IV B.

Tech I SEM BUSINESS COMMUNICATION AND PRESENTATION SKILLS

UNIT-5
STRUCTURE OF PRESENTATION SKILLS
PRESENTATION
Presenting matter clearly and effectively is a key talent to get ones message or opinion across
and, today, presentation skills are needed in nearly every field.
Whether you're a student, administrator or a professional, if you would like to begin your
own business, apply for a grant or represent an elective position, you'll okay be asked to
make a presentation. Presentations skills and speechmaking skills are extremely helpful in
several aspects of life. Effective presentations and speechmaking skills are necessary in
business, sales and marketing, training, teaching, lecturing, etc.
Developing the confidence and capability to make sensible presentations, before of an
audience and speak well, also are extraordinarily useful competencies for self-development
and in professional and social life.
Presentation skills and speechmaking skills aren't restricted to some positions only.
However like most abilities, these skills need preparation and practice.
STRUCTURE OF PRESENTATIONS
What is a Structure?
• Structure is arranging your presentation or matter in such a manner that it is well
understood. Structure is vital as; a the result of a well-organized presentation creates an
effect that you simply know what you're talking about-you can gain the audience's trust and
that they are a lot of likely to pay attention to you. A structure offers a logical flow so that
your audience can easily follow your presentation. There’s a natural structure to presenting
which is as follows:
Purpose
• To determine your purpose ask yourself "What are the main points I want my audience to
take away from my presentation"? This provides a focus for you to create your presentation
and the audience is clear on what they will gain listening to your presentation.
Audience pre-assessment
• It is important to identify and analyses your audience so that you are delivering the 'right'
presentation to the 'right' audience. If you ‘know’ your audience it is easier to use the right
structure so as to impress and convince them.

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IV B.Tech I SEM BUSINESS COMMUNICATION AND PRESENTATION SKILLS

Presentation structure
• Presentations need to be very straightforward and logical. It is important that you avoid
complex structures and focus on the need to explain and discuss your work clearly. An ideal
structure for a presentation includes
o A welcoming and informative introduction;
o A logical series of main points presented in the right sequence;
o A clear and purposeful conclusion.
These elements are discussed below.
PRESENTATION AIDS
Presentation aids are tools that help enhance the communication of information in
presentations. They make content more engaging and easier to understand. Here are some
common types of presentation aids:
1. Slides (PowerPoint, Google Slides):

 Visual representation of key points, images, and data.

 Allows for multimedia integration such as videos and animations.
2. Handouts:

 Supplementary material distributed to the audience to provide more detailed

information.
 Useful for complex topics or as a takeaway for later reference.
3. Charts and Graphs:

 Simplifies complex data or statistics.

 Includes bar graphs, pie charts, line charts, etc.
4. Videos:

 Enhances understanding through motion and sound.

 Can be used to demonstrate products, explain processes, or show testimonials.
5. Props or Demonstrations:

 Physical objects or live demonstrations to explain ideas more tangibly.

 Commonly used in product presentations or science demonstrations.
6. Info graphics:

 A visual tool that combines text, icons, and graphics to simplify complex information.
 Works well for summarizing large amounts of data quickly.

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7. Whiteboards or Flip Charts:

 Allow for dynamic interaction during the presentation.

 Ideal for brainstorming sessions or explaining ideas on the spot.
8. 3D Models or Prototypes:

 Useful in technical fields or design presentations where physical dimensions and feel
are important.
9. Interactive Polling or Quizzes:

 Encourages audience participation and engagement through live feedback.

10. Sound or Music:

 Can set the tone or emphasize key points.

 Useful for emotional impact or enhancing multimedia content.

DO’S AND DON’TS IN PRESENTATION

DO’S DON’TS
 Know your audience.  Turn your back to the audience.
 Make an outline of what you will present Use too much jargon or specialized
with 3 or 4 main points. words/expressions.
 Familiarize yourself with the location and Have no eye contact during your
equipment before presenting. presentation or fix your eye contact on one
person.
 Use simple sentences. Move your hands too much
 Use examples to illustrate your ideas. Move constantly in front of the audience.
 Practice your presentation. Distract your audience by doing something
like jingling any metal objects in your
pocket.
 Breathe deeply, relax and smile at your Talk and do something else at the same
audience before presenting. time.
 Use body language to reflect the content of Fold your arms either on your front or your
the presentation. back.
 Make eye contact at random with audience. Imitate someone’s style.
 Use humor, when appropriate. Keep your hands in your pockets during
your presenting.

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 Give the audience chances to join in your Dress yourself gaudily or wear too many
presentation. ornaments.

BODY LANGUAGE DURING PRESENTATIONS

It is common knowledge that people perceive presentations via audial and visual channels.
Body language plays an important role during presentations. Body language is the process
of communicating nonverbally through body movements and gestures. Positive body
language can be defined as these nonverbal movements and gestures that are
communicating interest, enthusiasm, and positive reactions to what some else is saying.
Effective body language supports the message and projects a strong image of the presenter.
Audiences respond best to presenters whose bodies are alive and energetic. Audiences
appreciate movement when it is meaningful and supportive of the message. The most
effective movements are ones that reflect the presenter's personal investment in the
message. On the other hand, the role of body language is underestimated. In fact, it is of the
same - sometimes even higher - importance, comparing to slides:
• Body language affects the way listeners perceive information.
• It helps to engage the audience.
• It tells how confident and persuasive a presenter is.
• It helps to highlight the idea.
• It can nullify all efforts put into presentation.
Posture
It’s not a secret that posture bespeaks our confidence, emotional state, and intents. Proper
pose will not only make a presenter look confident. His emotional state will also tend to
correspond to steady posture, so this will cheer him up.
A posture should be:
1. Open: A speaker should not cross his hands or legs because the audience might perceive
it as the unwillingness to communicate. Also, it’s not professional to hide behind the podium,
slides, or chairs.
2. Straight: Slouch makes a presenter look worse, as well as weakens his voice. Moreover,
it’s difficult to keep eye contact when you don’t stand straight.
3. Relaxed: Constrained posture complicates a presenter’s gestures and breathing.
Gestures
Gestures are among the most valuable means of expression.

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IV B.Tech I SEM BUSINESS COMMUNICATION AND PRESENTATION SKILLS

 They add or amplify the tone of speech;

 They involve attention and feedback;
 They can change words meaning.
Gesticulation Tips:
1. Gestures must be open: Open gestures are those directed to an audience and find favor
in their eyes.
2. Gestures must be broad: Semi-gestures are inexpensive and hard to notice. The general
rule here is gestures should correlate with the size of a room and audience. Broad gestures
are those are those from shoulders, highly expressive, and they do work with opinions,
questions, and calls to action.
3. Gestures must be symmetric: The constant use of single hand seems like a presenter
appeals to a half of his audience only. Symmetric gestures send a presenters energy to his
audience.
A Proper Use of Auditorium Space
Moving around the presentation scene can help presenter refresh his speech, attract more
attention and even make information easier to perceive.
A presenters moves should look natural.
 Speak while walking making pauses during the movement will look strange.
 Watch your speed walking too fast or too slow is acceptable, but it gives the artistic
effect, so use it carefully.
 Relax your body and always turn in to the audience to keep a contact.

TYPES OF PRESENTATION
Presentations come in various formats depending on the audience, purpose, and context.
1. Informative Presentation
Purpose: To educate the audience on a particular topic.
Example: A lecture, workshop, or business report.
Features: Provides facts, data, and detailed explanations without persuading or prompting
action from the audience.
2. Persuasive Presentation
Purpose: To convince the audience to adopt a viewpoint, take action, or change behavior.
Example: Sales pitches, political speeches, or fundraising campaigns.

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IV B.Tech I SEM BUSINESS COMMUNICATION AND PRESENTATION SKILLS

Features: Uses emotional appeal, logical arguments, and strong evidence to influence the
audience.
3. Demonstrative Presentation
Purpose: To show how to do something, often involving step-by-step instructions.
Example: Cooking shows, product demonstrations, or training sessions.
Features: May involve visual aids, props, or live demonstrations to make instructions clear.
4. Inspirational or Motivational Presentation
Purpose: To inspire, uplift, or motivate the audience toward personal or professional growth.
Example: Keynote speeches, TED Talks, or motivational seminars.
Features: Uses storytelling, personal anecdotes, and emotional appeal to connect with the
audience.
5. Decision-Making Presentation
Purpose: To provide the audience with options and help they make a decision.
Example: Board meetings or proposal presentations.
Features: Presents data, pros and cons, and alternatives to aid in making an informed
decision.
6. Sales Presentation
Purpose: To sell a product, service, or idea to potential clients or customers.
Example: Pitching a product to investors or clients.
Features: Focuses on the benefits and unique features of a product, often using visuals and
testimonials.
7. Training Presentation
Purpose: To teach or train the audience on a new skill, concept, or process.
Example: Employee onboarding or software training.
Features: Uses step-by-step guides, demonstrations, and hands-on activities to reinforce
learning.
8. Interactive Presentation
Purpose: To engage the audience actively in the presentation through interaction and
feedback.
Example: Workshops, brainstorming sessions, or Q&A forums.

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Features: Audience participation is integral, using tools like polls, group discussions, or live
demonstrations.
9. Pitch Presentation
Purpose: To propose a business idea, project, or concept to potential investors or
stakeholders.
Example: Startup pitch to investors or project proposal in a corporate environment.
Features: Focuses on the business model, market opportunity, financials, and potential
return on investment.
10. Product Launch Presentation
Purpose: To introduce a new product to customers, partners, or media.
Example: Tech companies unveiling new devices or apps.
Features: Highlights key features, benefits, and innovation, often combined with a live
demonstration.
11. Status Update or Progress Presentation
Purpose: To report the progress or status of an ongoing project or initiative.
Example: Team meetings, project milestone reviews, or stakeholder updates.
Features: Focuses on metrics, milestones, challenges, and next steps.
12. Educational Presentation
Purpose: To teach a specific subject or skill in academic or instructional settings.
Example: School lessons, research presentations, or workshops.
Features: Combines lectures, visual aids, and interactive components to facilitate learning.
13. Ceremonial Presentation
Purpose: To honor, celebrate, or commemorate an event, person, or achievement.
Example: Award ceremonies, graduation speeches, or tribute events.
Features: Often includes storytelling, recognition, and a celebratory tone.
14. Webinar or Online Presentation
Purpose: To share information or training remotely, often through online platforms.
Example: Online classes, virtual meetings, or live-streamed presentations.
Features: Uses screen-sharing, videos, and live interaction tools (chat, Q&A) to engage a
virtual audience.
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IV B.Tech I SEM BUSINESS COMMUNICATION AND PRESENTATION SKILLS

MYTHS AND REALITIES OF PUBLIC SPEAKING

Public speaking is often surrounded by various myths that can create unnecessary fear and
confusion.
Myth 1: Public Speaking is Inherently Scary
Reality: Fear of public speaking, or gloss phobia, is common, but it can be managed. With
preparation, practice, and positive thinking, many people can overcome their fear.
Nervousness is a natural reaction, but it doesn’t have to control the experience. In fact, even
seasoned speakers feel nervous, but they learn to use that energy positively.
Myth 2: Great Public Speakers are Born, Not Made
Reality: Public speaking is a skill that can be developed with practice and dedication. While
some people may have natural charisma or confidence, anyone can improve their speaking
abilities through training, feedback, and experience. Even the best speakers started as
beginners.
Myth 3: You Have to Memorize Your Entire Speech
Reality: Memorizing an entire speech is not only unnecessary but can also increase anxiety.
It’s better to focus on understanding the key points and structure of your talk. Knowing your
material well allows you to speak more naturally and adapt to the audience’s reactions.
Myth 4: A Mistake Will Ruin the Presentation
Reality: Everyone makes mistakes, and most audiences won’t notice small errors or slips.
What matters is how you handle the mistake. A simple recovery, like a pause or light humor,
can keep the audience engaged and even make you more relatable. Remember, the audience
is usually supportive and won’t focus on minor missteps.
Myth 5: You Need to Be an Extrovert to Succeed at Public Speaking
Reality: Both introverts and extroverts can excel at public speaking. While extroverts might
thrive in social situations, introverts often bring thoughtful preparation and depth to their
presentations. Speaking in public isn’t about personality type; it’s about preparation,
confidence, and delivery.
Myth 6: More Content Means a Better Presentation
Reality: Less is often more in public speaking. Overloading your presentation with too much
information can overwhelm the audience and dilute your message. It’s more effective to
focus on a few key points and deliver them clearly and confidently. Quality and clarity are
more important than quantity.

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Myth 7: The Audience is Critically Judging Every Word You Say

Reality: Most audiences are not focused on picking apart your every word or action. In fact,
they want you to succeed and are there to learn or be entertained. Audiences are generally
forgiving and empathetic, and they understand that public speaking can be challenging.
Myth 8: Visual Aids Will Automatically Make Your Presentation Better
Reality: Visual aids, such as slides or charts, can enhance a presentation, but they should be
used purposefully. Poorly designed slides or over-reliance on them can distract from your
message. The content and delivery of your speech are more important than any visual
elements. Visuals should support, not dominate, your presentation.
Myth 9: A Good Speaker Never Feels Nervous
Reality: Almost all speakers, even the most experienced ones, feel some level of nervousness
before presenting. This nervous energy can be channeled into enthusiasm and engagement.
The key is not to eliminate nerves but to manage them effectively. Practicing relaxation
techniques and breathing exercises can help.
Myth 10: Speaking Louder or Faster Makes You More Persuasive
Reality: Speaking too fast or too loud can overwhelm or confuse your audience.
Persuasiveness comes from clear communication, emotional connection, and confident
delivery. A calm, measured pace and appropriate volume allow your audience to absorb your
message and stay engaged.
IMPACT OF PRESENTATION SKILLS IN PROFESSIONAL CIRCUMSTANCES
Presentation skills play a crucial role in professional settings, influencing everything from
career growth to organizational success.
1. Effective Communication
Impact: The ability to clearly and confidently present ideas is vital in any professional role.
Whether in meetings, client pitches, or team briefings, good presentation skills ensure your
message is understood and retained.
Outcome: You can convey complex ideas in a simplified manner, which enhances
collaboration, decision-making, and execution of tasks.
2. Influencing and Persuading Others
Impact: Strong presentation skills help you persuade clients, managers, or team members.
Being able to present data, proposals, or strategies effectively can lead to better buy-in and
support for your ideas or projects.
Outcome: This ability to influence others can lead to promotions, successful negotiations, and
leadership opportunities.

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3. Building Confidence and Professional Credibility

Impact: Presenting well in professional settings projects confidence and authority. It
positions you as knowledgeable and reliable, strengthening your reputation among
colleagues, clients, and superiors.
Outcome: With enhanced credibility, you’re more likely to be trusted with critical projects,
leadership roles, and decision-making responsibilities.
4. Career Advancement and Leadership
Impact: Presentation skills are often a key differentiator in career progression. Leaders and
managers are frequently required to present their ideas to teams, executives, and
stakeholders.
Outcome: Those with strong presentation skills are better equipped to handle leadership
roles, and they tend to advance faster in their careers due to their ability to communicate
vision, inspire teams, and lead with clarity.
5. Enhancing Client Relationships
Impact: In client-facing roles, effective presentations can help in building trust, securing
deals, and providing value. Whether you’re presenting a project update or pitching a
solution, your ability to engage and clearly communicate is critical.
Outcome: Successful presentations lead to better client satisfaction, stronger relationships,
and repeat business.
6. Improving Team Collaboration and Productivity
Impact: Within teams, strong presentation skills help articulate goals, delegate tasks, and
provide feedback effectively. Good presentations encourage open communication and
alignment among team members.
Outcome: This fosters a collaborative environment where everyone is clear on their
responsibilities, leading to increased productivity and smoother project execution.
7. Problem Solving and Decision Making
Impact: Presenting problems, solutions, and data in a structured way aids in decision-making
processes. Being able to break down issues and provide actionable insights allows teams and
leaders to make informed choices quickly.
Outcome: Well-structured presentations lead to better problem-solving outcomes and more
efficient resolutions of challenges within the workplace.

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8. Showcasing Expertise and Innovation

Impact: Presenting your ideas, research, or innovative solutions allows you to demonstrate
expertise. Sharing insights and new approaches with your team or industry professionals
positions you as a thought leader in your field.
Outcome: This can lead to recognition within your company and industry, invitations to
speak at conferences, or opportunities to work on cutting-edge projects.
9. Handling Difficult Situations
Impact: Presenting in high-stress or critical situations, such as crisis management or difficult
negotiations, requires poise and clear communication. How you handle and communicate
during these moments can have a major impact on the outcome.
Outcome: Good presentation skills in challenging circumstances can defuse tension, provide
clarity, and lead to more favorable resolutions.
10. Facilitating Change and Transformation
Impact: In professional environments, change initiatives, such as new technologies,
processes, or organizational structures, often require clear and persuasive presentations.
Explaining the benefits and reasoning behind change can help ease transitions.
Outcome: Strong presentation skills help reduce resistance to change, aligning teams and
stakeholders with new directions and strategies.
11. Networking and Professional Exposure
Impact: Conferences, seminars, and industry events often provide opportunities for
presenting. Sharing your expertise on a larger stage boosts your visibility and helps you
connect with other professionals, which can lead to new opportunities.
Outcome: Presenting at such events builds your network, creates opportunities for
collaborations, and enhances your professional profile.
12. Negotiation and Conflict Resolution
Impact: Effective presentations during negotiations or conflicts can clarify positions, offer
solutions, and bring opposing parties together. Presenting your case logically and with
confidence can result in more favorable outcomes.
Outcome: This skill can be instrumental in resolving disputes, negotiating better contracts,
or navigating challenging conversations in the workplace.

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IV B.Tech I SEM BUSINESS COMMUNICATION AND PRESENTATION SKILLS

EFFECTIVE USE OF A/V AIDS

Audio visual aids are instructional devices in which the message can be heard and seen
simultaneously
Examples: television, video films, documentary films, etc.
Audio visual aids help in stimulating the ears and eyes. Hence, in the strict sense a teaching
aid is any device that can be used to help reinforce new information or skills. Instructional
aids are devices that assist an instructor in the teaching-learning process. Instructional aids
are not self-supporting - they are supplementary teaching devices.
FUNCTIONS OF AUDIO VISUAL AIDS
When properly used, audio visual aids contribute one or more of the following functions.
a) Convey meaning clearly
b) Capture attention, arouse and sustain interest
c) Increase the correctness, clarity and effectiveness of the idea and skills being
transferred
d) Help in learning more, faster, and with thoroughness
e) Help in remembering longer
f) Reach more people, irrespective of their level of literacy, or language
g) Save the instructor’s time
h) Reduce the possibility of misinterpreting concepts
i) Clarify the relationship between material objects and concepts
j) Supplement the spoken word – the combination of audio and visual stimuli is
particularly effective since the two most important senses are involved
k) Highlight the main points of the message clearly
LIMITATIONS OF AUDIO VISUAL AIDS
a) Learners may sometimes form distorted impressions, unless audio visual aids are
supplemented with required explanations
b) They may tempt the extension worker to narrow down his teaching to only a few big
ideas, not giving the complete picture of a subject
c) There is the possible risk of ‘spectatorism’ instead of the attitude of thoughtful
enquiry. Some extension workers acquire the mistaken idea that they have little to do
when audio visuals are used
CLASSIFICATION OF A/V AIDS
There are many ways to classify audio visual aids
• According to progress
• According to sense involved

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• According to projection, or show

According to Progress
First Generation: handmade charts, graphs, exhibits, models, etc.
Second Generation: printed or illustrated texts, printed graphics, workbooks, etc.
Third Generation: photographs, slides, films, radio, tape recorder, telecast, etc.
Fourth Generation: television, language laboratories, information communication technology
based aids like computers, multimedia, touch screen kiosks, mobiles, etc.
According to Sense Involved
Audio Aids: instructional devices through which the message can only be heard are known as
audio aids. Examples: radio, tape recorder, CD player, etc.
Visual Aids: instructional devices through which the message can only be seen are known as
visual aids. Examples: posters, flashcards, charts, etc.
Audio Visual Aids: instructional devices through which message can be heard and seen
simultaneously. Examples: television, video film, documentary film, etc.
According to Projection, or Show
Non projected Aids: Visual instructional devices which are simply presented without any
projection equipment are non-projected aids. Examples: blackboard, chart, etc.
Projected Aids: visual instructional devices which are shown with a projector are called
projected aids. Examples: slides, filmstrip, silent films, cartoons, etc. projected through an
opaque projector (epidiascope), or an overhead projector.
Display Aids: visual aids which are spread before the audience for viewing information, and
instruction. Examples: poster, bulletin, board, models, exhibits, etc.
Presentation Aids: visuals aids presented or projected before the audience for viewing, and
at the same time explain, or present the message of the visuals, so that the audience get
meaningful understanding of a subject. Examples: flashcards, slides, filmstrips, etc.
AUDIO AIDS - MODES OF DELIVERY
1. Tape Recorder
A tape recorder is suitable for extension work in meetings, training programmes, campaigns,
recording radio programmes, etc.
Advantages
 Facilitates on-the-spot recording of sound.
 Helps in duplication and dissemination of sound.

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 Recorded tape can be immediately played back without any processing.

 Helps in synchronization of sound with picture.
 Easy to operate and preserve.
 Low operational cost, as the same tape may be used again.
2. Public Address System
A public address system amplifies sound so that it is audible to a large audience, over a
distance. It consists of three segments, viz., microphone, amplifier and speaker. The
microphone converts sounds into electrical waves which are fed into an amplifier. The
amplified electric current is fed into a speaker to convert into sound waves, and the
magnified sound is heard through speakers. It is very useful in meetings and campaigns to
disseminate information.
3. Telephone and Mobile
The telephone allows people to talk to each other, from distant places. It provides for instant
interpersonal communication, in which the communicator and the person who is
communicated to change roles while giving and getting information. This improves speed of
communication and involves considerable saving of time, money, and labour. Though,
usually, only two persons can communicate at a time through a telephone, the system serves
many people in a given area if a speaker is attached to it, like Cell Phone Operated Mobile
Audio Communication and Conference System (COMBACCS). Short Message Service (SMS)
and Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) enabled cell phones with cameras can be effective
in offering ’always available extension‘ between experts and people.
4. Digital Audio Player
A digital audio player is sometimes referred to as an MP3 player, and has the primary
function of storing, organizing and playing audio files. Some digital audio players are also
referred to as portable media players as they have image viewing and/or video-playing
support.
NON-PROJECTED VISUAL AIDS – MODES OF DELIVERY
1. White Board
Modern classrooms are equipped with boards, also called marker boards or multipurpose
boards. They can be used for more than one purpose. They are dustless and hygienic. They
are preferred around computers as dust can harm computers. They require special erasable
markers. A felt eraser is required to erase the surface soon after use. Markers are available
in different colors.
2. Flash Cards
Flash cards are brief visual messages on poster board cards flashed (turned over at short
intervals) before the audience to emphasize important points in a presentation. Flash cards

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are held like a pack of cards and are flashed to the audience, one at a time, in a sequence,
along with the talk.
3. Poster
A poster is displayed in a public place with the purpose of creating awareness amongst the
people. A poster is generally seen from a distance and the person glancing at it seldom has
the time or inclination to stop and read. The job of the poster is to stop the persons hurrying
past, thrust the message upon them. A poster may contain a written message, diagram, map,
picture, or a cartoon. A few hand drawn posters may be used in extension training
programme, group meeting, etc. Printed posters may be used in large numbers in campaigns,
exhibitions, etc.
4. Charts
A chart is a symbolized visual aid with pictures of relationships and changes used to tabulate
a large mass of information, or show a progression.
PROJECTED VISUAL AIDS – MODES OF DELIVERY
Any visual aid which is used for magnification of image on a screen in dark or semi-dark
conditions can be called a projected visual aid. There are three important methods of
projection:
1. Direct projection - slide and film projectors
2. Indirect projection – overhead projector
3. Reflected projection – opaque projector, epidiascope.
Advantages
 Very effective aids to classroom teaching with a characteristic appeal of their own for
influencing learners.
 When combined with audio aids or on the spot commentary, they prove to be very
useful.
Limitations
 Require special equipment for display.
 The equipment is costly, needs meticulous care and training for operation.
 Electricity/backup power is required for operation.
 The transportation and storage of equipment needs special attention.
 The quality of projection depends on the kind of screen, placement of the audience in
relation to the screen, and, the size of the image, and its brightness.
AUDIO VISUAL AIDS
Audio visual aids are those devices through which messages can be seen as well as heard,
simultaneously. Synchronization of these two important senses leads to more learning and

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more retention when compared to the use of visual and audio senses separately. We learnt
from the previous section that the two senses, sight and hearing, together, attracts 94 % of
audience attention. This is clear cut evidence that audio visual aids can play an important
role in extension teaching.
Advantages
 Convey meaning clearly in a condensed form and clarify ideas better.
 Supplement spoken word.
 Supply a concrete basis for conceptual thinking.
 Attract the attention, arouse, as well as sustain, the interest of the audience.
 Make learning more permanent.
 Overcome limitations of space, time, and distance.
 Develop continuity of thought with motion pictures.
 Stimulate self-activity, and motivate people for action.

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