N

Save Nature to Survive

16(2): 133-138, 2021
www.thebioscan.com

INFLUENCE OF IRRIG
INFLUENCE IRRIGAATION REGIMES AND NITROGEN LEVELS
ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF RICE UNDER MECHANISED SRI
CUL TIV
CULTIV ATION
TIVA

G . VIJAYSHEKAR *., M. MALLA REDDY AND R . MAHENDER KUMAR

Agricultural College, PJTSAU, Jagtial, Polasa-505 529, Telangana State, INDIA.
e-mail: vijayshekaragri099@gmail.com

KEYWORDS ABSTRACT
Mechanised system of A field experiment was carried out during kharif 2014 on clay loam soil at Indian Institute of Rice Research,
rice intensification Hyderabad with an objective to study the response of rice to irrigation regimes and nitrogen levels under MSRI
Alternate wetting (Mechanised System of Rice Intensification) cultivation. The experiment was laid out in a split plot design with
Drying and water pro- three replications. Three irrigation regimes were taken as main plots and four nitrogen levels in subplots. Results
ductivity revealed that taller plants, high LAI, higher tiller and dry matter production were observed with the maintenance
of saturation up to panicle initiation (PI) stage. Irrigation to maintain saturation level up to PI stage had registered
Received on : significantly higher grain yield (7386 kg ha-1), which was 7.9 and 5.6 % higher than submergence throughout the
30.11.2020 CGP (6804 kg ha-1) and AWDI (6979 kg ha-1), respectively. Significantly higher values of growth parameters were
recorded with 180 kg N ha-1. Significantly higher grain yield (8366 kg ha-1) was reported with180 kg N ha-1 but the
Accepted on : difference between 180 and 150 kg N ha-1 is very narrow (5.9 %) compared to lower levels, which were 20.2 and
06.05.2021 36.5 % lower than the 180 kg N ha-1

*Corresponding
author

INTRODUCTION among farmers because of easy adoptability, less cost and on

par yield with that of conventional transplanting method.
In India, rice (Oryza sativa L.) occupies an area of 44.1 M ha System of Rice Intensification is an emerging water saving
with a production of 116.47 M tons and average productivity technology which can help the farmers to overcome the
of 26.38 q ha1(Indiastat, 2020). It is the major food crop of present water crisis (Mandal and Pramanick, 2015).
Telangana State, contributing 1.93 M ha area with the Mechanical transplanting of rice with transplanter is an
production of 6.66 M tons (Socio Economic Outlook- alternative to complete the transplanting in time with less
Telangana, 2020). labour thereby achieving maximum productivity of crop. In
Traditional rice production involves submerged conditions addition, mechanization in rice releases the work force to
with approximately 5 to 10 cm deep standing water other sectors (Vasudevan et al., 2014). Among different
throughout the crop growth period. This system requires agronomic measures, nutrient management deserves special
around 3000 to 5000 litres of water for producing one kg of attention in hybrid rice cultivation. Rice is bulk consumer of
grain which is about twice or even more than that for wheat or nitrogen, but nitrogen use efficiency is very low in rice.
maize (Joshi et al., 2009). However, the increasing scarcity of Nitrogen applied in lowland rice is lost from soil through
fresh water for agriculture and competing demand from the leaching and denitrification. Excessive N supply or inadequate
non-agricultural sector threaten the sustainability of irrigated N does not provide an appropriate environment for hybrid to
rice ecosystem. Hence, the major challenges are to produce exploit its potential (Mahender Kumar et al., 2000) Thus, there
more rice, increase water productivity and reduce water input is a need to work out optimum N requirement to find out the
in the fields. extent of yield improvement in rice production. Keeping these
points in view, the present study is proposed to evaluate the
Rice is traditionally planted by transplanting method in India irrigation regimes and nitrogen levels on production potential
in spite of the fact that it is cumbersome practice and requires of hybrid rice under mechanized SRI cultivation method.
more labour. In recent years, because of scarce labour coupled
with higher wages during the peak period of farm operations
invariably lead to delay in transplanting (Manjappa and MATERIALS AND METHODS
Kataraki, 2004). This is aggravated by untimely release of water A field experiment was carried out during kharif 2014 on clay
from canals and delayed monsoon showers which force to loam soil at Indian Institute of Rice Research, Hyderabad
identify alternate methods of rice cultivation without reduction situated at an altitude of 542.3 m above mean sea level ,
in yield. Among them, transplanting using mechanical 17º19’ N latitude and 78º23’ E longitude with an objective to
transplanter and SRI method of cultivation gained significance study the response of rice to irrigation regimes and nitrogen

133
G . VIJAYSHEKAR et al.,

levels under MSRI cultivation. The experiment was laid out in from 15 DAT to panicle initiation stage and 5 cm depth of
a split plot design with three replications. Three irrigation irrigation from panicle initiation to Physiological maturity. In
regimes were taken as main plots and four nitrogen levels in saturation method practice, the soil was kept as close to
subplots. Irrigation regimes include I1: Submergence (3±2 saturation as possible, thereby reducing the hydraulic head of
cm) throughout the crop period, I2: Saturation upto panicle the ponded water, in practice it means that a shallow irrigation
initiation stage followed by maintaining (3±2 cm) standing is given to attain about 2.5 cm depth of ponded water through
water till maturity, I3: Alternate wetting and drying through water meter. Whenever, water falls below 2.5 cm marked peg,
PVC water pipe at (5 cm) fall from ground level and nitrogen once again irrigation was given, so that the soil was then kept
levels viz., N1: 75 % RDN (90 kg ha-1), N2: 100 % RDN (120 kg always at above the saturation level upto panicle initiation
ha-1), N3: 125 % RDN (150 kg ha-1) and N4: 150 % RDN (180 stage followed by maintaining (3±2 cm) standing water till
kg ha-1). The hybrid DRRH-3’ with the duration of 120-130 maturity. In each main plots of AWDI practice, Field water
days was used for the study. The texture of the experimental tube were placed to measure the depth of standing water and
soil was clayey loam with the available soil moisture holding water tables in the field, either above the surface or below the
capacity of 20.8 mm in (0-15 cm) and 18.8 mm (15-30 cm) surface. Using this tube; irrigation was given when water depth
soil depth. Mat type of nursery was prepared by laying plastic goes below the surface to 5 cm. Water table depth in this tube
sheets. The sprouted seeds were broadcasted uniformly and was measured by simple ruler. The subsequent irrigation was
sparsely on each frame @ 30 kg ha-1 and then covered with a given to re-flood the field to a depth of 5 cm as respective to
thin layer of vermicompost (0.5 cm). After a week of sowing treatment. These practices suspended in the treatments from
water was applied through the water channel until one week before to one week after flowering. During which
transplanting. During transplanting (18 days old seedlings), ponded water was always kept at 5 cm depth over the surface.
the mats were lifted from the plastic sheets and placed directly Irrigation was withheld 15 days ahead of harvest. The
on the trays of the transplanter. Yangi – china paddy experimental data recorded on different yield parameters, yield
transplanter (Self-propelled- Riding type) was used for planting and water productivity were analyzed statistically by applying
the rice seedlings. A uniform dose of 60 kg P2O5 and 40 kg the technique of analysis of variance for split plot design and
K2O ha-1 was applied basally in the form of single super significance was tested by F- test (Gomez and Gomez, 1984).
Critical difference for examining treatmental means for their
phosphate and murate of potash, respectively. Nitrogen (120
significance was calculated at 5 percent level of probability.
kg N) was applied in the form of urea as per the treatments. It
was applied in three equal splits viz., as basal, 30 DAT
(Maximum tillering) and panicle initiation stages. Farmers RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
practice was followed till 10 DAT for proper establishment. The growth parameters of rice cultivated under Mechanised
The irrigation water was measured by using water meter. After SRI method were significantly influenced by the irrigation
10 DAT, the irrigation schedules were adopted as per the
treatments. In conventional method of flooding with 3cm depth
Table 2: Leaf area index as influenced by irrigation regimes and N
levels under MSRI cultivation
Table 1: Plant height (cm) as influenced by irrigation regimes and N
levels under MSRI in rice Treatment 30 60 90 Har
DAT DAT DAT vest
Treatment 30 DAT 60 DAT 90 DAT Harvest
Irrigation Regimes (I)
Irrigation Regimes (I)
I1 46.9 78.5 96.8 95.9 I1 1.48 3.52 5.13 3.72
I2 50.6 84.7 104.4 103.1 I2 1.71 3.86 5.44 4.11
I3 47.1 81.5 103.1 102.9 I3 1.54 3.61 5.19 3.75
SEm ± 1.3 0.9 1.5 1.1 SEm ± 0.04 0.07 0.06 0.08
CD (P = 0.05) NS 3.6 5.7 4.6 CD (P = 0.05) 0.14 0.26 0.21 0.3
Sub Plots: N Levels N Levels (kg ha -1) (N)
(kg ha-1) (N)
N1 : 90 42.8 72.9 94 93
N1 : 90 1.15 1.88 3.44 2.97
N2 : 120 46.9 80.2 99.8 98.3 N2 : 120 1.44 3.56 4.88 3.25
N3 : 150 50.6 86.5 106.7 105.1 N3 : 150 1.8 4.54 6.32 4.56
N4 : 180 52.7 86.6 107.2 105.9 N4 : 180 1.93 4.65 6.38 4.65
SEm ± 0.3 0.7 0.9 0.9 SEm ± 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.04
CD (P = 0.05) 1.1 2.2 2.6 2.7 CD (P = 0.05) 0.07 0.1 0.08 0.12
Interaction Interaction
N at same level of I
SEm ± 0.6 1.3 1.5 1.6
N at same level of I
CD (P = 0.05) NS NS NS NS SEm ± 0.04 0.06 0.05 0.07
I at same or different CD (P = 0.05) NS NS NS NS
level of N I at same or different level of N
SEm ± 6.1 6.4 8.8 7.9 SEm ± 0.22 0.35 0.32 0.44
CD (P = 0.05) NS NS NS NS CD (P = 0.05) NS NS NS NS
I1: Submergence (3±2 cm) throughout the crop period regimes and nitrogen levels (Table.1, 2, 3 and 4). Taller plants,
I 2 : Saturation upto panicle initiation stage followed by higher tiller, higher LAI and dry matter production was
maintaining (3±2 cm) standing water till maturity observed with the maintenance of saturation up to panicle
I3: Alternate wetting and drying through PVC water pipe at (5 initiation (PI) stage followed by submergence till maturity at all
cm) fall from ground level stages of observation i.e., 30, 60, 90 DAT and harvest except

134
 INFLUENCE OF IRRIGATION REGIMES AND NITROGEN LEVELS

Table 3: Dry matter accumulation (kg ha-1) as influenced by irrigation Table 5: SPAD chlorophyll meter reading as influenced by irrigation
regimes and N levels under MSRI cultivation regimes and N levels under MSRI cultivation
Treatment 30 60 90 Harvest Treatment 30 60 90 Harvest
DAT DAT DAT DAT DAT DAT
Irrigation Regimes (I) Irrigation Regimes (I)
I1 6408 10606 13827 14491 I1 39.38 35.73 33.64 15.26
I2 6932 11370 14769 15960 I2 40.61 38.58 36.17 15.41
I3 6618 11006 14387 15559 I3 39.57 37.59 35.59 15.35
SEm ± 100 145 179 286 SEm ± 0.48 0.56 0.62 0.06
CD (P = 0.05) 393 569 704 1125 CD (P = 0.05) NS NS NS NS
N Levels (kg ha-1) (N) N Levels (kg ha-1) (N)
N1 : 90 5857 9492 12668 13643 N1 : 90 38.37 36 33.22 15
N2 : 120 6394 10703 14097 15241 N2 : 120 39.36 36.01 33.79 15.11
N3 : 150 7002 11888 15222 16172 N3 : 150 40.4 37.52 35.74 15.27
N4 : 180 7358 11895 15325 16288 N4 : 180 41.29 39.67 37.78 15.97
SEm ± 49 49 51 152 SEm ± 0.25 0.35 0.44 0.03
CD (P = 0.05) 145 146 151 451 CD (P = 0.05) 0.75 1.04 1.3 0.09
Interaction Interaction
N at same level of I N at same level of I
SEm ± 85 85 88 263 SEm ± 0.44 0.61 0.76 0.05
CD (P = 0.05) NS NS NS NS CD (P = 0.05) NS NS NS NS
I at same or different level of N I at same or different level of N
SEm ± 524 672 799 1554 SEm ± 2.61 3.3 3.92 0.33
CD (P = 0.05) NS NS NS NS CD (P = 0.05) NS NS NS NS

Table 4: Number of tillers m-2 as influenced by irrigation regimes and Table 6 : Days to 50 per cent flowering as influenced by irrigation
N levels under MSRI in rice regimes and N levels under MSRI cultivation
Treatment 30 60 90 Harvest Treatment Number of days
Irrigation Regimes (I) DAT DAT DAT taken to 50 per cent
I1 247 362 351 325 Irrigation Regimes (I) flowering
I2 273 395 387 358 I1 88.1
I3 260 380 371 351 I2 88.3
SEm ± 5 6 5.7 6.1 I3 87.8
CD (P = 0.05) 19.6 23.8 22.7 24.2 SEm ± 0.2
N Levels (kg ha-1) (N) CD (P = 0.05) NS
N1 : 90 236 341 333 315 N Levels (kg ha-1) (N)
N2 : 120 258 371 362 336 N1 : 90 92.3
N3 : 150 269 393 381 353 N2 : 120 89.7
N4 : 180 279 412 402 374 N3 : 150 86.2
SEm ± 1.3 1.4 1.9 1.4 N4 : 180 83.9
CD (P = 0.05) 4 4.3 5.8 4.3 SEm ± 0.3
Interaction CD (P = 0.05) 0.9
N at same level of I Interaction
SEm ± 2.3 2.5 3.3 2.5 N at same level of I
CD (P = 0.05) 7 7.4 10 7.5 SEm ± 0.5
I at same or different level of N CD (P = 0.05) NS
SEm ± 22.1 26.3 26.8 26.7 I at same or different level of N
CD (P = 0.05) 83.1 99.6 98.8 101.3 SEm ± 2.3
CD (P = 0.05) NS
at 30 DAT for plant height and it was at par with alternate (2012).SPAD chlorophyll meter reading at all the stages of
wetting and drying irrigation (AWDI) regime. Both these observation and number of days taken to 50 per cent flowering
regimes were superior to submergence throughout the crop were not influenced by the irrigation regimes. (Table 5 and 6)
growth period. It could be due to rapid growth by maintenance (Pasha, 2010 and Mahajan et al., 2012). Among the nitrogen
of saturated water supply up to panicle initiation stage followed levels, significantly higher values of plant height, LAI, SPAD
by submergence till maturity helped in maintaining good chlorophyll meter reading, drymatter production and number
metabolic processes that perform better nutrient mobilization, of tillers m-2 were recorded at 180 kg N ha-1 over the lower
which resulted in increased activity of meristematic cells and doses except 150 kg N ha-1 at all the stages of observation.
cell elongation of internodes helps to maintain higher growth The plots supplied with 180 kg N ha-1 flowered to 50 per cent
rate of stem in turn promoting the increased plant height of earlier than the lower doses. This might be due to timely
rice. Further, better root growth coupled with better uptake of availability of nitrogen in right proportion at the critical stages
nutrients under saturated condition which increased cell of the growth and continuous availability of higher nitrogen
division and cell enlargement due to increased photosynthetic resulted in stimulation of meristematic growth leading to
rate resulted in higher leaf area index and higher dry matter increase in plant height at all the growth stages. These results
accumulation. Similar results were also reported by Wopereis are in line with Chandrasekaran (2002) and Santhosh et al.
et al. (1996) Ramakrishna et al. (2007) and Sandhu et al. (2013).

135
G . VIJAYSHEKAR et al.,

Table 7: Grain, straw yield and harvest index as influenced by irrigation regimes and N levels under MSRIcultivation

Treatment Grain Straw Harvest

yield yield index (%)
(kg ha-1) (kg ha -1)
Irrigation Regimes (I)
I1 6804 9008 42.9
I2 7386 9638 43.2
I3 6979 9178 43.1
SEm ± 113 117 0.1
CD (P = 0.05) 443 460 NS
N Levels (kg ha -1) (N)
N1 : 90 5306 7471 41.5
N2 : 120 6680 8896 42.9
N3 : 150 7873 10120 43.7
N4 : 180 8366 10611 44.1
SEm ± 47 52 0.1
CD (P = 0.05) 140 154 0.3
Interaction
N at same level of I
SEm ± 81.9 89.5 0.2
CD (P = 0.05) 243.2 266 NS
I at same or different level of N
SEm ± 557.9 589.4 0.8
CD (P = 0.05) 2006.9 2106.4 NS

Table 8: Interaction effect of irrigation regimes and N levels on Number of tillers m-2 at 60 DAT under MSRI cultivation
Irrigation Nitrogen level (kg ha-1)
Regimes (I) 90 120 150 180 Mean
I1 324.3 347.7 378.3 399.3 362.4
I2 350.7 394 410.4 427.7 395.6
I3 348 373 392.2 409 380.5
Mean 341 371.6 393.7 412
SEm± CD (P = 0.05)
I 6.1 23.9
N 1.5 4.3
Interaction
N at same level of I 2.5 7.4
I at same or different level of N 26.3 99.6

Table 9: Interaction effect of irrigation regimes and N levels on Number of tillers m-2 at 30 DAT under MSRI cultivation
Irrigation Regimes (I) Nitrogen level (kg ha-1)
90 120 150 180 Mean
I1 227.3 245.5 255.6 261.8 247.5
I2 248 270 283.1 294 273.9
I3 235.3 258.6 267.5 281.3 260.7
Mean 236.9 258 269 280
SEm± CD (P = 0.05)
I 5 19.7
N 1.4 4.1
Interaction
N at same level of I 2.4 7
I at same or different level of N 22.2 83.1

Irrigation regimes and nitrogen levels interacted significantly 1

in the same irrigation regime.
with each other for tiller production at 30, 60, 90 DAT and The grain yield of rice was significantly higher with saturation
harvest (Table 8,9,10 and 11). In all the irrigation regimes, upto PI stage followed by submergence till maturity than the
every incremental application of N i.e., 90, 120,150 and 180 submergence throughout the crop growth period, but it was
kg ha-1. Significantly increased the tiller production over the at par with AWDI regime (Table 7). It might be due to more
preceding lower dose except in submergence at 30 DAT where number of productive tillers and filled grains per panicle helped
in the difference between 150 and 180 kg N ha-1 was not in increased grain yield compared to other irrigation regimes.
significant. Highest number of tillers was produced when With respect to straw yield, saturation upto PI stage followed
saturation was maintained upto PI stage followed by standing by submergence was superior to the rest of the irrigation
water till maturity and 180 kg N ha-1 followed by 150 kg N ha- regimes. This may be due to adequate moisture availability

136
 INFLUENCE OF IRRIGATION REGIMES AND NITROGEN LEVELS

Table 10: Interaction effect of irrigation regimes and N levels on Number of tillers m -2 at 90 DAT under MSRI cultivation
Irrigation Regimes (I) Nitrogen level (kg ha-1)
90 120 150 180 Mean
I1 318 340.3 361.6 388 351.5
I2 342 385 402.7 421 387.4
I3 340 364 382 402 371.3
Mean 333.1 362.4 381.9 403.8
SEm± CD (P = 0.05)
I 5.8 22.7
N 2 5.8
Interaction
N at same level of I 3.4 10.1
I at same or different level of N 26.8 98.8

Table 11: Interaction effect of irrigation regimes and N levels on Number of tillers m -2 at harvest under MSRI cultivation
Irrigation Regimes (I) Nitrogen level (kg ha-1)
90 120 150 180 Mean
I1 302 317 329 352 325.1
I2 327 345 370 389 358.3
I3 319 345 361 382 351.7
Mean 315.9 336.6 353.3 374.5
SEm± CD (P = 0.05)
I 6.2 24.3
N 1.5 4.3
Interaction
N at same level of I 2.5 7.5
I at same or different level of N 26.7 101.3

and better nutrient absorption under saturated condition Ravisankar,N.2002. Effect of water management practices, geometry
increased dry matter accumulation led to higher straw yield. and stress management strategy on transpiration rate, canopy
Similar results were reported by Dhar et al. (2008), Sariam temperature and yield of rice-rice cropping system. Crop Research.23
and Anuar (2010), Kumar et al. (2014), Chowdhury et al. (1):15-20.
(2014) and Diproshan et al. (2015). Chowdhury, Md. R., Kumar, V., Sattar, A. and Brahmachari, K.
2014. Studies on the water use efficiency and nutrient uptake by rice
Harvest index remained unaffected by the irrigation regimes. under system of intensification. The Bioscan. 9(1): 85-88.
The results were in tune with the findings of Diproshan et al.
Dhar, R., Gupta, N.K and Samata, A. 2008. Effect of irrigation
(2015). Among the nitrogen levels, highest grain, straw yield,
scheduling on the performance of kharif rice grown under different
harvest index and nitrogen uptake was observed with 180 kg establishment methods. J. Research SKUAST-J. 7(2): 277-280.
N ha-1 superior to the lower levels but for HI at par with 150 kg
Diproshan, Mamta dewangan., Khajanji., Rajendra Lakpale and
N ha-1. Higher in grain yield with higher N application was due Mahendera kumar, R. 2015. Effect of irrigation regimes and nitrogen
to increased number of panicles, more number of filled grains levels on productivity and water use efficiency of rice (Oryza sativa L.)
per panicle and higher 1000 grain weight and also lead to under sri cultivation. The Bioscan. (7):147-151.
more dry matter accumulation. These results are in accordance Gomez, K.A and Gomez, A.A. 1984. Statistical Procedures for
with the findings of Mahender Kumar, (2000) Manzoor et al. Agricultural Research (1st Edition). John Wiley and Sons, Wiley and
(2006), Salem et al. (2011) and Santhosh et al. (2013). Sons, Wiley Inter Science Publication, New York, USA. 680.
A significant interaction was recorded between the irrigation Indiastat. 2020. Joshi, R., Mani, S.C., Shukla, A and Pant, R.C. 2009.
regimes and N levels for yield. It was gradually and significantly Aerobic rice: Water use sustainability. Oriza. 46(1): 1-5
improved Kumar, S., Singh, R.S. and Kumar, K. 2014. Yield and nutrient uptake
with the increased levels of N from 90 to 180 kg N ha-1 in all of transplanted rice (Oryza sativa) with different moisture regimes
the irrigation regimes. It was highest with saturation + 180 kg and integrated nutrient supply. Current Advances in Agricultural
N ha-1 which was superior to all other treatment combinations Scienes. 6(1): 64-66.
except those with saturation at 150 kg N ha-1 and AWDI at 150 Mahajan, G., Chauhan, B.S., Timsinia, J., Singh, P.P and Singh, K.
and 180 kg N ha-1which were again at par with each other. 2012. Crop performance and water and nitrogen use efficiencies in
It can be concluded that the combination of maintenance of dry-seeded rice in response to irrigation and fertilizer amounts in
northwest India. Field Crops Research. 134: 59-70.
saturation up to panicle initiation stage followed by
submergence till maturity and 150 Kg N ha-1 was found to be Mahender Kumar, R, Subbaiah, S.V and Singh, S. 2000. Effect of
weed competition and level of nitrogen on performance of rice
ideal practices for higher growth and productivity in rice under
hybrids. Indian J. Weed Science. 32(1&2): 51-54.
MSRI cultivation.
Majid Ashouri. 2014. Water Use Efficiency, Irrigation Management
and Nitrogen Utilization in Rice Production in the North of Iran.
REFERENCES APCBEE Procedings. 8 (2014): 70–74.
Mandal,M.K and Pramanick,M .2015. Comparative performance of
Chandrasekaran,R., Solaimani,A., Sankaranarayanan,K and
six aromatic rice (Oryza sativa) varieties under conventional and SRI

137
G . VIJAYSHEKAR et al.,

method of cultivation. Applied Biological Research.17(1): 55-61 Science. 11(5): 640-646.

Manjappa, K and Kataraki, N.G.2004.Use of drum seeder and Sandhu, S. S., Mahalb, S. S., Vashist, K.K., Buttar, G.S., Brar, A.S and
transplanter for increasing rice profitability. Karnataka J. Agricultural Maninder Singh. 2012. Crop and water productivity of bed
Sciences.17(4): 682-685 transplanted rice as influenced by various levels of nitrogen and
Manzoor, Z., Awan, T.M., Zahid, M.A and Faiz. 2006. Response of irrigation in northwest India. Agricultural Water Management. 104:
rice crop (Super Basmati) to different nitrogen levels. J. Animal and 32-39.
Plant Science. 16: 1-2.
Santhosh. K, G., Srinivasa Raju, M and Mahendra Kumar, R. 2013.
Pasha,MD. L.2010. Performance of aerobic rice under different levels Production potentialities of rice genotypes as influenced by nitrogen
of irrigation,nitrogen and weed management.Ph.D Thesis.Acharya N levels. Indian J. Agricultural Research. 47(2): 169-172.
G Ranga Agricultural University,Hyderabad,India.
Socio Economic Outlook, 2020. Directorate of Economics and
Ramakrishna, Y., Singh, S. and Parihar, S.S. 2007. Influence of irrigation
Statistics, Government of Telangana.
regime and nitrogen management on productivity, nitrogen uptake
and water use by rice (Oryza sativa). Indian J. Agronomy. 52(2): 102- Vasudevan, S.N., Basangouda, Mathad, R.C., Doddagoudar, S.Rand
106. Shakuntala, N. M.2014. Standardization of seedling characteristics
Sairam, O. and Anuar, A.R. 2010. Effect of irrigation regime on for paddy transplanter. J. Advanced Agricultural Technology.1 (2):141-
irrigated rice. J. Tropical Agriculture and Food Science. 38(1): 1-9. 146.
Salem, A. K. M., Elkhoby, W.M., Abou, K and Ceesay. M. 2011. Wopereis, M.C.S., Kropff, M.J., Maligaya, A.R and Tuong, T.P. 1996.
Effect of nitrogen fertilizer and seedling age on inbreed and hybrid Drought stress responses of two lowland rice cultivars to soil water
rice varieties. American-Eurasian J. Agriculture and Environmental status. Field Crops Research. 46: 21-39.

138