lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201 - Clarity

Public Law (Olabisi Onabanjo University)

Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)
 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

OLABISI ONABANJO UNIVERSITY,

OPEN AND DISTANCE LEARNING CENTRE,
AGO - IWOYE.

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

Introduction

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture is a 2 Unit course for learners studying towards acquiring
a Bachelor of Science, Arts, and Education degree in the University. The course is divided into 10
study sessions. It will first introduce the concept of culture, Nigerian culture and characteristics,
ethics and discipline in national life, norms and values in the society, then the reorientation of
moral values for development in Nigeria shall be discussed in addition to features and practice of
African religion, Nigerian arts and culture in the pre-colonial times, economic self- reliance in
Nigeria, and the changing self in a transitional society. Finally, the learner is introduced to the
negative attitudes in the society.

The course guide therefore, gives an overview of what GNS 201 is all about, the textbooks and
other materials to be referenced, what you expect to know in each Unit and how to work through
the course materials.

Recommended Study Time

This course is a 2Unit course divided into 10 study sessions. You are advised to spend at least 2
hours in studying the content of each study Unit.

What you are about to learn in this course?

The objective of this course is to introduce you to what culture is and to help you understand the
roles culture plays in the socio-economic and political lives of Nigerians. You are also expected
to be familiar with the scope of culture and its characteristics.

Course Aim

This course aims to introduce students to the basic concepts of culture. It is expected that the
knowledge gathered in this course will enable the reader to effectively understand culture in the
Nigerian context.

Course Objectives

Each session has specific objectives. Students are advised to understand the objectives of each
session before proceeding to subsequent sessions. You should always revise the objectives of each
session to ensure that you have done what is required of you at the end of the session. However,
below are overall objectives of this course. On completing this course, you should be able to

Page 2 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

1. Explain the concept of culture

2. Discuss Nigerian culture and its characteristics
3. Evaluate ethics and discipline in national life
4. Assess norms and values in the society
5. Discuss reorientation of moral values for development: The Nigerian experience
6. Explain African religion: Features and practice in societies
7. Discuss Nigerians arts and culture in pre-colonial time
8. Evaluate Economic self-reliance: The Nigerian situation
9. Discuss the Changing Self in a Transitional Society
10. Explain Negative Attitude

Page 3 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

Working through this course

In order to have a thorough understanding of the course units, you will need to read, understand
the contents, and practise what is discussed in this session.

This course is designed to cover approximately Fifteen weeks and it will require your devoted
attention. You should do the exercises in the Tutor-Marked Assignments and submit to your tutors
via the Learning Management System (LMS).

Recommended Texts

The following texts and Internet resource links will be of enormous benefit to you in learning this
course:
1. Akinjide, O. & Oyedeji, O. (1997). Nigerian people and cultures. Indiana University.
ISBN 9783296434, 9789783296435
2. Akinjide, O.; David, A. & Florence, M. (2003). History and culture of Nigeria up to
AD 2000. Impression 9. The University of Michigan.
3. Idowu, O. O. (1999). Citizenship status, statehood problems and political conflicts:
The case of Nigeria. Nordic Journal of African Studies 8(2): 73-88
4. Otite, O. & Ogionwo, W. (ed.) Introduction to sociology. Ibadan Heinemann
5. en.m.wikipedia.or/wiki/cultureofNigeria

Assessment

There are two aspects to the assessment of this course. First, there are tutor-marked assignments
and second, the written examination. Therefore, you are expected to take note of the facts,
information and problem solving gathered during the course. The tutor-marked assignments must
be submitted to your tutor for formal assessment according to the deadline given. The assignment
submitted will account for 30% of your total score.

At the end of the course, you will need to sit for a final written examination. This examination
will account for 70% of your total score. You will be required to submit some assignments by
uploading them to GNS 201page on the LMS.

Page 4 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

Tutor-Marked Assignment (TMA)

There are TMAs in this course. You need to submit all the TMAs. The best 10 will therefore be
counted. After the completion of each assignment, you should forward it to your tutor as soon as
possible, and make sure that it gets to your tutor on or before the stipulated deadline. If for any
reason you cannot complete your assignment on time, contact your tutor before the assignment is
due for submission for the possibility of extension. Extension will not be granted after the
deadline, unless on extraordinary cases.

Final Examination and Grading

The final examination for GNS 201 will last for a period not more than 2hours and has a value of
70% of the total course grade. The examination will consist of questions which reflect the Self-
Assessment Questions (SAQs), In-text Questions (ITQs) and tutor marked assignments that you
have previously encountered. Furthermore, all areas of the course will be examined. It would be
better to use the time between finishing the last unit and sitting for the examination to revise the
entire course. You may find it useful to review your TMAs and comment on them before the
examination. The final examination covers information from all parts of the course. Most
examinations will be conducted via Pen-On-Paper (POP) and Computer Based Testing (CBT)
mode.

Tutors and Tutorials

There are few hours of face-to-face tutorial provided in support of this course. You will be notified
of the dates, time, and location together with the name and phone number of your tutor as soon as
you are allocated a tutorial group. Your tutor will mark and comment on your assignments, keep
a close watch on your progress and on any difficulties you may encounter in order to provide
assistance to you during the course. You must submit your tutor marked assignment to your tutor
well before the due date. At least two working days are required for this purpose. They will be
marked by your tutor and returned as soon as possible via the same means of submission.

Do not hesitate to contact your tutor by telephone, e-mail, or discussion board if you need help.
Contact your tutor if:
 You do not understand any part of the study units or the assigned readings.
 You have difficulty with the self-test or exercise.

Page 5 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

 You have questions or problems with an assignment, with your tutor’s comments on an
assignment or with the grading of an assignment.

You should endeavour to attend the tutorials. This is the only opportunity to have face-to-face
contact with your tutor and ask questions which are answered instantly. You can raise any problem
encountered in the course of your study. To gain the maximum benefit from the course tutorials,
have some questions handy before attending them. You will learn a lot from participating actively
in discussions.

Page 6 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

Table of Contents
Table of Contents ...................................................................................................................... 7

Study Session 1: The Concept of Culture ...............................................................................28

Introduction ..........................................................................................................................28

Learning Outcomes for Study Session 1 ...............................................................................28

1.1 Overview of the Concept of Culture ...........................................................................29

In-Text Questions (ITQs) 1.1 ............................................................................................29

In-Text Answers (ITAs) 1.1 ..............................................................................................29

1.2 Definition of Culture ..................................................................................................29

In-Text Questions (ITQs) 1.2 ............................................................................................30

In-Text Answers (ITAs) 1.2 ..............................................................................................30

1.3 Qualities of Culture ....................................................................................................30

In-Text Questions (ITQs) 1.3 ............................................................................................31

In-Text Answers (ITAs) 1.3 ..............................................................................................31

1.4 Functions of Culture ...................................................................................................31

In-Text Questions (ITQs) 1.4 ............................................................................................32

In-Text Answers (ITAs) 1.4 ..............................................................................................32

1.5 Culture Concepts ........................................................................................................32

1.5.1 Culture, Diffusion ....................................................................................................33

1.5.2 Subculture ................................................................................................................34

Page 7 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

In-Text Questions (ITQs) 1.5 ............................................................................................34

In-Text Answers (ITAs) 1.5 ..............................................................................................34

Summary of Study Session 1 ................................................................................................35

Self-Assessment Questions (SAQs) for Study Session 1 .......................................................36

SAQ 1.1 (Tests Learning Outcome 1.1) ............................................................................36

SAQ 1.2 (Tests Learning Outcome 1.2) ............................................................................36

SAQ 1.3 (Tests Learning Outcome 1.3) ............................................................................36

SAQ 1.4 (Tests Learning Outcome 1.4) ............................................................................36

SAQ 1.5 (Tests Learning Outcome 1.5) ............................................................................36

Glossary of Terms ................................................................................................................37

Study Session 2: Mapping the Nigerian Cultures and Their Characteristics ............................38

Introduction ..........................................................................................................................38

Learning Outcomes for Study Session 2 ...............................................................................38

2.1 History and evolution of Nigeria ................................................................................39

In-Text Questions (ITQs) 2.1 ............................................................................................40

In-Text Answers (ITAs) 2.1 ..............................................................................................40

2.2 Nigerian Society and Culture ..........................................................................................40

2.2.1 Language in Nigeria .................................................................................................40

2.2.2 Religious System in Nigeria .....................................................................................40

2.2.3 Family Structure in Nigeria ......................................................................................42

Page 8 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

2.2.4 Gender Roles and Relations in Nigeria .....................................................................43

2.2.5 Markets and Products in Nigeria ..............................................................................44

2.2.6 Hierarchy .................................................................................................................44

2.2.7 Meeting and Greeting People ...................................................................................44

In-Text Questions (ITQs) 2.2 ............................................................................................45

In-Text Answers (ITAs) 2.2 ..............................................................................................45

2.3 Nigerian Communication Style ...............................................................................45

In-Text Questions (ITQs) 2.3 ............................................................................................46

In-Text Answers (ITAs) 2.3 ..............................................................................................46

Summary of Study Session 2 ................................................................................................46

Self-Assessment Questions (SAQs) for Study Session2 ........................................................47

SAQ 2.1 (Tests Learning Outcome 2.1) ............................................................................47

SAQ 2.2 (Tests Learning Outcome 2.2) ............................................................................47

SAQ 2.3 (Tests Learning Outcome 2.3) ............................................................................47

Glossary of Terms ................................................................................................................48

Study Session 3: Ethics and Discipline in National Life .........................................................49

Introduction ..........................................................................................................................49

Learning outcomes for Study Session 3 ................................................................................49

3.1 Ethics and Discipline ..................................................................................................50

In-Text Questions (ITQs) 3.1 ............................................................................................50

Page 9 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

In-Text Answers (ITAs) 3.1 ..............................................................................................50

3.2 Definition and Clarification of Terms .........................................................................51

3.2.1 Ethics or Moral Philosophy .................................................................................51

3.2.2 Ethics and Morality ..................................................................................................51

3.2.3 The Scientific Study of Morality ..............................................................................51

3.2.4 Moral Phenomena on the Level of the Individual .....................................................51

3.2.5 Moral Phenomena in the Structure and Functioning of a Society .........................52

In-Text Questions (ITQs) 3.2 ............................................................................................52

In-Text Answers (ITAs) 3.2 ..............................................................................................52

3.3 The Philosophical Study of Morality - Ethics .............................................................53

3.3.1 Normative Ethics .....................................................................................................53

3.3.2 Analytic Ethics or Meta-Ethics.................................................................................53

3.3.3 The Relation between Analytic and Normative Ethics ..............................................54

3.3.4 The Need for a Rationally Justified Morality ............................................................55

In-Text Questions (ITQs) 3.3 ............................................................................................56

In-Text Answers (ITAs) 3.3 ..............................................................................................56

3.4 Discipline: Conceptual Clarification ...........................................................................56

3.4.1 The Social Implications of Discipline in Morality................................................57

In-Text Questions (ITQs) 3.4 ............................................................................................58

In-Text Answers (ITAs) 3.4 ..............................................................................................58

Page 10 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

3.5 Essential Elements of Individual Morality in National Life.........................................58

In-Text Questions (ITQs) 3.5 ............................................................................................60

In-Text Answers (ITAs) 3.5 ..............................................................................................61

3.6 Essential Elements of Social Morality ........................................................................61

3.6.1 Social Justice.......................................................................................................61

3.6.2 Individual Rights .................................................................................................61

3.6.3 Natural Rights .....................................................................................................62

3.6.4 Equality...............................................................................................................62

3.6.5 General Welfare ..................................................................................................63

In-Text Questions (ITQs) 3.6 ............................................................................................63

In-Text Answers (ITAs) 3.6 ..............................................................................................64

Summary of Study Session 3 ................................................................................................64

Glossary of Terms ................................................................................................................65

Self-Assessment Questions (SAQs) for Study Session 3 .......................................................66

SAQ 3.1 (Tests Learning Outcome 3.1) ............................................................................66

SAQ 3.2 (Tests Learning Outcome 3.2) ............................................................................66

3.3 (Tests Learning Outcome 3.3) .....................................................................................66

3.4 (Tests Learning Outcome 3.4) .....................................................................................66

3.5 (Tests Learning Outcome 3.5) .....................................................................................66

3.6 (Tests Learning Outcome 3.6) .....................................................................................66

Page 11 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

Study Session 4: Norms and Values in the Society .................................................................67

Introduction ..........................................................................................................................67

Learning outcomes for Study Section 4.................................................................................67

4.1 Norms and Values ......................................................................................................68

In-Text Questions (ITQs) 4.1 ............................................................................................68

In-Text Answers (ITAs) 4.1 ..............................................................................................68

4.2 Elements in Culture ....................................................................................................68

In-Text Questions (ITQs) 4.2 ............................................................................................71

In-Text Answers (ITAs) 4.2 ..............................................................................................71

4.3 Perspectives on Norms and Values .............................................................................71

4.3.1 Social Norms.......................................................................................................71

4.3.2 Folkways .............................................................................................................72

4.3.3 Mores ..................................................................................................................72

4.3.4 Laws ...................................................................................................................72

4.3.5 Values .................................................................................................................73

4.3.6 Rituals .................................................................................................................73

In-Text Questions (ITQs) 4.3 ............................................................................................73

In-Text Answers (ITAs) 4.3 ..............................................................................................73

Summary of Study Session 4 ................................................................................................74

Glossary of Terms ................................................................................................................75

Page 12 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

Self-Assessment Questions (SAQs) for Study Session 4 .......................................................76

SAQ 4.1 (Tests Learning Outcome 4.1) ............................................................................76

SAQ 4.2 (Tests Learning Outcome 4.2) ............................................................................76

SAQ 4.3 (Tests Learning Outcome 4.3) ............................................................................76

Study Session 5: Reorientation of Moral Values for Development The Nigerian Experience ....77

Introduction ..........................................................................................................................77

Learning outcomes for Study Session 5 ................................................................................78

5.1 Moral Values..............................................................................................................79

In-Text Questions (ITQs) 5.1 ............................................................................................79

In-Text Answers (ITAs) 5.1 ..............................................................................................79

5.2 Conceptual Clarification .............................................................................................79

5.2.1 Re-orientation .....................................................................................................79

5.2.2 Morality ..............................................................................................................79

5.2.3 Values .................................................................................................................80

5.2.4 Development .......................................................................................................80

In-Text Questions (ITQs) 5.2 ............................................................................................80

In-Text Answers (ITAs) 5.2 ..............................................................................................80

5.3 Moral Problems Plaguing Nigeria...............................................................................81

5.3.1 Crime and Violence.............................................................................................81

5.3.2 Corruption ...........................................................................................................81

Page 13 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

5.3.3 Perversion of Justice............................................................................................81

5.3.4 Cultism ...............................................................................................................82

5.3.5 Drug abuse, addiction and trafficking ..................................................................82

In-Text Questions (ITQs) 5.3 ............................................................................................82

In-Text Answers (ITAs) 5.3 ..............................................................................................82

5.4 Causes and Effects of Moral Problems in Nigeria .......................................................83

5.4.1 Break down of the Family unit/lack of parental guidance: ...................................83

5.4.2 Materialism .........................................................................................................83

5.4.3 Mental Set ...........................................................................................................83

5.4.4 Effects of Moral Problems ...................................................................................83

In-Text Questions (ITQs) 5.4 ............................................................................................84

In-Text Answers (ITAs) 5.4 ..............................................................................................85

5.5 Moral Values and Religion .........................................................................................85

5.5.1 Respect for Elders/Constituted Authority ............................................................85

5.5.2 Truthfulness and Honesty ....................................................................................85

5.5.3 Impartiality .........................................................................................................86

5.5.4 Loyalty/Patriotism ...............................................................................................86

5.5.5 Justice .................................................................................................................86

In-Text Questions (ITQs) 5.5 ............................................................................................86

In-Text Answers (ITAs) 5.5 ..............................................................................................87

Page 14 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

5.6 Moral Values: Catalyst for Development ....................................................................87

In-Text Questions (ITQs) 5.6 ............................................................................................87

In-Text Answers (ITAs) 5.6 ..............................................................................................87

Summary of Study Session 5 ................................................................................................88

Glossary of Terms ................................................................................................................89

Self-Assessment Questions (SAQs) for Study Session 5 .......................................................90

SAQ 5.1 (Tests Learning Outcome 5.1) ............................................................................90

SAQ 5.2 (Tests Learning Outcome 5.2) ............................................................................90

SAQ 5.3 (Tests Learning Outcome 5.3) ............................................................................90

SAQ 5.4 (Tests Learning Outcome 5.4) ............................................................................90

SAQ 5.5 (Tests Learning Outcome 5.5) ............................................................................90

SAQ 5.6 (Tests Learning Outcome 5.6) ............................................................................90

Study Session 6: African Religion: Features and Practice in Societies ....................................91

Introduction ..........................................................................................................................91

Learning outcomes for Study Session 6 ................................................................................91

6.1 African Religion .........................................................................................................92

In-Text Questions (ITQs) 6.1 ............................................................................................92

In-Text Answers (ITAs) 6.1 ..............................................................................................92

6.2 The Nature of African Religion ..................................................................................92

6.2.1 The Features of African Religion.........................................................................93

Page 15 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

6.2.2 Belief in God .......................................................................................................94

6.2.3 Belief in Divinities and Spirits.............................................................................97

6.2.4 Belief in the Cult of Ancestors ............................................................................98

In-Text Questions (ITQs) 6.2 ............................................................................................99

In-Text Answers (ITAs) 6.2 ..............................................................................................99

6.3 Africans' Idea of Partial Re-Incarnation ......................................................................99

In-Text Questions (ITQs) 6.3 ............................................................................................99

In-Text Answers (ITAs) 6.3 ..............................................................................................99

6.4 Belief in the Practice of Magic and Medicine .............................................................99

In-Text Questions (ITQs) 6.4 .......................................................................................... 101

In-Text Answers (ITAs) 6.4 ............................................................................................ 101

6.5 African religious practices: rites of passage .............................................................. 101

6.5.1 Pregnancy, Birth and Childhood ........................................................................... 101

6. 5.2 Puberty and Initiation Rites ............................................................................... 102

6.5.3 Marriage........................................................................................................... 103

6.5.4 Death and The hereafter .................................................................................... 104

In-Text Questions (ITQs) 6.5 .......................................................................................... 105

In-Text Answers (ITAs) 6.5 ............................................................................................ 105

6.6 African Religion and Modern Challenges ................................................................. 105

In-Text Questions (ITQs) 6.6 .......................................................................................... 105

Page 16 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

In-Text Answers (ITAs) 6.6 ............................................................................................ 106

Summary of Study Session 6 .............................................................................................. 106

Glossary of Terms .............................................................................................................. 107

Self-Assessment Questions (SAQs) for Study Session 6 ..................................................... 108

SAQ 6.1 (Tests Learning Outcome 6.1) .......................................................................... 108

SAQ 6.2 (Tests Learning Outcome 6.2) .......................................................................... 108

SAQ 6.3 (Tests Learning Outcome 6.3) .......................................................................... 108

SAQ 6.4 (Tests Learning Outcome 6.4) .......................................................................... 108

SAQ 6.5 (Tests Learning Outcome 6.5) .......................................................................... 108

SAQ 6.6 (Tests Learning Outcome 6.6) .......................................................................... 108

Study Session 7: Nigeria’s Arts and Culture in Pre-Colonial Times ................................. 109

Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 109

Learning outcomes for Study Session 7 .............................................................................. 109

7.1 Overview of Nigeria Cultures .................................................................................... 110

In-Text Questions (ITQs) 7.1 .......................................................................................... 111

In-Text Answers (ITAs) 7.1 ............................................................................................ 111

7.2 The Meaning of Arts ................................................................................................ 111

In-Text Questions (ITQs) 7.2 .......................................................................................... 111

In-Text Answers (ITAs) 7.2 ............................................................................................ 111

7.3 The Concept of Culture ............................................................................................ 111

Page 17 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

In-Text Questions (ITQs) 7.3 .......................................................................................... 112

In-Text Answers (ITAs) 7.3 ............................................................................................ 112

7.4 Art and Culture: A Siamese ...................................................................................... 113

In-Text Questions (ITQs) 7.4 .......................................................................................... 113

In-Text Answers (ITAs) 7.4 ............................................................................................ 113

7.5 Arts and Culture in Pre-Colonial Nigeria .................................................................. 114

7.5.1 Igbo-Ukwu ........................................................................................................ 115

7.5.2 The Nok Culture................................................................................................ 116

In-Text Questions (ITQs) 7.5 .......................................................................................... 116

In-Text Answers (ITAs) 7.5 ............................................................................................ 116

Summary of Study Session 7 .............................................................................................. 117

Glossary of Terms .............................................................................................................. 118

Self-Assessment Questions (SAQs) for Study Session 7 ..................................................... 119

SAQ 7.1 (Tests Learning Outcome 7.1) .......................................................................... 119

SAQ 7.2 (Tests Learning Outcome 7.2) .......................................................................... 119

SAQ 7.3 (Tests Learning Outcome 7.3) .......................................................................... 119

SAQ 7.4 (Tests Learning Outcome 7.4) .......................................................................... 119

SAQ 7.5 (Tests Learning Outcome 7.5) .......................................................................... 119

Study Session 8: Economic Self-Reliance: The Nigerian Situation ................................... 120

Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 120

Page 18 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

Learning outcomes for Study Session 8 .............................................................................. 120

8.1 The Issue of Self-Reliance and State Owned Enterprises in Nigeria ............................ 121

8.1.1 State Owned Enterprises.................................................................................... 121

8.1.2 Challenges of State-Owned Enterprises (SOES) In Nigeria ............................... 122

8.1.3 The Performance of the State-Owned Enterprises in the Achievement of Economic

Self Reliance .................................................................................................................. 123

In-Text Questions (ITQs) 8.1 .......................................................................................... 125

In-Text Answers (ITAs) 8.1 ............................................................................................ 125

8.2 Policies, Programmes and Efforts of Government to Achieve Economic Self-Reliance

For and in Nigeria............................................................................................................... 125

In-Text Questions (ITQs) 8.2 .......................................................................................... 126

In-Text Answers (ITAs) 8.2 ............................................................................................ 126

8.3 Factors Militating Against Economic Self-Reliance in Nigeria ................................. 127

8.3.1 Corruption ......................................................................................................... 127

8.3.2 Nigerian Factor ................................................................................................. 127

8.3.3 Frequent Change of Policies .............................................................................. 127

8.3.4 Multiplicity of Economic Advisers .................................................................... 128

8.3.5 Lack of Continuity of Policies ........................................................................... 128

8.3.6 Low-Level of Technology ................................................................................. 128

8.3.7 Lack of infrastructure ........................................................................................ 128

8.3.8 Political instability ............................................................................................ 128

Page 19 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

In-Text Questions (ITQs) 8.3 .......................................................................................... 129

In-Text Answers (ITAs) 8.3 ............................................................................................ 129

8.4 Suggested Ways to Achieve Economic Self-Reliance in Nigeria .............................. 129

8.4.1 Accountability ................................................................................................... 129

8.4.2 The Empowerment and Independence of Anti-Corruption Agencies....................... 129

8.4.3 Renewal of Ethical Standards ............................................................................ 129

8.4.4 Consistency in Policy Formulation and Implementation .................................... 130

8.4.5 Home-Grown Technology ................................................................................. 130

8.4.6 Entrepreneurship ............................................................................................... 130

8.4.7. The Political Will and Commitment of Government to Economic Self-Reliance ... 130

In-Text Questions (ITQs) 8.4 .......................................................................................... 130

In-Text Answers (ITAs) 8.4 ............................................................................................ 130

Summary of Study Session 8 .............................................................................................. 131

Glossary of Terms .............................................................................................................. 132

Self-Assessment Questions (SAQs) for Study Session 8 ..................................................... 133

SAQ 8.1 (Tests Learning Outcome 8.1) .......................................................................... 133

SAQ 8.2 (Tests Learning Outcome 8.2) .......................................................................... 133

SAQ 8.3 (Tests Learning Outcome 8.3) .......................................................................... 133

SAQ 8.4 (Tests Learning Outcome 8.4) .......................................................................... 133

Study Session 9: The Changing Self in a Transitional Society .............................................. 134

Page 20 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 134

Learning outcomes for Study Session 9 .............................................................................. 134

9.1 The Concept of Self and Self as a Constant Flux ...................................................... 135

9.1.1 What exactly is the self'? ................................................................................... 135

In-Text Questions (ITQs) 9.1 .......................................................................................... 136

In-Text Answers (ITAs) 9.1 ............................................................................................ 136

9.2 Chaos and Order: Two Sides of the Same Coin ........................................................ 137

In-Text Questions (ITQs) 9.2 .......................................................................................... 138

In-Text Answers (ITAs) 9.2 ............................................................................................ 138

9.3 Collective Self/ Collective Identity ........................................................................... 138

In-Text Questions (ITQs) 9.3 .......................................................................................... 141

In-Text Answers (ITAs) 9.3 ............................................................................................ 141

9.4 Change and Theme of Loss in a Transitional Society ................................................ 141

In-Text Questions (ITQs) 9.4 .......................................................................................... 142

In-Text Answers (ITAs) 9.4 ............................................................................................ 142

9.5 Implementing Social Change in Nigeria ................................................................... 142

In-Text Questions (ITQs) 9.5 .......................................................................................... 145

In-Text Answers (ITAs) 9.5 ............................................................................................ 145

Summary of Study Session 9 .............................................................................................. 146

Glossary of Terms .............................................................................................................. 147

Page 21 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

Self-Assessment Questions (SAQs) for Study Session 9 ..................................................... 148

SAQ 9.1 (Tests Learning Outcome 9.1) .......................................................................... 148

SAQ 9.2 (Tests Learning Outcome 9.2) .......................................................................... 148

SAQ 9.3 (Tests Learning Outcome 9.3) .......................................................................... 148

SAQ 9.4 (Tests Learning Outcome 9.4) .......................................................................... 148

SAQ 9.5 (Tests Learning Outcome 9.5) .......................................................................... 148

Study Session 10: Negative Attitude .................................................................................... 149

Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 149

Learning outcomes for Study Session 10 ............................................................................ 149

10.1 Definition and Types of Attitude ........................................................................... 150

10.1.1 The Miserable Type ............................................................................................. 150

10.1.2 Silent Killer.......................................................................................................... 150

10.1.3 Drama queen ................................................................................................. 151

10.1.4 Woe is me...................................................................................................... 151

10.1.5 The Paranoid Type......................................................................................... 151

In-Text Questions (ITQs) 10.1 ........................................................................................ 151

In-Text Answers (ITAs) 10.1 .......................................................................................... 151

10.2 Kinds of Negative Attitude among Students .......................................................... 152

10.2.1 Examination Malpractices ................................................................................. 152

10.2.2 Nature and Type of Examination Malpractices among Students......................... 152

Page 22 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

10.2.3 Student and Cybercrime ................................................................................. 153

10.2.4 Cultism: Reasons, Causes and Solution ................................................................ 153

In-Text Questions (ITQs) 10.2 ........................................................................................ 155

In-Text Answers (ITAs) 10.2 .......................................................................................... 155

10.3 Implications of Cultist Activities amongst Students .............................................. 155

In-Text Questions (ITQs) 10.3 ........................................................................................ 156

In-Text Answers (ITAs) 10.3 .......................................................................................... 156

10.4 Consequences of a Negative Attitude .................................................................... 156

10.4.1 Negative Attitude Shortens one’s Life .................................................................. 156

10.4.2 Such Attitude Creates Unpleasant Future ....................................................... 156

10.4.3 It Harms Others ................................................................................................. 156

10.4.4 Such Attitude Produces Negative Effects ....................................................... 157

In-Text Questions (ITQs) 10.5 ........................................................................................ 157

In-Text Answers (ITAs) 10.5 .......................................................................................... 157

10.5 The Effect of Negative Thinking and how it can be changed ................................. 157

In-Text Questions (ITQs) 10.5 ........................................................................................ 158

In-Text Answers (ITAs) 10.7 .......................................................................................... 158

Summary of Study Session 10 ............................................................................................ 159

Glossary of Terms .............................................................................................................. 160

Self-Assessment Questions (SAQs) for Study Session 10 ................................................... 161

Page 23 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

SAQ 10.1 (Tests Learning Outcome 10.1) ...................................................................... 161

SAQ 10.2 (Tests Learning Outcome 10.2) ...................................................................... 161

SAQ 10.3 (Tests Learning Outcome 10.3) ...................................................................... 161

SAQ 10.4 (Tests Learning Outcome 10.4) ...................................................................... 161

SAQ 10.5 (Tests Learning Outcome 10.5) ...................................................................... 161

References .......................................................................................................................... 162

Notes on Self-Assessment Questions .................................................................................. 167

Notes on Self-Assessment Questions for Study Session 1 ............................................... 167

SAQ 1.1.......................................................................................................................... 167

SAQ 1.2.......................................................................................................................... 167

SAQ 1.3.......................................................................................................................... 167

SAQ 1.4.......................................................................................................................... 167

SAQ 1.5.......................................................................................................................... 167

Notes on Self-Assessment Questions for Study Session 2 ................................................... 168

SAQ 2.1.......................................................................................................................... 168

SAQ 2.2.......................................................................................................................... 168

SAQ2.3........................................................................................................................... 168

Notes on Self-Assessment Questions for Study Session 3 ................................................... 168

SAQ 3.1.......................................................................................................................... 168

SAQ 3.2.......................................................................................................................... 168

Page 24 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

SAQ 3.3.......................................................................................................................... 168

SAQ 3.4.......................................................................................................................... 169

SAQ 3.5.......................................................................................................................... 169

SAQ 3.6.......................................................................................................................... 169

Notes on Self-Assessment Questions for Study Session 4 ................................................... 169

SAQ 4.1.......................................................................................................................... 169

SAQ 4.2.......................................................................................................................... 169

SAQ 4.3.......................................................................................................................... 170

Notes on Self-Assessment Questions for Study Session 5 ................................................... 170

SAQ 5.1.......................................................................................................................... 170

SAQ 5.2.......................................................................................................................... 170

SAQ 5.3.......................................................................................................................... 170

SAQ 5.4.......................................................................................................................... 170

SAQ 5.5.......................................................................................................................... 171

SAQ 5.6.......................................................................................................................... 171

Notes on Self-Assessment Questions for Study Session 6 ................................................... 171

SAQ 6.1.......................................................................................................................... 171

SAQ 6.2.......................................................................................................................... 171

SAQ 6.3.......................................................................................................................... 172

SAQ 6.4.......................................................................................................................... 172

Page 25 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

SAQ 6.5.......................................................................................................................... 172

SAQ 6.6.......................................................................................................................... 172

Notes on Self-Assessment Questions for Study Session 7 ................................................... 172

SAQ 7.1.......................................................................................................................... 172

SAQ 7.2.......................................................................................................................... 173

SAQ7.3........................................................................................................................... 173

SAQ 7.4.......................................................................................................................... 173

SAQ 7.5.......................................................................................................................... 173

Notes on Self-Assessment Questions for Study Session 8 ................................................... 173

SAQ 8.1.......................................................................................................................... 173

SAQ8.2........................................................................................................................... 174

SAQ 8.3.......................................................................................................................... 174

SAQ8.4........................................................................................................................... 174

Notes on Self-Assessment Questions for Study Session 9 ................................................... 174

SAQ9.1........................................................................................................................... 175

SAQ9.2........................................................................................................................... 175

SAQ9.3........................................................................................................................... 175

SAQ 9.4.......................................................................................................................... 175

SAQ 9.5.......................................................................................................................... 175

Notes on Self-Assessment Questions for Study Session 10 ................................................. 175

Page 26 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

SAQ 10.1........................................................................................................................ 175

SAQ 10.2........................................................................................................................ 175

SAQ 10.3........................................................................................................................ 176

SAQ 10.4........................................................................................................................ 176

SAQ 10.5........................................................................................................................ 176

SAQ 9.4……………………………………………………………………………….
SAQ 9.5……………………………………………………………………………..
Notes on SAQs for Study Session 10
SAQ 10.1……………………………………………………………………………….
SAQ 10.2……………………………………………………………..,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,….
SAQ 10.3…………………………………………………………………………
SAQ 10.4………………………………………………………………………….
SAQ 10.5……………………………………………………………………………

Page 27 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

Study Session 1: The Concept of Culture

Introduction
Culture is often used among sociologist. People sometimes think of culture to be equal to higher
things of the mind, for instance, arts, literature and painting. But culture seems to go beyond the
activities undertaken by man. Culture actually is a way of life of a people, societies or group which
determines and directs peoples dressing, eating pattern, marriages, religious ceremonies, language
and family life. Societies are known to unite due to socially organized relationship linked to
culture. Therefore, without culture there will be no society in existence and without society there
will have been no culture in existence.

In this study session 1, you will be introduced to culture, taking into consideration its qualities,
functions and concepts relating to it.

Learning Outcomes for Study Session 1

At the end of this session, you should be able to:

1.1 Discuss the overview of Culture Concepts

1.2 Define or explain Culture
1.3 Mention the Qualities of Culture
1.4 Discuss the functions of Culture
1.5 Explain Culture Concepts

Page 28 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

1.1 Overview of the Concept of Culture

Culture like most concepts in social sciences, is confronted by the chaos of definitions created by
variations in human perceptions of the phenomenon. But Silverman (1983) noted, it is not a mere
exercise in pedantry. It represents a parsimonious statement of theoretical stance involving
selection of primary features that are related and analytically essential. Therefore, it is imperative
that we join in flooding the definitional theatre of culture.

Meanwhile, the human application of the concept of culture in life contributes much in creating
crisis in the definition of culture. The use of the term by social scientists remarkably differs from
the impersonal conversational use of it by laymen during interaction. To social scientists,
particularly anthropologists and sociologists; culture means the bundle of learned and shared
patterns of behaviour and understanding concerning the meaning and value of things. Ideas,
emotions, and actions facilitated by language and communication in a social group. Yet, to some
eccentrics among social scientists, culture refers to the learned portion of human behaviour
including the ways of thinking, feeling, and acting (Odetola & Ademola, 1985).

In-Text Questions (ITQs) 1.1

Culture is facilitated by ____ and ___________in a social group

In-Text Answers (ITAs) 1.1

Language / Communication

1.2 Definition of Culture

Redfield (1940 & 1941) refers to culture- as "an organization of conventional understandings
persisting, through tradition". To him, culture implies shared tradition inherited from the forebears
and here it can be colloquial or seen as a way of living. Of course, deviating from the conventional
way of doing things may in a way be a reflection of improper socialization of the deviant. The
definition is sociological and thus may not produce an insolvent definition of scientific standing.
More so, that socialization process and indeed the value itself differ from culture to culture.

Page 29 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

i. White (1947) defines culture as the organization of phenomena such as acts - patterns of
behaviour, objects, tools and implements and their outputs, ideas, belief, and knowledge
and sentiments-attitude and values that are dependent upon the use of symbols.
ii. The most widely accepted definition of culture is the one offered by Taylor (l891). He says
that “Culture is that complex art, mortals, law, customs and any other capability acquired
by man as a member of society". This definition included material and nonmaterial aspects
of human life.
iii. Culture helps in the explanation of strange happenings, mysteries, folktales, folkways,
science, technology, education, literature, arts, and dates among others. It constitutes part
of the learned behaviour that is shared and thus helps in predicting others and in defining
expectations. So, culture dictates and defines the way of life of a people and tends to
influence their life beyond their immediate environment (Chinoy, 1961; Kukah, .2007).
iv. Culture is made up of two component parts namely the material and immaterial parts. The
'material aspects of culture includes the whole artifacts, and all other visible products of
the society while the non-material aspects consist of the laws, belief system, language,
philosophy, ideology, political system, family pattern, music, ceremonies, literature and
folktales. They (material and non-material aspects of culture) exist to complement each
other. Sometimes, some artworks are explanations or expression of folk tales or folk belief
neither of the components can exist in isolation.

In-Text Questions (ITQs) 1.2

Culture consists of material and non-material parts. Explain?

In-Text Answers (ITAs) 1.2

Culture consists of material part which includes artifacts and all other visible products of the
society. While non-material part of culture include laws, belief system, language, family pattern,
political system, music, ceremonies, philosophies and ideologies

1.3 Qualities of Culture

For an existing system to qualify as culture, it must possess some obviously inalienable qualities
as indicated below:

Page 30 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

(1.) Culture is learned through symbolic and meaningful interactions with other people in a social
setting.

(2.) Culture is transmitted from one generation to another and therefore is cumulative. As society
lasts, the culture continues to enrich as each generation improves and makes its additions to the
existing culture.

(3.) Culture has social quality hence members of a group share certain expectations that take
normative quality. Culture is really a group affair.

(4.) Culture provides ideological quality which every member is expected to aspire to conform. It
defines the ideal way of doing things and contrary behaviour is viewed as deviance and sanctioned,
(5.) Culture provides ways and means of satisfying individual and group needs whether biological
or social. For instance, culture defines marriage as the acceptable means of satisfying urge for
love and having children.

(6.) Culture is adaptive particularly to the social environment and that enables it to satisfy all the
needs of the people.

(7.) Cultural elements are integrative. Each part of it ensures unity to maintain the unity and good
of the whole culture. The qualities of culture include its universality. It is unique in that each
people's culture is peculiar to them but within them they contain certain elements found in other
cultures.

(8.) Culture is dynamic; it changes over time and across generations. It is with all these qualities
that culture performs some vital functions for the people.

In-Text Questions (ITQs) 1.3

Culture is regarded as dynamic because ______________

In-Text Answers (ITAs) 1.3

It changes over periods and times across generations.

1.4 Functions of Culture

The Following are function of culture:

Page 31 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

i. Culture defines situations either as joyful or mournful, war or peace, working or eating or
playful. So situations are seen from the angle of culture. One cannot define or interpret
situations outside the cultural system. Even sickness is culturally defined, so is therapy.
ii. Culture defines and explains myths, legends, symbols, and the supernatural. The myths,
legends and the supernatural beliefs and practices form the major variables in the tradition
of a people.
iii. Culture defines the attitudes, values, norms, and goals which the people as individuals and
groups learn consciously and unconsciously through socialization and observation.
iv. Culture spells the behaviour patterns in the society. The individuals don't need to involve
in trial and error or in an unguarded improvise because culture provides ready-made
patterns of behaviours for him or her. That is, culture defines behaviour and makes it
predictable.
v. Culture moulds individual's behaviours and national character. The system of norms and
values which gives characteristic feeling to culture is called 'ethos' which is seemingly
difficult to give a precise definition.
vi. Culture defines the ways of life of a people and therefore no society will be studied and
understood without examining deeply the culture of the people. It defines status, roles,
institutions, and organizations that exist and operate in a particular society. It is the bedrock
of every society’s socio-economic and religious life.

In-Text Questions (ITQs) 1.4

Mention two functions of culture

In-Text Answers (ITAs) 1.4

i. Culture defines the ways of life of a people in a society

ii. Culture spells out the behaviour pattern in a society

1.5 Culture Concepts

Cultural Traits are the smallest elements by which a culture can be described. It is among these
traits that similarities and differences among cultures are identified. For instance, the African
people have respect for elders and the Yoruba's demonstrate their own respect to the elders by
prostrating on the ground for them, A number of traits put together into a meaningful whole called

Page 32 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

culture complex and complexes make up culture pattern around a central interest or theme from
which they derive their meaning (Odetola and Ademola, 1985)..

The following are basic concepts in culture:

Culture Shock:

This is a feeling of anxiety, loneliness, and confusion that people sometimes experience when they
first arrive in another country or society.

Culture Change:

In the qualities of culture, we said it is dynamic which implies that it Changes over time and space.
Naturally, the changes and the rates of change differ from one area to another and from one society
to another. Some factors are responsible for the changes and the differences in the rates of change
among Societies. The factors include war, disaster, epidemics, invention, discovery, and contact
with another culture, colonialism, and education among others (Odetola & Ademola (1985);
Odetola, Oloruntimehin & Aweda (1983).

Culture Lag:

When inconsistencies within a cultural system are as a result of differences in rate at which
different cultural elements change it is called cultural lag. It is also a situation in which social
change lags behind the possibilities open by inventions and discoveries. (Madubuike, 2003;
Odetola & Ademola (l985).

1.5.1 Culture, Diffusion

This refers to the transmission and assimilation of culture traits from one culture to another.
Islamic religion and its attendant Quran education first got into West Africa through the process
of diffusion in 9th century. It is often the inevitable results of contact between two or more
cultures.

Page 33 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

1.5.2 Subculture

A distinctive culture that is shared by a group within a society is called a sub-culture. Groups exist
as smaller parts of the society and these groups form several sub-cultures in the society.

In-Text Questions (ITQs) 1.5

What is culture diffusion? ______________

In-Text Answers (ITAs) 1.5

This refers to the transmission of culture trait from one culture to another.

Page 34 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

Summary of Study Session 1

1. The concept of culture to social scientists, particularly anthropologists and sociologists; culture
means the bundle of learned and shared patterns of behaviour and understanding concerning the
meaning and value of things. Ideas, emotions, and actions facilitated by language and
communication in a social group.
2. Culture helps in the explanation of strange happenings, mysteries, folktales, folkways, science,
technology, education, literature, arts, and dates among others. It constitutes part of the learned
behaviour that is shared and thus helps in predicting others and in defining expectations.

3. Culture possesses some obviously inalienable qualities.

4. Culture performs the functions of. (1) Defining situations either as joyful or mournful (2.)
explaining myths, legends, symbols and the supernatural (3.) defining the attitudes, values, norms
and goals which the people as individuals and groups learn consciously and unconsciously through
socialization and observation (4.)Spelling out the behaviour patterns in the society. (5.) Moulding
individual's behaviours and national character. (6.) Defining the ways of life of a people and
therefore, no society will be studied without examining the culture of the people.

5. There are basic concepts in culture, namely: culture shock, culture diffusion, culture lag. Culture
change and subculture

Page 35 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

Self-Assessment Questions (SAQs) for Study Session 1

Having completed this study session, you can measure how well you have achieved its learning
outcomes by answering the following questions. You can check your answers with the Notes on
Self-Assessment Questions at the end of this Session.

SAQ 1.1 (Tests Learning Outcome 1.1)

Explain the concept of culture

SAQ 1.2 (Tests Learning Outcome 1.2)

What is culture?

SAQ 1.3 (Tests Learning Outcome 1.3)

State the qualities that are associated with culture

SAQ 1.4 (Tests Learning Outcome 1.4)

Culture performs certain functions in the society .Discuss

SAQ 1.5 (Tests Learning Outcome 1.5)

Differentiate between culture shock, culture change and culture lag.

Page 36 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

Glossary of Terms
Culture: Culture is that complex art, mortals, law, customs, and any other capability acquired by

man as a member of society". This definition included material and nonmaterial aspects of human

life

Cultural Trait: Cultural Traits are the smallest elements by which a culture can be described. It

is among these traits that similarities and differences among cultures are identified.

Belief: These are words that people in the society holds to be true

Myths: A traditional story especially one concerning the early history of a people or explaining

a natural or social phenomenon, and typically involving supernatural beings or event

Values: These are culturally spelt out principles of desirability in the areas of goodness, beauty,

discipline, and interaction that guides social interaction.

Folkways: These are norms for routine or casual interaction.

Norms: These are rules and expectations by which a society directs the conduct and behaviour of
its members.

Page 37 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

Study Session 2: Mapping the Nigerian Cultures and Their

Characteristics

Introduction

According to Onwubiko (1973), when West Africa first had contact with the Europeans, during
15th and the 19th centuries, Nigeria was not in existence. The Portuguese were said to be the first
to make a planned, systematic, and effective exploration of the West African Coasts in modern
times. This was made during the renaissance period when young men were interested in
knowledge about the world and their efforts to find new routes to Asia.

When they set their foot on the soil of a state now called Nigeria, they interacted with the
inhabitants in small language groups and not as a larger group as Nigeria. They undertook business
with them as separate groups. But the entrant of these explorers made it possible for these groups
to start getting in contact with one another as a result of trade centre’s evolving along the Coastal
areas. These interactions propelled the movement and development of European trade around the
Coast brought the Brass and Bonny in Rivers State, the old and new Calabar on the Niger Delta
map, Elmina, Accra, Cape Coast on the Islamic religion then the Royal Niger Company after the
conquest of Etsu Nupe, Ilorin, Bida, Gwadu and Sokoto. However, in 1890, the Royal Niger
Company Charter was abrogated and Sir Fredrick Lugard was appointed to establish a formal
British control over Northern and Southern Nigeria. In 1914 amalgamation of the Northern and
Southern Protectorate was known as Nigeria, and subsequently had independence in 1960.

In this study session 2, you will be introduced to the birth, characteristics, variations and the
dynamic nature of Nigeria.

Learning Outcomes for Study Session 2

At the end of this session, you should be able to:

2.1 Explain the history and evolution of Nigerian

2.2 Discuss appropriately the Nigerian Society and their culture
2.3 Discuss the Communication Styles of Nigerians

Page 38 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

2.1 History and evolution of Nigeria

The history of Nigeria dates back to early 1100 B.C. when settlers were trading across the Middle
East of Africa. There were several civilized ancient African who settled in the Area now called,
Nigeria. These kingdoms were the Niri, the Benin Empire, and the Oyo Empire. In 1068AD,
Islamic religion got into Borno Empire and Hausa state around 1385AD while Christianity came
into the nation now called Nigeria in the 15th Century, Lagos, however, was invaded after conflicts
escalated among different ethnic groups as a result of slave trading which disrupted every other
trade in 1851.This crisis led to the British forces annexing her in 1865.

Nigeria then became a British protectorate in 1901, while her colonization existed till 1960 when
she got her independence. Nigeria first became a republic in 1963. Nigeria went through a coup
d’état three years after and in 1967 a Republic of Biafra was formed by Lt. Col. Emeka Odumegwu
Ojukwu on May 29, 1967 leading to three-year civil war which ended in 1970. Nigeria became a
republic again after a new constitution was written in 1979 which was put aside as a result of the
military take over again for a period of another four years.

During this period, the then military president planned a new republic to be established in 1993.
The presidential election was finally held on June 12, 1993 with the inauguration of the new
president scheduled to take place August 2, 1993, the eighth anniversary of President Babaginda’s
coming to power. The historic June 12, 1993 presidential elections, which most observers said is
Nigeria’s fairest election, indicated in the early results that businessman M.K.O. Abiola won the
election. However, on June 23, 1993, General Babaginda, using several pending lawsuits as delay
tactics, cancelled the election, throwing Nigeria into confusion and chaos.
After the annulment of the election, General Babaginda was forced to hand over to Ernest
Shonekan, a popular businessman in a transitional arrangement because he was not having any
relationship with any political party until elections scheduled for February 1994.

When the country was sliding more into chaos during Shonekan administration, the then defence
Minister Sani Abacha assumed power and forced Shonekan to resign on November 17, 1993;
General Abacha ruled maximally for five years and died of heart failure on June 8, 1998 and was
replaced by General Abdulsalami Abubukar who executed the return of the country a new civilian
rule. Therefore, the beginning of democracy in Nigeria on May 29 1999 ended 16 years of
consecutive military rule.

Page 39 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

During these periods, Nigeria has witnessed the creation of states from the original zoning of the
nation. For example, in 1987, 7 states were created in addition to the already existing 12 states,
making 19 states, in 1991, 2 more were added giving a total of 21 states. In 1992, Nigeria had 30
states and three years after, precisely 1995, Nigeria become a nation with 36 states.

In-Text Questions (ITQs) 2.1

Nigeria has ______________ states

In-Text Answers (ITAs) 2.1

36

2.2 Nigerian Society and Culture

2.2.1 Language in Nigeria

The number of languages currently estimated and catalogued in Nigeria is 52l (Andah, 1988). This
number includes 5l0 living languages, second languages without native speakers and 9 extinct
languages. The official language of Nigeria is English, which facilitates the cultural and linguistic
unity of the country's post-colonisation by the British. The major native languages, spoken in
Nigeria represent three major families of African languages the majority is Niger-Congo
languages, such as Yoruba, lgbo and Hausa languages which is Alto-Asiatic and Kanuri, spoken
in the north east primarily in Borno State, as a member of the Nilo-Saharan family. Even though
most ethnic groups prefer to communicate in their own languages, English, being the official
language, is widely used for education, business transactions and for official purposes. English as
a first language, however, remains an exclusive preserve of a small minority of the country`s urban
elite, and is not spoken at all in some rural areas, although, there could be a variation of English
called 'Pidgin English' or ‘Broken English.

2.2.2 Religious System in Nigeria

Nigeria is also a country of religious diversity. In fact, religious difference is one of the central
dimensions of Nigeria's cultural diversity and a key aspect of place. The main religious division
within the country is that between Christians and Muslims. These two broad groups compose
nearly 90 percent of the entire population. There are several other religions in Nigeria. The

Page 40 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

constitution guarantees religious freedom, Religion is an important aspect of place in Nigeria for
several reasons. First, religion shapes people's systems of values and beliefs. This is important in
defining cultural and social behaviours and norms in a particular place. For example, things like
gender roles, banking practices, and attitudes toward education are all influenced by religion.
There are important differences between Islamic places and Christian places, although it is critical
not to overestimate the influence of religion in People’s lives. Not all Nigerians are deeply
religious. Nor do all of them closely follow their religion’s guidelines for behaviour. However,
Nigerians are generally deeply religious people. This leads to the second reason, which is that
religion influences the material landscape and people's sense of place more generally. In Muslim
areas, for example, mosques are prominent features of the landscape; periodic calls to prayer are
an important marker of people‘s daily schedules. In Christian areas, Biblical surnames are
common and people often incorporate Biblical phrases into various aspects of the textual
landscape (example: signs and posters).

Christians predominantly live in the south of the country, whereas Muslims live predominantly in
the north (see highlights below), Native religions in which people believe in deities, spirits and
ancestor worship are spread throughout the country. They usually are specific to the different
ethnic groups and the deities are usually the gods and goddesses that the ethnic group believes in,
and each ethnic group had a shrine dedicated to the deities that it believed in. The deities ranged
from those who created the earth, to those who offer divine protection and/or blessings to its
worshippers, to those who had control over certain aspects of the world (like weather or war), to
spirits that can be somewhat controlled by human beings. Most of these religions did not have
written documentation of their beliefs and practices, but they did rely on a priest to teach them
and to intervene on their behalf, and the priests were usually very highly trained for this to the
extent of being raised for this task sometimes (Kayode, 1984; Idoniboye, 1973). Many Muslims
and Christians may also intertwine their beliefs with more unorthodox indigenous ones.

To most Nigerians, religion and faith are important aspects of everyday life. It controls the laws,
how you think and act, what you believe, what you value, and more. The major Christian
celebrations of Christmas and Easter are recognized as national holidays. Muslims observe
Ramadan, the Islamic month of fasting, and the two Eids. Working hours in the north often vary
from those in the south so that Muslims do not work on their holy day, which is Friday.

Page 41 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

Table 1
Christianity
DEITY GOD
Followers Christian
Book The Bible
Place The Church
Main Prophet Jesus Christ

Islam
DEITY GOD
Followers Muslim
Book The Quran (spelling may differ)
Place The Mosque
Main Prophet Muhammed (spelling may differ)

2.2.3 Family Structure in Nigeria

Family is extremely important to most Nigerians. The nuclear family in a Nigerian home consists
of the father, his wife (or wives in polygamous homes), and their children. The extended family
consists of all the relatives. Extended families are still the norm and are in fact the backbone of
the social system, Grandparents, cousins, aunts, uncles, sisters, brothers and in-laws all work as a
unit through life (Otite & Ogionwo, 2006; Fadipe, 1970, Uchendu, 1965). Family relationships
are guided by hierarchy and seniority, Social standing and recognition is achieved through
extended families. Similarly, a family's honour is influenced by the actions of its members.
Individuals turn to members of the extended family for financial aid and guidance, and the family
is expected to provide for the welfare of every member. In most families, there is a strong family
bond, and the phrase "blood" is thicker than water" has a deep meaning. Although, this role of the
extended family is diminishing somewhat in urban areas, there remains a strong tradition of
mutual caring and responsibility among the members.
In many cultures, for a variety of reasons, a child is named on the 8th day of his or her birth. A
whole 'naming ceremony' usually accompanies this.

Page 42 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

2.2.4 Gender Roles and Relations in Nigeria

Just as gender roles and relations vary among countries, they also, vary within countries. Nigeria
is an excellent example of a country with tremendous regional variations in gender relations. In
general, labour is divided in Nigerian society along gender lines. Very few women are active in
the political and professional arenas. In urban areas, increasing number of women is becoming
involved in the professional workforce, but they are greatly outnumbered by their male
counterparts. Women who do manage to gain professional employment rarely make it into the
higher levels of management. However, women in Nigeria still play significant roles in the
economy especially in rural areas, Women are often expected to earn significant portions of the
family income. As a rule, men have little obligations to provide for their wives or children.
Therefore, women have traditionally had to farm or sell homemade products in the local market
to ensure that they could feed and clothe their children. The division of labour along gender lines
even exists within industries. For example, the kinds of crops that women cultivate differ from
those that men cultivate. In Eastern part of Nigeria, yams are seen as men's crops while beans and
cassava are seen as women's crops.

In addition, modem Nigeria is a patriarchal society. Men are dominant over women in virtually
all areas. While Nigeria is a signatory to the international Convention on Equality for Women, it
means little to the average Nigerian woman. Women still have fewer legal rights than men.
Finally, in contemporary Nigeria, one of the most important influences on gender relations and
roles is that of religion. Here it is important to re-emphasise the fact that Nigeria is a tremendously
religious society. One dimension of this religiosity is the fact that most Nigerians make less
distinction between the spiritual and the secular than many other countries of the world, including
Western Europe and the United States. Thus, it is not surprising that religion plays such an
important pan in shaping the roles and relations between men and women.

Within Nigeria, Islam is the religion that undoubtedly has the most significant impact on the lives
of women in particular. Most women of child bearing age have minimal presence in the public
sphere outside of their homes. In cities like Katsina or Kano, only men, children (including young
girls), and older women are seen throughout the city. Because of women's public invisibility, the
landscapes of cities are male-dominated (Aina, l998; Afonja & Pearce, 1995).

Christianity has also had a major impact on gender roles. This influence is more difficult to
summarize, however, since there are so many branches of Christianity in the country (Orthodox-

Page 43 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

Anglican, Catholic, Pentecostals and Christ Apostolic Church), and other factors like western
education have been strong influences in the dominantly Christian regions of the country.

2.2.5 Markets and Products in Nigeria

The study of culture can broadly be divided into the study of material and non-material culture,
Material culture encompasses a broad range of physical items, from clothing to cookware, housing
materials to billboards. One aspect of Nigerian society that is vastly different from other societies
like that of American society is commercial activity. Americans are accustomed to buying
products in medium to large stores. No American is unfamiliar with a shopping mall or a grocery
store. In Nigeria, however, the sites of commercial activity and the nature of retail activity take on
a different nature. Most buying and selling of goods take place in markets. The major characteristic
of these markets is that they are composed of numerous small traders who engage in trading
activities. While many urban markets are quite large, rural markets may be as small as a short strip
of stalls along a roadside.

Often, however, rural markets operate on a periodic basis. Nigerians make distinctions between
markets based on their frequency. Larger markets operate daily (Oyesiku, l992; Oyesiku &
Odugbemi, l987; Hodder, l967). The smallest markets may only meet every fifth day after a
preceding market. Because markets are composed mainly of independent small-scale traders, the
variety of products available in Nigerian markets tends to be quite high. Two examples of cities
with rich traditions in indigo cloth dyeing are Kano and Abeokuta. Some of this indigo cloth is
produced as art, but a substantial amount is still produced as clothing.

2.2.6 Hierarchy

Nigeria is a hierarchical society. Age and position earn and even demand respect. Age is believed
to confer wisdom, so older people are granted respect. The oldest person in a group is revered and
honoured. In a social situation, they are greeted and served first. In return the most senior person
has the responsibility to make decisions that are in the best interest of the group.

2.2.7 Meeting and Greeting People

The most common greeting is a handshake with a warm, welcoming smile. As in the rest of Africa,
it is rude to rush the greeting process. One must take the time to ask about the other person's health,
the health of his/her family, or other social niceties. A Nigerian generally waits for the woman to

Page 44 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

extend her hand, though observant Muslims will not generally shake hands with members of the
opposite sex.

In-Text Questions (ITQs) 2.2

The official language in Nigeria is ______________

In-Text Answers (ITAs) 2.2

English

2.3 Nigerian Communication Style

Due to the ethnic make-up of the country, communication styles vary. In the southwest, where the
people are from the Yoruba tribe, people’s communication employs proverbs, sayings, and even
songs to enrich the meaning of what they say. This is especially true when speaking their native
language, although many of the same characteristics have been carried into their English language
usage. The Yoruba often use humour to prevent boredom during long meetings or serious
discussions. They believe that embedding humour in their message guarantees that what they say
is not readily forgotten.
Nigerians living in the south of the country tend to speak more directly. You may also find their
tone slightly louder than elsewhere. They may raise their voices even more and become
emotionally excited when they feel passionate about a topic. At the same time, a harsh tone is
considered unwelcoming und even hostile. Nigerians prefer facial expressions that imply empathy
and believe an indifferent facial expression indicates that a person is ignorant or obnoxious.

Nigerian communication can also be indirect and may rely on nonverbal cues. Many use gestures
when communicating. They may smile to mask their true feelings, especially when disappointed
or confused. Many employ indirect eye contact to demonstrate their respect for the other person
it is common to gaze the forehead or shoulders of someone they do not know well. Very direct
eye contact may be interpreted as being intrusive' unless there is a longstanding personal
relationship. At the same time, there are some Nigerians who are extremely direct communicators
and have no difficulty stating what is on their minds; therefore, it is a good idea to observe the
situation carefully before determining what behaviour is appropriate.

Page 45 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

In-Text Questions (ITQs) 2.3

Nigerians prefer facial expression in ______________

In-Text Answers (ITAs) 2.3

Communication

Summary of Study Session 2

In Study Session 2, you have learnt that:

1. In 1890, the Royal Niger Company Charter was abrogated and Sir Fredrick Lugard was
appointed to establish a formal British control over Northern and Southern Nigeria. In
1914 amalgamation of the Northern and Southern Protectorate bought a nation known as
Nigeria, and subsequently had independence in 1960 and became a republic in 1963.

2. .Nigeria is located at the Western part of the African continent bordering the Gulf of
Guinea between Benin and Cameroon, with Abuja as its capital. Nigeria consists of 370
ethnic groups including Hausa and Fulani, Yoruba and Igbo with minority groups of
Ijaws, Kanuri. lbibio and Tiv.

3. The number of languages currently estimated and catalogued in Nigeria is 52l

4. The main religious division within the country is between Christians and Muslims.

5. Family is extremely important to most Nigerians. The nuclear family in a Nigerian

home consists of the father, his wife (or wives in polygamous homes), and their
children. The extended family consists of all the relatives

6. Nigeria is an excellent example of a country with tremendous regional variations in

gender relations

7. Material culture encompasses a broad range of physical items, from clothing to

cookware, housing materials to billboards. That the aspect of Nigerian society that is
vastly different from other societies like that of American society is commercial
activity.

Page 46 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

8. Nigeria is a hierarchical society. Age and position earn and even demand respect. Age
s believed to confer wisdom so older people are granted respect.
9. Nigerians prefer facial expressions that imply empathy and believe an indifferent facial
expression indicates that a person is ignorant and communication can also be indirect and
may rely on nonverbal cues.

Self-Assessment Questions (SAQs) for Study Session2

Having completed this study session, you can measure how well you have achieved its Learning
Outcomes by answering the following questions. You can check your answers with the Notes on
the Self-Assessment Questions at the end of this Session.

SAQ 2.1 (Tests Learning Outcome 2.1)

When did Nigeria become a Republic?

SAQ 2.2 (Tests Learning Outcome 2.2)

Discuss the Nigerian religious system and family structure

SAQ 2.3 (Tests Learning Outcome 2.3)

Explain the communication Style adopted in Nigeria

Page 47 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

Glossary of Terms
Communication Style This refers to a unique communication style, a way in which people
interact and exchange information with others.

Diversity: This refers to the understanding that each individual or society is unique and
recognizing the differences that exist. These occur in the dimensions of race, ethnicity, sexual
orientation, religious beliefs, political beliefs and status, age and physical abilities.

Family: This refers to a specific group of persons, partners and children, parents, aunts, uncles,
cousins and grandparents.

Family Structure: It is considered as a family support system involving two married persons
providing care and stability for their biological offspring.

Gender Roles: The role or behaviour learned by a person as appropriate to their gender
determined by the prevailing culture norms.

Hierarchy: A system in which members of an organisation or society are ranked according to

relative status or authority. For example; levels of chiefs and kings.

Market: A place where goods or products are bought and sold.

Nigerian Society: This is a society with the most diversity of ethnicity having at least 250 ethnic
groups comprising Hausa / Fulani, Igbo and Yoruba.

Product: This is referred to a person, place, product idea or a thing that came through an action
or a process.

Religion: This refers to beliefs and practices in societies that are developed and followed with
symbols, oral tradition and rituals that compliment and support the social system in which they
are embedded.

Religious System: This is a socio-cultural system of designated behaviour and practices, morals;
worldviews sanctified places, prophecies, text, ethics, or organisations that relate humanity to an
order of existence.

Page 48 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

Study Session 3: Ethics and Discipline in National Life

Introduction
Issues of ethics and discipline are matters of great concern in the development, life, and well-
being of any individual state or nation. They are issues that concern both behaviour and character
and they emanate when life confronts people with such questions as: "What should I do or nut
do?" "How should l act?" or ‘what is the best way for citizens or people to live’ and ‘what actions
are right or wrong in a particular circumstance. These are inevitable questions and very often, they
come in all forms and sizes, big or small issues of war and peace are among the biggest forms of
ethics and discipline which can confront a nation with her neighbours because this involves the
possibility or reality of great destruction and killings. And the burden of the decision on what steps
to take in these issues rests with our national leaders. Therefore, ethics and discipline focuses on
the concepts of good and evil, right or wrong, virtue or vice, justice, or crime

In the previous study session, you were introduced to the characteristics, diversities, and dynamics
of culture including communication styles in Nigerian culture. However, in this study session, you
will be introduced to ethics and discipline in national life.

Learning outcomes for Study Session 3

When you have studied this session, you should be able to:

3.1 Explain what Ethics and Discipline are in the context of National life

3.2 Differentiate the various terms that are used in both Ethics and Discipline

3.3 Analyse the Philosophical study of Morality embedded in Ethics

3.4 Discuss the conceptual Clarifications in the concept of Discipline

3.5 Explain the essential elements of Individual Morality

3.6 Explain the essential elements of Social Morality

Page 49 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

3.1 Ethics and Discipline

Individual citizens are daily faced with issues of ethics and discipline. They are faced with the
decisions that border on national policy, that is, for example, whether or not to join in the fight
against the oppressed people of the Niger-Delta from whose land most of the nation’s wealth
appears to come. Most people perceive the treatment given to such oppressed people by the
Federal Government as unjust. People are faced with the decision on whether or not to publicly
oppose government’s policy on certain expenditures on matters that are not for the general benefit
of the masses. Ordinary citizens sometimes are laced with the decisions about who to support or
vote for in an election. Is it the candidate who gives them money and food in order to earn their
votes, who they know will sooner or later forget them as soon as he wins the election and faces
the government house squarely to recoup his money and much more. Also individuals in society
are often faced with the decision on how best to deal and treat properly their fellow human beings
with whom they interact. They are faced with the decision on whether to marry or whom to marry.

They are faced with the decision on whether or not to have and raise children. They are faced with
decision on how to earn money. Is it by selling hard or fake drugs, or working for a tobacco
company or being a social worker or joining an armed robbery gang? Individuals also face the
decision about what sort of person to be, both at work and outside of work. They face the decision
about making and breaking promises; cheating during examinations or getting involved with
defrauding people and other corrupt practices: driving while intoxicated, beating their wives and
children, raping, and picking fights on the streets and so on. These are some of the issues that
concern ethics and discipline and we shall be talking about them in so far as they concern both the
individual and people collectively. But first, let us start with some clarifications and understanding
of the meanings of the terms "ethics" and 'discipline" and see how the two concepts are related.

In-Text Questions (ITQs) 3.1

Issue of ethics and discipline are natters of great concern in the development of……and........

In-Text Answers (ITAs) 3.1

Life / Well-being

Page 50 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

3.2 Definition and Clarification of Terms

3.2.1 Ethics or Moral Philosophy

This is the principle of right or good conduct that is in accordance with the accepted standards of
right and wrong, governing the conduct of a people or society. It is the philosophical study of the
general nature of morality and of the specific moral choices to be made by the individual in his
relationship with others. Ethics as a part of philosophy can be considered as the art or science of
good moral conduct. It tries to inform people through rational reflection that the good is what must
be done or pursued and that the evil is what must be eschewed or avoided. Ethics is rightly
considered as a science of good human conduct in so far as it tries to justify its principles and
methods of operation using logically and universally accepted standards (Echekwube, 2005).

3.2.2 Ethics and Morality

We have defined ethics as the philosophical study of morality. The question may be raised: "What
is morality?” and “what makes a study of morality a philosophical study?" One way to answer
these questions is by contrasting the scientific study of morality with the philosophical study.

3.2.3 The Scientific Study of Morality

Morality has to do with a set of social rules and standards that guide the conduct of people in a
society or culture, Morality is only one aspect of a people’s whole way of life and it has a special
importance to every member of the society who has been born and brought up within the
framework of that way of life. When morality is seen in this light, we notice that it can be studied
from two different perspectives namely, that of the individual and that of the society,

3.2.4 Moral Phenomena on the Level of the Individual

On the level of the individual, a person's morality has to do with his moral beliefs about what is
right and wrong, the standards which he uses in judging human motives and actions as well as the
rules which he uses to guide his life. When he fails to live up to his moral values, he may
experience the feelings of guilt and remorse. He may hold himself responsible or accountable for

Page 51 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

his own acts and just in the same way; he may hold others responsible for failing in similar
situations.

Thus in some situations, he may take a moral attitude towards himself and others, His moral ideals
may persuade him to strive to become a better person. This may even push him to dedicate himself
to execute his moral principles at some extra cost to his self-interest. In this regard, we can claim
that if a person’s morality were to be different, his whole experience of life would be equally
different. He would not only behave differently, but would also have different thoughts, feelings,
attitudes, and desires. He would in short, be a different kind of person.

3.2.5 Moral Phenomena in the Structure and Functioning of a Society

On the level of the society, at similar empirical knowledge about morality can be investigated and
obtained. This is usually undertaken by anthropologists, sociologists, historians, and social
psychologists, who attempt to examine the various moral codes of different societies and of
different epochs. They have investigated the moral norms operating in different economic and
social classes within the various cultures (Benedict, 1934). They have also investigated and
explicated the presence of ‘deviants’ in many societies and cultures, whose moral values are at
variance with other values generally accepted within such societies and cultures. They have also
discovered how moral norms are related to social structure and how they function in safeguarding
and securing a society’s way of life. All these social aspects of morality are susceptible to the
techniques of historical research. Anthropological "field-work” and sociological analysis. All
these, along with the above description of moral phenomena in the life of the individual can be
called the scientific description and explanation of morality. They are to be distinguished from the
philosophical study of morality to which we now turn.

In-Text Questions (ITQs) 3.2

Differentiate between ethics and morality

In-Text Answers (ITAs) 3.2

Ethics deals with the principles of right or good conduct that is in accordance with the accepted
standard of right and wrong covering the conduct of a people or society. WHILE morality is a set
of social rules and standards that guides the conduct of people in a society or culture.

Page 52 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

3.3 The Philosophical Study of Morality - Ethics

Moral philosophers are interested in the study of morality basically for two reasons: The first
reason is for a normative purpose, while the second is for an analytic purpose.

3.3.1 Normative Ethics

The first purpose of philosophical study of morality is to discover or to construct a consistent

system of rules or standards that can be universally demonstrated to be valid for all mankind.
Many ethical theories have been constructed to demonstrate this purpose, and they include theories
like, the principle of utility, the principle of fairness, respect for the person, the golden rule, and
all other principles of individual morality, as well as principles of social morality, social justice,
individual rights, natural rights, (equality, and general welfare. In all these theories, they noted
that philosophers are attempting to establish a rational ground for moral obligation. The moral
philosopher is concerned with the foundations of morality on the basis of which a certain set of
moral standards and rules can be demonstrated to be justifiable. His aim is not to describe or
simply explicate what moral beliefs people embrace but rather to inquire into their truth or falsity.

3.3.2 Analytic Ethics or Meta-Ethics

Under this aspect or purpose of philosophical study of morality, the aim of the moral philosopher
is first to analyse the meanings of the terms often used in moral discourse and second, to examine
the rules of moral reasoning or methods of knowing which moral beliefs can be demonstrated to
be either true or false. The first task of analytic ethics is a semantic one, while the second has to
do with logical and epistemological matters in ethics. Let us clarify these briefly.

Analytic ethics precisely aims to explain how terms such as: "good", "right", "duty", and "ought
to" function in moral discourse. When people assert their moral beliefs, prescribe conduct,
appraise character and motives, deliberate about what they ought, or ought not to do, and evaluate
what they or other people have done, they are using moral language. When people are thinking
through a moral issue for themselves, or are just discussing it with others, they are carrying on
moral discourse. People imbibe the language of morals in their childhood days and they also teach
it to their children while trying to raise them up morally. It is the task of the moral philosopher to

Page 53 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

make a careful and thorough analysis of the meaning of the words and sentences that are used in
such moral discourse. His final aim here is to achieve a comprehensive understanding of moral
concepts such as "duty", "virtue", "responsibility", "right action", and so on, through a conceptual
analysis and to establish their functions in moral discourse.

The second task of analytic ethics or meta-ethics has to do with the analysis of the logic of moral
reasoning. Here, the task of the ethicist is to show explicitly the logical principles which are
followed or which must be followed when people give reasons for or against doing some act, or
when they try to justify their accepting or rejecting a moral judgement. Just as a philosopher of
science demonstrates the logical structure underlying scientific method, that is, show the process
by which the scientists verify their statements and support their theories by appealing to evidence,
so does the analytic ethicist tries to demonstrate how moral beliefs can be established as true or
false, and on what grounds any one can claim to know they are true or false. But it is here that one
may encounter some problems which concern not only what methods of reasoning are to be used,
but even about whether any satisfactory method is possible at all. But we need not dwell on these
problems here. Suffice it to say that the problem of analytic ethics is twofold. First, it has to do
with the question of whether there is any such thing as moral truth or moral knowledge and second,
if there is such knowledge, how do we come about it? In attempting to answer these and other
similar questions clearly and systematically, one is already undertaking analytic ethics.

3.3.3 The Relation between Analytic and Normative Ethics

Analytic ethics carries its inquiries into the domain of normative ethics by analysing its basic
presuppositions. If an ethicist constructs a system of moral norms and principles and claims that
these norms and principles are binding on all rational persons, he presupposes that there is a
procedure by which moral norms and principles can be validated and that he has followed that
procedure, in other words, he claims to have moral knowledge and therefore, assumes that such
knowledge is possible. Thus, it is precisely this assumption that is brought into question in analytic
ethics. The actual use of such words as "know", "true", "valid", and ’justified" as applied to moral
judgments is the problem that analytic ethics ‘tries to settle. Their analysis is just the very task
that analytic ethics sets for itself. In effect, it may be argued that analytic ethics takes a logical
precedence over normative ethics. The questions it raises must first be resolved before the
complete development of a normative ethical system can be successfully constructed.

Page 54 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

It should be remarked, however that, these two branches of ethics were not distinguished until
well into the middle of the 20th Century. The writings of moral philosophers before then usually
cover both the problems of normative ethics and the problems of analytic ethics or meta-ethics.

3.3.4 The Need for a Rationally Justified Morality

The ultimate aim of normative and analytic ethics is to help people to reach a critical, reflective
morality of their own. Almost everyone is brought up with some set of moral beliefs and in every
society there are moral codes that serve as guide to that society’s way of life. An individual may
come to accept blindly, that is, without questions, the moral code of his society or he may reflect
on it and criticise it. If he accepts the moral code blindly without questions, we may regard his
morality as "conventional" or "customary" morality. Such individual might, of course, have strong
moral, beliefs and might as well be a good person because he adheres strictly to his moral values.

But still he remains a child of his culture and lacks the will to back up his moral beliefs by rational
arguments. Now, should the individual suddenly be challenged by someone who has a
contradictory moral belief to his own, and who holds his moral beliefs with more certainty than
his own, he will feel lost and shaken by surprise. This state of confusion might lead to deep
disillusionment about morality, since he is incapable of giving an objectively reasoned
justification for his own moral beliefs, he may suddenly take a flight from his dogmatic certainty
to total scepticism, And from total scepticism, he may easily relapse into an "amoral “life that is,
a life without any morality at all. Thus, a person who starts by accepting moral beliefs blindly can
easily end up denying all morality. Disillusionment and scepticism can demoralise him, thus
leading him ultimately to a repudiation of all moral ideals.

People can envisage the process of moral development and growth as moving away from both
complete dogmatism, (that is, accepting the moral beliefs of one’s society without questions) and
scepticism (i.e. repudiation of all moral values). None of these conditions can provide adequate
reasons for or against moral beliefs. They are not the result of good philosophical thinking, since
one rests on blind faith in the authority of one’s parents and/or the society into which one was
born, the other, - scepticism, is a reactionary measure to deep emotional insecurity when
intellectual certainty has lost out.

Moral growth begins when the individual develops the ability to open minded reason about his
moral beliefs, defending them by reasoned arguments when they are challenged and giving them
up when they are shown to be false or unjustified. As the individual develops this ability to reason
Page 55 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

for himself about his moral convictions, instead of blindly adopting his own society’s moral code
or being shocked by the moral systems that obtain in other cultures, he is able to think rationally,
clearly, calmly and coherently about any set of moral norms or principles. He learns how to give
good reasons for accepting or rejecting any such norms or principles; he equally learns the limits
of moral reasoning or why no such reasoning is possible. All of these are what he arrives at on the
basis of his critical reflections; and this result can then lead him to decide for himself what
standards of evaluation and rules of conduct that would serve as his own principles of guidance to
which he might commit himself.

In-Text Questions (ITQs) 3.3

What is the aim of analytic or Meta ethics?

In-Text Answers (ITAs) 3.3

Analytic or Meta ethics aims to explain how terms such as ‘good’, ‘right’ or ‘duty’ ‘ought to
function in a moral discourse.

3.4 Discipline: Conceptual Clarification

The word "discipline" by The Heritage Illustrated Dictionary of English Language (l975) defines
discipline as a sort of training that is expected to produce a specified character or pattern of
behaviour, especially that which is supposed to produce moral or mental improvement. In this
respect, we can easily notice that the word "discipline" is also implicitly involved in the concept
and objective of morality. From a moral point of view, a disciplined person is one who has imbibed
the training required for good moral conduct. In this regard, discipline has to do with the way of
life of a learner or an apprentice in any art or profession, whereby a controlled sort of behaviour
is achieved through training by means of instructions and regulations.

Discipline also can imply punishment, whereby the learner or the apprentice is punished if he or
she fails to abide by the rules arid regulations. Even the very trade or profession as an activity or
field of study of the learner, for instance, as an academic subject, say, medicine for example,
constitutes the discipline which is supposed to habituate the learner or the apprentice and get him
or her ready to follow that profession or trade. In this respect, discipline becomes a conscious
control over a person's lifestyle a sort of mental self - control used in directing or changing a
person's behaviour though training and learning in order for the candidate to acquire the necessary

Page 56 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

character and skills required for his or her profession. Discipline also refers to the result attained
through such consciously-controlled training. This presupposes the ability of the person who has
acquired the needed skill to continue to behave in a controlled and palm way even in a difficult or
stressful situation. Discipline highlights a state of order and control based upon submission to
rules and authority. It is training in and exercise of and eventually the acquisition of the disposition
of respect for rules and for the laws. Discipline implies restraint, a curbing of the primitive nature.

Discipline has its strength and function in bringing about order and control by banishing the
unrestrained, the lawless, the barbarous, the irrational, the nasty and so on. We have already hinted
that the word discipline has something in common with the meaning and conception of morality.
This can be easily discerned even from the above statement about the strength and function of
discipline. This is further illustrated by Thomas Hobbes, (1588-1679), the 17th century British
philosopher, in his Leviathan (l651) in which he imagined that once upon a time, everybody lived
in a "state of nature", in which there was no government, no society, and no commonly agreed
upon morality, rules or laws in short, a society in which there was; no discipline,

In such a state of nature, everybody would he serving his or her own individual self-interests
without regard for anyone else. Without discipline or law or morality, citizens would be free to
act as they like without control or sanction.

3.4.1 The Social Implications of Discipline in Morality

The implications of Hobbes' imaginary state of nature are enormous. Let us just consider a few by
asking ourselves what reasons could there be for people to be disciplined and by extension, moral?
Can we really give genuine reasons why we, as social beings should be disciplined or moral? The
reason perhaps, does not rest merely on avoiding social and legal sanctions. The necessity for
discipline or morality is forced upon people when they recognise that their world is a world owned
by themselves and millions of others. The world involves interpersonal relationships; this
recognition of others and their rights to exist alongside of us imposes a check, a restriction, and a
control on our own exuberant self-assertion. Without such control or restrain, our self-interests
are bound to come into conflict with those of others in our world, in a world where universal rules
of self-interest reign supreme, where there is no discipline or moral rules to guide peoples ways
of life, there would indeed be anarchy, and chaos, and life would indeed be "nasty, unpleasant and
short". This is one reason why, Kurt Bayer asserts that "Moral rules are universal rules designed

Page 57 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

to override, those of self-interest" (Baier, 1958 cited in Tailor. l967). According to him, “the very
raison d’être of a morality is to yield reasons which overrule the reasons of self-interest in those
cases when everyone’s following self-interest would be harmful to everyone" (Tailor, l967)

In-Text Questions (ITQs) 3.4

What is discipline?

In-Text Answers (ITAs) 3.4

Discipline deals with training that is expected to produce a specified character or pattern of
behavior. OR It is a punishment whereby the leaner or the apprentice is punished if he or she fails
to abide by rules and regulations.

3.5 Essential Elements of Individual Morality in National Life

. There is no society without moral codes which are intended to guide moral conducts in our affairs
with one another. Usually, these moral codes are unwritten, but are mostly of universal character,
that is to say, they are mostly self-evident to any rational human being. Also, they are picked up
or are taught and inculcated in us as we grow up in life, but they become more evident to us as we
become more, rational and begin to think for ourselves. It is not written anywhere that honesty is
the best policy. This becomes self-evident to us when we begin to reason. It is then that we begin
to understand the fruits of being honest, in dealing with other people around us. Someone who has
found a lost wallet, if he is honest with himself, would realise that the person who lost it would be
in pains looking for it, and if he is considerate and not selfish, would make frantic efforts to return
it to the owner intact, by all means. Admittedly, reasons of self-interest, for example, might lead
the person who found it to conclude that he ought to keep the found wallet, but moral reasons, on
the other hand, might lead him to conclude that he ought to return it. Moral reasons might lead
him to consider himself as if in the same situation as the person who lost it. Should he find himself
in such a situation, would he wish that the person who has found it would keep it for his own
personal use? Certainly not. This is the reason for being honest because he would certainly prefer
that other people in a situation of finding a lost wallet must be honest and make frantic effort to
return it to the actual owner.

As we already pointed out, being honest is an unwritten moral code, which everyone should
imbibe as a guide for his behaviour and relationship with other people. This calls for harmony and

Page 58 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

mutual co-existence in any society. David Hume (l711-l776), a Scottish philosopher once
maintained that there is no reason to adopt a moral code or take morality seriously unless amoral
code is useful. According to him, a moral code can be useful if its adoption by a community
enables its members to get along together, that is, if it helps establish conditions conducive to
mutual cooperation. As Hume puts it, a moral code is useful if its adoption helps establish or
maintain the conditions "by which alone the social confederacy can be maintained and every man
reaps the fruits of mutual protection and assistance" (Hume, l960). Individuals live together in a
society rather than as isolated hermits because they will have better life prospects if they are part
of a community that co-operates for mutual advantages. People are better able to survive and
flourish as part of a community or society than as isolated hermits.

The health and well-being of the community or society depends on how members treat one
another. The function of a moral code is to help establish and maintain the health and well-being
of the community or society at large, to ensure that its members have a decent chance of surviving
and flourishing. If the members of a community or a society do not refrain from killing, stealing
from and assaulting one another, the community will simply disintegrate in the long run. If
members of community or a, society do not help one another when the need is great and the cost
of helping small, its members won't have a decent chance of surviving and flourishing and it is
likely that, that community would eventually decay and disintegrate in the long run, This is one
reason why it is essential that most people in our community must conform to certain fundamental
moral principles to safeguard its members if they are to continue to enjoy a decent chance of
surviving and flourishing. The core of any acceptable moral code must be those principles that
will ensure the survival of the group or community and the survival and flourishing of its members.
If members of a society or community adopt and follow strictly these moral principles, we must
trust one another, that is, if everyone co-operates with one another. We cannot trust people who
treat honesty, good faith, and loyalty lightly with disdain. So, if we say that honesty, good faith
and loyalty are the important and essential ingredients of individual morality, then the citizens
most seek the possession of these qualities.

One of the most well-known general moral principles is the principle of utility or the greatest
happiness principle, often associated with the British philosopher John Stuart Mill (l 806-1876).

This principle tells us to produce the greatest balance of happiness over unhappiness, while
making sure that we give equal consideration to the happiness and unhappiness of everyone who

Page 59 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

might be affected by our actions. This principle of utility can be applied in two different ways. It
can be applied first, to individual acts, and secondly, to rules of conduct. In applying the principle
to individual acts, we should ask ourselves, every time we are trying to decide the morally right
thing to do, which of the options open to us will maximize not just our own well-being, but the
well-being of all the people who may be affected by our action. Now since everyone in a society
knows that lying, stealing and cheating will rarely maximize anyone’s happiness and well-being,
the right thing to do will be to refrain from such behaviour. In this regard we should always
consider the consequences of our notions and how they will affect the well-being of others. If our
actions are that which will result to considerable harm to others, then there will be no point in
carrying out the actions since they will be of no benefit but harm to people.

This principle is applied to rules, only when we are considering which moral rules we should
adopt. We ask ourselves which of the alternative rules will maximize happiness and well-being if
generally followed by everyone in our society. Would a rule permitting helping others in need
maximize happiness and well-being or would one forbidding it? Whichever moral rule that we
think would maximize happiness and well-being that is the rule we ought to follow and expect
everyone in our society to follow too. We want our moral rules to make our society a good society,
and we can hardly argue against the claim that a happy society is better than an unhappy society.
However, for us to continue to survive and flourish as a happy society or nation we need also to
imbibe some sense of fairness and social justice.

Fairness, as a principle, often plays a vital role in moral reasoning. There is this principle of
fairness, often called the golden rule: Many people take the golden rule to be the best standard of
fairness. This is a principle that most of us learned very early in our moral education and one that
often plays a very important role in our moral lives. The golden rule stipulates that we do unto
others as we would have them do unto us. But applying this principle is not that simple, because
for most of us, to do unto others as we would have them do unto us is to expect much more from
others than we ourselves are inclined to do for others. Then again, doing what is right for its own
sake should be the aspiration of everyone in a healthy society..

In-Text Questions (ITQs) 3.5

The principle of utility can be applied in two ways. Namely: ___________

Page 60 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

In-Text Answers (ITAs) 3.5

To individual acts and to rules of conduct

3.6 Essential Elements of Social Morality

So far, we have been considering how individuals ought to act, focusing mainly on the moral
principles that should serve as guide in determining what they and others ought to do in moral
situations. But people also act collectively, as well as individually. For our present purposes,
people act collectively as a community, as a state, or even as a nation. The following as discussed
below are the essential elements of morality.

3.6.1 Social Justice

Social justice is a concept of fair and just relations between individual and society as measured by
distribution of wealth, opportunity for personal activity and social privileges. The issue of social
justice is a controversial matter in Nigeria, for example, what is happening in the Niger-Delta
region. The people of the Niger-Delta feel that they have all along been used, treated unfairly, and
unjustly cheated by the Federal government on the issue of derivation and that has impoverished
their home lands leaving them destitute and making them to live in abject poverty. But the Federal
Government feels differently, refusing to yield to their demands or to listen to their woes and cries
of injustice. This had made the matter a very controversial one. Thus, we notice that many people
of good will, who share the same principles of individual morality that is, people who are fair,
loyal, and honest, faithful, kind, have great difficulty agreeing on principles of social Justice.

3.6.2 Individual Rights

Every Nigerian citizen is explicitly guaranteed certain kinds of individual freedom, under the Bill
of Rights. These rights thus include, freedom of speech, press, religion, and assembly for example,
as part of our Constitution, these guarantees are part of the fundamental law of the land as the Bill
of Rights’ guarantees of a fair trial and its protection against unreasonable, search and seizure of
property. Though these guarantees are written in plain English language, many people of good
will disagree on how they are to be interpreted. That citizen’s guarantee of free press allows them

Page 61 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

to criticise government policies may not be in doubt. What may be in doubt and controversially
so, is that it also allows them to print and sell hard-core pornography, for example. When such
controversy comes up, the persons directly concerned with the issue can settle the matter in the
law courts, which are the final legal arbiters of how these guarantees are to be understood.

3.6.3 Natural Rights

Natural Rights emphatically states that people ought to have the legal right to do whatever they
have the natural right to do, because no government can justly violate their natural rights. This
answer was chiefly advocated by John Luck: (1632- 1704), a British philosopher. Natural rights
are rights that all of persons are born with. These rights belong to people by virtue of the fact that
they are human beings created in the image of God. Such natural rights include: a right to life, a
right to own property, and a right to liberty, to pursue our legitimate interests without interference
or molestation from the government or other people.

3.6.4 Equality

A society that does not give equal treatment to its citizens is hardly considered a just society. On
this point, everyone agrees. But what is controversial is that we do not all agree on what equal
treatment requires of us, just as we do not all agree on what justice requires of us. Let us consider
for example, equal treatment under the law; to many people, equal treatment under the law is just
a procedural matter. So long as everyone is treated according to the same legal procedures, we are
given equal treatment under the law. In a criminal case for example, what matters is that all
defendants be allowed full exercise of their rights, including their right to a legal counsel, to call
witnesses, to cross-examination and so on. To others, equal treatment under the law means much
more. If, for example, the judge is more likely to apply the death penalty in cases where the victim
is the relation of an affluent man in society than in cases where the victim is an unknown person,
then equal treatment under the law is denied in capital cases, regardless of procedural guarantees.
The same thing applies to the issue of equal opportunity. To some people, equal opportunity means
lack of discrimination; that is, as long as employers and Universities choose employees and
students on the basis of merit and not on the basis of sex, tribe or ‘man know man’, equal
opportunity is secured.

Page 62 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

3.6.5 General Welfare

It is expected that the different levels of government should promote public interest, that is, the
general welfare for the common good of all. The citizens expect public funding of schools and
libraries, public funding of highways and medical research, electricity and laws protecting the
waterways, good and healthy environments. Part of a healthy moral environment, is public
decency. For example, laws against indecent exposure or dressing, drunkenness, and disorderly
conduct. These laws, most people will agree, promote the general welfare.

There is a principle of paternalism, arguing that just as parents are justified in preventing their
children from harming themselves, so are governments justified in preventing their citizens from
hamming themselves. And if homosexuality and pornography cause people moral harm,
governments should outlaw them. Otherwise, they do not promote the general welfare.
The law courts have claimed that homosexuality and pornography can result to indirect harm to
others. Sometimes the type of harm they refer to is moral harm. If a society tolerates behaviours
it considers immoral, that behaviour may spread. And this implies that people who engage in such
practices may be causing indirect moral harm to other people. Moreover, such indirect moral harm
affects both minors (that is, children below the age of eighteen), as well as adults. Even if
pornography is limited by law to adults, children below eighteen years of age will always find a
way to get it. But whether or not the behaviour does spread to children below eighteen years of
age, courts have often declared that governments do have a legitimate interest in protecting the
public morality, and that their legitimate interest in doing so does justify prohibiting behaviour
that many people consider to be immoral.

Naturally, there-have been serious objections to calls on government to impose such restrictions
on private behaviour. Many people reject the principle of paternalism and the principle of
protecting the public morality. To such people, imposing such principles of collective action
would lead to unacceptable limits on individual freedom. Some people worry that these principles,
if carried to the extremes, would result to outlawing of everything bad for them. Including certain
food items high in cholesterol. But the government has a legitimate duty to prevent violence
toward women, which today is on the increase in Nigeria. Government educates its citizens and
punishes the offenders, not by restricting the legitimate freedoms of non-offenders.

In-Text Questions (ITQs) 3.6

Nigerians are guaranteed certain individual freedom under ______________

Page 63 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

In-Text Answers (ITAs) 3.6

The Bill of Rights

Summary of Study Session 3

In Study Session 3, you have learnt that:

1. Ethics deals with the principle of right or good conduct that is in accordance with the
accepted standards of right and wrong governing the conduct of a people or society.
2. Morality has to do with a set of social rules and standards that guide the conduct of people
in a society or culture.
3. Moral philosophy is concerned with the foundations of morality on the basis of which a
certain set of moral standards and rules can be demonstrated to be justifiable.
4. The aim of the moral philosopher is first to analyze the meanings of the terms often used
in moral discourse and second, to examine the rules of moral reasoning or methods of
knowing which moral beliefs can be demonstrated to be either true or false.
5. The word "discipline has to do with training that is expected to produce a specified
character or pattern of behaviour, especially that which is supposed to produce moral or
mental improvement. Discipline also can imply punishment, whereby the learner or the
apprentice is punished if he or she fails to abide by the rules arid regulations.
6. If people must live happily together in a society, they must be ready to co-operate with
one another.
7. One of the most well-known general moral principles is the principle of utility or the
greatest happiness principle. This principle tells us to produce the greatest balance of
happiness over unhappiness, while making sure that we give equal consideration to the
happiness and unhappiness of everyone who might be affected by our actions.
8. The essential elements of social morality consist of social justice, individual rights, natural
rights, equality and general welfare.

Page 64 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

Glossary of Terms
Discipline: This is concerned with what is morally good and bad and morally right and wrong

Morality: Morality has to do with a set of social rules and standards that guide the conduct of
people in a society or culture

Principle of Morality: This is a system of principles that helps to inform people about right from
wrong, good from bad. It is designed for self-motivated people who seek a rational system of
principle that will assist them to both define and achieve an improved character and living

Principle of Paternalism: This is the interference with the liberty or autonomy of another person,
with the intent of promoting good or preventing harm to that person.

Social Justice: This is a concept of fair and just relations between individual and society as
measured by distribution of wealth, opportunity for personal activity and social privileges.

Welfare: It is a statutory procedure or social effort designed to promote the basic physical and
material well-being of people in need.

Page 65 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

Self-Assessment Questions (SAQs) for Study Session 3

Having completed this study session, you can measure how well you have achieved its Learning
Outcomes by answering the following questions. You can check your answers with the Notes on
the Self-Assessment Questions at the end of this Session.

SAQ 3.1 (Tests Learning Outcome 3.1)

How would you define 'Ethics' or 'Moral Philosophy’?

SAQ 3.2 (Tests Learning Outcome 3.2)

Briefly discuss some of the issues which Ethics tries to tackle in both the individual and people
collectively?

3.3 (Tests Learning Outcome 3.3)

What do moral philosophers aim to achieve through their analysis of the meanings of the terms
used in moral discourse?

3.4 (Tests Learning Outcome 3.4)

How would you define 'Discipline' in relation to Morality?

3.5 (Tests Learning Outcome 3.5)

Describe at least one principle of ‘Fairness’ that you consider would be of maximum help for
people to continue to survive and flourish as a happy society or nation if generally followed by
everyone.

3.6 (Tests Learning Outcome 3.6)

Discuss two essential elements of morality that you know

Page 66 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

Study Session 4: Norms and Values in the Society

Introduction
There are different manners which are deemed to be natural or a way of life in which each society
of the world conducts her tasks, perform her functions and delivers basic survival needs for the
continued growth and sustainability of the people. At the same time, it is believed that the manners
of achieving these basic needs are distinctive and peculiar to every society. Such functions or tasks
include among other things, provision of food, shelter, goods and services (economics),
maintenance of law, order, and social control (government); belief and worship of Supernatural
Being for the spiritual growth of society (religion). Others are social, enculturation, manpower
training in both quantitative and qualitative terms (education); reproduction, nurturing and
impartation of morality (family) and restoration and/or preservation of health in terms of
prophylactic and therapeutic aspects of healthcare delivery to individuals (health). It must be
added that these functions are particularly knitted together in a chain-like structure. That is, where
one ends the other starts.

The foregoing can be subsumed under a generalised concept of culture with specific social
structures in which the desired needs and goals can be realised. These structures and processes are
known as social institutions. According to Nwabueze (2003), social institutions are central to the
life of a society and the degree to which these functions are performed leads to growth and
development of each society.

Learning outcomes for Study Section 4

When you have studied this section, you should be able to:
4.1 Differentiate between norms and values

Page 67 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

4.2 Identify and explain the elements of culture

4.3 Analyze the perspective of norms and values

4.1 Norms and Values

Norms are social and cultural guidelines by which societies live their lives and consciously and
unconsciously comply or conform to laws, rules and regulations. Norms are therefore, important
factor that define peoples attitude and behaviour, determines individual and group social
acceptance or non-acceptance. Society members learn how to behave through a combination of
stimulus which include visual and oral sensory organs. As people grow in their mental maturity
and awareness, the influence of environmental factors and family combine to define peoples’
norms. Norms, therefore, refers to behaviour and attitudes which are considered normal, while
values are those things that people consider important to them. Values may be material or
nonmaterial, internal or external. Values are culturally specific to individuals or group of persons.

Functionalists believe all members of society are socialized into these norms and values, first
through the family and later through institutions such as education, the media and religion. It is in
this secondary socialization that people learn universalistic values rather than just those particular
values to their own family or community.

In-Text Questions (ITQs) 4.1

Societies in the world conduct her task, performs her functions and delivers basic survivals needs
for the continued ___and____

In-Text Answers (ITAs) 4.1

Growth / Sustainability of the people

4.2 Elements in Culture

Norms and values cannot be appreciated, understood and internalised without the understanding
of culture the grand norms upon which the totality of human actions are predicated. Shoremi

Page 68 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

(2001) reiterating the work of Kluckhom (l949), defining culture as total way of life of people and
social legacy the individual acquires from his groups.

These differences can be explained in languages, mode of achieving goals, and pursuit of basic
social needs, works, and leisure. But there are also similarities. These similarities are what Brown
(1991 in: Gelles & Levine. 2006) termed "Human Universals".

Cultural universal is used to refer to specific values, norms, and beliefs that are found and
cherished in all cultures. Hard work, sincerity, among other concepts are cherished while
incestuous relationship between the father and daughter, mother and son and siblings of the same
parentage are treated as taboos in almost all the societies of the world. Beliefs (share explanations
of experiences), values (criteria of moral judgment), norms (specific guideline for acceptable
behaviour), and sanctions (specific control to reprimand erring members of the society).

Symbols (used to represent beliefs and values), language (a system of symbolic communication)
and technology (material culture to expand the realm and domesticate the environment) (Gelles et
al., 2006; Durowade, 2003; Aluko, 2002, Shoremi, 2001). In every culture of the world are all
these universal act as guidelines to direct human conduct and shape opinions. These guidelines
are known as norms (Haralambos & Heald, 2008). However, before an attempt is made to explain
what norms are, it is imperative to explain what beliefs is, as this is a strong element in adhering
to the dictate of norms.

Beliefs are shared ideas about how every society operates. Beliefs help individuals to fall back on
the past to interpret the present and use as example to predict the future (Schaffer, 2001; Brown,
Selznick & Darroch, 1981).

Whereas beliefs describe what is, values describe what ought to be (Marshall, 1996). Values
therefore, are broad, abstract, shared standards of what is desirable and worthy of respect and
emulation (Haralambos et al, 2008). In a way, values are ideal of what ought to be but norms are
rules about what people should do, say or think and vice versa. For example patriotism is a value
upheld in every society to have positive attitude to one's country. However, it in abstraction but
respect accorded one’s country's flag is the corresponding norm to complement the patriotism
towards one’s country.

Attitude towards something or somebody, though a cognitive fact, being a product of

consciousness is engendered by one's social environment/culture. Thus culture of the people,

Page 69 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

either in a micro simple society or macro complex society is a very strong phenomenon with sets
of behaviour and artefacts to guide the people. According to Bierstadt (1963) in Kornblum &
Smith (2000), there are three major dimensions to the concept of culture from which its functions
can be gleaned; these are ideas, norms, and material. Idea, in this respect, connotes the way of
thinking a theoretical understanding of a phenomenon based on some knowledge about it that
helps the people to organize their consciousness. Norms on the other hand, is the accepted ways
of doing or carrying out ideas, while material or the artefact is the output of ideas as propelled
by the norms that is a pattern of possessing and using the products of culture, here, the concept of
value comes prominently. The foregoing would be further understood with the drag below in
which the interconnectivity of these concepts was x-rayed.

IIi NORMS MATERIALS CULTURE

Scientific Scientific method Tool, Medicine etc.

Knowledge and Standards

Law books, Jail

Laws, Rewards, books, etc

Folklore,
Folkways e.g. patterns Material such as
items for everyday
of life: food preparation
and taboo, social consumption
control, etc

Social Change

Ideologies, e.g. Technologies: computer,

socialism, capitalism, data processing, auto
communism, etc production, physical
structure, etc.

Liberalism, etc.

Adapted with modification from Kornblum and Smith (2000) pp. 61

Fig. 1 showing the relationship among the concepts norms, ideas, and material culture.

Page 70 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

In-Text Questions (ITQs) 4.2

________ in relation to norms and values shape both personal and social experiences.

In-Text Answers (ITAs) 4.2

Beliefs

4.3 Perspectives on Norms and Values

For a society to function as expected, such society requires that there be shared patterns of
behaviour among its member. That is, there should be some grounds of knowing what to expect
of others in any situation or circumstance. To ensure this, each society as it were, involves various
systems of common rules (norms) to regulate the behaviour patterns of its members (Ogunsiji,
2002). To put this in other words, each society is held together by systems of common rules or
norms. And in case(s) of deviations from these norms of social behaviour, the errant or deviant
members would be reprimanded through the social control put in place to checkmate aberration
or disorder thus averting any form of conflict. Social control is therefore, mechanisms by which
society exercises its dominion over all components or groups of people and enforces conformity
to stipulated norms and values. In this regard social control is as a complement of norms and
values to bring about social order. Therefore a deep understanding of societal method(s) of social
control and means to achieve this would further enrich one's understanding of what norms and
values are.

4.3.1 Social Norms

In societies, there are rules regulating citizens’ behaviour. These rules are both prescriptive and
proscriptive. Prescriptive one spell out the acceptable behaviour and the proscriptive define
behaviours that are not acceptable. For instance taboos, infidelity, lies, indolence, etc. Social
norms are therefore rules of behaviour. Some norms are more important than others. For ‘example,
rule involving behaviour that is essential to the survival of the group such as "Thou shall not kill"
is typically of greater weight than rules of personal hygiene. Therefore, several types of norms

Page 71 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

can be distinguished. Durowade (2003) identified five variants of norms in this category as
follows: folkways, mores, laws, values, and rituals.

4.3.2 Folkways

These are approved standards of behaviour passed on from one generation to the other. They
generally cover activities that are not essential to the survival of the group (Taiwo, 1988). An
example of folkway is the rule that forbids eating without having a mouthwash particularly in the
morning. Folkways are therefore not considered important to be strictly enforced. No court will
punish any child for eating early in the morning without having a mouthwash. Violations of
folkways are usually handled informally through words and gestures of disapproval (Ogunsiji,
2002). Gestures can be through non-verbal communication such as eye movement or bodily
contact or movement. These responses can be referred to as sanctions. Sanctions are reactions
that convey approval or disapproval of behaviour. Positive sanctions are used to enforce and
encourage conformity. While negative sanctions are used to withhold such approval. To be sure,
the more important the norms the stronger the sanctions. Many sanctions in form of social control
can also be observed in various Nigerian societies’ tor example ostracism and banishment.

4.3.3 Mores

These are norms that normally cover moral and ethical behaviour. They are more crucial to social
order than the folkways. They are therefore more severely enforced. For example, the obligation
to respect constituted authority and to maintain community standards of decency are moral rules
that bring condemnation and scorn on the violator in many primitive and civilized societies.
Behaviour is shaped through these informal reactions. However, the mores of one historical period
may not be the same at another epoch. For example, it was the duty of a parent to apply corporal
punishment where necessary as a corrective measure although this same measure could be
considered as offence amounting to child abuse elsewhere with dire consequence on the parent.

4.3.4 Laws

Laws are norms which are part of social control that are formally adopted which govern behaviour
most essential to group survival. Laws are therefore enforced, but through formal sanctions carried
out by officials specifically charged with the maintenance of order in the society. These people
include the police, judges, and probation officers. (Ogunsiji, 2002). Not to be left out are the
"quasi" security/vigilance groups like Egbesu, Bakassi Boys, Oodua People Congress (OPC) of
Niger Delta, Eastern and South Western Nigeria respectively. In Nigeria, customary laws are very

Page 72 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

common. These laws are the crystallization of traditional practices. They adjudicate on what is
acceptable and sanction the offenders. They are thus backed by formal sanctions. In general, the
norms of many Nigerian societies are derived from basic ideas, about what is good or bad,

4.3.5 Values

These are central beliefs of a culture that provide a standard by which norms are judged (Marshall,
1996), Values are thus widely-held beliefs for the maintenance of social and public order. Thus
social values are the ideas shared by members of a society as to what is good, right and desirable
as against what is bad, wrong, and unworthy. They refer to something worth striving for. Other
examples of values are education, morality, and values of solidarity, patriotism and generosity.

4.3.6 Rituals

Rituals are ceremonies that reinforce the unity of the society and help individuals to overcome
major transition in their lives Rituals are therefore culturally patterned ways for expressing some
central values or practices of the people or collective. An example of this among Nigerians is
naming ceremonies for the new-born. This act has become a ritual component of our culture
(Durowade, 2003). For illustration purpose, the Fulani have a highly ritualized courtship and
mating patterns that are transmitted from generation to other. This practice is highly respected to
the extent that a prospective male suitor would subject himself to be caned in what is called Share
(Oyeneye, 1993).

In-Text Questions (ITQs) 4.3

______ are central beliefs of a culture that provides a standard by which norms are judged

In-Text Answers (ITAs) 4.3

Values

Page 73 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

Summary of Study Session 4

In Study Session 4, you have learnt that:

1. Norms are social and cultural guidelines by which societies live their lives and consciously
and unconsciously comply or conform to laws, rules and regulations.
2. Norms and values cannot be appreciated, understood and internalized without the
understanding of culture the grand norms upon which the totality of human actions are
predicated.
3. Cultural universal is used to refer to specific values, norms, and beliefs that are found and
cherish in all cultures.
4. For society to function as expected, such society requires that there be shared patterns of
behaviour among its member.
5. In societies, there are rules regulating citizens’ behaviour. These rules are both prescriptive
and proscriptive.

Page 74 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

Glossary of Terms
Laws: Laws are norms which are part of social control that are formally adopted which govern
behaviour most essential to group survival.

Mores: These are norms that normally cover moral and ethical behaviour. They are more crucial
to social order than the folkways. They are therefore more severely enforced.

Rituals: Rituals are ceremonies that reinforce the unity of the society and help individuals to
overcome major transition in their lives

Social Norm: This is regarded as collective representations of acceptable group conduct as well
as individual perceptions of a particular group conduct

Page 75 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

Self-Assessment Questions (SAQs) for Study Session 4

SAQ 4.1 (Tests Learning Outcome 4.1)

Explain your understanding of social institution and mention the elements in a social structure.

SAQ 4.2 (Tests Learning Outcome 4.2)

Explain the relationship that exists between norms and values in a culture.

SAQ 4.3 (Tests Learning Outcome 4.3)

Discuss the functional elements of mores and folkways in a society.

Page 76 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

Study Session 5: Reorientation of Moral Values for Development

The Nigerian Experience

Introduction
From time immemorial, the quest for moral principle has been an intrinsic phenomenon which
makes social life governable and blissful. As such, every person, irrespective of age, colour, sex
or social standing is subject to the dictates of the moral principle. This is because the concept of
morality serves a holistic function as it serves as the bedrock upon which the edifice of a truly
righteous and egalitarian society rests.

However, technological development orchestrated by globalization and civilization have

attenuated and grossly affected our moral ethos. This has brought about a breakdown of the social
structure on which society rests. Patrick (1998) noted that, civilization has had and is still having
a lot of negative impact on the life of the Africans, most especially Nigerians. The problem of
decline in public morality and national discipline in Nigeria is very alarming.

It is against this background that an advocate for a reorientation of moral values as a catalyst tor
development in Nigeria which is indispensable towards actualizing a collective goal for a speedy
national growth and development is suggested, since it is contingent on moral discipline of every
citizen in Nigeria both the leaders and the led.

In this study session, you will be introduced to the reorientation of moral values into the lives of
members of a society for the purpose of development.

Page 77 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

Learning outcomes for Study Session 5

When you have studied this session, you should be able to:
5.1 Explain Moral Values
5.2 Discuss each of the Concepts in Moral Values
5.3 Identify and explain the Moral Problems plaguing Nigeria
5.4 Discuss the causes and Effects of Moral Problems in Nigeria
5.5 Explain the relationship of Moral values and religion
5.6 Discuss Moral Value as a catalyst for Development

Page 78 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

5.1 Moral Values

Moral values are things that are held right or wrong or desirable or undesirable. Moral values,
together with tradition, laws, behaviour pattern, and beliefs are the defining features of a culture.
In the evolution aspect of psychology, moral values are noted to be part of cultural evolution.

Moral values are principles not rule, because they are good values taught to assist people live a
disciplined life. These principles include good habits like helpfulness, honesty, integrity,
respectfulness, love, hard work and showing compassion. They are therefore, said to be the
standards by which people define right or wrong. Morals can emanate from the self, family,
religion, community, government or school.

In-Text Questions (ITQs) 5.1

_____is subject to the dictates of moral principle

In-Text Answers (ITAs) 5.1

Social standing

5.2 Conceptual Clarification

For the purpose of clarification and better understanding, it is expedient to define and explain
basic issues underlying this subject matter. Firstly, words like; reorientation, moral values, and
development are clarified. Also, our discussion would be based on the world-View of the Nigerian
peoples as an exemplification of moral reorientation in our developmental process. Having made
these remarks, these terms are clarified in terms of their meanings.

5.2.1 Re-orientation

This is a call for re-awakening, a rejuvenation; a clarion call for the actualization of a better and
newer skill for the overall benefit and development of the individual person and that of the society
at large. Re-orientation could also be described as gaming oneself accustomed to, or behaving in
a particular way so as to imbibe certain traits which can aid the person's social standing or status.

5.2.2 Morality

According to Obasola (2001) morality is an abstract phenomenon but a real and practical means
of developing the sense of justice in the people as a prerequisite for social solidarity, welfare, and

Page 79 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

happiness in the society. It is so crucial, not only to the individual but also to the society at large.
Consequently, the imperative of morality is to establish the justifiability or otherwise of an action
or to establish whether an action is good or reprehensible.

5.2.3 Values

This is sometimes synonymous with morality as both are oftentimes used interchangeably. Values
share the same meaning with morality as they also depict the acceptable conduct of behaviour in
the society However, Oyedepo (1986) noted that value is the study of such concepts as good, had
desirable, beautiful or ugly and it tends to examine the justification of judgement: that involves
these concepts, the logic of the argument by which they are supported or challenged.
Dopamu (l993) concluded that for the purpose of maintaining law and order which in turn, will
enhance national stability and growth, values are respected and such values are the moral worth,
principles or standard which the society holds in high esteem. Conformity to these value systems,
no doubt, results in an orderly and purpose-driven society which ultimately brings in the desired
development in the society.

5.2.4 Development

It should be noted that the concept of development is an all- encompassing phenomenon as it

relates to the social, political, economic, and religious attitudes of the people (Obasola 2003): It
has a pervasive use and multifaceted application. It can apply to "growth" and or "progress". In
whichever way it is applied, it has the tendency of measuring the level of growth or progress of a
people, socially, economically, scientifically or politically. According to Sanda (l98l),
development is multi-dimensional concept involving positive change which affect the majority
and which lie in the social, economic, political, and cultural spheres of societal life. Osagie (1985)
described development as: the qualitative and quantitative positive transformation of the liver of
the people which enhance not only their material well-being, but also assure their social well-
being and the restoration of human dignity.

In-Text Questions (ITQs) 5.2

_____is a call for re-awakening for the actualization of a better and newer skill for the overall
benefit and development of an individual and that of the society at large

In-Text Answers (ITAs) 5.2

Re-orientation

Page 80 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

5.3 Moral Problems Plaguing Nigeria

It is appropriate at this point to examine the moral problems bedevilling Nigeria as a nation. These
moral problems are many. Oyedepo (1986) noted that perhaps the greatest problem facing the
nation today is the problem of identification of value. However, the following are some of the
noticeable moral problems.

5.3.1 Crime and Violence

One of the obvious problems staring Nigerians in the face is that of crime and violence which, if
care is not taken, can lead to apparent disintegration of the country. Abogunrin (l994) noted that:
“Today’s organized crime is the biggest business. Organized crime is probably bigger than the
Nigerian government, organized crime, with its syndicates, underworld racketeering and the
mafia, is in control of almost every area of life in Nigeria today. Crime is increasing with such
rapidity that we are now close to open rebellion and anarchy”.

This is the situation in which we have found ourselves and the average Nigerian cannot sleep with
his two eyes closed for fear of the terror by night marauders. The incessant cases of armed robbery
attacks in broad day light have been a subject of fear. Even our financial institutions have become
targets as they are raided in broad day light operation with our security operatives incapacitated.
This wave of crime has snowballed into series of kidnappings, terrorist attacks, and militancy.

5.3.2 Corruption

Corruption has assumed a monumental height as the nation ranks as one of the most corrupt in the
world. These corrupt practices stem from the various callous, greedy, self-motivated, and self-
seeking attitudes of our leaders who are only interested in serving their pockets rather than serving
the people. These corrupt practices have been brought down to the average man who is eager to
partake of the "national cake” if given the opportunity. Governance is now perceived as a "national
cake", and as a means of personal aggrandizement and enrichment.

5.3.3 Perversion of Justice

Furthermore, perversion of justice is an endemic moral problem confronting the nation. By virtue
of this, there has been an unwarranted and undue detention of innocent people who are put in

Page 81 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

custody in the guise of national security. Cases of extrajudicial killings abound as innocent citizens
are being killed by the security apparatus set up by the government and some of their officials.

5.3.4 Cultism

Cultism is a single anti-social menace that has consistently ravaged the nation. This act of moral
decadence has been the cause of the major crises in the nation and particularly on University
campuses and now in some major towns and cities. Cultism is a contemporary social menace
affecting the educational sector in Nigeria. It has become a cankerworm in the Nigerian society
due to the traits exhibited by the youths. Most, if not all, the violent crises, killings, torturing,
raping, kidnapping, armed robbery are traced to the activities of these cult groups. These cult
groups are bonded by an oath of secrecy and are under obligation or other threat to promote the
interests of its members even if that interest is not legitimate and this is done without recourse to
merit or fair play. The activities of these cult groups are inimical to social and political
developments.

5.3.5 Drug abuse, addiction and trafficking

This is a problem which is particularly gaining ground among the youths in their quest for fun,
excitement, and instant wealth. This problem of drug abuse and trafficking has earned for Nigeria
a bad image among the committee of nations. Drugs like cocaine, heroin, marijuana, and morphine
have become an international menace. These drugs have adverse effect on those who use them.
Such effects include, diminished hunger, weakness of the body, nausea, dizziness, hypertension,
increased body temperature, while some of the drugs produce mental illusions, hallucination and
over-estimation of an individual's physical power. Addiction to drugs leads to criminal tendencies
by those who use them. In addition to drug use and abuse, trade in drugs has become an avenue
for enrichment for some Nigerians and this has portrayed the country in bad light at the
international level.

In-Text Questions (ITQs) 5.3

_____is a contemporary social menace affecting the educational sector

In-Text Answers (ITAs) 5.3

Cultism

Page 82 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

5.4 Causes and Effects of Moral Problems in Nigeria

The causes of moral vices in Nigeria are discussed as follows:

5.4.1 Break down of the Family unit/lack of parental guidance:

The home is the foundation for acceptable behaviour; therefore, the quality of this foundation
determines the quality of subsequent efforts towards desirable behaviour. When there is a
breakdown of the family structure due to the individualistic tendencies exhibited by parents due
principally to the economic situation in the country, this forces many parents to abandon their
responsibilities to their children and to their families for a white collar job that keeps them out of
their home for a better part of the day while the care of the children are now trusted into the hands
of “house girls and boys" who sometimes corrupt these children. The end product of this
seemingly "abandoned children" is the observed moral decadence.

5.4.2 Materialism

This is a factor that has been responsible for the high level of moral problems facing the nation. It
is noted that attention of people has shifted from morality to instant wealth. This desire for instant
wealth has led many people to get involved in acts that are inimical to the society not minding
whose ox is gored. In this regard, Awokoya (l978) posited that, the type of environment Nigeria
is now developing is very materialist. Most people love and worship money because of what it
can buy. In the quest for it, kindness, love, justice, racial responsibility gets undervalued and the
virtues of yesterday are replaced by the vices of today. These materialistic tendencies have a
negative implication for our development.

5.4.3 Mental Set

This is a problem which is affecting most Nigerians causing them to behave in a particular way.
Osagie (1983) noted that, mental set means an unconscious mental disposition to behave in a
particular way irrespective of the circumstance. It is a rigid adherence to a "way” of doing things
whether or not that "way" works. These characteristic mental set retards rather than facilitates
activity. It leads to apathy in the performance of official duties; it creates inefficiency rather than
efficiency, and it complicates rather than making things simple.

5.4.4 Effects of Moral Problems

The sum total of the effects of the moral problems is myriad as a lot of negative consequences are
discernible. Among these problems are:

Page 83 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

(1) Stunted economic growth: The country is experiencing this due largely to hyper inflation, low
capital utilization, and decline in foreign investments and patronage. The country is enmeshed in
foreign debts while the economy is controlled by a group of cabals who are interested in their
pockets. As such, a lot of money is siphoned into foreign accounts while the citizens of the country
are being pauperized. No public utility or infrastructure is functioning optimally due to this moral
recklessness. In the past years, power generation and distribution have nosedived, throwing the
country into complete darkness and forcing lots of businesses no collapse and the resultant effect
is unemployment and retrenchment of workers.

(2) Falling standard of education: Educational institutions which are supposed to be the bedrock
of moral instructions have been hit by this cancer orchestrated by poor funding. The frequent
strikes and industrial actions in our institutions are ferocious. This culminates into turning out
half-baked graduates with little or no information or knowledge in their course of study. This
accounts for the high incidence of crime and cultism in our tertiary institutions and society.

(3) Political instability: Nigeria had witnessed more military administration than democratic
governments. Military rule had been the bane of our political system as it has corrupted our
democratic values and principles. Series of extra-judicial killings took place during military
regimes as perceived enemies of the government were executed. Also, it was at this period that
fraud of various degrees thrived. Therefore, the ethics of diligence and hard work were thrown
overboard. Miscreants found their ways into positions of authority while the intellectuals were
hunted. Freedom of the people was suppressed and the Nigerian story became like the proverbial
bird that perched on a rope and is being tossed to and fro. Even after returning to democratic rule
in 1999, this situation has not changed, but is now worse than the military era.
(4) Dangers of insecurity: The lives of citizen are threatened from time to time by miscreants and
hired assassins. Cases of armed robbery attacks are rampant. Abogunrin (1994) noted that, the
loss of the sense of security in human existence today is due to injustice, to violence, to the sinister
aspects of the present day politics, to religious wars, to economic problems and unemployment.
The nation has been plunged into series of violent attacks from different militant groups,
herdsmen, bandits and Boko Haram.

In-Text Questions (ITQs) 5.4

____is a shift of members of societies from morality to instant wealth

Page 84 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

In-Text Answers (ITAs) 5.4

Materialism

5.5 Moral Values and Religion

It is, however, imperative to state that morality cannot be discussed in isolation. To this end, it
needs to be examined within the scope of religion. According to Adeleye (l988), religion has
helped to promote an agreement about the nature and content of social obligations by providing
values that serve to channel the attitudes of a society's members and to define for them the content
of their social obligations. This presupposes that morality and religion go hand in hand.
Consequently, these moral values as enshrined in our religious systems are discussed as follows.

5.5.1 Respect for Elders/Constituted Authority

Every religion places emphasis on respect for elders and those in positions of authority by virtue
of the fact that they are seen as repositories of wisdom, having had long years of experience which
the young ones can tap from. For example, a Yoruba adage says
Agbakosi, ilu baje

bale ile ku, ile d'ahoro

Meaning: where there is no elder, the society rots

When the head of the house dies, the house becomes desolate.

In the same vein, people are enjoined to respect those in positions of authority as they are
perceived as God's representatives on earth (Qur’an 4:59, Romans13:1-7). If there is respect for
constituted authority, the problem of political instability or forceful taking over of governance
through coup d’état will be a thing of the past and this will accelerate the spate of our development.

5.5.2 Truthfulness and Honesty

Truthfulness and honesty are two words used interchangeably and both mean the same thing. It
depends on the citizens of Nigeria to cultivate both virtues. As far as these moral virtues are
concerned, people should realise the need for them to have a reputation for both virtues.
Truthfulness connotes a state of reality or factualness. Truthfulness exalts a nation. Honesty is

Page 85 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

manifested in trustworthiness, truthfulness, sincerity, integrity, and fairness. It means the absence
of deceit and untruthfulness.

5.5.3 Impartiality

This is another moral value which every Nigerian should cultivate. Impartiality connotes not being
partied in the treatment that one meets out on others. It means not showing an undue favour to one
and neglecting the other. It is the absence of bias, favouritism, or nepotism. Impartiality
presupposes the value one places on merit, efficiency, and productivity while also recognizing the
equality of all people irrespective of their state of origin or their religious affiliation. This will
bring about increased productivity.

5.5.4 Loyalty/Patriotism

Loyalty presupposes truthfulness and faithfulness to one's duty or obligations. In other words,
loyalty connotes owing allegiance to a cause or to someone or better still, to one’s country. When
a citizen is loyal to his country and bears allegiance to it, such a person will be described as
patriotic. When a citizen pays his tax and performs his civic responsibilities as at when due, he is
patriotic. The lack of patriotism is a vice which runs throughout Nigeria and Nigerians will rather
be patriotic to other nations rather than their own country.

5.5.5 Justice

This is an essential aspect of all social, human, and economic relationships. Social order and peace
are anchored on the principle of justice. Thus, in ensuring conformity with the social order and
maintaining a high degree of ethnical standard, justice, and its enforcement are crucial for societal
good. Justice presupposes the meting out of appropriate sanction or punishment on erring
members of the society according to laid down rules. In addition, justice connotes fair play,
equality, especially in the distribution of goods and services or in the implementation of
infrastructure facilities. Dzurgba (1993) posited that, justice enables a people to apportion
resources, authority, power, rights, duties, liberties, privileges, opportunities, advantages,
disadvantages, income, wealth, rewards and punishments fairly according to merits and
qualification. This is an essential virtue which all Nigerians must cultivate on our road to social
and economic development.

In-Text Questions (ITQs) 5.5

The stunted growth in Nigeria is due to ______

Page 86 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

In-Text Answers (ITAs) 5.5

Moral problems

5.6 Moral Values: Catalyst for Development

Fundamentally, a good moral foundation is an indispensable and absolute factor for social,
economic, and political developments. Our development efforts should commence with the human
capital. By human capital, we mean the investment in the moral development of the people who
are living in such society. Human capital involves giving the people the right kind of environment
to sharpen, develop, and actualize their skills which they have acquired over a period of time. The
channelling of this skill in the positive direction will bring about a change in the life orientation
of the people for maximum benefits. Human capital also involves the moral worth and
development of the people. According to Isokun (2003), a Nigerian society obsessed with that
which is scientific without the consciousness of the societal values must be mending her rope of
suicide if her search for knowledge discounts the value on which the Nigerian social order rests.
This shows that the role of moral values in the society for meaningful development cannot be
compromised. Therefore, primacy should be given to the acquisition of moral values among the
people rather than any abstract projections.

In-Text Questions (ITQs) 5.6

Loyalty preserves _____and _____to one’s daily obligation

In-Text Answers (ITAs) 5.6

Truthfulness / faithfulness

Page 87 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

Summary of Study Session 5

In Study Session 5, you have learnt that:

1. Moral values are things that are held right or wrong or desirable or undesirable. Moral
values, together with tradition, laws, behaviour pattern, and beliefs are the defining
features of a culture.
2. Re-orientation is a call for re-awakening, a rejuvenation; a clarion call for the actualization
of a better and newer skill for the overall benefit and development of the individual person
and that of the society at large.
3. The moral problems plaguing Nigeria ranges from crime and violence, corruption.
Perversion of justice, cultism, drug abuse, addiction to drug trafficking.
4. The causes of moral problems in Nigeria include breakdown of family unit and lack of
parental guidance, materialism and mental set.
5. The effects of moral problems in Nigeria are noticeable in stunted economic growth,
falling standard of education. Political instability and insecurity
6. Every religion places emphasis on respect for elders and those in positions of authority by
virtue of the fact that they are seen as repositories of wisdom, having had long years of
experience which the young ones can tap from.
7. Truthfulness and honesty are two words used interchangeably and both mean the same
thing. It depends on the citizens of Nigeria to cultivate both virtues.
8. Social order and peace are anchored on the principle of justice.

Page 88 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

Glossary of Terms
Authority: The power to give orders or enforce orders

Catalyst: This is someone or something that causes a change.

Corruption: A dishonest or fraudulent conduct by those in power; this involves bribery.

Crime: This is an action or omission which constitutes an offence and is punishable by law.

Cult: A cult is a social group that is defined by its unusual religious, spiritual or philosophical
beliefs or by its common interest in a particular personality or object.

Cultism: devotion to the doctrine or a cult or to the practice of a cult

Development: It is a process that creates growth, progress, positive change or the addition of
physical, economic, environmental, social and demographic components

Drug Abuse: This involves the use of illegal drugs or the use of prescription or over the counter
drugs for purposes often than those for which it was intended for or in use more than normal.

Page 89 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

Self-Assessment Questions (SAQs) for Study Session 5

Having completed this study session, you can measure how well you have achieved its Learning
Outcomes by answering the following questions. You can check your answers with the Notes on
the Self-Assessment Questions at the end of this Session.

SAQ 5.1 (Tests Learning Outcome 5.1)

Explain what is meant by moral value.

SAQ 5.2 (Tests Learning Outcome 5.2)

What are the moral problems confronting Nigeria as a nation?

SAQ 5.3 (Tests Learning Outcome 5.3)

Discuss the effects of moral problems on Nigeria and Nigerians

SAQ 5.4 (Tests Learning Outcome 5.4)

Is it possible for a Nation to develop without morality? Discuss

SAQ 5.5 (Tests Learning Outcome 5.5)

Why do Nigerians need a re-orientation?

SAQ 5.6 (Tests Learning Outcome 5.6)

Explain the concept of moral value and link it with religion.

Page 90 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

Study Session 6: African Religion: Features and Practice in

Societies

Introduction
Africa comprises of several clans which are bound together by languages, traditions and religious
observances, beliefs and practices. Africa has a very rich heritage of what past generations of
African people did experienced and passed on to their children. This, according to Tabiti (l978) is
what forms a long line which links Africans forefathers/foremothers with the descendants who
now feel proud of it. The African heritage is rich, but it is not uniform, it is similar-but yet
different, from time to time, from place to place and from people to people. Among these African
heritage is religion which is the richest part of the cultural heritage. According to Mbiti (l978),
religion is found in all areas of human life. It has dominated the thinking of African peoples to
such an extent that, it has shaped cultures, their social life, their political organizations, and
economic activities. Religion is closely bound up with the traditional way of African life, while at
the same time this way of life has shaped religion as well.

In this study session, you will be introduced to the features, nature, and some of the African
practices which constitute the religious beliefs of the Africans

Learning outcomes for Study Session 6

When you have studied this session, you should be able to:

6.1 Explain what African religion represents

6.2 Explain the nature of African religion
6.3 Discuss the beliefs in the ideas of partial reincarnation among Africans
6.4 Explain the Beliefs in the Practice of Magic and Medicines in Africa
6.5 Discuss African Religious Practices involving Rites of Passage
6.6 Analyze the African Religion and Modern Challenges

Page 91 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

6.1 African Religion

Africa is a large continent with different cultural heritage and geographical boundaries. Africa is
known to consist of about 40 nations around the South- Sahara desert with their own diverse
history, political situation, multiple languages, and ethnic groups making up the Sub-Saharan
Africa. Whenever or wherever Africa is mentioned, her rich culture and religious beliefs are not
left out. However, Africans have traditional beliefs that are existing as one particular body and
practice which are identified as African religion. These beliefs are many as there are many ethnic
groups within the continent. Therefore, no single principle of religion can adequately explain how
it operates. Generally, these traditions are oral rather than scriptural beliefs in an amount of higher
and lower gods including a supreme creator, believes in spirits, respecting the dead, the use of
magic and African traditional medicine.

In-Text Questions (ITQs) 6.1

_____comprises several clans which are bound together by language and tradition.

In-Text Answers (ITAs) 6.1

Africa

6.2 The Nature of African Religion

African religion is the indigenous religion of Africans. It is the product of the religious thinking
and experience of our fore parents that has been handed down from generation to generation by
the forebears of the present generation of Africans. African religion is seen more on a communal
basis rather than on individual basis. These beliefs are held together by the community, the
ceremonies are performed in group by the family, relatives, and the whole community or by a
group having the same occupation. Religion is an essential part of the way of life of people; it
accompanies the individual long before his birth, through pregnancy, childhood and long after
his/her physical demise. Ferguson (l983) noted that African religion is seen as an aspect or
dimension of the whole of life. There is no distinction between the secular and the sacred, so all
that people do, are done under divine powers

According to ldowu (l996), the real key note of life to an African man or woman is neither in their
noble ancestry nor' in the past deeds of their heroes. The keynote of life is their religion and in all

Page 92 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

things, they are religious. African religion has no scripture or holy books. It is written in the
history, the hearts, and experience of the people. Though it has no sacred book, it has been able to
move with times and has not produced any religious controversies. It is pragmatic and realistic; it
applies to the situation as the need arises. It moved slowly through many centuries, as people
responded to the situation of their lives and reflected upon their experiences. There were no
founders, no reformers, preachers, or missionaries to change it, improve it or take it to other
continents (Mbiti l978).

The religion of African permeates their lives and it expresses itself in many ways. As further
explained by ldowu (l996), it forms the themes of their songs, makes topic for minstrelsy, finds
vehicles in myths, folktales, proverbial saying and is the basis of their philosophy. In spite of the
fact that African religion has no written records; their religious beliefs and practices are known
and revealed through oral traditions.

These oral mechanism which include myths, proverbs, theophoric names, everyday speech,
liturgy, pithy sayings and songs are their primary means of knowing something about Africans'
interpretation of the universe and the hereafter. Non oral mechanisms consist of symbols,
emblems, crafts, and artistic expressions.

6.2.1 The Features of African Religion

There are five component elements which constitute the structure of African religion. The various
structures are interrelated. According to the Africans in the structure of their religion, all the
components are interrelated and God is the Supreme among all of them. The structure links man
with God. This, we can see in the two diagrams below

Diagram 1

Belief in Spirits Belief in divinities

Belief in God

Belief in Ancestors
Belief in magic and Medicine Page 93 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

G
G
Belief in Divinities

Belief in Ancestors
Belief in Magic and Medicine

Man

6.2.2 Belief in God

This is the core and cohesive factor of the African religion. God is the origin and sustenance of all
things. He is outside and beyond His creation, on one hand and also personally involved in His
creation, so that is not outside of Him or His reach Mbiti (l982). In all societies of African
countries, the people have a notion of God as the Supreme Being, God is not a stranger to the
African people and in the traditional societies there are no atheists, their knowledge of God is
expressed in proverbs, short statements, songs, prayers, names, myths, stories and religious
ceremonies.

There are many eternal and intrinsic attributes of God among Africans. These attributes are words
or phrases ascribing traits, properties, qualities or characteristics to the Supreme Being (Awolalu
& Dopamu 2005). The Supreme Being is considered to be Omniscient, that is, He knows all things;
Omnipresent, He is simultaneously everywhere and Omnipotent, Almighty.

He is immanent; and men do establish contact with Him and at the same time, transcendental, God
is unique. He cannot he compared with any being and there is none like Him. The uniqueness of
God is one of the reasons why there are no images, graven, in drawing or in painting of Him in
African religion. Africans only have symbols of his attributes but not His images. This is because
the Supreme Being is a spirit. This also account for why there is no shrine for Him in many parts
of Africa. This is because. He cannot be confined in time and space. According to Mbiti (1982),it
is commonly believed that God is a spirit, even if in thinking or talking about Him, African people:
may often have anthropomorphic images, there are no imager or physical representations of God

Page 94 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

by African peoples. This being one clear indication that they consider Him to be a Spiritual Being.
The fact that He is invisible also leads many to visualize Him as spiritual rather than physical.

He is the impartial Judge who sees and knows everything. There is no human action or thought
that is hidden from Him and his judgment is sure and inescapable. God is Immortal. He lives
forever. He is always there, constant and He is a universal God.

Apart from the above attributes, in every African society, the people have a local name or names
which clearly show the character and nature of God. They also show emphatically the fact that
God is not an abstract concept or an illusion, but that He is real. According to Nabofa (2002),
God’s names also convey the purest expression of the Africans' religious experience and thought.
The various names of God result from the total experience of the people about Deity

The following names show that, to an African man or woman, God is real and it also expresses
the people’s belief in Him as the Controller of all things in the universe.

Country/Tribe Names/Sayings Meaning

Nigeria

Yoruba Olodumare, Olorun, Eleda Almighty, Supreme Owner or

Lord of Heaven and the
Creator

Edo/Benin Osanobua, Osaro, Osayi The source of being who

carries, maintains and
sustains the universe. Indeed
God Exists and He is the
creator.

Ibibio/Efik Obot, Ata Abasi, Ata Abasi, The creator who created all
Abasido, Osegbenirebhe, things. The spiritual power
Andikara, Obong, Edidem, that creates. God is there.
Akara Ekondo Indeed there is God. God who
controls, direct, supervises
everything and the chief king
who rules the whole world.

Page 95 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

Igbo Chineke, chukwuonyeokike, The one who is the only God.

chukwudi (chidi) chinedum It is God that controls and
directs me.

Ezon/Ijaw Tamunoemi, Tamara There is God indeed maker of

souls and the creator of the
universe.

Isoko Oghene Lord of all, the creator and

merciful being

Urhobo Ogbenero, omemama There is God indeed maker of

souls and the creator of the
universe

Sierra Leone

Mende Ngewo, Lere, Yaada The Great spirit, the supreme

creator, the one who is High
up and Grandfather.

Ghana

Akan Onyame, Tweduampon, The supreme being, God and

Totrobonsu the creator of all things. The
dependable, one who causes
rain to fall.

Cameroon

Bulu Mebee, Ebasi The one who bears, carries

and sustains the world. The
omnipotent father.

Bamun Nyinyi or Nyi He who is everywhere. He

who bears and sees
everything.

Page 96 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

Among Africans. God is King with absolute supremacy or authority which emphasizes His
uniqueness, the divines in their numbers owe their existence to Him, and they have no absolute
power of their own (Awolalu & Dopamu, 2005). God is the living one who is ever present, ever
active, and ever-acting reality in the African world. He is pictured as an actives and cream spirit.

6.2.3 Belief in Divinities and Spirits

The African believes that as the Supreme Being created the heaven, the earth, and all the
inhabitants, He also brings into being the divinities and spirits to serve His theocratic world
(Awolalu, 1981). These divinities are divine beings and they are derived from the Supreme God.
They serve God's purpose in the theocratic control and maintenance of the universe. They also
serve as intermediaries or functionaries between God and man. In many African societies, there
are temples of divinities through whom God, the Supreme Being manifests Himself, They are
many, and the people hold various forms of worship for them. The pantheons or temples vary in
sizes, as a result of the sociological set-up or other reasons which may influence the concept of
the divine ordering of the government of the universe among the various groups in Africa. The
divinities are associated with natural phenomena, objects, human activities, and experiences.

Moreover, spirits can reside in natural phenomena, but they are not bound with these material
objects, they are separate and separable entities, and their being does not depend on the material
objects which may be destroyed or replayed. The various material objects used include, rocks, -
hills, mountains, rivers, caves, trees, pots or thick forests. All these are only channels or avenues
through which the spirits are approached,

The divinities are next in rank to the Supreme Being. In traditional societies, the people believe
that the Supreme Being because of His superlative attributes and awesomeness could not be
directly approached. Hence the need for the worship of these various divinities and spirits as
intermediates. They are of three categories;
a. The Primordial Divinities: These are believed to be the divinities of heaven. Those believed
to be with the Supreme Being, long before the creation of the universe. They partook in the
creative work and their origin is not known (Awolalu & Dopamu 2005).
b. Deified Ancestors: They were human beings who had lived extraordinary and mysterious lives
on earth. When they died, they were ‘Canonized' or deities as gods or goddesses. After their
deification they were no longer ancestors but divinities.

Page 97 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

c. Personification of Natural Objects: Such divinities are those that are associated with hills,
mountains, rivers, rocks, canvass, brooks, and thick forests. Here are some of the examples of
the divinities in Africa.

Categories of divinities Names of tribe

Arch divinities Orisa-nla or Obatala (Yoruba) Ala (Igbo)

Olokun (Edo)

Oracle Divinities Orunmila (Yoruba) Fa (Fon)

Divinities of Iron or god of blacksmiths Ogun (Yoruba) Gu (Ewe) Gua (Akan)

Thunder Divinities Herioso or Xevioso (Fon), Sango, Jakuta or

Oramfe (Yoruba), Ogukwu (Igbo)

Divine messengers inspector general of rituals Esu (Yoruba), Ekurensu (Igbo), Legba (Ewe &
Fon).

6.2.4 Belief in the Cult of Ancestors

According to Parrinder (l96l), belief in the continued existence and influence of the departed
fathers or mothers of a family and tribe is very prominent among Africans. They are believed to
be ever living and watching over the living. Not only are the ancestors revered as past heroes,
they are felt to be still present, watching over the household, directly concerned in all the affairs
of the family and property, giving abundant harvests and fertility. The ancestors are believed to
be the custodians of the law and customs of the tribe. They punish with sickness or misfortune,
those who infringe them.

The ancestors are called by different names throughout the continent, The Yoruba refer to them
as 'Baba nla' ‘great father ' or ‘lyanla', 'great mothers'. The Yoruba man, for instance, offers food
or kills a cock for them. They are talked to in a familiar way and the people will not speak of
consulting the dead or speaking to their spirits but say: ‘l am going to speak to my father or mother’

Page 98 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

In-Text Questions (ITQs) 6.2

African religion is the product of the religious ____and ___of our forefathers

In-Text Answers (ITAs) 6.2

Thinking / experience

6.3 Africans' Idea of Partial Re-Incarnation

Among African societies, it is believed that some ancestors or living dead are ’reborn'. This is
partial re-incarnation, because not the entire person is reborn, only certain aspect of his
characteristics or physical distinctions are seen. Mbiti (l98l) noted that, when some of the features,
characteristics and personality of such spirit (the living dead) are noticed in a newly born child.
People would say that ‘so and so' has come back, has returned, or has been reborn, The child may
then be given the name of that deceased person, or people may make sacrifices and offerings to
express joy and gratitude, Thus idea of partial rebirth is spoken of as reincarnation, But not
everyone is reborn in that manner, nor is the entire deceased person reborn as such. Only some
aspects of the living dead are reborn, and this is perfectly possible biologically. Furthermore, those
aspects can be inherited by either boys or girls regardless of the sex of the living dead in question.
They can also be reproduced simultaneously in several children within the family.

In-Text Questions (ITQs) 6.3

_______ is spoken of as the idea of partial rebirth

In-Text Answers (ITAs) 6.3

Reincarnation

6.4 Belief in the Practice of Magic and Medicine

This belief is found in all African societies. According to Awolalu & Dopamu (2005), they are
used by many to conquer their environment. They are elements used to procure what cannot be

Page 99 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

obtained in the ordinary way and they can be used for good as well as bad ends. These two
elements are based on the facts that, there are vital forces or supernatural powers in the universe
that can be tapped, controlled, and used by man. In order to enjoy total well-being, man therefore
resorts to the practice of magic and medicine.

Magic according to Awolalu & Dopamu (2005) has been defined as an attempt by man to tap and
control those supernatural powers or resources of the universe for his own benefit. Its motto is 'my
will be done'. There are two types of magic and these are: Contagious magic and homoeopathy
magic; these two types of 'magic can be used in both good and .evil ways. When used maliciously,
it is condemned and then called black magic or sorcery.

Medicine on the other hand, is the art of using the available forces of nature to prevent disease to
restore and preserve health. There are two types of medicine. These are preventive (prophylactic)
and curative (therapeutic). Magical objects such as charms, talisman, and amulets are used as
protection against evil forces like witchcraft and sorcery in most African societies. Magic and
medicine have the same name among some ethnic groups in Africa. The Yoruba call both
“Oogun’, ‘egbogi’ and ‘isegun’, the Nupe call them ‘eigbe’, the Igbo call them ‘agwu’ while the
Akan call them ‘suman’.

Both magic and medicine are controlled by the same divinity. This divinity among the Igbos is
called ‘Agwu’ and among the Yoruba it is ‘Osanyin’. They are guardian to divinities of magic and
medicine. Ritual is a common element of magic and medicine and both are depended upon
spiritual belief. They are inevitably connected with the supernatural. Divinities and spirits may be
called upon to concrete a magical preparation or a medicament.

The last four elements, that is, belief in divinities, spirits, ancestors, magic, and medicine do not
have absolute categorisation on their own. They depend on the first element which is the belief in
God, it is only the first which possesses an element of ultimacy ‘clearly‘ and this is expressed in
the whole continent in the notion of the ‘Supreme Being (Andah, l988). This first element which
is the belief in God, only has absolute existence of its own right. He does not rely on any of the
elements, He has neither cult, symbols nor statues. He rarely receives sacrifice but is regarded as
the ultimate recipient of the sacrifice; offered to the spirits (Arinze,1970).

Page 100 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

In-Text Questions (ITQs) 6.4

________is the art of using the available force of nature to prevent diseases and restore health

In-Text Answers (ITAs) 6.4

Medicine

6.5 African religious practices: rites of passage

In the lives of individuals and families, there are important events which have religious
implications and which involve transition or crossing from one stage of life to another. These
events are what the Dutch writer. Van Gennep called ‘rites of passage’ (Parrinder, I961). These
are the cycle or stages of life it commences from the conception of a child, birth, the passage
through puberty, the new state of marriage, ordination, initiation and the ceremonies of burial. All
the rites all together constitute the sacraments of personal and family life.

These events are religiously and socially celebrated by Africans through rituals. This is because
to them, religion permeates the whole of life and Africans are notoriously religious. They are able
to express themselves in their various acts of worship which begin, control, and end all the affairs
of their lives. Through rituals and the various rites, we are able to walk with man, as an individual
from birth to death.

6.5.1 Pregnancy, Birth and Childhood

Pregnancy: In African societies, childlessness, is regarded as a great problem because it prevents
the continuity of the human society. Much rites or rituals are connected with pregnancy and
childbirth in the traditional societies to ensure safe delivery, good health, and fulfilment of life.

This is because in many African societies, marriage is not fully recognized or consummated until
the wife has given birth. Pregnancy therefore, is seen as the final seal of marriage and the sign of
full integration of the woman into her husband’s family. Children are seen as the buds of society
and every birth is the arrival of ‘spring' when life shoots out and the community thrives. Pregnancy
is the first indication that a new member of society is on the way, As a result of this, one could
see that the expectant mother becomes, a special person and receives special treatment from her
neighbours and relatives. This special treatment starts before and continues after child-birth.

Page 101 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

The pregnant woman must observe certain taboos and regulations. Various rituals would be
performed in order to protect her and the child. The mother-to-be is forbidden to eat certain foods,
do certain work or walk during a particular time of the day, like in hot afternoon or in the night so
as to prevent the spirit of born-to-die-children - 'abiku' from entering her womb. Where she has
to walk, the expectant mother carries protective charms on her body between the eight and nine
months of pregnancy.

Birth: When the actual birth is to take place, an elderly woman acts as midwife and relevant rituals
are performed to aid the expectant mother during the process of labour and delivery of the child.
Here we need to note that these religious rites vary from one ethnic group to another. Nearly, in
all African societies, the placenta and umbilical cords are the symbols of the child's attachment to
the mother, to womanhood and to the state of inactivity. They are treated as special objects among
Africans. Since it symbolizes the separation of the child from the mother they are ritualistically
disposed. They are either buried on the ground or thrown into the river or used as charm for the
child to wear or use. Whichever way is used in disposing the umbilical cord and placenta, it shows
that the new born child has died to the state of pregnancy and being alone in the mother’s womb.
Now he or she has risen in the new life of existence, being part of the ‘human’ society growing
into the status of being ‘l am` because 'we are' and since 'we are' therefore 'l am` The naming of
children is an important occasion which is marked with ceremonies in many societies. But it takes
various forms according to the customs of each family clan or ethnic group.

Naming: The name given to the child at birth may mark the occasion of the child's birth, some
names may describe the personality of the individual or his character or some key events in his
life. while other names given to children at birth may come from the living-dead (ancestor) who
might be thought to have been partially 're-incarnated' in the child, if the family observes certain
traits in common between the child and a particular living-dead or after consulting the Oracle on
the third day like we have among the Yomba people of Nigeria.

6. 5.2 Puberty and Initiation Rites

Many African citizens do not have rites and ceremonies to mark the child’s passage life of
childhood into adulthood. Only few do observe initiation and puberty rites. These are physically,
socially and religiously celebrated. These initiation rites have some symbolic meanings as well as

Page 102 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

the physical drama and impact. According to Mbiti (l982), it is the point where all the members
of a given community meet: the departed, the living and those yet to be born.

6.5.3 Marriage

After the various initiation and puberty rites comes marriage. Among the African people, marriage
is the focus of existence. It is a complex affair with economic social and religious aspects. Mbiti
(l982) noted that, marriage is a drama in which everyone becomes an actor or actress and not just
a spectator, marriage is a duty, a requirement from the corporate society, and a rhythm of life in
which everyone must participate, otherwise society, and a rhythm of life in which everyone must
participate. Otherwise, he or she who does not participate in it is a curse to the community: a rebel
and a law’ breaker, he or she becomes abnormal.

It is a religious obligation in which the individual contributes the seeds of life towards man’s
struggle against the loss of original immortality. Biologically, both husband and wife are
reproduced in their children, thus perpetrating the chain of humanity.

Marriage is a long process and it is full of various rituals performed at each stage. There are
different customs and traditions observed in the matter of finding suitors or partners for marriage.
This depends on the various ethnics groups. But no matter the manner in which the young people
concerned know each other or make a choice as to whom to marry, it is the parents and relatives
that begin the betrothal and marriage negotiation.

According to Fatoku (2005), even with the introduction of Christianity and Islam, African
converts with these foreign religions still adhere to the demands of traditional marriage rites called
‘engagement’ – which is usually done before (or after) church wedding or Muslim nikai
(depending on the agreement of the families).

In traditional societies, marriage is not allowed between close relatives. There are as many
customs of the wedding activities as there are many African peoples. The custom of presenting
gifts to the bride’s family is practiced all over Africa, though in varying degrees and giving various
names, such as, bride wealth, bride gift, bride price or dowry. This marriage gift is an important
institution in African societies. It is a token of gratitude on the part of the bridegroom’s family to
those of the bride. For their care over her and allowing her to become their wife.

Page 103 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

The state of marriage among Africans is polygamy, that is, a system where there is one husband
and two or more wives, Men getting married to two or more wives is a custom found all over
African societies but where a woman has two or more husbands is polyandry. But this is not
allowed in Africa.

But nowadays, because of modernity, the high cost of living, educating children in modern
schools, clothing them or feeding them adequately and the danger involved in having multiple
partners like getting diseases, especially HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases, many
are no more in favour of polygamy.

6.5.4 Death and The hereafter

Death is everybody’s concern in traditional societies; it is an inevitable and disrupting

phenomenon among Africans. In African belief, death is not the end of life. It does not write
'finish' to man's earthly journey. It is only a means whereby the present earthly existence is
changed for another. According to ldowu (l996), after death, man passes into a life beyond which
according to the Yomba people is called 'Ehin-lwa' (After life). In this After-life, those who have
finished here go on living. This as opined by Awolalu(1990) is the belief in the hereafter, in the
power and love of the ancestors. Rituals connected with death are usually elaborate and it varies
from one society to the other, People are so concerned with the various rituals because they know
sooner or later everyone would personally face it and also because it brings loss and sorrows to
families, clans and the entire community.

Death is seen by an African man as part of the natural rhythm of life and paradoxically, every
human death is thought to have external causes making it both natural and unnatural. This life is
like a pilgrimage; the real home is in the hereafter and one does not depart from there. Death
according to Mbiti (l982), is conceived as a departure, a separation and not a complete annihilation
of a person. Although the dead person is cut off from the human society, the corporate group
clings to him through the ancestral cult, Death to an African is seen as the beginning of a
permanent ontological departure of the individual from mankind to spirit hood, At death, the soul
of the person goes to the sky or near to God, the Supreme Being, yet the dead person is not cut off
from relatives or communities, They continue to hold him and see him as a living dead who is
near to them in spirit and can be approached through libation, invocation, prayer and offerings.
The dead now act as intermediaries between their families (living ones) and God or even between
the world of men and that of the divinities and spirits or between men.

Page 104 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

The majority of Africans have strong belief that judgement takes place at the end of each person's
life, that is in the after-life, while others believe that judgement reward and punishment takes place
while still in the world. The Yoruba, for instance believe that after death, the person stands before
God (Olodumare) and gives an account of his earthly life.

In-Text Questions (ITQs) 6.5

The name given to the child at birth may mark the occasion of the ________

In-Text Answers (ITAs) 6.5

Child’s birth
6.6 African Religion and Modern Challenges
Despite the thought that African religion has many forces militating against it and underscoring
its importance in this modem age, it is striving at all cost to find a renewed life. It has within it an
inexplicable seed of immortality which has been planted on a fertile soil which continues to give
nourishment to the tree resulting from the seed and under which men and women come to seek
refuge from time to time Awolalu & Dopamu (2005).

Since humanity as a whole is dynamic, societies and its various religious cannot be static. African
religion is not different. Many changes have taken place in Africa and these have affected the
people religiously. Spiritually, socially. morally, politically and educationally, Yet with the
introduction of Christianity, Islam, Western Education, urbanization and industrialization, African
religion still continues to be the faith of many. African men and women wherever they identify
themselves. Even many that call themselves Christians and Muslims continue to patronise their
indigenous religion for protection and security as the need arises. Many still observe the
indigenous religious festivals which are still of national importance.

Among the Yoruba for instance, the vast majority today identify themselves either as Muslims or
Christians. Vast majority also practice some aspects of their indigenous religion. Though with
modern changes here and there, the indigenous religion has been affected; it is not exactly as it
used to be in the past, but it is by no means extinct. In times of life crises, the people revert to
them in secret or even in the open. Old customs to an African man or woman die hard.

In-Text Questions (ITQs) 6.6

Among the Yoruba’s, majority of them are identified as ______________

Page 105 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

In-Text Answers (ITAs) 6.6

Christian or Muslim

Summary of Study Session 6

In Study Session 6, you have learnt that:

1. Africans have traditional beliefs that are existing as one particular body and practice
which are identified as African religion. These beliefs are many as there are many
ethnic groups within the continent.

2. African religion is the indigenous religion of Africans. It is the product of the religious
thinking and experience of our fore parents that has been handed down from generation
to generation by the forebears of the present generation of Africans. African religion is
seen more on a communal basis rather than on individual basis.

3. African societies, it is believed that some ancestors or living dead are ’reborn'. This is
partial re-incarnation, because not the entire person is reborn, only certain aspect of his
characteristics or physical distinctions are seen.

4. Both magic and medicine arc controlled by the same divinity and belief in divinities,
spirits, ancestors, magic, and medicine does not have absolute categorisation on their
own. They depend on the first element which is the belief in God.

5. In individuals and families, there are important events which have religious
implications and which involve transition or crossing from one stage of life to another.
These events are called ‘rites of passage’.

6. Even though African religion has many forces militating against it, its importance in
this modem age cannot be underscored.

Page 106 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

Glossary of Terms
African Religion: This is the Africans’ combination of traditional practices and beliefs with the
practice of Abrahamic religion

Divinities: The state or quality of being divine

Impartial Judge: This is a judge who is not biased in his or her verdict or judgment.

Medicine: The science of diagnosing and preventing diseases and maintaining good health

Magic: It is the power used for influencing events by using mysterious or supernatural forces.

Re-incarnation: A person to whom a particular soul is believed to be reborn.

Religion: This is the belief in the worship of a superhuman controlling power. For example, a
personal God or gods

Page 107 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

Self-Assessment Questions (SAQs) for Study Session 6

Having completed this study session, you can measure how well you have achieved its Learning
Outcomes by answering the following questions. You can check your answers with the Notes on
the Self-Assessment Questions at the end of this Session.

SAQ 6.1 (Tests Learning Outcome 6.1)

Describe the African Continent.

SAQ 6.2 (Tests Learning Outcome 6.2)

Discuss the African Religion with emphases on her features, belief in God and divinities and
spirits.

SAQ 6.3 (Tests Learning Outcome 6.3)

Explain the African idea of partial re-incarnation.

SAQ 6.4 (Tests Learning Outcome 6.4)

Differentiate the belief in the practice of magic and medicine in Africa.

SAQ 6.5 (Tests Learning Outcome 6.5)

Mention the issues involved in the African religious practices of rites of passage and discuss any
two of them.

SAQ 6.6 (Tests Learning Outcome 6.6)

Discuss the modern challenges of African religion.

Page 108 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

Study Session 7: Nigeria’s Arts and Culture in Pre-Colonial

Times

Introduction
The colonisation of Nigeria brought great influence on the traditional arts and culture of the nation.
The introduction of the Western type of education, arts and aesthetics were introduced into Nigeria
because the traditional African arts and culture then were condemned by the missionaries for
having some elements of barbarism and paraphernalia (Onukwuku, 1994).The government’s aim
then, was to train her citizens to become clerks and administrators through secondary education
for them to graduate and take up white-collar jobs. But between 1932-1959, modern arts was
introduced into Nigeria’s educational system by Chief Onabulu with the adoption of western
education style of arts and painting and this saw the traditional style of arts and visual culture
taken over by foreign style.

In this study session, you will be introduced to the Nigerian arts and culture during the pre-colonial
times

Learning outcomes for Study Session 7

When you have studied this session, you should be able to:

7.1 Discuss the Overview of Nigerian Culture before Colonization

7.2 Define the concept of Arts
7.3 Explain the concept of Culture
7.4 Discuss Arts and Culture as a Siamese
7.5 Discuss in detail Arts and Culture in the Pre-Colonial Nigeria

Page 109 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

7.1 Overview of Nigeria Cultures

A very important point of agreement among scholars when talking about the origin of the Nigerian
state is that the Nigerian state is a colonial State emphasizing the fact that across Africa, a common
experience is the exposure to years of colonial rule. Like many other states in Africa, the Nigerian
state was imposed on the society by the colonizers. It came into being with the amalgamation of
the Northern and Southern Protectorates by Lord Lugard in 1914. However the Europeans have
been having business and commercial interactions with the people of Nigeria particularly in the
coasts of Lagos and the Niger Delta from the 19th century even before Consular Rule was
introduced at about 1850 (Akpofure & Crowder 1966). In essence, therefore, examining the Arts
and Culture of the Nigerian people in the pre- colonial times takes us to the period dominated by
kingdoms, empires and chiefdoms as the geographical entity Nigeria never existed during this
period. In what is now known as Western Nigeria, the Oyo Empire was at its peak dominating all
the Yoruba areas of the South-West extending to Dahomey known as Republic of.” Benin. That
was before tribal warfare started leading to the disintegration of the empires and the emergence of
other towns.

The North with its numerous languages and the Middle Belt had its own empires and kingdoms
for the numerous groups until the ravaging conquest of the Fulani Warlords through the ISOA
Jihad of Uthman Dan Fodio which subjected most of the empires and kingdoms to the imposition
of Islamic religion. The massive conquest by the Fulanis even extended to the Yoruba town of
Ilorin.

In the East, the lgbos were in the majority with their own institutions of culture suitable to them.
The lbibios, Efiks, ljaws, constituted the people of the Niger Delta with the kingdom of “Benin
being the most powerful with that region. All these ethnic groups had their own established culture
and institutions and government relatively advanced before colonial incursion, introduction of
Christianity as well as Western way of life (Education).

Nigeria is blessed with many natural, material, and human resources. The country’s name and
strength is derived from its pluralist nature as Nigeria has a population of over 200 million people
and over 250 ethnic groups each having its different arts and culture unique to them and which
they have sustained over generations.

Page 110 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

In-Text Questions (ITQs) 7.1

The origin of the Nigerian state is that the_______state was a colonial state

In-Text Answers (ITAs) 7.1

Nigerian

7.2 The Meaning of Arts

There is no unanimous definition on the concept of Arts as different scho1ars have defined the
concept from different perspectives and to suit their tastes, application, and areas of interest. Until
the 18th century, however, the term Arts was used to describe the systematic application of
knowledge or skills. According to Brockett (1969), Arts was, during this period classified into
"useful" or "fine"; the latter group included literature, painting, architecture, sculpture, music and
dance.

Adedokun (2001) described Arts as a general description of man‘s creation, intrinsic or extrinsic,
concrete but intended to serve a particular end, a reflection of society. It is a broad description of
Art. It is both integral and creative aspects of culture (O1anrewaju, 2001)
From the descriptions so far, pre-colonial Nigerian Arts can be classified as literary, visual and
performing Arts and it covers what is today classified as information, entertainment, and educative
arts. They include literature, fine arts, crafts, museums, monuments, craft centres, theatres,
festivals, languages, dress, music, and dance. Art is multidimensional and covers several aspects
of people’s life and culture.

In-Text Questions (ITQs) 7.2

______is seen as man’s creation, intrinsic and extrinsic but intended to serve a purpose

In-Text Answers (ITAs) 7.2

Arts

7.3 The Concept of Culture

Page 111 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

According to Oke (1981), many people hold that culture is synonymous with development or
improvement, advancement by training and education. A cultured or cultivated person is one who
has acquired a command of certain specialized fields of knowledge or cultivated the art of social
graces. And so, persons not so well educated in these fields or those of low socio-economic status
are often referred to as uncultured. However, culture in anthropological usage is not in any way
derogatory. Oke (1981) states further that culture in anthropological usage encompasses language,
means of living, arrangement of family life, the focus of group royalties and ways of perceiving
the world – both the physical and beyond. Culture, he believes, influences type of food and eating
habits, hours of sleep, passion, emotion as well as reproductive behaviour, child care and
upbringing. Each ethnic group has its own culture and patterns of life unique to it.
From the foregoing, we can deduce in line with the postulations of Shoremi, Edewor & Olutayo
(1999) that culture has the following attributes among many others that:

a. Culture is characteristically human product emanating from social interactions.

b. Culture provides socially acceptable patterns for meeting biological and social needs.
c. Culture is cumulative as it is handed over from one generation to another in a given
society.
d. It is meaningful to human society because of its symbolic quality.
It is a basic determinant of personality.
e. It depends for its existence upon continued functioning of the society but is independent
of any group or individual.
f. Culture is dynamic
g. Culture is not genetically transmitted. It is not in born but acquired through the process of
socialization.
h. Culture is universal found in every human society.

In-Text Questions (ITQs) 7.3

_______is a characteristics of human product emanating from social interactions.

In-Text Answers (ITAs) 7.3

Culture

Page 112 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

7.4 Art and Culture: A Siamese

Art is an aspect of culture, while culture becomes incomplete without the Art. According to lrele
(l99l), the reflection of the cultural health of a society is depicted by Arts. All cultures and societies
go through one form of stress or the other at different times. The way people dance or sing will
therefore reflect the stale of the society and that is part of what Arts does.

Tylor’s (1891) definition of culture, uncovers Arts as part of his definition as well as other
capabilities acquired by members of a society, In essence, therefore, other reflections of society
which people define how others relate to each other emotionally and aesthetically is depicted in
literary arts, music, poetry, sculpture, or similar aesthetic representation in carving or design, The
areas of praise singing or Dirge are oral forms of literature depicting different emotional state of
joy and mourning within the context of African culture.

In addition, the idea of Plastic Arts such as those emanating from stones. wood and metal, in form
of carving of different utensils and objects which have routine usage and decorative purposes of
important cultural monuments such as palaces of traditional rulers (which is an aspect of culture)
is also a function of Arts. A visit to the Museum gives one an opportunity to see different types of
carvings in brass, stones, pots, calabashes, and masks. All these are the works of Arts that project
the culture of the Nigerian people.

During the early contact with the Europeans, so many artefacts were carted away and there is a
campaign for return of these cultural materials, a good example is the Benin Brass Cast used as
the symbol of Festac 77. The original was carted away by the Europeans during the invasion of
Benin. A replica had to be provided for the Festival of Arts and Culture in 1977.

In-Text Questions (ITQs) 7.4

The Festival of Arts and Culture was conducted in______________

In-Text Answers (ITAs) 7.4

1977

Page 113 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

7.5 Arts and Culture in Pre-Colonial Nigeria

The Nigerian State is made up of multi-ethnic groups each having its own indigenous custom,
culture and arts which were original and unadulterated by the influence of western culture and
civilisation,

Within the South-West where the Yoruba are in the majority, the rich culture of its people
emanates in various forms of Art work. Being in the rain forest zone with good vegetation, the
people took advantage of the rich forest resources and made many wood carvings which were
used to make different designs on doors of individual houses while the abode of traditional rulers
were beautifully adorned with different forms of wood carvings.

Brass casting reached its peak during the pre-colonial period in Old Oyo as well as in the Benin
Kingdom. Apart from the Arts emanating from forest products, there were many people who were
into stone sculpture and who came out with different designs from the rocks. Pottery is another
popular Arts within the South West as different pots and clay works were produced by the people.

It should however be noted as Raji (2000) puts it that, all these traditional pre-colonial terms of
Arts were usually family occupations and professions as members of the family learned the Arts
from their elderly ones. These included carvers, known as ‘gbegi-gbegi’, drummers or ‘Ayan’
known as ‘Onilu’, blacksmiths known as ‘Alagbede’, tie and dye known as ‘Aladire’, dyers known
as ‘Ala.ro’, potters known as ‘Alamo’, and chanters known as ‘Elewi’, Just as there were families
associated with these forms of material Arts and Culture, there were also other families associated
with the non-material culture such as the worship of different deities as ‘Sango’. ‘Ogun’, ‘Obatala’
and ‘Egungun’.

Members of the family started to learn from infancy such trade and crafts in its original form from
the elderly ones in their families. There were no inhibitions or restrictions until the family
apprentice learned to perfect their learning under the supervision and watchful eyes of their elders.

During the pre-colonial period, these forms of Arts reached its peak unadulterated and passed from
one generation to the other. Today, however, the few people in these Arts often lay credence to
the fact that it was inherited from their family. Traditional medical practitioners and sometimes
traditional birth attendants often lay claim to their Arts as part of family Arts and culture into
which they grew and so had the first-hand knowledge of it from their forebears. The Museums at
Abeokuta, Osogbo as well as in other places in the South West are good places to appreciate the

Page 114 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

pre-colonial works of Arts and Culture, a reflection of the height attained before colonial incursion
and the alteration of our traditional value system through colonial domination

7.5.1 Igbo-Ukwu

Historians and Archaeologists through research and excavations have revealed the level of the
development of the iron works and metallurgy attained by the Igbos during the pre-colonial period.
The work of Isichei (1976) gave a detailed description of the greatness attained by the Igbos in
iron working. This was further explained by Ifie (1991). The duo relying on archaeological
excavation affirmed that iron working had reached lgboland by the beginning of Christian era.
Also, iron ores are found very extensively in Africa, but the origins of the complicated process of
extracting the ore and smelting it remains uncertain. There are speculations that the technology
reached the famous Nok from the North, probably Meme, and a famous iron working centre of
the Nile. However, lsichci (1976) is of the view that the Nok iron working predates that of Meme.
As such, we cannot rule out an independent invention of iron working and technology from among
the indigenous people. Just as the Industrial Revolution in Europe led to improved quality of life
as in Meroe and Igboland, the Igbo-Ukwu and its metallurgical technology has also helped in
transforming the lives of the people of the area through invention of different implements and
instruments of functional benefit to the larger society.

According to Isichei (l 976), to reveal the excavation carried out by Thurstan Shaw of three sites
of Igbo-Ukwu is to reveal what he called the previously unsuspected brilliance of lgbo Bronze
Age completely different from those of the Ife and Benin both in style and metallic content. The
Bronzes of Ife and Benin are actually made of Brass (copper alloyed with zink), they are
naturalistic in style and humanistic in emphasis. On the other hand, the lgbo Ukwu bronzes are
true bronzes made of copper, tin and lead.

The Igbo-Ukwu bronze craftsmen specialised in duplicating objects from the natural environment,
sometimes realistically (lsichei, 1976). Among other excavations by Professor Thurstan Shaw
were bells, bowls, swords and elephant tusks. These reflect the level of metallurgical attainment
among the Igbos as well as the importance of Ivory to the lgbo-Ukwu economy. Apart from
metallurgy and Iron works, the textile culture discovered showed that the craftsmen of Igbo origin
possessed high degree of textile skill as does all the qualities of the materials. Also, the discovery
of a vast collection of beads over l65, 000 of them stemming originally from India and perhaps
Venice (Rome) indicates that the Igbo Ukwu people were closely linked through intermediaries

Page 115 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

to the wider world through international trade via the Sahara. Igbo-Ukwu also had elaborate
Pottery with metrical designs which are similar to designs still carved on wooden doors at Awka.
Other areas of arts and cultural continuity include, animal skulls, elephant, and leopard mortify
which remained one of the vitality of these symbols of headship, power and authority as well as
reverence accorded to the sacred python.

7.5.2 The Nok Culture

The Nok Culture represents another aspect of the Arts and Culture of the people of the Middle
Belt Nigeria in the pre-colonial times. The village of Nok after which the culture is named is
situated to the South West of Jos where, according to Ifie (1991) in 1936, a small terracotta head
of monkey was found in a tin mine Further, archaeological excavation led to the discovery of
another similarly beautiful terracotta head at lemma. The Jos Nok Culture has been dated from
about 900 B.C. to AD200. It covers areas of about 300 miles long and 100 miles wide stretching
from Kastina Ala (Benue Stale) to Kagara (Kaduna State). The Nok terracotta is generally of high
technical and artistic values. The Nok Culture was an iron using culture and it is probable that the
technology spread from there to another culture, the Igbo-Ukwu, One can then raise questions on
the origin of the Nok iron work.

While some scholars have argued that it was imported from Moroe in the Nile Valley area through
the Sahara, lsichei (1976) however, observed that the Nok culture predates that of Moroe and that
the technology was developed from within the people of the Nok culture. In essence, the Nok
people displayed a mastery of iron and metallurgy with the terracotta product. It is however,
disheartening to note as Okpoko (1990) observed that while terracotta of the Nok culture attracts
tourism to Museums in Nigeria and other places, it may have been taken to Europe. Therefore, the
numerous arts and crafts of our past are today being modified for economic reasons. Each arts and
craft reflects the type of material resources available in each locality. This confirms the ingenuity
of the, indigenous local craftsmen using local raw materials available in producing simple tools
that are of high quality (Nwafor, l982). Some of these remain as souvenirs,

In-Text Questions (ITQs) 7.5

Brass casting reached its peak during the pre-colonial period in____as well as…….

In-Text Answers (ITAs) 7.5

Old Oyo / Benin Kingdom

Page 116 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

Summary of Study Session 7

In Study Session 7, you have learnt that:

1. The Nigerian state was a colonial State emphasizing the fact that across Africa, a common
experience is the exposure to years of colonial rule just like many other states in Africa.
2. The term Arts was used to describe the systematic application of knowledge or skills.
3. Culture in anthropological usage encompasses language, means of living, arrangement of
family life, the focus of group royalties and ways of perceiving the world – both the
physical and beyond.
4. Art is an aspect of culture, while culture becomes incomplete without the Arts. The
reflection of the cultural health of a society is depicted by Arts. All cultures and societies
go through one form of stress or the other at different times.
5. The Nigerian State is made up of multi-ethnic groups each having its own indigenous
custom, culture and arts which were original and unadulterated by the influence of Western
culture and civilisation,

Page 117 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

Glossary of Terms
Archaeologist: This is a person who studies history and prehistory through the excavation of sites
and the analysis of artefacts and or physical remains.

Arts: This is the expression or application of human creative skill and imagination that involves
a visual form; for example, painting, and sculpture to produce works that are appreciated basically
for their beauty or emotional power.

Family: The family consist of a group of two parents and their children living together as a unit.

Infancy: This is the state of babyhood or early childhood

Museum: This is known as a building in which objects of historical past, scientific, artistic, or
cultural interest are kept and shown to the public.

Plastic Arts: These are arts that involve physical manipulation of a plastic medium by moulding
them as sculpture or ceramics

Tourism: This is travel meant for pleasure or business or the practice or business involving
attracting, accommodating, and entertaining tourist.

Page 118 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

Self-Assessment Questions (SAQs) for Study Session 7

Having completed this study session, you can measure how well you have achieved its Learning
Outcomes by answering the following questions. You can check your answers with the Notes on
the Self-Assessment Questions at the end of this Session.

SAQ 7.1 (Tests Learning Outcome 7.1)

Trace the origin of Nigeria culture.

SAQ 7.2 (Tests Learning Outcome 7.2)

Discuss the meaning of Arts.

SAQ 7.3 (Tests Learning Outcome 7.3)

Explain the concept of culture and state its attributes.

SAQ 7.4 (Tests Learning Outcome 7.4)

Arts is an aspect of culture while culture is incomplete without Arts. Explain.

SAQ 7.5 (Tests Learning Outcome 7.5)

Mention some of the arts that survived colonial domination and are still with us in present day
Nigeria.

Page 119 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

Study Session 8: Economic Self-Reliance: The Nigerian

Situation

Introduction
Nigeria in an attempt to fulfil the constitutional provision of promoting African unity, political,
economic, social and cultural liberation of Africa and all other forms of international co-operation
that allows for consolidation of universal peace and mutual respect and friendship among all
persons and states, the government had to adopt measures to attain certain level of autonomy
known as economic self-reliance.

Self-reliance is regarded as a kind of independence. It is the ability to think and act without any
help or assistance or being influenced by others. In the context of this study, it is the ability of a
nation to decide what it should be and or what it should do. This is known as the bases of an
effective national drive for development. Self-reliance encourages the need for nations to improve
their living condition initiatives

In this study session, you will be introduced to the economics of self-reliance policies and
programmes of Nigerian government aimed at revamping the economy for growth and
development.

Learning outcomes for Study Session 8

When you have studied this session, you should be able to:

8.1 Discuss the issues involved in Self-reliance and State owned Enterprises in Nigeria
8.2 Explain the policies and programmers adopted by Government to achieve Economic
Self-reliance in Nigeria.
8.3 Evaluate the factors affecting Economic Self-reliance in Nigeria
8.4 Suggest appropriate ways that Economic Self-reliance can be achieved in Nigeria

Page 120 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

8.1 The Issue of Self-Reliance and State Owned Enterprises in Nigeria

Several administrations in Nigeria whether military or civilian, have tried to create policies and
programmes that promote economic self-reliance. Over the years, however, these policies have
failed to deliver the anticipated dividends due to systemic contradictions and the Nigerian factor.
In spite of the efforts of these successive administrations to pursue the objectives of economic
diversification and self-reliance, the Nigerian economy still remains a mono-product economy.
Crude oil exports account for 95 percent of foreign exchange earnings and 80 percent of budgetary
revenue. Also, more than 50 percent of industrial raw materials and significant amount of
consumer goods are imported into the country annually.

Consequently, the Nigerian economy continues to be vulnerable to developments in the global

economy, hence the severe impact of the recent global economic recession on every facet of the
economy in the last few months. Areas impacted included government revenues, foreign reserves,
banking sector, industries, capital market, insurance, and mortgage sector. The question of
economic self-reliance for Nigeria remains a pipe line dream. Patriotic citizens wonder at the gross
inadequacies in Nigeria’s social and economic life in spite of the abundant resources that God has
blessed Nigeria with.

8.1.1 State Owned Enterprises

The privatization policies of government today stem from the unwholesome experience
government has had over the years in utilizing state owned enterprises (SOEs) in driving
development without achieving economic self-reliance for the country. It is the gross inadequacies
inherent in the role SOES played that resulted in government adopting different shades of
privatization models to overhaul the economic system which was mixed and heavily tilted towards
the dominance of government-owned enterprises in the economy. The State-Owned Enterprises
(SOEs) are special organisations, corporate in nature, and, set up by the government for
entrepreneurial purposes. They are created by statute and have legal personality, enter into
contract, acquire and dispose of property. Between 1950 and 1960, the nationalist governments in
compliance with Fitzgerald Commissions recommendation established the Nigeria Colliery
Department as a public corporation. Also, the Nigerian Ports Authority was created hi 1854, while
in 1955, the Nigerian Railways transformed to corporation from the railways department. Since

Page 121 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

the early SOEs the growth of public corporations had been remarkable. With the adoption of a
federal constitution set up in 1954, the number of the SOEs increased. It was proliferated with the
subsequent creation of states in 1967.

Notable in the development of state participation is the New Nigeria Development Company
Limited (NNDC) which started in 1949 as Northern Region Production Board. Another example
in this category is the Odua’s Investment Company operating in Western Nigeria. These
organisations emerged in form of Marketing Boards taking care of such crops as cocoa, groundnut
and palm kernels.

8.1.2 Challenges of State-Owned Enterprises (SOES) In Nigeria

In the opinion of Obadan (2000), the case for public ownership has been made on many grounds
among which are;

i. The persistence of monopoly of power in many sectors, that is, certain markets have the
tendency to move towards monopoly of power especially when technological factors
imply that only one producer can fully exploit available economies of scale particularly in
services requiring heavy investment in a network as in electricity grid. In this
circumstance, direct government control may be required to ensure that prices are not
above the cost of producing the output (Todaro, 1989);
ii. Desire of government to pursue objectives relating to social equity which the competitive
market would ignore, notable among which are employment and easy access to essential
goods and services;
iii. Capital formation was condition at early stages of development when private savings were
low and investment in infrastructure at this stage was crucial to lay the ground for further
investment;
iv. Lack of private incentives to engage in prospective economic ventures due to factors of
uncertainty about the size of the local markets, unreliable sources of power supply and
inadequate or absence of technology and skilled labour;
v. Certain goods that are of high social benefits are usually provided free or at a price below
their cost and the private sector has no incentives to produce such goods thereby making
the government to be responsible for their provision;

Page 122 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

vi. Government may seek to achieve redistribution by locating enterprises in certain areas
especially where private initiatives are low and
vii. Ideological motivation and the desire of governments to gain national control over
strategic sectors or even multinational corporations whose interests may not coincide with
those of the African countries or over key sectors for planning purpose.

In Nigeria, statutory corporations and State-Owned Enterprises increasingly became a tool of

government intervention in the development process especially from the early l970s.The SOES in
Nigeria have played crucial roles in Nigeria's quest for national, economic independence and self-
reliance. So, most of the SOES established then were to operate as "quasi commercial
organisations" due to the following reasons as noted by Omoleke (2010):

a. The conventional bureaucratic machinery of administration did not lend itself to the speedy
decisions essential for commercial operations;
b. The government system or account was designed to facilitate close expenditure control by
the legislature and not necessarily to promote operational efficiency;
c. Commercial undertakings tend to generate an atmosphere of initiatives which bureaucratic
rigidity may not allow;
d. It was necessary to minimize political pressures and partisan influence income and
sensitive social institutions (for example, Nigerian Television Authority) in order to
sustain public confidence in government policies and programmes;
e. It is very doubtful whether private enterprises can sustain the magnitude of investment as
in Ports Authority and Railways which may not satisfy the canons of private sector
profitability and
f. Arising from the above, the philosophy has been that; in the absence of high cadre
traditional entrepreneurs needed to propel economic development, the public sector was
to be used as the effective instrument of government intervention in the economy.

8.1.3 The Performance of the State-Owned Enterprises in the Achievement of Economic

Self Reliance

The performances of the SOEs in Nigeria have left much to be desired. Many of them are not
responsive to changing requirements of a growing and dynamic economy and do not seem to

Page 123 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

possess the necessary tools for translating into reality the hope of a successful commercial
operations (Omuleke, 2010).

Notwithstanding, the huge investments on these enterprises, their performances are far from being
satisfactory. It is the general belief of most Nigerians that SOEs are inefficient. The performance
of most public utilities provides adequate testimony for this inefficiency. Perhaps this informed
Laleye (1986), who asserted that reports of investigatory panels set up by government on all the
parastatals testified to the fact that, inefficiency, has reached scandalous proportions. The huge
national, investments on the SOES justify the general outcry about inefficiency. Unfortunately,
this manifests itself in Nigeria's moribund educational system, inability to supply portable water
and epileptic supply of electricity. Akinkugbe (1996) noted that, the hospitals have become mere
consulting clinics with insufficient drugs and other hospital needs. All these inadequacies make
organisational goals to suffer and heap serious problems in the society. The inefficiency of SOEs
can be traceable to:

i. Conflicting objectives earlier mentioned,

ii. Excessive Government control and interference with operational decisions of SOE
managers. This suffocates managerial initiatives,
iii. Politicization of employment, poor choice of product and location of the enterprises,
iv. Absence of a competitive environment to encourage better SOE performance,
v. Inadequate techno-managerial capacity to respond to changing economic environment,
and
vi. Inadequate funding and late release of find as the enterprises are often tied to annual budget
with its attendant bureaucratic corruption and redtapism.

Table 1: Expenditure on Public Enterprises in Nigeria before Year 2000

Subsidised Foreign Exchange N156.56bn

Import Duty Waivers N12.56bn

Tax Exemption/Arrears N15.00bn

Unremitted Revenue N29, 50bn

Loans and Guarantees N16. 50bn

Page 124 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

Grants/ Subventions N35.00bn

Total N265.12bn

Source: Nigerian Business Magazine Vol. 4 No. 12, 19th June, 2000, p. 19.

From the foregoing, it is clear that governments desire to achieve economic self-reliance through
the evolution and financing of state-owned enterprises have failed to meet the objectives of
government. Instead, SOEs have been a drain on government‘s lean coffers; this is not to mention
the toll, the entrenched corruptive tendencies of government representatives and officials were
having on the liquidity of government business. This scenario prompted the push for different
privatisation models in the country,

In-Text Questions (ITQs) 8.1

Crude oil export account for _____ of foreign exchange earnings.

In-Text Answers (ITAs) 8.1

95 percent

8.2 Policies, Programmes and Efforts of Government to Achieve Economic

Self-Reliance For and in Nigeria
Government over the years has evolved well-articulated policies and programmes aimed at
achieving economic self-reliance in Nigeria. These include:
1. The Operation Feed the Nation and the Green Revolution programmes of General Olusegun
Obasanjo in the late seventies and President Shehu Shagari in the early eighties respectively.
Agriculture was the mainstay of Nigeria’s national economy before the discovery of crude oil
in commercial quantities in the mid-fifties. The programmes were aimed squarely at restoring
agriculture to its pride of place in the country and providing enabling the country enjoy
stability and self- sufficiency in food production.
2. The Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP) of the Babangida administration in 1986 which
was in response to the paradigm shift from a public-sector dependent economy to a private
sector-led enterprise, and partly forced on the country by the steady drop in the country’s
revenue profile (Adamu, 2006),The programme was supposed to restructure and diversify the
productive base of the economy in order to reduce dependence on the oil sector and imports;

Page 125 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

achieve a fiscal and balance of payment viability over the medium term and lay the foundation
necessary for a sustainable non-inflationary growth over the medium and long-term period.
Under the programme, government embarked on partial or full privatization of its companies
and parastatals, Seventy-three of the 95 government enterprises put on the block were private
enterprises (Imhonopi, 20l0).
3. The National Economic Empowerment Development Strategy, (NEEDS) was launched on
May 29, 2004, by the Obasanjo civilian administration. According to Chief Obasanjo, the
NEEDS was "in response to the development challenges of Nigeria.” He said the programme
would "lay a solid foundation for sustainable poverty reduction, employment generation,
wealth creation and value reorientation." The same programme at the state and local
government levels were known as State Economic Empowerment Development Strategy
(SEEDS) and Local-Government Economic Empowerment Development Strategy (LEEDS)
respectively. The NEEDS programme rested on the following pillars: (1) reforming the way
government and its institutions worked (2) boosting the private sector (3) implementing a
social charter for the people (4) and (5) re-orienting people's values. A unique feature of
NEEDS is that the federal government supported it with comprehensive reforms in the public
sector. The banking consolidation where twenty-five mega banks emerged each with a
minimum capital base of 25 billion naira was also a point in this direction. The banks were not
strong enough to support private initiatives and entrepreneurship. Following the- NEEDS were
also Millennium Development Goals to be achieved by the year 2015. These goals
encapsulated a national desire to deal with poverty, educational development, gender equality,
child and maternal health, combating HIV/AIDS, the malaria scourge, environmental
sustainability and international cooperation.
4. The 7-point Agenda, the Eight-Point United Nations Millennium Development Goals, the
American AGOA, the African NEPAD, and the Food Crisis policies of the late President Umar
Musa Yaradua.

In-Text Questions (ITQs) 8.2

The National Economic Empowerment Development Strategy (NEEDS) was established in

___________

In-Text Answers (ITAs) 8.2

2004

Page 126 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

8.3 Factors Militating Against Economic Self-Reliance in Nigeria

There are factors working against the genuine efforts of government to achieve economic self-
reliance in and for the country. These factors are as follows:

8.3.1 Corruption

The genuine efforts of government over the years have suffered incessant drawbacks as a result
of the entrenched corruptive tendencies and shady practices engaged in by public officials and
political office holders. This has frustrated the efforts of government to achieve economic self-
reliance either through the deployment of state- owned enterprises or through the creation of social
and economic programmes in the country. Although, government has put in place the Economic
and Financial Crimes Commission to checkmate the incidence of corruption among political office
holders and public officials. Nigerians are yet to see the tangible benefits of the anti-corruption
war of the agency.

8.3.2 Nigerian Factor

The efforts of government to pursue economic independence for Nigeria and Nigerians has
resulted in failed policies and programmes because of factors like nepotism, tribalism, lack of
meritocracy, federal character, bribery, politicisation of benefits and privileges and other
corruptive tendencies that have continued to weaken Nigeria’s resolve as a nation to lead the rest
of the continent, and even the world.

8.3.3 Frequent Change of Policies

Each new government comes into power with its own virgin economic blueprint which it promotes
in the place of existing policies. This frequent change in policies does not help to stabilise existing
programmes in order to deliver their dividends to Nigerians. Therefore, before a policy
implementation process matures, a new policy is introduced, terminating the existing process and
denying Nigerians the benefits that could have resulted from such programmes. Many healthy and
pragmatic programmes initiated in the time past by successive administrations in the country have
suffered this fate.

Page 127 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

8.3.4 Multiplicity of Economic Advisers

One of the strong drawbacks to achieving Nigeria’s economic self-reliance is the engagement of
many economic advisers in the life of one single administration. These advisers come on board
with different ideologies, programmes, and initiatives which attack one another and entrench the
culture of frequent policy somersault and back-flips

8.3.5 Lack of Continuity of Policies

As a corollary to the above points, genuine efforts of government at achieving economic self-
reliance for the nation cannot be realized within a climate of inconsistent policy formulation and
implementation. This is one area that Nigeria has almost become acculturated to as a nation. Lack
of continuity has led to the existence of many policies but fewer results in practical terms for
Nigerians.

8.3.6 Low-Level of Technology

The absence of a home-grown or customisable technology platform has denied Nigeria access to
an industrialized and vibrant economic system. The history of the Asian Tigers is an instructive
lesson on the need for developing nations like Nigeria to invest in technology tools and the
manpower to run these technologies in order for the nation to achieve the much anticipated
economic self-reliance.

8.3.7 Lack of infrastructure

The absence of an effective road network, power supply, and other social amenities further limits
government’s efforts to achieve self-reliance. In fact; today, many multinational companies and
even indigenous entrepreneurs are leaving the shores of Nigeria for countries like Ghana where
the infrastructural facilities are in place and where the economic climate supports their business
operations.

8.3.8 Political instability

Before now, the frequent change of government in Nigeria, which created political instability,
caused the frequent change in policies. Since independence, Nigeria has experienced repeated
change of governments and political leadership. This situation ensured the abandonment of existed
policies and the repeated introduction of new policies. This created waste of resources, waste of

Page 128 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

government's time and denied Nigerians from being positively impacted by these policies.

In-Text Questions (ITQs) 8.3

_____ involves the absence of effective road network, power supply and other social amenities.

In-Text Answers (ITAs) 8.3

Lack of infrastructure

8.4 Suggested Ways to Achieve Economic Self-Reliance in Nigeria

Having looked at the challenges militating against governments genuine efforts to achieve
economic self-reliance for Nigeria, the following are suggested ways by which the present
challenges can be addressed.

8.4.1 Accountability

One of government’s greatest challenges is lack of accountability for its resources. The political
leadership and public office holders had taken advantage of the loopholes in government
accounting system, poor financial monitoring, and the absence of the digitalization of government
financial records to steal from government coffers. However, the present massive digitalization
and computerization of government business, that is, e-government is helping to reduce
government’s exposure 'to the activities of political fraudsters and thieves.

8.4.2 The Empowerment and Independence of Anti-Corruption Agencies

The Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) and the Independent Corrupt Practices
Commission (ICPC), are two agencies of government created to stem the growing tide of political
and other forms of corruption in the country. For these agencies to effectively discharge their
functions, the government needs to empower them to be total independent from government
interference and encroachment so as to dispense justice as they carry out their duties.

8.4.3 Renewal of Ethical Standards

The government of the day must evolve programmes aimed at reviving the fallen ethical standards
and morals such as sincerity, credibility, transparency, truth and honesty. It should have a zero
tolerance for those who engage in sharp and questionable practices whether in or outside

Page 129 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

government. While, individuals who are found to support the paradigm shift are to be encouraged
through a reward system to be put in place.

8.4.4 Consistency in Policy Formulation and Implementation

To achieve economic self-reliance, government needs to be, consistent in its policy formulation
and implementation.

8.4.5 Home-Grown Technology

Today's global economy is governed and controlled by those who own the technologies in place.
Nigeria for many years, has remained a consumer nation and this will continue to frustrate the
genuine efforts to transform the economy. As long as Nigeria is at the receiving end of the
technology trade continuum, the desire to achieve economic self-reliance will be tar-fetched

8.4.6 Entrepreneurship

Globally, countries are beginning to look inwards towards developing and empowering their small
businesses, creating a climate that supports small business growth and encouraging citizens and
young graduates to create businesses rather than seek employment. By investing in the growth
and development of small businesses in the country, the massive result to be realized from this
effort can facilitate economic self-reliance for the nation.

8.4.7. The Political Will and Commitment of Government to Economic Self-Reliance

Government, at whatever level, must refuse to pay lip service to the question of economic growth,
development and independence for the country. Government needs to make a genuine
commitment to efforts aimed at achieving economic self-reliance in Nigeria and for Nigerians.

In-Text Questions (ITQs) 8.4

The two agencies used by the Nigerian government to fight corruption are____and ____

In-Text Answers (ITAs) 8.4

EFCC / ICPC

Page 130 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

Summary of Study Session 8

In Study Session 9, you have learnt that:

1. The Nigerian economy still remains a mono-product economy and crude oil exports
account for 95 percent of foreign exchange earnings and 80 percent of budgetary revenue
with more than 50 percent of industrial raw materials and significant amount of consumer
goods are imported into the country annually.
2. Government over the years has evolved well-articulated policies and programmes like the

Operation Feed the Nation and the Green Revolution, the Structural Adjustment Programme
(SAP) aimed at achieving economic self-reliance in Nigeria.

3. Factors ranging from corruption, Lack of infrastructure, frequent changes in government

policies, political instability and multiplicity of economic advisers are working against the
realization of economic self-reliance.
4. In order to achieve sustainable economic self-reliance, efforts should be made to renew
ethical standards, empower EFCC/ICPC and make both agencies independent, consistency
in policy formulation and implementation should be encouraged and government officials
should be held accountable for their actions.

Page 131 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

Glossary of Terms
Corruption: This is a dishonest or fraudulent conduct by people in power which involves bribe.

Economy: This is the state of a country in terms of the production and consumption of goods and
services and the supply of money.

Economic Empowerment: This is the ability to make and act on decisions that involve the control
over and allocation of financial resources.

Empowerment: This is an effort designed to increase the degree of autonomy and self-
determination in people and in communities in order to allow them, to represent their interest in a
responsible and self-determined way or act on their own authority.

Incentive: This is something that motivates or encourages a person to act or react.

Investment: This is regarded as the action involving putting money for profit

Monopoly Power: This is a company’s ability to charge a price higher than the marginal cost.

Parastatal: This is a government agency, company, or intergovernmental organisation that has

political clout and is separated from the government. The activities of these organisations
however, serve the state either directly or indirectly.

Performance: This is the accomplishment of a given task measured against set standard of
accuracy, completeness, cost, and speed.

Policies: This is referred to as a course of action or principle adopted by an organisation to achieve

a se goal.

Programme: This is a group of related projects managed in a coordinated effort to derive gains
that are not available from managing the projects.

Privatization: This is the transfer of business, industry, or service from public to private
ownership and control

Page 132 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

Self-Assessment Questions (SAQs) for Study Session 8

Having completed this study session, you can measure how well you have achieved its Learning
Outcomes by answering the following questions. You can check your answers with the Notes on
the Self-Assessment Questions at the end of this Session.

SAQ 8.1 (Tests Learning Outcome 8.1)

List and discuss the challenges of State Owned Enterprises.

SAQ 8.2 (Tests Learning Outcome 8.2)

Discuss the policies and programme the government of Nigeria have put in place to achieve
economic self-reliance.

SAQ 8.3 (Tests Learning Outcome 8.3)

Discuss any 3 factors you know militating against the Nigerian government efforts in achieving
economic self-reliance.

SAQ 8.4 (Tests Learning Outcome 8.4)

Explain any 4 suggested ways for which the problems of economic self-reliance can be addressed.

Page 133 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

Study Session 9: The Changing Self in a Transitional Society

Introduction
In a society, the way citizens define themselves shows how they exist and act in that society. In
order for people to understand what and how individuals do things is important, and so the need
for information about self. For instance, a person wanting to know more about God, Feel like
drinking always, and wanting to offer bribe to get employment. Most times citizens do not think
they should weigh the consequences associated with these choices before taking a decision, since
their identities provides to them a meaning to their decision. Thus, identities are the traits and
characteristics, social relations, roles and social group membership that defines who a person is.
Therefore, when identities are summed together, they make up a person’s self-concept which is
seen as what comes to the mind of a person when he or she thinks of himself or herself.

In this study session, you will be introduced to the changing self in a transitional society.

Learning outcomes for Study Session 9

When you have studied this session, you should be able to:

9.1 Explain the concept of self and self as a constant flux

9.2 Discuss chaos and order as two sides of a coin
9.3 Explain collective self and collective identity
9.4 Discuss change and theme of loss in a transitional society
9.5 Explain the implementation of social change in Nigeria

Page 134 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

9.1 The Concept of Self and Self as a Constant Flux

Self and identity are a central topic, of investigation in all areas of psychology. Cognitive
psychologists study how self-relevance of stimuli affect attention and cognition; developmental
psychologists try to understand the development of self-awareness and identity formation in
children; personality psychologists design tools to reliably assess certain aspects of the self;
clinical psychologists examine the role of self-views in psychopathology' and social psychologists
address how aspect of self and identity affect the way people interact with others. As a result of
this, during the past decades psychologists have gathered an enormous amount of knowledge
about the content, structure, and organisation of the self, and its role in human cognition and
behaviour. One central assumption underlying the majority of these works is that psychologically
healthy people generally want to feel good about themselves and strive for a positive identity. This
inclination to think of the self in a positive way implies that people tend to be intrinsically
motivated to improve their identity whenever possible, and to present themselves towards others
in the most desirable way.

9.1.1 What exactly is the self'?

According to Carl Jung (1939), the self is the new centre of personality that results from
individuation (the unfolding of one's unique and inherent personality).The self unifies the various
opposites and lies between consciousness and unconsciousness. Carl Rogers, on the other hand
considered self to be a learned, conscious sense of oneself as being separate and distinct from
other people and things, and he maintains that people should strive to actualise that portion of
experience represented by self. In a similar vein, Abraham Maslow’s "Self-Actualisation Theory"
contemplates that what all individuals should strive for, is the development and fulfilment of one’s
inherent capacities and potentials. But Webster Dictionary see “self” as the entire person of an
individual in terms of personality or mode of behaviour regarded as typical of a particular person.

"Self-image" according to Harry Sullivan consists of the desirable “good me" and the undesirable
"bad me", which results from experiences with one's body and the reflected opinions of significant
others. The Self-System, therefore, has the primary goal of reducing anxiety. Moreover, some of
the early social psychologists also focused on the way social interactions affect one's self-concept,
emphasizing interactions in early childhood experiences. They also looked at physical attributes,
like being thin or fat, short or tall, attractive or unattractive, and the way these can determine the
way one is perceived by significant others and how it affects one’s self-concept. Similar to

Page 135 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

Sullivan‘s theory, but with more social emphasis. Yet, these traditional psychologists mainly
aimed at finding generalities and tendencies.

The self however, is something which is in constant flux, with certain "characteristics" which
particularise it, but, paradoxically, 'it is mostly "characterised" by its permanently changing
condition. The formation of one's self is a never-ending dynamic process, which cannot be
predicted because of the uncertain nature of the future. Nor does it develop in a lineal fashion, but
through a complex fluctuating process, moving back and forth.

The self, therefore, is not a static entity as its definition in Webster's implies. Rather, it is in
constant flux, formed through peoples personal experiences, and dialogues with significant others
and many selves can coexist within one-self. According to Brown & Ballou (1992), the human
experience is multidimensional, making it difficult for people to say that they are in a certain way,
when they can actually be the exact opposite in different contexts. Searle-white (2001) defines the
self as personal identity as an individual’s own sense of who she or he is. It has two sources - an
individual's unique history, experiences and perceptions, and membership of, and affiliation with,
various social groups, including national groups. Thus a person‘s sense of self identity is
simultaneously both individual and social (Searle-White, 2001). It therefore always encompasses
a number of different "selves", including; those based on family, territory, class, religion,
occupation, ethnicity, and gender. Everyone experiences parts of their personal identity differently
depending upon the social context; for example a woman will experience one part of her identity
when she is being a mother with her children and another, probably quite different part when she
is in a work context. A particular "self" can be evoked and become more salient in some situations
and not in others, and particular social circumstances also reinforce certain parts of personal
identity more than others. Because inside each person there are many different selves/identities.
Certainly, there will be occasions when some of these internal "selves" may be experienced as
being in conflict with one another.

In-Text Questions (ITQs) 9.1

A person’s sense of self identity is simultaneously both ________and________

In-Text Answers (ITAs) 9.1

Individual / social

Page 136 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

9.2 Chaos and Order: Two Sides of the Same Coin

According to Rosaldo (1989) chaos should not be seen as the opposite of order, in a dichotomous
sense. Rather, people should take it to mean "lack of order". In societies, "order" and "certainty"
are necessary to "make sense" of people’s being, and at the same time people have to be able to
live with chaos and uncertainty, because they are also necessary conditions of their existence
(Hunt, l993), Likewise, unpredictability does not mean that predictability should not exist. Some
events in life are predictable, whereas others are unpredictable. And some of these unpredictable
events will be meaningful, whereas others will be meaningless; some will be constructive and still
others destructive. In other words, people make plans while at the same time they undo them. So,
people do not go through life aimlessly with no goal in mind. Rather, they have to be able to
change their plans according to life`s uncertainties, unpredictability and unexpectedness.

Continuity and maintenance is what most human beings seem to strive for to give meaning to their
being. Life, however, as mentioned previously, is by nature unpredictable and uncertain.
Uncertainty is not easy to live with, but when taken with a positive attitude, it can give rise to
novelty, discovery, and creation. Being open to the unexpected can be enormously fruitful and
offer endless possibilities. In this context. Rosaldo (l989) claims that paradoxically, change, and
not structure, becomes the permanent condition of life. In his book, he quotes a story of the literary
theorist Kenneth Burke, and makes an analogy with the following narrative to the aforementioned
"changing permanence". The parable goes as follows: Imagine you arrive at lounge. Everyone is
engaged in a heated discussion, too heated for anyone to explain to you what has been going on
as yet, the discussion had been going on before anyone else had arrived, so no one can be quite
sure as to what had happened before. So you listen for a while until you are fairly aware of what
has been going on, and then you begin to participate. However it gets late and you must leave.
When you go, the conversation is still in course. What this is implying is that society and the world
are like an ongoing, never-ending conversation.

Rosaldo (1989) compares this discussion, which is in fact more of a heated argument, to unrest
and change, and this eternal debate is far more potent than the "structures" which shape it. He adds
that it is interesting to see how the structures one is subject to mould human behaviour and how,
in turn, human behaviour moulds the structures it is subject to. People go through life like
conversational actors, creating and changing structures, this conversation is predictable and
unpredictable at the same time.

Page 137 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

In-Text Questions (ITQs) 9.2

_______is an en ongoing, never ending conversation

In-Text Answers (ITAs) 9.2

The society and the world

9.3 Collective Self/ Collective Identity

The concept of a nation/nationality as the primary means of defining collective identity is a
Western and relatively modern view. This Western model of national identity can be defined as
"a named population sharing a historical territory, common myths and historical memories, a mass
public culture, a common economy and common legal rights and duties for all its members"
(Smith, 1991). The process of colonization, in which Western countries defined and divided
territory in Africa into "nations" with limited regard for tribal affiliations has resulted in the
Western notion of national identity being the primary influence on’ how African nations have
formulated the development of their own national identities after independence.

This Western historically recent concept of national identity is fundamentally different from the
understanding of national identity to non-Western cultures, in this very different cultural
viewpoint a nation is regarded predominantly as a community of common descent to which
common ancestry and genealogy are of paramount importance rather than boundaries or a
common economy. The establishment of national identities in emerging African nations after
independence is also made more difficult because tribal identities which were based on specific
belief systems historical narratives unique to a tribal group and indigenous languages have been
subject to consistent erosion. This erosion has been exacerbated by the imposition of other cultural
belief systems and languages by Christian missionaries and the onslaught of cultural globalization.

The secured personal and national identities of the past which were expressed in specific tribal
and language groups have been threatened and in many contexts lost. Within virtually all
transactional societies, especially African nations, this loss has been exacerbated by the
development of an education system based on Western cultural assumptions and the development
of elite whose cultural background is predominantly Western. Members of these elite may no
longer teach their children the cultural understandings or language of their tribe and thus, each
generation is further removed from parts of their own traditional cultural identity.

Page 138 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

Personal identity and the different selves of which it is composed cannot exist without social
context and validation by others identity which is thus sometimes experienced as fragile and
potentially at risk and can be threatened and changed to different ways. For example, new
problems or challenges in someone’s personal circumstances may initiate changes in personal
identity gradual influence and interactions with others, for example, if someone goes to live to
another country or change can be imposed on both individuals and societies by deliberate social
re-engineering and control. For example, the passing of laws against bad behaviour or customs
which were previously considered socially acceptable. A number of significant changes in African
countries have been likened to the stated example that has been imposed by colonialism by
missionaries and Western technology and now by the process of cultural globalization.

The imposition of cultural change can be seen in relation to many African government institutions.
According to smith (1991) the administrative apparatus of the colonial state was a “hybrid” “an
alien executive instrument from a culturally different political community”. Even today, most
independent African countries still have formal institutions which were transplanted from a
European cultural context by the colonist. These institutions were superimposed upon the existing
indigenous, tribal-based traditional authority structure and informal historical networks. In many
instances, this has resulted in a profound disconnection between formal institution, which have
their roots in European cultural traditions, and the informal traditional networks which still
powerfully affect people’s lives and their sense of cultural identity.

All cultures evolve and change over time, but it is of extreme significance that recent and present
immense cultural upheavals are not taking place gradually and organically as in earlier periods of
history. Colonisation of other cultures has taken place throughout history, but advanced
communications technology now enables the images and cultural value systems from the
dominant American/European global ‘cultures to be transmitted to every country in the world.
Power and influence can now be exercised on a world wide Scale. Thus, threats to cultural
identities are now greater than at any time in history.

Major theories on change have been propounded but a new paradigm in change management
which may be quite appropriate for a complex and chaotic environment like Nigeria is the Chaos
theory. Although originally developed in the physical sciences, the concept is now increasingly
being adopted in a wide variety of settings (Burnes 2000). Accordingly, “disequilibrium is a

Page 139 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

necessary condition for the growth of dynamic systems state of flux and the idea of a norm does
not exist.

Another profound change that is prevalent in a transitional society like Nigeria is relations of
dominance among individuals and groups. Societies in every part of the world are pervaded by
relations of dominance: dominance of one individual over another, of one race over another, of
one nation over another, or of one sex over another. These relations of dominance are of course
highly violent in nature whether this violence is shown in physical ways or is clothed in the robes
of legality and custom. The violence inherent in dominance makes these relations harmful to both
the perpetrator and the victim. In a sense, both the subject and the object of such relations are
victims of violence.

Our relation of dominance that is not limited to any class, race or nation, is that which exists
between men and women. Most people do not escape the effects of this relation for they are
initiated into it from infancy. The growing child, living in an atmosphere of prejudice against
women to the family itself, learns the habits of domination and carries these habits into education,
the workplace, political and economic activities and eventually into all social structures.

A conception of individual and group relationships that belongs to the age of maturity of humanity,
then, must reject dominance. A process of moral education that is to help humanity reach
adulthood should foster in every individual the desire to seek fulfilment not by seeking power
over others, but by serving them. Satisfaction needs to come from seeking everyone’s potentials
and talents blossom and develop, and not from the imposition of one's personal tastes and desires
on others.

One of the most devastating effects of the forces of disintegration in our times has been the
weakening of family bonds. The family is a fundamental institution of human civilization. It is the
first environment within which every child begins to build moral structures and form patterns of
behaviour. But here again, the need is for a new conception of family relationships that responds
to the demands and dictates of the age of maturity. It is not desirable, for example, to perpetuate
a model of the family in which man dominates woman. Conceptions that place family loyalty
above everything else, and thus impede the developmental loyalty to the entire human race, cannot
be accepted either. Strong and healthy family bonds are needed to make the family a vital unit of
society. As a building block of society, the family needs to be educated according to the rules of

Page 140 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

sanctity, so that 1t becomes the first environment where nobility, integrity, respect, generosity,
love, unity, and justice are learned by every human being.

In-Text Questions (ITQs) 9.3

Personal identity and self cannot exist without___________

In-Text Answers (ITAs) 9.3

Social context and validation by others identity.

9.4 Change and Theme of Loss in a Transitional Society

The broad change in society and culture in general have experienced in the last few decades some
great relevance. In his book Culture and Truth, The Remaking of Social Analysis, Renato Rosaldo,
a Mexican-American ethnologist, points out that the traditional cultural and social norms first
started to disintegrate at the end of the sixties. This rapid change in social thinking has been a
result of conflict, change, variableness, and social inequality. Social analysts no longer look for
harmony, consensus and objectivity, thereby excluding so-called unexplainable differences and
inconsistencies. The emphasis is now precisely on those cultural differences, and they play a
central role in the formulation of one’s identity.

Irreversible social and cultural change in individual and cultural identity can result in acute
experiences of emotional loss. According to Marris (1996), experiences of loss fundamentally
disrupt the ability to find meaning, and can be evoked by any situation where the ability to make
sense of life is severely disrupted. The resulting psychological processes are therefore extremely
similar to the processes experienced in reaction to the loss experienced in personal bereavement.
Attachment is essential to a sense of emotional security for all human beings, and therefore any
loss which robs someone of an attachment profoundly disrupts their ability to experience life in
the same meaningful way as before. This occurs no matter how "rational" or "beneficial" change
may seem to another person who does not have the same intensity of attachment. The process of
grieving in reaction to the loss of something to which a person has been intensely attached can be
seen in all cultures (Murray- Parkes, 1998). It can also be a reaction to change in any area of
someone's life, not only in response to death. The severity of grief is directly dependent upon the
person’s intensity of emotional attachment to what has been lost, not the actual object of

Page 141 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

attachment. For example people can experience grief regarding the loss of their old home, even
when, in a material sense, the new house may be thought of by others as an “improvement"; people
can experience grief from the loss of religious rituals which they have carried out since their own
childhood and to which they are intensely emotionally attached, although to others without such
attachments, they may have little meaning; some parents experience grief at the end of their own
children's childhood as the meaning of their own lives has to be renegotiated; grief can also be
experienced at the loss of employment by which someone defined his/her identity. This painful
loss of meaning can also occur in circumstances where someone’s language, customs or ways of
living are altered by social and cultural change.

Adaptation to new circumstances in which something to which a person has been emotionally
attached has been lost requires psychological reintegration - previous meanings by which a person
has made sense of a part of his/her life are no longer valid, and new meanings to make sense of
new life situations have to be reconstituted.

In-Text Questions (ITQs) 9.4

The severity of loss is dependent upon a person’s intensity of ______________

In-Text Answers (ITAs) 9.4

Emotional attachment to what has been lost, not the actual object of attachment

9.5 Implementing Social Change in Nigeria

A very striking feature of our times is the accelerating rate at which change occurs. The magnitude
and speed of the changes that our society has undergone in the past few decades have been
amazing. At this point in history, no one can possibly deny that Nigeria, in all ramifications: social,
economic, political, religious and cultural is going through a process of fundamental transition.
Yet, it is now an historical fact that the attempts at bringing about positive change in all these
dimensions have, by and large, failed to yield the desired results: the values and the standards of
behaviour that are essential for the creation of a new society. As a result, for decades Nigerians
have been living in a state of crisis that seems to deepen almost daily.

Moore (1997) noted that, the chaos theory is a study of complex, dynamic systems that reveal
pattern of order out of seemingly chaotic behaviours. The complexity of the Nigerian environment

Page 142 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

requires further analysis hence; in order to place the chaos theory into context; Nigeria has a
population of about 200 million people of complex multi-ethnic composition. The cultural,
language and religious differences make any wholesale agreement impossible as the citizens still
have primordial attachments to their immediate and core ethnic regions. Long years of political
and religious bickering between the three major ethnic groups (Yoruba, Hausa and the Igbos) have
made working together and reaching a national consensus in major issues almost impossible, as if
in support of the Chaos theory approach.

Osuji (2005) was of the view that, embracing problems and seeing them as opportunities is a
positive way of living. According to him, 'it is impossible to have a problem-free existence. It is
a waste of time and energy to desire such a life; it is escapist from life...we shall always have
problems and must seek ways to solve them’. In realisation of this fact, successive Nigerian
governments have made attempt at proffering solution to Nigerian’s myriad of social,
psychological and economic malaise, such as, inefficiency, bribery, corruption, unemployment,
poor infrastructural development, over dependence on the oil sector for federal income and
revenue, poor work ethics, increasing citizens dissatisfaction and disaffection with the
government, political structures and politicians, corporate and large scale organisational
irresponsibility, inadequate funding of the educational, health and other key sectors, neglect of the
agricultural and other non-oil productive,/manufacturing sectors, continued manufacture of poor
quality, fake and substandard goods and services, over-dependence on imported goods, poorly
regulated capital and financial market, tribal, ethnic and religious squabbles, homelessness,
poverty and hunger, poor maintenance culture, poor planning, lack of security and disregard for
human life and property, armed robbery, kidnapping and herdsmen attacks.

The various reform programmes which successive governments in Nigeria have tried to introduce
and implement could neither be described as successes nor failures, because they were abandoned
half-way, calling into question the real intentions of the government that might have introduced
them. It is such un-coordinated, mediocre and inconclusive approaches to change management
that has made Nigerians to be resistant to change and reform programmes. Nigerians also allege
that such reform programmes from the government are only used as conduit pipes to siphon public
funds. The War Against indiscipline (WAI) started by the Muhammad Buhari and Tunde Idiagbon
government in 1984 can easily be recalled. The programme, despite the hype and euphoria that
surrounded its introduction, was subsequently cancelled when Ibrahim Babangida took over as
military head of state in 1985.

Page 143 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

Babangida’s government replaced the WAI campaign with what it called the Mass Mobilization
for Self-Reliance and Social Justice (MAMSER) campaign, as part of what it called the social re-
engineering process. Babangida’s social re-engineering programme also included political and
economic reforms. At this period, new phrases were introduced into Nigeria's national life. These
included the International Monetary Fund- inspired Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP), the
controversial Option A4 political programme, the Constituent Assembly, the Peoples' Bank (a
government bank charged with the responsibility of providing micro-credit to the poor who were
not able to provide the collateral security requested by the traditional lenders and banks).
However, all these reform programmes, noble and novel concepts were marred by poor
implementations; hence critics are quick to write off their impacts and success the same way the
Babangida government has been easily written off. Babangida’s wife, Miriam, managed a
government-funded project termed Better Life for Rural Women. The project, like all the other
reform projects of the Babangida government, fell flat on its face, because Nigerians couldn‘t see
the real benefits. When Sani Abacha took over government in a palace coup in 1993, his
government continued along the same path by re-christening some of the already running reform
programmes: MAMSER became National Orientation Agency (NOA), and Miriam Babangida's
pet project, Better Life for Rural Women, was transformed into the Family Support Programme
(FSP) which eventually led to the creation of the Ministry of Women's Affairs and Social Welfare.

Major reform programmes of the Obasanjo's government included the N25 Billion Banks
Capitalisation policy of the Central Bank of Nigeria, the Political Reforms Process which
culminated in the stalemated National Political Reform Conference (NPRC), Educational reforms
which has led to the introduction of the Universal Basic Education (UBE), licensing of Private
Universities and the reduction in grants and subventions to government universities. Others
include the setting up of the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) and the
Independent Corrupt practices and other related offences Commission (ICPC), charged with the
responsibility of tackling and ridding Nigeria of corruption, the setting up of the Budget 120
Monitoring and Implementation Office (also known as Due Process) in the Presidency the
introduction of the Nigeria Image Project (now renamed The Heart of Africa Project) the Poverty
Alleviation Programme (NAPFP) Deregulation and Privatisation of key public enterprises.

The administration of President Musa Yar’adua continued from where the previous governments
stopped. The Yar’adua s administration inherited a heavy burden from the previous Obasanjo’s
administration, including dwindling revenue occasioned by falling oil price: and heightened

Page 144 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

tension in the volatile Niger Delta region; non-adherence to the rule of law, citizens’
disillusionment with governance among several other problems. Yar'adua made adherence to the
rule of law and the seven-point agenda the major thrust of his government. Unfortunately, the
seven point agenda proved to be worth no more than the paper upon which it was written as things
got worse in virtually all ramifications. Prominent Nigerians began to make urgent calls for the
scrapping of the seven-point agenda, which had become more of semantics than a working
blueprint for better governance. The notable-achievement of the Yar’adua's administration, to
date, seems to be the restoration of tranquillity to the Niger Delta Region through the amnesty
programme. The present regime of President Muhamadu Buhari has however, focused on fighting
corruption and improving infrastructures. Much is seen and more is expected by Nigeria to have
a Nigeria of their dream.

In-Text Questions (ITQs) 9.5

The Government of____in 1984 introduced a programme known as war against indiscipline
(WAI)

In-Text Answers (ITAs) 9.5

Major General Muhamadu Buhari

Page 145 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

Summary of Study Session 9

In Study Session 9, you have learnt that:

1 Self and identity are a central topic, of investigation in all areas of psychology.
Cognitive psychologists study how self-relevance of stimuli affects attention and
cognition; developmental and that psychologists try to understand the development
of self-awareness and identity formation in children.

2 Chaos should not be seen as the opposite of order, in a dichotomous sense. Rather,
we should take it to mean "lack of order". That in societies, "order" and "certainty"
are necessary to "make sense" of people’s being and at the same time people have
to be able to live with chaos and uncertainty, because they are also necessary
conditions of their existence.

3 The concept of a nation / nationality as the primary means of defining collective

identity is a Western and relatively modem view.

4 Irreversible social and cultural change in individual and cultural identity can result
in acute experiences of emotional loss. That the experiences of loss fundamentally
disrupt the ability to find meaning, and can be evoked by any situation where the
ability to make sense of life is severely disrupted. The resulting psychological
processes are therefore extremely similar to the processes experienced in reaction
to the loss experienced in personal bereavement.

5 The various reform programmes which successive governments in Nigeria have

tried to introduce and implement could neither be described as successes nor
failures, because they were abandoned half-way.

Page 146 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

Glossary of Terms
Behaviour: This consist of external reactions to peoples environment

Chaos: This is a state of confusion or disorder, or a total .lack of order

Collective Identity: This is defined a one’s sense of belonging to a group. That is, the identity of
the group, or collective, becomes a part of the person’s individual identity.

Collective Self: This refers to how the aspect of an individual’s self-image originates from how
the individual interacts with others and groups that the individual is a part of.

Loss: This refers to the process of losing someone.

Nation: This refers to a large body of people united by common descent, history, culture or
language, living in a particular territory or country.

Nationality: This implies to the status of belonging to a particular nation.

Personal Identity: This is a concept that a person develops about himself or herself that is carried
on through life.

Self: This is a person’s essential being that distinguishes them from others.

Social Change: This involves an alteration of the social order of a society. This may include
changes in social institution, behaviour or relations.

Transitional Society: This is a society characterized by an orientation of the past, not in the
future, with mostly focusing on the role for custom and habit

Page 147 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

Self-Assessment Questions (SAQs) for Study Session 9

Having completed this study session, you can measure how well you have achieved its Learning
Outcomes by answering the following questions. You can check your answers with the Notes on
the Self-Assessment Questions at the end of this Session.

SAQ 9.1 (Tests Learning Outcome 9.1)

What is self?

SAQ 9.2 (Tests Learning Outcome 9.2)

The formation of one self is a never-ending, dynamic process. Explain

SAQ 9.3 (Tests Learning Outcome 9.3)

Throw more light on the assertion than chaos and order are two sides of the same coin

SAQ 9.4 (Tests Learning Outcome 9.4)

Explain how cultural change and identity in individual can result in acute experience of emotional
loss.

SAQ 9.5 (Tests Learning Outcome 9.5)

How effective have the various change programmes of successive Nigerian governments been in
transforming the country to a better one?

Page 148 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

Study Session 10: Negative Attitude

Introduction
The most important decision people make in their lives is the attitude they choose to express each
day when dealing with others or circumstances. This critical choice determines success or failure
in life. The key is the realization that people choose, what’s right. Individuals purposefully choose
their attitude. Choosing a positive state of mind will lead to virtually unlimited success in one’s
career and life. A negative attitude will lead to unhappiness, poor relationships, difficulty at work
and ultimately, poor health.

In this study session, you will be introduced to the negative attitudes in people, consequences and
how these attitudes can be changed.

Learning outcomes for Study Session 10

When you have studied this session, you should be able

10.1 Define and identify the different types of attitude

10.2 Discuss the different types of negative attitude among students
10.3 Explain the implications of cult’s activities among students
10.4 Identify the consequences of a negative attitude
10.5 Explain the effect of negative attitude and how it can be changed

Page 149 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

10.1 Definition and Types of Attitude

An attitude is a hypothetical construct that represents an individual’s degree of like or dislike for
an item or a person. Attitudes are generally positive or negative views of a person, place, thing, or
event. This is often referred to as the attitude object. Jung (2002) definition of attitude is a
"readiness of the psyche to act or react in a certain way". Attitudes very often come in pairs, one
conscious, and the other unconscious.

Attitude is a mental position relative to a way of thinking or being. The current popular usage of
attitude implies a negative mind set, a “chip on the shoulder” behaviour, and an inner anger toward
the prevailing majority of thought. From a personal development standpoint, attitude is broader
than this popular usage. A positive attitude implies a way of thinking that is predominantly
positive and optimistic. The opposite inclination, a negative attitude is predominantly pessimistic.
Therefore, we are interested in the negative attitudes that are exhibited by different persons
indicating particular personalities in this Session. Here are several types of such personalities.

10.1.1 The Miserable Type

These persons are irritable from the start of the day. They meet with failures as soon as they wake
up, which sets their day to be full of anger and hopelessness. Usually, this type of people keep to
themselves and their presence makes others moody. People instantly feel their bad energy and try
to stay away from them. When you talk to the person of this type, he or she may insult you without
even intending to do so. This is because their negativity is so aligned within them and they cannot
recognize if such attitude makes others happy or sad. However, the most interesting distinction of
this type is that they are mainly unaware of their mental state. They don't realize that, they are
negative.

10.1.2 Silent Killer

People gradually introduce hatred, anger and low self-esteem in others in several ways. They do
this by making remarks about how others behave or look. They know that their remarks are
destructive, but others may not realize that. For example, you have just met your dream partner
and you are in love with each other. You meet your friend and start a conversation about your new
partner. The friend makes a remark such as hmm I wonder what made her choose you. The reason
why silent killers act this way is because they are very insecure beings. Because of that, they want
to make others feel as insecure as they are. Getting others in such negative state gives them
reassurance, control and satisfaction.

Page 150 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

10.1.3 Drama queen

This is the most common type. This person’s emotions range from anger to self-pity and every
small incident can be turned into a storm. They seem to like the fact that they can change how
others feel and be the centre of attention. They are needy and insecure, they crave for constant
reassurance. They strive for attention and approval. If they don’t receive what they want they
begin to act like a child. They may start crying throwing things around or try to get on others
nerves. This action eventually backfires on them. Once this happens, drama queens become scared
and surprised by the reaction they caused. In this way, drama queens try to make others feel guilty
and cruel.

10.1.4 Woe is me

This type of personality loves to talk about their failures to everyone who would listen. They do
that purely to get attention and sympathy of others. Many people do not realize that such
unfortunate stories can do a lot of harm. They try to draw others to their world of unfairness and
unhappiness.

10.1.5 The Paranoid Type

They perceive others to be constantly trying to worsen their lives. If they go shopping they think
that shopkeepers are trying to rip them off, if someone wants to befriend them they think he or she
wants something in return for the friendship. It may get to a stage where they would see everyone
as being against them because of their skin colour or accent. This negative attitude is mainly
caused by self-doubt and poor self-image.

In-Text Questions (ITQs) 10.1

_______is a mental position relative to a way of thinking or being.

In-Text Answers (ITAs) 10.1

Attitude

Page 151 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

10.2 Kinds of Negative Attitude among Students

10.2.1 Examination Malpractices

The way and manner examinations are conducted in Nigeria today, not only rubbish the
examination process but also make mockery of the entire education system. Schools have failed
in their responsibility of producing citizens that are worthy both in character and learning; they
now serve merely as gateways to meaningless certification.

Any person that has anything to do with the conduct of any type of examination in Nigeria
typically has a story to tell of this cankerworm that is threatening the very essence of Nigeria’s
societal moral values. Indeed, examination malpractice has permeated all levels of the Nigerian
education system. Everybody wants good examinations result, not only to show that they are
working, but also to continue to attract patronage from gullible parents. Teachers want good
results to justify their pay, parents want their children to have good examinations results to be able
to further their education or start their career of choice. For the same reasons, of course, students
also want good result. So, teachers, parents and students become brother musketeers; with the
school’s management in corroboration.

10.2.2 Nature and Type of Examination Malpractices among Students

Today in Nigeria, there has been an increasing occurrence of examinations malpractices among
students than ever before, permeating every public examination, like the West African
Examination Council (WAEC) Joint Admission and Matriculation Board (JAMB) and lately
National Examination Council (NECO) with rampant cases of examinations results not released
or cancelled outright for many candidates. Most of these cases have come to be linked directly to
examination malpractices. Similarly, institutions of higher learning are sophisticated in these
malpractices to the extent that reports of expelled students on account of these have become a
common occurrence; going on unabated. It is even believed that many prospective candidates
seeking admission into higher institutions today often employ others to write the examinations for
them.

Examination malpractices come in varying forms, shapes and sizes; with differing designations
such as ‘microchips’, ‘macro-chips’, ‘download’, ‘laptop’, ‘giraffe’ and quite recently, the use of
‘mercenaries’. Micro and Macro chips are same techniques except for the variation in the sizes of
the imported materials. Whereas the former has to do with small pieces of extraneous materials

Page 152 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

imported into the examination's venue, the latter is of more significant size. "Download" refers to
the bringing in of the whole text from which the candidate intends to copy. Sometimes their
scientific calculator can be used for the storage of relevant data and formulas to be download for
use in the examination hall. As for laptop, the candidates lap is used as the writing surface from
where relevant information can be copied from them during examination as the need arises. This
type is more prevalent among female in view of the fact that it is rather easier to do with the
wearing of skirts. "Giraffe" happens to be the age-long style whereby candidates use neck-
stretching to look at what another candidate is writing.

10.2.3 Student and Cybercrime

“Cybercrime is a growing phenomenon, though not necessarily a new one". The Encyclopaedia
of Cybercrime clearly demonstrates that individuals, businesses, and community groups of all
kinds-and even national governments-are at risk. It describes child pornography, copyright
infringement, cyber bullying, espionage, identity theft, malware, and many other illegal activities
as crime. For over fifty years, crime enabled by computing and telecommunication technologies
have increasingly threatened societies as they have become reliant on information systems for
sustaining modernized living. Cybercrime is not a new phenomenon, rather an evolving one with
respect to adoption of information technology (IT) for abusive and criminal purposes. Further, by
virtue of the myriad ways in which IT is abused, it represents a technological shift in the nature of
crime rather than a new form of criminal behaviour.

Students are not so aware of the different risks involved, and ways to minimize these risks,
associated with cybercrime. But, web-based identity theft is on the increase to the tune of billions
of dollars worldwide and electronically hijacked computers, zombies, are allowing cyber
criminals to operate vast bot-nets across the Internet almost unimpeded. So, presumably
something is lacking in education somewhere along the chain.

10.2.4 Cultism: Reasons, Causes and Solution

Cultism in a larger society has become a celebrated phenomenon among the political class who
equally happen to be in control of the wealth of the nation. Considering the various killings of
innocent students in our institutions by cult members, one may want to ask why solutions have
eluded us these years in bringing an end to the menace of this anti-social behaviour? Nigerians

Page 153 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

have remained in their present state of confusion for a number of reasons, which according to
Taiwo (2 004) includes:

i. Lack of concerted and consistent political will to deal with the problem once and for all.
ii. Constantly shifting and unsettled socio-cultural and educational policies and practices,
which tend to negate previous efforts at solving the problem.
iii. Worshipping of money to discredit intellectual zealousness among the upcoming youths.

According to Odili (2004), there are some possible causes of the rising cases of cultism in these
institutions which include:

i. Erosion of Education Standards

ii. Economic Difficulties
iii. Emulation of Military Coupists
iv. Adventurism and Egotism
v. Sponsorship by Community Leaders
vi. Lack of Integration
vii. Peer Group Influence and Drug Addition
viii. Bad Parenting and Erosion of Family values
ix. Oil Bunkering
x. Sponsorship of thuggery by politicians.

The diminishing economic prosperity also contributes greatly. There is the crisis of confidence
and of faith in our educational institutions leading to a general state of anxiety and an erosion of
confidence in getting jobs after school by the majority of the students. From the state of confusion
to which the society exposed our youth, one may conclude that cultism is an offshoot and indeed
a reflection of our corrupt society, which had for long plunged our educational sector into serious
malfunctioning and dislocation. The Guardian (2005), in an editorial, attempted an explanation of
the situation and why the problem had remained seemingly intractable submitted that "The
violence associated with the cults currently can be attributed to the general breakdown of values
which we once held sacrosanct.” We therefore cannot combat the cults menace without paying
attention to the problem of the larger society.

An obvious explanation for the resurgence and worsening of cult crisis on the campuses is the
inadequate, half-hearted enforcement of the measures already officially pronounced. The

Page 154 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

slaughter of five students of the Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife in 1999 prompted the
Federal Governments adoption of an anti-cult strategy, part of which was an offer of monetary
incentive to repentant cult members among students nationwide. In keeping with some
recommendations of a judicial panel on the cultic killings too, the government vowed to establish
a unit to identify secret cult’s members and their activities in all tertiary institutions. Also, the
government empowered heads of institutions to summarily dismiss any student properly identified
as a cult member, and proposed a data-bank of students so dismissed to forestall their re- admission
into any other similar institutions in Nigeria. Had these measures been adequately enforced, the
soaring rate of cultic terrorism would have been drastically reduced. But the government has
merely appointed its anti-cult armoury without really using the weapons to fight the bloody cults.

In-Text Questions (ITQs) 10.2

The coming into an examination venue with a whole text by a student to copy is known as___

In-Text Answers (ITAs) 10.2

Download

10.3 Implications of Cultist Activities amongst Students

The activities of cultist are not without their grave implications worth mentioning here, although
not all the students are involved in cultism. The few that are involved do considerable damage to
the system. Since violent cult activities started, thousands of students have lost their lives to it
while properties worth millions have also been destroyed. Apart from the injured and those
rusticated or expelled, these set of universities students are generally known for their activism
everywhere, together with the media and civil societies, they help to protest against unfavourable
policies of government. Although Nigerian Students have, over the years, contributed their quota
to national development, the issue of cultism has come to dent their image. If it is true that the
youth of today are the leaders of tomorrow, then the stockholders in education must rise up to the
challenges posed by the scourge of cultism. Despite the much already done in this regard, more
still has to be done to eradicate cultism from our institutions of higher learning. Summarily, Odili
(2004) pinpointed 7 implications of this trend to include the following:

i. Destruction of Lives and Properties

Page 155 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

ii. Upsurge in Crime due to Arms Proliferation

iii. Epileptic University System
iv. Loss of Prospective Investors
v. Loss of Government Revenue through Illegal Bunkering
vi. Cost of Maintaining Law and Order
vii. Threat to Government

In-Text Questions (ITQs) 10.3

The youths of today are leaders of ______________

In-Text Answers (ITAs) 10.3

Tomorrow

10.4 Consequences of a Negative Attitude

A sustained negative attitude kills. By far, the worst side-effect of a bad attitude is stress and the
top fatal diseases in this country are caused, in large part, by stress. Stress turns quickly into
anxiety, depression and ulcers. Among the causes are the following:

10.4.1 Negative Attitude Shortens one’s Life

The more often a person become angry, upset, or frustrated, the fewer days that individual will
have left to live. This may sound extreme, but that's how it is with persons who allow negative
emotions overtake them.

10.4.2 Such Attitude Creates Unpleasant Future

Peoples’ present actions determine their future. If a person constantly show dissatisfaction at every
situation, in the future that person is likely to meet with more of the things he or she may be
unhappy about.

10.4.3 It Harms Others

A person’s negative mood affects people around them. People should never make others: feel bad
because by doing so one may be contributing not only to his or her own misery.

Page 156 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

10.4.4 Such Attitude Produces Negative Effects

Every cause has an effect and so people’s negative attitude produces negative circumstances.
Mostly people think it's the other way round, but that's not the case. One’s thinking causes one’s
circumstances.

In-Text Questions (ITQs) 10.5

A sustained negative attitude______________

In-Text Answers (ITAs) 10.5

Kills

10.5 The Effect of Negative Thinking and how it can be changed

By implication, this unfortunate development in our educational system represents a high
sophistication to which examination malpractices had risen in recent times. Sadly too, some
parents have been found to encourage the perpetuation of this ugly act by their children/wards
either directly or indirectly. Not only has this contributed to the diminishing standard of Nigeria’s
education, but it has also helped to cast aspersion on candidates' certificates, which many often
claimed, have not always been a true reflection of their academic standing. Due to this weak
background, it is not surprising therefore, that many candidates who secured admission into higher
institutions with such results have been much of a disappointment. They simply could not leave
up to their billings in all ramifications.

Attendant frustration often result in involvement in malpractice; in examinations to such an extent

that they are sooner or later certified as academically unfit and marked for withdrawal on academic
ground. Desperate ones among them would want to do all things possible to hang on. This often
take them to all kinds of anti-social vices, prominent among, which is cultism. The individual,
which is the bedrock of the society, is by this token, being malformed and deformed for the future.

Our today, and whatever it stands for, represents the foundations of our tomorrow. Prevalence of
examination malpractices, especially the mercenary syndrome, indicates the weak foundations
upon which we are to build our tomorrow. Yet, our credible and lasting tomorrow is already being
endangered with this ever-increasing wave of academic frauds and immoral dispositions (Issa,
2003),

Page 157 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

It is therefore, possible to change negative attitude, but it may not be easy. The best way to change
one’s mental state is by understanding the outcome of negativity. People must carefully read the
consequences of negative attitude and these will serve as reminders as soon their mood goes down.
An individual will begin to think twice before getting upset, angry or depressed. This is possible,
because the individual caused his or her own mood and can change it by simply focusing on good
aspects of his or her life or imagining something positive.

Positive thinking is not enough, if people cannot find the cause of their negative attitude. An
individual will only cover this attitude with positive words which will provide benefits that allow
one to change his or negative attitude.

As for the case of examination malpractices, there would be the need to change the orientation
and value system, which seemed to emphasize the erroneous at all cost-and by all means belief,
which are not only negative but also counter-productive. It is high time for citizens to begin to
have a sound realization of the fact that it is not only by having a degree that one can succeed or
excel in life. It is much more beyond that, because there are still a score of people who, in spite of
not having a degree, actually succeeded and excelled in their chosen careers. A point must also be
made that it is far better to be a self-reliant, successful artisan than an unemployed, jobless and
street-roaming degree holder. If we succeed in this orientation bid, hopes are that majority of those
that would remain will be those who interested in pursuing serious active studies would match the
requirement and demands of a standard educational system.

Finally, students must be made to understand and appreciate hard work, dedication and
commitment to studies. This is where the teachers and the entire school authority need to be highly
responsible and responsive. Students must be treated and dealt with so as to encourage others to
have better performance thereby looking up to them as source of inspirations. At that point in time,
when the majority would have come to appreciate hard work, examination malpractices in general,
the mercenary syndrome as well as cultism would have been relegated to the status of an
abnormality, as against the prestigious status they currently enjoy.

In-Text Questions (ITQs) 10.5

The best way to change attitude is to change one’s___________

In-Text Answers (ITAs) 10.7

Mental state

Page 158 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

Summary of Study Session 10

In Study Session 10, you have learnt that:

1. An attitude is a hypothetical construct that represents an individual’s degree of like or

dislike for an item or a person.
2. There are negative attitudes among students which range from examination malpractice,
cybercrime to cultism.
3. The implication of cult activities among students results in the destruction of lives and
properties, upsurge in crime due to arms proliferation, epileptic university system, loss of
prospective investors, loss of government revenue through illegal bunkering, cost of
maintaining law and order and the last but not the least, threat to government.
4. A sustained negative attitude kills and that, the worst side-effect of a bad attitude is stress
and the top fatal diseases in this country are caused, in large part, by stress.
5. Not only has negative attitude contributed to the diminishing standard of Nigeria’s
education, it has also helped to cast aspersion on candidates' certificates, which many
often claimed, have not always been a true reflection of their academic standing.
6. It is possible to change negative attitude, but it may not be easy. That the best way to
change attitude is to change one’s mental state and by understanding the outcome of
negativity. People must carefully read the consequences of negative attitude and these will
serve as reminders as soon their mood goes down.

Page 159 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

Glossary of Terms
Attitude: This is a way of feeling or acting towards a person, thing or situation.

Attitude Change: This is an occurrence in individual that results from being positive to negative,
from slightly positive to very positive or from having no attitude to having one.

Drug Addiction: This involves the use of illegal drugs or the use of prescription or over the
counter drugs for purposes other than those for which they are meant to be used.

Frustration: This is a feeling of anger or annoyance caused by being unable to something.

Malpractice: This refers to a dereliction of professional duty or a failure to exercise an ordinary

degree of professional skill or learning by one (student).

Peer Group: This is a group of people of people of approximately the same age, interest and
status.

Personality: This is regarded as a long-standing trait and patterns that propel individuals to
consistently think, feel and behave in a particular way.

Positive Thinking: This is a mental attitude in which people expects good and favourable results.

Negative Attitude: This is a disposition, feeling or manner that is not constructive, cooperative
or optimistic.

Society: This refers to an aggregate of people living together in a more or less community.

Transitional Society: This is a society that is characterised by an orientation to the past, not the
future with a predominant role for custom and habits.

Page 160 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

Self-Assessment Questions (SAQs) for Study Session 10

Having completed this study session, you can measure how well you have achieved its Learning
Outcomes by answering the following questions. You can check your answers with the Notes on
the Self-Assessment Questions at the end of this Session.

SAQ 10.1 (Tests Learning Outcome 10.1)

What is an attitude?

SAQ 10.2 (Tests Learning Outcome 10.2)

Mention and explain five types of negative attitude.

SAQ 10.3 (Tests Learning Outcome 10.3)

What are major factors you can attribute to the increasing rate of cultism in Nigeria higher
institutions?

SAQ 10.4 (Tests Learning Outcome 10.4)

What are the consequences of Negative attitude in our society?

SAQ 10.5 (Tests Learning Outcome 10.5)

Proffer solutions to most of negative attitude discussed in this chapter.

Page 161 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

References
Abogunrin, S.O. (1994). "Religion, crime and national survival", in Ibadan Journal of
Religious Studies. VoI-2. June and December.
Adeleye, M.O. (1998). "Religion, politics and society", in Adewale, S.A. (ed.), Religion and
society. The Nigerian Experience. Ibadan: Religious Studies Series.
Afonja, S. & Pearce, T. O. (l995). Nigerian women in social change. lle-lfe: Obafemi
Awolowo University Press.
Aina, O. I. (1998). Women: Culture and Society. LnSessay. A & Odebiyi_(eds) Nigerian
Women in Society and Development. Ibadan, ljokun Publishing House. Pp.3-33. . .
Akanmidu, R.A, (1995). Ethic: and poverty: inquiries on moral philosophy Lagos: Benik
Educational Publisher.
Allen, K E. (2004). The new penguin English dictionary London: Penguin Croup.
Aluko, S. O. 2002 "African cultural systems “in: Shoremi, MO. and Oyekunle, A. A (eds.) The
social structure of contemporary African Societies, Ibadan: Krall Books `

Andah. B. (1988). African anthropology. lbadan, Shancson, C.l. Limited

Asouzu, l. (2003). Effective Leadership and the Ambivalence of Human Interest: The Nigerian
Paradox in Complementary Perspective: University of Calabar Press, ll-l2
Awokoya, S.O. (1978). The Crises Child of Our Time. (The Ilorin Lectures) University of Ilorin
Press.
Awolalu, A. &Dopamu P.A. (Ed.) African culture, modern science and religious thought in
Ilorin, Nigeria: African Centre for Religions and the Sciences (ACRS). 2003 “Traditional
Values and Socio-cultural Structures in the 21st century; The, Yoruba Example" in
Cusralia: Ibadan. Journal of Multi-cultural/Multidisciplinary Studies. Vo1.4.June,
Baier, A.C. (1988). The need for more human .Justice, Canadian Journal of Philosophy, sup.
Vol. I3
Baier, K. (1958). The moral paint of view. In P. W. Taylor (Ed.) Problems of Moral
Philosophy, Cornell: Cornell University Press, p.494.
Benedict, R. (l934). Anthropology and the abnormal, Journal of General Psychology i 0, 59 I
Brown, L.; Selznick, H & Derroch, D. (|981). Sociology a text with adapted readings (7th Ed.)

Page 162 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

Cambridge: Harper & Row

Carl, J. (1939). Personality: The integration of the personality theory in a cultural context in
Open Star. The New York Times
Charles, F. (1970). An anatomy of problems by personal and social choice.. Cambridge, Mass:
Harvard University Press.
Chinoy, E. (1967) Society. An introduction to sociology, Random House New York,
Durugba, A. (1993). "Christianity and human mobilization; An Instrument for social justice" in
Orit, O. Ibadan Journal of Religious Studies. XXV/ I -2 June and December, 2000.
principles of Ethics. Ibadan: Agape Publications.
Durowade, D. (2003) "People, diversity and culture "in: Olurode, B. & Lai, O. Soyombo (Ed.)
Sociology for Beginners, Lagos; John West. Pp. 201-225
Edcma, A. (1988). Christian’s and Politics in Nigeria. Ibadan: The Sketch Press Ltd.
Echekwube. A. (2005). Kinds of morality ethics in general and special. In P. Iroegbu
(Ed). Ibadan: Ilesanmi Educational Books p. 31.
Expenditure of Public Enterprises in Nigeria in The Nigerian Business Magazine. Vol.4, No. 12,
19th June, 2000. p. 19.
Federal Republic of Nigeria “History of Nigeria’ (http//www.nigeriagov.ng/201210-29-11-05-
46/History –of-Nigeria/)
Gannon, M. (2004) Understanding global cultures (3rd Ed.)
Gelles, R. J. & Levine, A. (1999) Sociology: An introduction (6th Ed.) Boston: McGraw-Hill
Gidden A. (1994). Sociology, 2nd edition, Blackwell Publishers. Oxford U.K.
Haralambos, M. & Holhom. H. (2008) Sociology: Theme and Perspective (7th Edition) London:
Collins
Hodder, B. W. (1967).The markets of lbadan. In Mabogunje, /L L. & Awe. B. (Ed.). The City
of lbadan: lbadan. University of lbadan Press.
Hume, D. (1960). An enquiry concerning the principle of morals. LaSa1le, 1L; Open Court,
p. 49.
Idoniloye, D. E. (l973). The concept of` spirit in African metaphysics. Second .p.15
Order: An African Journal of Philosophy, Vol. ll, January

Page 163 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

lfie. S.N. (1991). Socio-Economic issues in Nigeria. llruoualu Oxford' Pocttit: Publishers.
Fadipe, N. A. (l970) The Sociology of the Yoruba. Ibadan, University of lbadan Press.
Gannon, M. (200~1) Understanding Global Cultures (3rd Ed.)
Imoagene, O. (1993). Know your country series: Handbooks of Nigeria’s major culture areas.
Vol. 4.The Edo and their neighbour of Mid-Western Nigeria. Ibadan: New Era Publishers.
Isokun, M.I. (2003) "Toward a solid technological base for Nigeria, 'A case for Religious
Values in National Development" in Dopamu P.A. & Odumuyiwa, E. A. Religion, science
and culture. Ogun State; National Association for the study of` Religion,
Itulua-Abumere, F. (2013). The Christian and culture, Dallas: Unpublished Info
http//www.Upbusiness info/Article/The Christian-and –culture/816674
James, R. (1986). The Element of Moral Philosophy. NewYork: Randon House. `
Kani, 1. (1972), Ground work of the Metaphysics of Moral. In H. J. Paton, Hutchinson
University Library, London
Kmschwitz, R. and R. C. Roberts (Eds.) (1987). The Virtues: contemporary Essay on Moral
Character Belmont, Calili Wadsworth.
Kayode, 1.O. (1984) Understanding African traditional religion. Ile-lfe. University of Library
Karnblum, W. & C. D. Smith (2000) Sociology in a changing World (5th Ed.)
Kukah, Mathew Hassan (2007) Religion, culture and the politics of development. CBAAC
lecture Series Publication. Lagos.
Kroeber, AL. and Kluckhom, C. (1949) Culture. A critical review of the peabody museum of
American Archeology and Ethnology. Vol, 47, no l.
Idoniloye, D. E. (l973). The concept of` spirit in African metaphysics. second .p.15
order: An African Journal of Philosophy, Vol. ll, January
Liliade, M. (1987). The encyclopaedia of religion, Vol. 14. New York. Macmillan Publishing
Company.
Locke, J. (1960). Two treaties of government in Peter Laslett, (Ed.) New York: Cambridge
University Press.
Marshall, G. l. (1990) Oxford concise dictionary of sociology, New York: OUP
Madubuike, Solomon C. (2007) Culture, men, society and development, Demyaxs

Page 164 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

Publication, Ibadan.
Malomo. A. D. (1986). "Religious establishments and ethical revolution in Nigeria" in
Almgunrin, S.O. (ed.), Religion and ethics in Nigeria. Ibadan: Daystar Press._
Nwabueze, N. (2003). "Social institutions" in Olurode, Lai & O Soyombo (Ed.) Sociology, for
Beginners, Lagos: John West, Pp. l70~ 20l
Mencher J.P. (1 983) (Ed.) Social anthropology of peasantry. John West Pub. Lagos
Mill, J. S. (1956). On liberty in Curring V. Shields, (ed.) New York: Bobbs Merril.
Mitchell, G.D (1981) (ed). A new Dictionary of sociology. Routledge and Kegan Paul. London.
Odetola, T.O & Ademola, A. (1985) Sociology: An introductory African text. Macmillan Pub.
Nigeria.
Odetola, T.O, Oloruntimehin, O.A. & Weda, D. A (1983) Man and society in Africa; An
introduction to sociology. Longman Nigeria.
Olasola, l .E. 2003, "Moral issues and development: The perspective of Yoruba religion" in
Dopamu P.A. et al (ed.) African culture, modern science and religious thought in Ilorin,
Nigeria.
Olugbile, F. (1997). Nigeria at work: A survey of the psychology of work. Longman-Nigeria:
Lagos: Malt house Press
Onwubike, K. K. (1975). History of West Africa 1000AD-1800, Lagos Academy Press.
Onukwube, A. & Alfred, A. (2015) Characteristics, variations and dynamics of Nigerian
Culture. Department of African and Asian Studies
Omuregbe, J. (1990). Knowing Philosophy. Lagos: Joja Press Ltd.
Osagie, S.O. (1985) "The concept of material culture and contemporary issues in Nigeria", in
Oyeneye, O.Y., and Shoremi, M. O. (eds), Nigerian Law and Culture. Ago-Iwoye: Ogun State
University, Department of Sociology.
Oyedepo, K. (1986). "Relativism and Ethics", in Abogunrin, S. O. (Ed.). Religion and Ethics in
Nigeria. Ibadan: Daystar Press.
Otite. O. &Ogionwo, W (2006). An introduction to Sociological Studies, (2nd Ed.0 Ibadan.
Heinemann Educational Books.
Oyesiku, O. O, (1992) Traditional markets in Ogun Stale. ln Onakomaiya.S.0. ; Oyesiku, 0. O.

Page 165 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

& Jegede. F. J. l. (eds.) Ogun State in Maps. Ibadan. Rex Charles Publications.
Oyeneye, O. Y. (1993) “Marriage and family" in: Oyeneye, O, Y. &Oyesiku, O. &Edewor,
RA. (Ed.) Nigerian culture and citizenship education, Lagos:
Oyesiku, O. O, &Odugbemi, O.O. (l987) Traditional market systems in Ago-lwoye. ln
Faniran. A. et al (eds) Ago-lwoye region publication. No 2, Department of geography and
regional planning, Ogun State University. Ago Iwoye.
Olen, J. (1988). Moral Freedom, Philadelphia: Temple University Press
Rachels, J. (1 986). The Challenge of Cultural Relativities. In The Elements of Modern
Philosophy New York Random House, 13 -22
Redfield, R. (1940). The folk society and culture in eleven twenty six. Louis
Wirth (Ed) Chicago. Pg 39~50.
Research for development (1992). Lecture notes on the sociology of development, Ibadan:
Fact Finders Intemaliona1 Ltd. 64
Patrick, E.N. (1991) Contemporary Christians: ethical issues in Africa, Owed, Nigeria: Omega
Commercial Press.
Procter, P. (1978). Longman dictionary ofcontempon1ry English. London: (London Group Ltd.
Sanda, A.O. (1981). "Critical issues fur social development in Nigeria:
Schaffer, R. T. (2001). Sociology (7th Ed.) New York: McGrawHil1
Shoremi, M.O. (200l). “The Concept of Culture" in: Shoremi M.O. Edewor, P.A. & Olutayo, A.
(Ed.) The Science of Sociology: A Sociological introduction
Sullivan, H.I. (1972). Personality: The integration of the personality theory in a cultural context
In open star. The New York Times
Taiwo, .O.O. (l988) ‘The individual in society" in: P.O. Olusanya and Lai Olurode (Ed.)
Readings in Introductory Sociology.” Lagos: John West.48
The heritage illustrated dictionary of English language. International Edition (1975),
American Heritage Pub1ishin|zCo. INC D. 375 _ 40
Uchendu, V. C. (1965). The lgbos of southeast Nigeria, New York. Holt, Rinehart and Winston
Inc. Pp. 16

Page 166 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

Notes on Self-Assessment Questions

Notes on Self-Assessment Questions for Study Session 1

SAQ 1.1

1 The concept of culture represents various things to different people or scholars. To the layman,
culture refers to civilization, to the social sciences; it means the bundle of earned and shared
patterns of behaviour and understanding concerning ideas, emotions, and actions.

SAQ 1.2

Culture is the complete arts, morals, law, customs and any other capability acquired by man in a
society.

SAQ 1.3

i. Culture is transmitted from generation to generation

ii. Culture is learned through symbolic and meaningful interactions with other people
iii. Culture has social quality
iv. Culture provides ways and means of satisfying individuals and group needs
v. Cultural elements are integrative
vi. Cultural is dynamic

SAQ 1.4

i. Culture defines situations as either joyful or mournful

ii. Culture defines and explains myths, legends, symbols, and the supernatural
iii. Culture defines attitude, values, goals and norms that societies learn from
iv. Culture spells out behaviour pattern in societies

SAQ 1.5

Cultural shock is a feeling of anxiety, loneliness and confusion that people experience when they
first arrive in a new location, place or organization, while cultural changes are the rate of change
that occurs from one area of society to another in terms of war, disaster, epidemic and culture lag
is the inconsistencies within a cultural system that results from the differences in the rate at which
results from the different cultural elements change.

Page 167 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

Notes on Self-Assessment Questions for Study Session 2

SAQ 2.1

1963

SAQ 2.2

i. The main religious division within the country is between Christians and Muslims. These two
broad groups of religion comprises of 90% of the entire population.
ii. The family structure in Nigeria comprises of the nuclear family (father, his wife or wives in
polygamous homes). The extended family consists of all the relatives (Grandparents, cousins,
and uncles, sisters, brothers and in-laws).

SAQ2.3

The general language adopted is the English language in Nigeria. The Yoruba’s uses humor to
prevent boredom while speaking during meetings. They speak directly and sometime with loud
tones. Nigerians prefer facial expression that implies empathy. They also communicate indirectly
relying on non-verbal cues and gestures.

Notes on Self-Assessment Questions for Study Session 3

SAQ 3.1

Ethics is the principle that deals with right or wrong while Moral philosophy is study of morality.

SAQ 3.2

At the level of individual, a person’s morality has to do with his or her belief about what is right
and wrong, the standard which he or she uses in judging human motives and actions as well as the
rules which guides his or her life. It is also assist people to hold themselves as responsible or
accountable for their actions if they fail. Ethics, also allows people to behave in a way that is
different from others (right desires, attitude, thoughts and feelings). At the collective level
(society), it tend to investigate the moral norms in different societies to ascertain the prevalence
of deviant behaviour and how to secure and safeguard these societies

SAQ 3.3

i. To achieve the purpose of philosophical study of morality.

Page 168 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

ii. To examine the rules of moral reasoning or methods or knowing the moral belief method
that are true or false.
iii. To explain how such terms “good,” right and ought to function in moral discourse.
iv. To analyze the logic of moral reasoning to show clearly the logical principles which are
followed or which must be followed when people give reasons for an against an act.

SAQ 3.4

Discipline implies punishment, whereby the learner or the apprentice is punished if he or she fails
to abide by rules and regulations.

SAQ 3.5

The principle of utility or the greatest happiness principles encourage people to produce. The
greatest balance of happiness over unhappiness while making sure that people give equal
consideration to the happiness and unhappiness of everyone who might be affected by their
actions.

SAQ 3.6

Social justice: In social justice people talk about fairness, equal opportunity, nepotism, corruption
measured by distribution of economic wealth. In essence, people refer social justice to what makes
a society a just one under the law. For example, making sure that every geopolitical zone in Nigeria
is developed without any form of marginalization.

Notes on Self-Assessment Questions for Study Session 4

SAQ 4.1

Social institutions are stable structure of statuses and roles devoted to meeting the basic needs of
people in a society. While social structure describe the enduring patterns of a network of
relationship or interrelationships and the basic elements include roles, regulatory norms, and social
control.

SAQ 4.2

Norms are values which spell out what is expected of people in a society. They regulate the
behaviour pattern of society members. They act as social control mechanism by which the society
exercises it dominion over all component or group of people and enforces conformity.

Page 169 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

SAQ 4.3

i. Folkways in a society are approved standards of behaviour passed on from one generation
to another. For example, a folkway is the rule that forbids eating without washing of hands.
While mores in societies reflects moral and ethical behaviour.
ii. Mores seem to be more important than folkways. For example an obligation to obey
constitutional authority.

Notes on Self-Assessment Questions for Study Session 5

SAQ 5.1

Moral value is referred to as the study of the concept as good, bad, desirable and very beautiful.
It assesses the justification of judgment that involves the logic of the argument by which they are
supported.

SAQ 5.2

i. Crime and violence

ii. Perversion of justice
iii. Corruption
iv. Cultism
v. Drug abuse
vi. Addiction and Trafficking
SAQ 5.3

i. The effect of moral problems in Nigeria has led to the stunted growth of the Nigerian
economy, low capital utilization and decline in direct foreign investments
ii. It has also led to a fall in the standard of education, political instability, armed robbery,
herdsmen and Boko Haram attacks including kidnapping and ritual killings.

SAQ 5.4

No. This is because good moral is the bedrock for which economic and political development can
occur. There is therefore, the need for human capital development through providing the citizens
the right environment to sharpen their skill(s) in order to achieve set goals which in turn leads to
a positive direction thereby changing life orientation(s) of the citizen to maximum benefit.

Page 170 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

SAQ 5.5

Nigeria need a re-orientation as a wakeup call in order to actualize potentials and skill for the
overall benefit and development of themselves and the nation. This is so because the citizens need
to imbibe a code of behaviour which will lead to the acceleration of peace and progress in all areas
of national life.

SAQ 5.6

The concept of morality seems to reflect most aspects of religion, since religion has helped to
promote an agreement about the nature and content of social obligations by providing values that
serve to direct the attitude of citizens to define them and the content of their social obligations.

Notes on Self-Assessment Questions for Study Session 6

SAQ 6.1

Africa comprises of several clans which are bound together by languages, traditions and religious
observances, beliefs and practices. The African heritage is rich, but it is not uniform, it is similar
but different from time to time, from place to place and from people to people. Among these
African heritage is religion which is the richest part of the cultural heritage.

SAQ 6.2

i. The African religious is the indigenous religion of Africans. It is the product of the
religions thinking and experience of their forefathers that had been handed down to them
from generation to generation.
ii. The African religion constitute a structure that are interrelated. The interrelation has God
as the Supreme Being among them(that is, belief in spirits, belief in divinities, belief in
magic and medicine and belief in Ancestors)
iii. The Africans believe that God is the origin and sustenance of all things, He created Himself
and that everything is His creation, He is an impartial judge who knows everything, He is
immortal and He lives forever.

Page 171 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

SAQ 6.3

The African idea of partial-re-incarnation is a belief that some ancestors or living dead are reborn.
That is, some part but not the entire person’s characteristics or physical distinctions is seen in the
rebirth.

SAQ 6.4

The practice of magic in Africa involves the use of objects such charms, talisman and amulets as
protection against evil forces like witchcraft and sorcery while the practice of medicine involves
the art of using forces of nature to prevent disease, to restore and preserve health.

SAQ 6.5

i. The issues in rites of passage includes (1) pregnancy, birth and childhood, (2) Puberty and
initiation rites (3) Marriage.
Pregnancy: During pregnancy, rites and rituals are performed in most traditional African
societies to ensure safe delivery, good health and fulfillment of life expectations.
ii. Puberty and initiation rites: Many Africans do not perform rites and ceremonies to ensure
a safe transition of a child from childhood to adulthood. But only few Africans perform
some form of initiations and puberty rites that serves as the art of the community living.
iii. Marriage: In Africa, the initiations and puberty rites comes marriage

SAQ 6.6

1 The modern changes which came in form of civilization, Christianity, Muslim, Western
education Urbanization, Industrialization has drastically reduced the practice of African religion

Notes on Self-Assessment Questions for Study Session 7

SAQ 7.1

The origin of the Nigerian culture can be traced back to the period dominated by kingdoms,
Emirate and Chiefdoms as the geographical entity. During this period, Nigeria then had, Oyo
Empire dominated by Yoruba, the North, the middle –Belt Empires and their kingdom had
numerous groups. The East were the Igbos with institution of culture suitable for them. The Ibibio,
Efik, and Ijaws constituted the people now known as the people of Niger Delta with the kingdom
of Benin being the most powerful

Page 172 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

All these ethnic groups mentioned above had their own different established cultures, arts and
institutions that were in place before the coming of the colonial masters

SAQ 7.2

Arts can be seen in language comprising various techniques we have for dealing with the symbolic
media in which they reach people. It is the analysis and appreciation of ideas, literary and the
artistic criticism and it also gives people knowledge and understanding.

SAQ7.3

i. Culture is referred to as the mass of learned and transmitted motor reactions, habits,
techniques, ideas and values and behaviour they bring about.
ii. Culture has the following attributes:
iii. Culture is universal
iv. Culture is characterized by human produce arising from interactions
v. Culture provides socially acceptable behaviour
vi. Culture is dynamic
vii. It is a basic aspect of personality.

SAQ 7.4

This means that arts and culture is a reflection of the cultural health of a society as depicted or
shown by arts.

SAQ 7.5

The arts that survived colonial domination that are still with Nigerians today are
Iron work and metallurgy, cane and raffia craft, leather works, brass works and glass works.

Notes on Self-Assessment Questions for Study Session 8

SAQ 8.1

The challenges of state owned enterprise include but not limited to following:

i. The persistence of monopoly power in many sectors. For example power generation and
technology.
ii. The desire by government to purse social equity to create employment and provide
essential goods and services

Page 173 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

iii. Lack of private incentive

iv. High social benefits are provided with low cost by government again that of the private
sector.
v. Government desire to gain national control.
vi. The redistribution of resources policy of government.

SAQ8.2

i. The operation feed the nation and green revolution programme aimed at restoring
agricultural to it proper place in the country
ii. The structural adjustment programme which sought to move Nigeria Public Sector
dependent economy to a private sector led enterprise.
iii. The National Economic Empowerment strategy came into existence in order to respond to
the developmental changes of Nigeria, so as to lay a solid foundation for sustainable
poverty reduction employee , it generation and wealth creation.

SAQ 8.3

i. Corruption: The issue of corruption have affected the effort of government in the
furtherance of economic self-reliance. This occurs when funds for this enterprise are either
embezzled, converted to personal used or misappropriated.
ii. Inadequate infrastructure: The inadequacy of infrastructural facilities which would have
aided the achievement of self-reliance economic policies of government are grossly
inadequate.
iii. Multiplicity of Economic Advisers: This proliferation of advisers in governance coupled
with their different perception and or ideologies which are inconsistent or consensually
agreed upon by leaders act as drawn back.

SAQ8.4

The 4 suggested ways to which the problems of economic self-reliance can be addressed include:
1. Accountability. 2. The empowerment and independence of anti-corruption agencies. 3. Renewal
of ethical standards. 4. Consistency in policy formation and implementation.

Notes on Self-Assessment Questions for Study Session 9

Page 174 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

SAQ9.1

Self is the entire person of an individual

SAQ9.2

The formation of one’s self is a never ending dynamic process, which cannot be predicted because
of the uncertain nature of the future

SAQ9.3

Chaos and order are two sides of the same coin because order and certainty are necessary in order
to make sense in peoples’ being and at the same time, people must leave with chaos and
uncertainty, because they are also necessary conditions for peoples’ existence.

SAQ 9.4

1 Social and cultural change in individual and cultural identity results in acute experience of
emotional loss because it tends to disrupt the ability to make sense of life is severely disrupted.

SAQ 9.5

The effectiveness of the various change programme of successive Nigerian government in the
transformation of the country to a better one could neither be described as a success nor failure
due to the fact that they were abandoned half way by them.
Notes on Self-Assessment Questions for Study Session 10
SAQ 10.1

Attitude is a hypothetical construct that represents an individual’s degree of like or dislike for a
person or thing.

SAQ 10.2

The five types of negative attitude are:

i. The Miserable type: These set of people are grumpy from the start of the day because
they meet with failures and their day is filled with anger and hopelessness.
ii. The Silent killers: These set of people use the knowledge of psychology to gradually
introduce hatred, anger and low self-esteem in others.
iii. Drama queen: The emotions of drama queen ranges from anger to self-pity and every
small incident can be turn to a storm.

Page 175 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

iv. Woe is me: People with this attitude love to talk about their failures to everyone who
would listen to them
v. The paranoid type: People with this attitude constantly see others as trying to worsen
their situations in life

SAQ 10.3

Factors contributing to the high rate of cultism are as follows:

i. Erosion of education standard

ii. Economic difficulties
iii. Adventism and egotism.
iv. Sponsorship by community leaders
v. Lack of integration
vi. Sponsorship by politicians.

SAQ 10.4

The consequence of negative in the Nigerian society includes:

i. Shortening of lives of members

ii. It creates unpleasant future
iii. It harms others

SAQ 10.5

The solutions required for negative attitude to be changed are as follows:

i. There should be a re orientation of student on value system in terms of examination

malpractice.
ii. People with negative attitude should be made to understand the negative effects of such
attitude
iii. Efforts should be made by people to understand the cause(s) of negative attitude in people
iv. A change of mental set should be encouraged

Page 176 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|35629979

GNS 201: Nigerian People and Culture

Page 177 of 177

Downloaded by Tyto Ranking (tytoranking12@gmail.com)