as the name electromagnetic waves suggest it is considered to be both electric and magnetic in

nature in other words an electromagnetic wave contains an electric field and a magnetic field
electric and magnetic fields are the regions through which the push or pull of charged particles
and magnets is exerted charged particles and magnets can push or pull certain objects without
even touching them electromagnetic waves are produced by a charge that changes its direction
or speed electrons are charged particles that can produce electric and magnetic fields but in
order to create the vibrating electric and magnetic fields electrons must move a charged particle
such as an electron moves back and forth or vibrates a changing magnetic field produces an
electric field and in the same manner a changing electric field produces a magnetic field

an electromagnetic wave is made up of an electric field and a magnetic field positioned at right
angles to each other and to the direction of motion of the wave since these fields are located at
the right angles to the direction of motion of the wave electromagnetic waves are considered as
transverse waves this means that both electric and magnetic fields oscillate perpendicular to
each other and to the direction of the propagating wave like other waves such as water waves
and waves in a rope electromagnetic waves carry energy from one place to another but unlike
other waves electromagnetic waves do not carry energy by causing matter to vibrate it is the
electric and magnetic fields that vibrate this explains why electromagnetic waves can travel in a
vacuum where there is no matter but it does not mean that electromagnetic waves cannot travel
through a medium they certainly can

light for example can be transmitted with a medium as through the atmosphere or without a
medium as through space sound on the other hand needs a medium to be transmitted
electromagnetic waves travel in a vacuum at a speed of times ten raised to the power meters
per second or million meters per second it is denoted as c the speed of light the speed is slightly
slower in air glass and any other material to appreciate just how great this speed is consider this
light from the sun travels million kilometers to earth in about minutes nothing known in the
universe travels faster than the speed of light since all electromagnetic waves have the same
speed which is equal to the speed of light this means that as the wavelength decreases the
frequency of the wave increases and as the wavelength increases the frequency decreases the
spectrum of wavelength is exactly opposite to the spectrum of frequency in other words
wavelength and frequency are inversely proportional to each other

electromagnetic waves are known to possess the following properties they are produced by
accelerated or oscillating charge they do not require any material or medium for propagation
and they travel in free space at the speed of times ten raised to the power meters per second
after years of rigorous studies and experiments the principles came about to explain the
electromagnetic wave theory the history of electromagnetic wave theory begins with ancient
measures to understand atmospheric electricity in particular lightning people then had little
understanding of electricity and were unable to explain the phenomena scientific understanding
about the nature of electricity grew throughout the centuries through the work of researchers
prominent scientists each made a significant contribution in resolving how electromagnetic
waves behave

james clerk maxwell an english scientist developed a scientific theory to better explain
electromagnetic waves when maxwell used this field theory to assume that light was an
electromagnetic wave and then correctly deduced the finite velocity of light it was a powerful
logical argument for the existence of the electromagnetic force field he noticed that electrical
fields and magnetic fields can couple together to form electromagnetic waves maxwell
discovered that a changing magnetic field will induce a changing electric field and vice versa
heinrich hertz a german physicist applied maxwell's theories to the production and reception of
radio waves the unit of frequency of a radio wave one cycle per second is named hertz to honor
his contribution he proved the existence of radio waves in the late s he used two rods that
served as a receiver and a spark gap as the receiving antony where the waves were picked up
our corresponding spark would jump hertz showed in his experiments that these signals
possessed all of the properties of electromagnetic waves

michael faraday is probably best known for his discovery of electromagnetic induction his
contributions to electrical engineering and electrochemistry are due to the fact that he was
responsible for introducing the concept of field in physics to describe electromagnetic interaction
are enough for him to be highly recognized but perhaps it is not so well known that he had also
made fundamental contributions to the electromagnetic theory of light

andre marie ampere made the revolutionary discovery that a wire carrying electric current can
attract or repel another wire next to it that's also carrying electric current the attraction is
magnetic but no magnets are necessary for the effect to be seen he went on to formulate
ampere's law of electromagnetism and produced the best definition of electric current during his
time lastly hans christian ersted a danish physicist and chemist discovered that the electric
current in a wire can deflect a magnetized compass needle a phenomenon the importance of
which was widely recognized and which inspired the development of the electromagnetic theory

when experts compiled all the discoveries of these scientists these form the basic principles of
the electromagnetic wave theory the principles are as follows first many natural phenomena
exhibit wave-like behaviors all of them water waves earthquake waves and sound waves require
a medium to propagate these are examples of mechanical waves second light can also be
described as a wave a wave of changing electric and magnetic fields that propagate outward
from their sources these waves however do not require a medium to propagate third they
propagate at million meters per second through a vacuum

fourth electromagnetic waves are transverse waves in simpler terms the changing electric and
magnetic fields oscillate perpendicular to each other and to the direction of the propagating
waves these changing electric and magnetic fields generate each other through faraday's law of
induction and ampere's law of electromagnetism these changing fields dissociate from the
oscillating charge and propagate out into space at the speed of light and lastly when the
oscillating charge accelerates the moving charge electric fields changed too

now that we better understand what electromagnetic waves are you might be wondering how
sunlight is different from x-rays if both are electromagnetic waves that travel at the same speed
electromagnetic waves like all types of waves are described by their physical wave features
amplitude wavelength and frequency these are the characteristics that can vary and thereby
produce many different kinds of electromagnetic waves

amplitude is the maximum field strength of the electric and magnetic fields an electromagnetic
wave is arranged according to its frequency and wavelength the term frequency describes how
many waves per second a wavelength produces on the other hand the wavelength measures
the length of an individual wave in meters the electromagnetic waves are often arranged in the
order of wavelength and frequency in what is known as the electromagnetic spectrum because
all electromagnetic waves travel at the same speed if the frequency of a wave changes then the
wavelength must change as well waves with the longest wavelengths have the lowest
frequencies while waves with the shortest wavelengths have the highest frequencies the
amount of energy carried by an electromagnetic wave increases with its frequency arranged
according to increasing frequency the electromagnetic spectrum displayed the following waves
radio waves microwaves infrared visible light ultraviolet rays x-rays and gamma rays at the high
frequency and short wavelength end it is important to note that these waves do not have an
exact dividing region

the different types of electromagnetic waves are defined by the amount of energy carried by
their photons photons are bundles of wave energy from among the electromagnetic waves
gamma rays carry photons of high energies while radio waves own photons with the lowest
energies when talking about wavelength properties radio waves can be likened to the size of a
building while gamma rays are as small as the nuclei of an atom gamma rays x-rays and high
ultraviolet rays are classified as ionizing radiation as their photons have enough energy to ionize
atoms causing chemical reactions while radio waves microwaves infrared rays and visible light
are classified as non-ionizing radiation all electromagnetic waves can travel through a medium
but unlike other types of waves they can also travel in a vacuum or empty space they travel in a
vacuum at a speed of times ten raised to the power meters per second or million meters per
second it is denoted as c the speed of light the wave speed frequency and wavelength are
related as shown in the following equation where v is the wave speed expressed in meters per
second the frequency f is expressed in hertz and the wavelength lambda is expressed in meters

let's try this sample problem assuming that the waves propagate in a vacuum what is the
frequency of radio waves with the wavelength of meters the given values are wave speed which
is equal to the speed of light which is million meters per second or times ten raised to the power
meters per second this is a constant value wavelength is equal to meters or times ten raised to
the first power meters and we are going to look for the frequency to solve this sample problem
we have the formula wave speed equals wavelength times frequency since we are looking for
frequency we will derive the formula to frequency equals wave speed divided by wavelength
now we are ready to solve the sample problem we substitute wave speed by times ten raised to
the power meters per second and substitute wavelength by times ten raised to the first power
meters now we can divide three by two and cancel common units such as meter the unit
remaining is per second remember the unit for frequency is hertz which is also cycles per
second we now have times ten raised to the power minus power since we are dividing
exponents the frequency of radio waves are times ten raised to the power hertz now let's wrap
things up a wave is a disturbance that transfers energy an electromagnetic wave comprises of
an electric field and a magnetic field at right angles to each other and to the direction of the
motion of the wave all electromagnetic waves travel at the same speed in a vacuum which is
times ten raised to the power meters per second the electromagnetic waves are often arranged
in the order of wavelength and frequency in what is known as the electromagnetic spectrum
frequency describes how many waves per second a wavelength produces while wavelength
measures the length of individual wave in meters waves with the longest wavelengths have the
lowest frequencies on the other hand waves with the shortest wavelengths have the highest
frequencies that's all

radiation is the transmission of energy in the form of waves or particles through space or
through a material medium it may take such forms as light or tiny particles much too small to
see visible light the ultraviolet light we receive from the sun and transmission signals for tv and
radio communications are all forms of radiation that are common in our daily lives these are all
generally referred to as non-ionizing radiation though at least some ultraviolet radiation is
considered to be ionizing radiation particularly associated with nuclear medicine and the use of
nuclear energy along with x-rays is ionizing radiation which means that the radiation has
sufficient energy to interact with matter especially the human body and produce ions today
conversations photos and even music can be transmitted through air over thousands of miles
because of radio waves wireless communication has become possible through transmission
and reception of these radio waves if you may recall radio waves can be transmitted through
empty space

radio waves have the longest wavelength in the electromagnetic spectrum they are produced by
making electrons vibrate in an antenna medium and high frequency waves are used for
broadcasting by local radio stations in a radio station sound is converted by a microphone into
patterns of electric current variations called audio frequency or af signals high frequency radio
waves called radio frequency or rf carriers can be modulated to match the electronic signal in
amplitude modulation or am the amplitude of the radio waves changes to match that of the
audio frequency signal this is used in standard broadcasting because it can be sent over long
distances very high frequency waves provide a higher quality of broadcasting including stereo
sound in this process instead of the amplitude of the rf carrier it is the frequency of the waves
that changes to match that of the signal this is called frequency modulation or fm when the radio
wave is received by the antenna of a radio or television the pattern is converted back to its
original form the sound portions of most television broadcasts are carried as am waves while
the picture portions are carried as fm waves they are used to transmit sound and picture
information over long distances radio waves have a very wide range of wavelengths the whole
region of the radio waves is divided into smaller regions of wave bands each waveband is
allocated by law to a specific radio service

did you know frequency is an important characteristic of radio waves am broadcast frequency is
about 1 million hertz for example when you tune in to your favorite am radio station at 630 on
the dial the radio is tuning to the radio wave with a frequency of 630000 hertz on the other hand
fm radio operates on 100 million hertz so when you tune in to 101.1 fm your radio is tuning to
101 million 100000 hertz

we know for a fact that radio waves travel in a straight line why then are we able to receive
messages or information from other parts of the world let's take a short review of some facts we
learn in earth science one layer of the atmosphere is composed of ionized gases this layer is
called the ionosphere the high frequency waves penetrate into the ionosphere and into space
therefore communication satellites are used to reflect these waves back to earth which are then
captured by the receiving antennas microwaves can penetrate the atmosphere of the earth this
is the reason why they are used for satellite communications microwave signals are transmitted
by an antenna to a satellite which amplifies and retransmits the signal to an antenna in another
part of the world this is how we communicate with the rest of the world most communication
satellites are used to send and receive radio signals for telephone services while the rest are for
television broadcasting scientific research and weather forecast

microwaves have short wavelengths and are reflected by small objects this property is used in
radars radar is an acronym for radio detection and ranging a radar system consists of an
antenna transmitter and a receiver the antenna whirls around continuously to scan the
surrounding area the transmitter sends out a narrow beam of microwaves in short pulses a
distant object reflects some of the signal back to the receiver the direction to which the signal
was received gives the direction of the object the distance of the object can be calculated from
the time lag between the transmitted pulse and the reflected pulse
have you noticed that a lot of people now resort to cable tv for news entertainment and
educational programs cable tv is now used because of its wide range of channels and clearer
sound and picture moreover some cable companies provide internet access to users so how
does cable tv work microwaves are used to transmit television news coverage from mobile
broadcast vehicles back to the station the news crew can also set up a small antenna to send
signals to a communication satellite this is how news are broadcasted and watched live around
the world

a cell phone is a radio transmitter and receiver that uses microwaves a cellular phone is a very
sophisticated radio but still a radio nonetheless it is today's answer to the emerging demand for
mobile communication cellular phones depend on overlapping network of cells or areas of land
several kilometers in diameter each cell has its tower that receives and sends microwave
signals in a microwave oven food absorbs certain microwave frequencies very strongly the
microwaves penetrate the food being heated it will agitate the water molecules within the food
thus creating molecular friction which then produces heat that will cook it

infrared waves are in the lower middle range of frequencies in the electromagnetic spectrum
infrared radiation lies beyond the red end of the visible light the size of infrared waves ranges
from a few millimeters down to microscopic lengths the longer wavelength infrared waves
produce heat and include radiation emitted by fire the sun and other heat producing objects
shorter wavelength infrared rays do not produce much heat and are used in remote controls and
imaging technologies

the amount and wavelength of radiation depend on temperature below 500 degrees celsius an
object emits only infrared radiation above 500 degrees celsius an object glows and emits both
infrared and visible light the difference in color determine the differences in temperature for
example shades of blue and green indicate regions of colder temperature and red and yellow
indicate warmer temperature

the human eye is not sensitive to the infrared light used by television remote controls to send a
signal to a television remote controls often use a diode that emits light some digital cameras
have filters to block near infrared light but most can detect it it shows up on the screen as if it
were visible light when you press a button on the remote control the camera may show a
pulsing light emitted by the remote

the following are some useful applications of infrared radiation infrared photographs taken from
a satellite with special films provide useful details of the vegetation in the earth's surface
infrared scanners are used to show the temperature variation of the body this can be used for
medical diagnosis infrared remote controls are used in tvs and other electronic appliances an
infrared camera has a transmitter that sends out infrared pulses and lastly night vision goggles
allow images to be produced in levels of light approaching total darkness

when white light passes through a prism it is separated into its constituent colors red orange
yellow green blue indigo and violet these colors do not distinctly separate but they continuously
change from red to violet red has the longest wavelength from among these colors and violet
has the shortest our eyes are sensitive to electromagnetic waves of wavelengths that range
from 4 times 10 raised to negative 7 power meters to 7 times 10 raised to negative 7 power
meters these are the range of wavelengths of white light thus the spectrum of white light is
therefore called the visible spectrum
visible light is essential for photosynthesis photosynthesis is the process by which plants make
food forms of energy taken from the sun used by plants and microorganisms millions of years
ago are locked up in coal and oil used as energy resources today

there are several ways in which a luminous object can be made to give off energy in the form of
light a luminous object can produce incandescent light fluorescent light and neon light
incandescent light is a form of light produced by heat they produce light when electricity is
applied to them inside the glass bulb is a thin wire filament made of metal tungsten tungsten can
be heated to over 2000 degrees celsius without melting

fluorescent light is cooler and uses less energy than incandescent light instead of being used to
build up heat electrons in fluorescent lights are used to bombard molecules of gas kept at low
pressure in a tube the color that a fluorescent bulb produces depends on the phosphorus used

neon light can be seen in thin glass tubes of brightly colored lights it is a cool light similar to
fluorescent light when electrons pass through the glass tubes filled with certain gases light is
produced the most common type of gas used is neon gas which produces bright red light if
other gases are added however different colors are produced

ultraviolet radiation lies just beyond the violet end of the visible spectrum ultraviolet waves have
shorter wavelengths than the visible light and carry more energy the sun is our main source of
ultraviolet radiation but there are also artificial sources of uv light ultraviolet radiation in uv lamps
are used by banks to check the signature on a passbook the signature is marked on the
passbook with fluorescent ink it becomes visible when viewed under a uv lamp these lamps are
also used to identify fake banknotes

uv radiation is also used in sterilizing water from drinking fountains some laundry detergents
also contain fluorescent chemicals which glow in sunlight this makes your shirt look whiter in
daylight

uv radiation in sunlight helps reduce vitamin d in the skin and gives us a tanning effect

x-rays come just after the ultraviolet rays they are of shorter wavelengths but carry higher
energy than ultraviolet rays x-rays are produced using an x-ray tube they are emitted when fast-
moving electrons hit the metal target x-rays were discovered by willem conrad renkin in 1895

long wavelength x-rays can penetrate the flesh but not the bones they are used in x-ray
photography to help doctors look inside body they are useful in diagnosing bone fractures and
tumors short wavelength x-rays can penetrate even through metals they are used in industry to
inspect welded joints for faults

gamma rays lie at the other end of the electromagnetic spectrum they are shortest in
wavelength and highest in frequency gamma rays are emitted by only the most energetic
cosmic objects such as pulsars neutron stars supernovas and black holes terrestrial sources
include lightning nuclear explosions and radioactive decay

gamma ray wavelengths are measured on the subatomic level and can actually pass through
the empty space within an atom gamma rays can destroy living things fortunately the earth's
atmosphere absorbs any gamma rays that reach the planet
radiation exists all around us from both natural and man-made sources it comes in two forms
ionizing and non-ionizing radiation ionizing radiation is a form of energy that acts by removing
electrons from atoms and molecules of materials that include air water and living tissues on the
other hand non-ionizing radiation is a form of low energy radiation that does not have enough
energy to remove an electron from an atom or molecule most types of non-ionizing radiation
have not been found to cause cancer the dividing line between non-ionizing and ionizing
radiation occurs in the ultraviolet part of the electromagnetic spectrum radiation in the ultraviolet
band and at lower energies is called non-ionizing radiation while at the higher energies to the
right of the ultraviolet band is called ionizing radiation ultraviolet radiation comes from the sun
welding black lights and uv lasers the sun emits uva uvb and uvc rays uvc rays are absorbed by
the ozone layer and never actually reach the earth both uva and uvb light are important for
humans in the production of vitamin d however the effects of overexposure to ultraviolet rays
can be negative and can be immediate or delayed sunburn skin cancer and cataracts develop
over time with excessive exposure the visible light portion of the electromagnetic spectrum can
be seen by humans animals and other organisms this type of light consists of seven colors red
orange yellow green blue indigo and violet when all the colors are present at one time the light
is white overexposure to visible light can damage both the eyes and skin infrared is used in
thermal scanners remote controls and night vision goggles the human eye can't see most of the
infrared spectrum about half of the total energy the sun gives off is in the form of infrared
radiation which we feel as heat in large amounts this type of radiation can damage eyes and
even cause blindness infrared radiation from the sun is normally absorbed by the earth's
surface and the clouds then released as heat into the atmosphere when the atmosphere has a
lot of water vapor along with nitrogen sulfur and fluorocarbons the infrared radiation gets
trapped and causes the atmospheric temperature to rise this is called the greenhouse effect
temperature increases cause changes in the weather patterns on earth and lead to climate
change a microwave oven works because microwaves excite the water molecules in food and
cause them to vibrate generating heat and cooking the food atoms and molecules can also emit
and absorb microwave radiation overexposure to microwave radiation can cause cataracts and
skin burns am and fm radio broadcast wi-fi signals cell phones and television use radio
frequency waves exposure to electromagnetic fields in this frequency range can warm up
exposed parts of the body because these absorb the radio wave and convert these into heat the
frequency level determines the depth of penetration into the body for example using a cell
phone causes the ear and or head to get warm lasers aren't a form of non-ionizing radiation but
they are made from it the word laser is an acronym for light amplification by stimulated emission
of radiation lasers stimulate atoms and molecules and cause them to produce light and
concentrate it into a beam of radiation lasers can be made from visible light ultraviolet and
infrared waves store checkout scanners laser pointers and laser printers all use lasers when not
used properly lasers burn and cause severe damage to our body especially in the eye the
narrow beam of light concentrates the effects on the retina causing blind spots ionizing radiation
is a type of energy released by atoms in the form of electromagnetic waves or particles ionizing
radiation takes a few forms alpha beta and neutron particles and gamma and x-rays ionizing
radiation has many beneficial applications including uses in medicine industry agriculture and
research as the use of ionizing radiation increases so does the potential for health hazards if not
properly used or contained alpha radiation occurs when an atom undergoes radioactive decay
giving off a particle called an alpha particle alpha particles lack the energy to penetrate even the
outer layer of skin so exposure to the outside of the body is not a major concern inside the body
however they can be very harmful if alpha emitters are inhaled swallowed or get into the body
through a cut the alpha particles can damage sensitive living tissue better radiation takes the
form of either an electron or a positron a particle with the size and mass of an electron but with
a positive charge being emitted from an atom it can be stopped by a thick piece of plastic or
even a stack of paper it can penetrate skin a few centimeters posing somewhat of an external
health risk however the main threat is still primarily from internal emission from ingested
material gamma radiation unlike alpha or beta does not consist of any particles instead it
consists of a photon of energy being emitted from an unstable nucleus gamma waves can be
stopped by a thick or dense enough layer of material with high atomic number materials such as
lead or depleted uranium being the most effective form of shielding the extremely high energy of
gamma rays allow them to penetrate just about anything they can even pass through bones this
makes gamma rays very dangerous they can destroy living cells produce gene mutations and
cause cancer ironically the deadly effects of gamma rays can be used to treat cancer in this
type of treatment a medical device sends out focused gamma rays that target cancerous cells
the gamma rays kill the cells and destroy the cancer the use of x-rays and radioactive materials
in science medicine and industry led to the documentation of radiation burns radiation exposure
although helpful for the diagnosis and treatment of disease might also be harmful and protective
measures were taken to limit exposure all x-rays are dangerous because they can damage
healthy living cells of the body this is the reason why frequent exposure to x-rays should be
avoided x-rays can cause mutations in our dna and therefore might lead to cancer later in life for
this reason x-rays are classified as a carcinogen by the world health organization while x-rays
are linked to a slightly increased risk of cancer there is an extremely low risk of short-term side
effects however x-rays provide such a low dose of radiation that they are not believed to cause
any immediate health problems lastly neutron radiation consists of a free neutron usually
emitted as a result of spontaneous or induced nuclear fission they can however be effectively
stopped if blocked by a hydrogen-rich material such as concrete or water in living tissue
neutrons have a relatively high biological effectiveness and are roughly 10 times more
dangerous at causing biological damage compared to gamma or beta radiation of equivalent
energy exposure these neutrons can either cause cells to change in their functionality or to
completely stop replicating causing damage to the body over time neutrons are particularly
damaging to soft tissues like the cornea of the eye people are exposed to natural radiation
sources as well as man-made sources on a daily basis some basic information on protective
measures can greatly reduce radiation exposure and risk for most people what can a parent do
to reduce the exposure of electromagnetic radiation for example children playing with electronic
gadgets like mobile phones laptops and tablets are a common sight these days the guiding
principle of radiation safety is alara alara stands for as low as reasonably achievable this
principle means that even if it is a small dose if receiving that dose has no direct benefit you
should try to avoid it to do this you can use three basic protective measures in radiation safety
time distance and shielding time simply refers to the amount of time you spend near a radiation
source minimize your time near a radiation source to only what it takes to get the job done if you
are in an area where radiation levels are elevated complete your work as quickly as possible
and then leave the area there is no reason to spend more time around it than necessary
imagine spending the day at the beach if you stay in the sun the entire day you will likely get
sunburned if you are there for just a short period of time you are less likely to get sunburned the
amount of time you are there makes a difference for toddlers limit screen time by one hour of
educational videos per day you can reduce your exposure time by keeping voice calls short
especially when you are not using hands-free text instead of calling whenever possible distance
refers to how close you are to a radiation source maximize your distance from a radiation
source as much as you can this is an easy way to protect yourself because distance and dose
are inversely related if you increase your distance you decrease your dose imagine you are
sitting very close to a fireplace you can feel the heat and may even be uncomfortable if you go
to the other side of the room you would be more comfortable as you move away the intensity of
the heat decreases when talking on your cell phone your safest bet is speakerphone mode with
your phone a hand's length away not quite as good is using a wired headset it still emits some
radiation but better than holding the phone to your head a bluetooth headset is your third choice
it will deliver lower levels of microwave radiation than your cell phone but more than the wired
headset turn your headset off when the phone is not in use try not to keep your phone turned on
next to your body throughout the day if you have a wireless router in your house or apartment
keep it in a little used room and out of the bedroom or turn it off altogether at night strive to keep
your bedroom as free of electronic radiation as possible in addition to routers turn off cell
phones wireless phones and computers at night unplug electric devices near the bed to shield
yourself from a radiation source you need to put something between you and the radiation
source the most effective shielding will depend on what kind of radiation the source is emitting
some radionuclides emit more than one kind of radiation alpha particles can be shielded with
something as thin as a sheet of paper or our outer layer of dead skin cells beta particles can be
shielded effectively with a few inches of plastic or a layer of clothing gamma rays can be
shielded effectively by adding a few inches of lead or other dense substance between you and a
source of radiation you may be tempted to use one of the many radiation shields on the market
but keep in mind that they may hamper reception causing your cell phone to churn out more
radiation as what has been taught previously keep away electronic devices in areas where
people always stay especially in the bedroom in addition to time distance and shielding let's
include power and limit try to use your phone when you have the maximum number of bars
indicating the best reception when signal quality is poor your phone emits more radiation try not
to use your cell phone in elevators cars trains or planes cell phones draw more power and emit
more radiation in enclosed metal spaces connect to the internet with an ethernet cord not a
wireless connection whenever possible and always when using a laptop to eliminate
unnecessary exposure children should have their electronics in a different room or far from
where they sleep the night should be a tech free zone charge electronics in another room or the
living room while you sleep lastly most importantly make sure to teach your child about the safe
use of electronic gadgets guide them to understand what they are doing when they are using
their devices to limit their exposure when a child asks for a phone or a tablet the first thing that
can come to mind is to set limits on their use and also to ensure proper practices regarding
safety is adhered to minimize their exposure to radiation while ensuring their needs are still
being met since it is not possible to totally eliminate radiation we must be smart about limiting
our exposure