;jpahtpYs;s nrd;id JiwKfj;jpy; mtw;iwf;
fsQ;rpag;gLj;Jtjw;fhd eltbf;iffis vLj;jpUe;jhu;. mtu; ele;jijj; njuptpf;f r=fhitj;
r=fh
njhlu;Gnfhs;s Kaw;rpj;jpUe;jhu;> Mdhy; vt;tpj gjpYk; mtUf;Ff; fpilf;ftpy;iy. 2
thuq;fspd; gpd;du;> cuf; nfhs;fyd;fis njhlu;eJ
; k; fsQ;rpag;gLj;Jtjw;F mtuplk; Nghjpa
gzk; ,y;yhjjhy; cuj;jpid tpw;gid nra;tjw;F jpU. $y; jPuk
; hdpj;jhu;. mtu; cuj;jpid &gh
75 kpy;ypaDf;F tpw;gid nra;jJld;> gzj;jpid r=fhTf;
r=fh F mDg;Gtjw;Fk; Vw;ghLfis
Nkw;nfhz;lhu;.

ePqf
; s; nra;a Ntz;bait :

(a) cu tpw;gid njhlu;gpy; jpU. $y; kw;Wk; r=fh MfpNahUf;fpilapy; Kftuhz;ik

cwnthd;W (agency relationship) fhzg;gLfpwjh vd;gij Muha;f. (07 Gs;spfs;)

(b) jpU. $y; cuj;jpidf; fsQ;rpag;gLj;Jtjw;fhfr; nryTnra;j gzj;ij r=fh

r=fhtplkpUe;
fh J
t#ypf;f KbAkh vd;gij tpgupf;Ff. (03 Gs;spfs;)
(nkhj;jk; 10 Gs;spfs;)
gFjp B KbT

5|Page
 gFjp C
(nkhj;jk; 25 Gs;spfs;)

tpdh 07

(A) rkd; kw;Wk; mtuJ kidtpahd gpA+kp MfpNahu; EtnuypahtpYs;s N`hl;ly;

“N`hl;
tpf;Nlhupah”
lhupah ,y; nrhFR miw xd;iw Kd;gjpT nra;Js;sdu;. N`hl;ly; tshfj;jpw;F
te;j gpd;du;> mtu;fs; jkJ fhiu epWj;Jtjw;fhd ,lj;ijj; Njbdu;. N`hl;ly;
ghJfhtyu;fspy; xUtu; fhu; epWj;Jtjw;fhd ,lj;ijf; fhl;b> “Iah> ehq;fs; fhu;
epWj;Jtjw;fhd ,lj;ij toq;FfpdN
; whk;> Mdhy; Nfhtpl; 19 Rfhjhu topfhl;ly;fs;
fhuzkhf tiuaWf;fg;gl;l vz;zpf;ifapyhd Copau;fSlNdNa ehq;fs; ,aq;Ftjhy;
thfdj;jpw;fhd ghJfhg;ig toq;f KbahJs;sJ” vdf; $wpdhu;.

3 ehs;fSf;fhd miwf; fl;lzj;ijr; nrYj;jpa gpd;du;> mtu;fs; miwapDs; gpuNtrpj;jdu;.

miwf; fjtpy; “njhiye;JNghd my;yJ fsthlg;gl;l nghUs;fSf;F N`hl;ly; Kfhik
ve;jr; #o;epiyapYk; nghWg;Ngw;fhJ” vd;w thrfk; nghwpf;fg;gl;bUg;gij rkd;
mtjhdpj;jhu;.

N`hl;lypd; Kfg;Gg; gFjpapy;> nkdpf;fh vd;gtuhy; elj;jg;gLfpd;w Mguzf; filnahd;W

fhzg;gLfpwJ. mtu; filapYs;s fz;zhb ad;dypd; cl;Gwkhf 4,000 mnkupf;f nlhyu;
vd tpiy Fwpf;fg;gl;l tpiyAau;ej
; ,uj;jpdf;fy; khiyia fhl;rpg;gLj;jpapUe;jhu;. NkYk;
mjpy;> ,e;j khiy Muk;gj;jpy; ,uhzp tpf;NlhupahTf;Fr; nrhe;jkhftpUe;j xU gz;ila
nghUs; vd tpgupf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. gz;ila nghUs;fis tpUk;GgtUk; Mguzr;
Nrfupg;ghsuhfTk; cs;s gpA+kp ,e;j khiyia thq;Ftjw;F tpUg;gk; nfhz;bUe;jhu;.
Mdhy; mJ fhl;rpg;gLj;jYf;fhf khj;jpuNk itf;fg;gl;Ls;sjhfTk;> tpw;gidf;fhf my;y
vdf; $wp> nkdpf;fh mjid tpw;gid nra;a kWj;jpUe;jhu;.

N`hl;lypypUe;J ntspNaWk; jWthapy;> jkJ miwapDs; ,Ue;j mtuJ ml;bif (gjf;f

khiy) fhzhkw; NghapUe;jij gpA+kp mtjhdpj;jhu;. gpd;du;> mtu;fSila fhupd; cjpupr;
rf;fuKk;$l (spare wheel) fhzhkw; NghapUe;jijAk; mtu;fs; fz;Zw;wdu;.

ePqf
; s; nra;a Ntz;bait :

(a) gpA+kp kw;Wk; nkdpf;fh MfpNahupilNa typjhd (nry;Ygbahd) xg;ge;jnkhd;W

fhzg;gLfpwjh vd;gij tpgupf;Ff. (05 Gs;spfs;)

(b) njhiye;j nghUs;fs; njhlu;gpy; “N`hl;

N`hl;ly; tpf;Nlhupah”Tf;
lhupah F vjpuhf rkd; kw;Wk;
gpA+kpf;F cs;s rl;l cupikfis Muha;f. (07 Gs;spfs;)

(c) jdJ thbf;ifahsupd; njhiye;j nghUs;fs; njhlu;gpy; “N`hl;

N`hl;ly; tpf;Nlhupah”Tf;
lhupah F
cs;s rl;l cupikfis tpgupf;Ff. (03 Gs;spfs;)

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(B) mky; vd;gtu; nkhzuhfiyapy; cs;s xU tzpfu; Mthu;. mtu; gpuNjrj;jpYs;s
tptrhapfSf;F Nrjd cuj;ij tpw;gid nra;fpwhu;. mky; nfhOk;gpYs;s uh[; vd;gtupd;
fsQ;rpaj;jpypUe;J 10,000 fpNyhfpuhk; Nrjd cuj;ij thq;Ftjw;fhd xg;ge;jnkhd;wpy;
ifr;rhj;jpl;Ls;shu;. uh[; ,yq;iff;F Nrjd cuj;ij ,wf;Fkjp nra;Ak; Xu; ,wf;Fkjpahsu;
Mthu;. xg;ge;jk; nra;J nfhs;sg;gLtjw;F Kd;du;> uh[; ,dhy; fhz;gpf;fg;gl;l Nrjd cu
khjpupapd; juj;ij mky; guPlr
; pj;jpUe;jhu;. mky; xt;nthd;Wk; 50 fpNyhfpuhk; nfhz;l
%ilfspy; 10,000 fpNyhfpuhk; Nrjd cuj;ijAk; ngw;Wf;nfhz;lJld; mtw;iw cs;@u;
tptrhapfSf;Fk; tpw;gid nra;jpUe;jhu;. ,uz;L ehl;fspd; gpd;du;> cuj;jpd; Nkhrkhd juk;
gw;wp tptrhapfs; Kiwg;ghL nra;jJld;> mtu;fs; mkyplk; nfhs;tdT nra;j cu
%ilfisAk; jpUg;gp mDg;gpapUe;jdu;. gpd;du;> jhd; xg;ge;jk; nra;Jnfhs;s Kd;du;
jdpg;gl;l uPjpapy; guPlr
; pj;j cu khjpupapd; juj;Jld;> jdf;Ff; fpilf;fg;ngw;wpUe;j Nrjd
cuj;jpd; juk; nghUe;jtpy;iy vd;gij mky; fz;lwpe;jhu;. NkYk;> ,e;j cuk; nkhj;jKk;
mjd; Nkhrkhd juk; kw;Wk; ,urhad cs;slf;fk; fhuzkhf Nrjd kuf;fwpr; nra;iff;F
cfe;jjy;y vd;gijAk; mtu; czu;eJ
; nfhz;lhu;.

ePqf
; s; nra;a Ntz;baJ :

nghUs;fs; tpw;gid fl;lisr;rl;lj;jpd; fPo>; uh[; ,w;F vjpuhf mkYf;F cs;s rl;l
cupikfis Muha;f. (10 Gs;spfs;)
(nkhj;jk; 25 Gs;spfs;)

gFjp C KbT

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 nray; tpidr;nrhy; nrt;it epuy;
Mw;wy; kl;lk; tpguk; nray; tpidr;nrhy; tpidr;nrhy; tiutpyf;fzk;
tiuf (Draw) tiuglk; my;yJ tupg;glnkhd;iwr; rku;g;gpj;jy;
ju;ff; uPjpahf my;yJ fhuzuPjpahf
njhlu;GgLj;Jf (Relate) njhlu;Gfisj; jhgpj;jy;
tplaq;fisAk;
jpl;ltl;lkhf my;yJ njspthf tpguq;fis
mwpT (1) mbg;gil $Wf/
$Wf Fwpg;gpLf(State)
pLf ntspg;gLj;jy;
vz;zf;
milahsq;fhz;f / fUj;jpw;nfhz;l gpd;du; Vw;gpirT nra;jy;>
fUf;fisAk; ,dq;fhz;f (Identify) jhgpj;jy; my;yJ njupTnra;jy;
Qhgfg;gLj;jy; njhlu;Ggl;l cUg;gbfis xd;wd;fo
P ; xd;whf
epuw;gLj;Jf / gl;baypLf (List) vOJjy;

Mw;wy; kl;lk; tpguk; nray; tpidr;nrhy; tpidr;nrhy; tiutpyf;fzk;

mwpT my;yJ #o;epiy mDgtj;ijg;
Vw;gpirT nra;f (Recognize) gad;gLj;jp nry;Ygbj;jd;ikia my;yJ mjd;
,ayhikiaf; fhl;Ljy;
Nahridfs;
nghUs; tpsf;Ff / tpsq;ff;$ba my;yJ gupr;rakhd gjq;fspy;
Kw;wlf;fk; kw;Wk; fUj;Jf;$Wf(Interpret)
Wf njspTgLj;jy;
(2) jfty;fis
tpsf;Ff (Describe) gpujhd mk;rq;fis vOJjYk; njhlu;ghLjYk;
tpgupj;jYk;
cupa tplaq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp njspthd
njspTgLj;jYk; tpgupf;Ff (Explain) tptuzj;ij tpgukhfj; njuptpj;jy;
nghUs; tiuaiw nra;f / rupahd jd;ik> Nehf;F my;yJ nghUisj;
tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;Jf(Define)
f jUjy;

Mw;wy; kl;lk; tpguk; nray; tpidr;nrhy; tpidr;nrhy; tiutpyf;fzk;

fzf;fpzf;fk; nra;f / Ntnwhd;Wld; xj;jpUg;gij / nghUe;jpapUg;gij
,zf;fk;1nra;f(Reconcile) xg;Gtpj;jy;

tiuf (Graph) tiuGfs; %yk; Fwpj;Jf;fhl;Ljy;

ngWkjp> jd;ik> ,aYik my;yJ juj;jpidj;
kjpg;gpLf (Assess) jPuk
; hdpj;jy;
Gjpa
#o;epiyfspy; fzpg;gLP fs; my;yJ tpsf;fq;fs; Clhf jPu;itf;
gpuNahfk; (3) jPuf
; F
; f (Solve) fz;Lgpbj;jy;
mwpitg;
Fwpj;j Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf cupa Kiwapy;
gad;gLj;jYk; jahupf;Ff (Prepare) jahu;gLj;jy;
gpd;gw;wYk; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; tptupf;Ff cjhuzq;fSld; epWTjy; my;yJ
(Demonstrate) ntspf;fhl;ly;

fzpf;Ff / fzpg;gpLf fzpjuPjpahd fzpg;gl

P L
; ld; fz;lwpjy; my;yJ
(Calculate) fzpj;jy;

gpuNahfpf;Ff (Apply) eilKiwg; gad;ghl;bw;Ff; nfhz;LtUjy;

Mw;wy; kl;lk; tpguk; nray; tpidr;nrhy; tpidr;nrhy; tiutpyf;fzk;

njhlu;ghLf(Communicate)
hLf jfty;fisg; gfpu;jy; my;yJ gupkhWjy;

RUf;fkhff1Fwpg;
khff Fwpg;gpLf(Outline)
pLf Kf;fpa mk;rq;fspd; njhFg;gpidj; jUjy;
NahridfSf;
fpilapyhd NtWgLj;Jf (Contrast) NtWghLfisf; fhl;Ltjw;fhf Ma;Tnra;jy;
gFg;gha;T
njhlu;Gfis xg;gpLf (Compare) xw;Wikfis mwptjw;fhf Ma;Tnra;jy;
(4)
vOJjYk; fye;jha;T nra;f / Muha;f
tpthjpg;Gfs; %yk; tpgukhf Ma;Tnra;jy;
gpurpdq;fisj; (Discuss)
jPuj
; ;jYk; tpj;jpahrg;gLj;Jf / tifapLf rpytw;iw NtWgLj;Jfpd;w tpj;jpahrq;fisf;
(Differentiate) fhl;Ljy;
jPu;tpid my;yJ Ngwpid fz;Lgpbg;gjw;fhf
gFg;gha;T nra;f (Analyze) tpgukhf Ma;Tnra;jy;

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