BULACAN STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND FINE ARTS
City of Malolos, Bulacan
Improving Animal Welfare and Visitor Experience Through Landscape
Enhancement at Manila Zoo
Title
A thesis proposal was submitted to:
L. Arch. EnP. Angelo Paulo A. Mogul
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the course
Landscape Architecture Design
Presented by:
Guanzing, Princess Madel A.
Sambilay, Jhoanne B.
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
The study on enhancing the visitor experience and animal welfare through landscape
enhancement, as well as the many approaches and solutions employed by the
researchers and other universities, are the main topics of the review of literature for
this article.
Adoption of landscape architectural approach in designing zoo Melaka as a
zoological park, by Hafiz, I., 2015. Retrieved from
https://www.academia.edu/17030062
The study by Ismail Hafiz Salleh in Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia
investigated the role of landscape architecture in zoo design to improve animal
welfare and visitor experience. The study discussed that zoos should move beyond
simple enclosures and create naturalistic habitats that meet the animals' physical and
behavioral needs. This would enhance visitor appreciation for the animals and their
natural environments.
The researcher employed a mixed-method approach. Reviewed existing literature on
zoo design and animal welfare, conducted site visits, analyzed existing conditions at
Zoo Melaka, and interviewed zoo authorities. The study identified several areas for
improvement at Zoo Melaka, including more spacious and naturalistic enclosures,
improved vegetation selection to mimic animal habitats, and better integration of
educational elements within the landscape.
The findings of this study open avenues for future research in landscape architecture,
particularly concerning its application in zoological parks. Such inquiries could focus
on the continuous evolution of design standards that accommodate changing
ecological demands and visitor expectations. Researchers can further enhance the
functionality and sustainability of zoological parks by embracing innovative design
approaches.
An exploratory study of zoo visitors' exhibit experiences and reactions, by
Luebke, J. F., & Matiasek, J., 2013. Zoo Biology, 32(4), 407-416.
The study by Luebke and Matiasek investigates the emotional responses and
reflective opportunities experienced by zoo visitors. The author highlights how
visitors' affective reactions play a significant role in their overall experience within
zoo environments. Results revealed that visitors' emotional responses to viewing
animals were key experiences along with opportunities for introspection and
reflection. This suggests that the feelings evoked by observing animals significantly
influence visitors' engagement and satisfaction during their visit to the zoo
The study focused on a diverse range of animal exhibits, selecting three indoor
immersion exhibits alongside one outdoor naturalistic exhibit. This variety was
essential to capture a broad spectrum of visitor experiences and emotional responses,
as the different settings offered unique interactions with animals. The research aimed
to enhance the understanding of zoo-related emotional experiences, providing
valuable insights for zoo management and exhibit design. This understanding can help
create more engaging environments that foster positive visitor experiences and
promote conservation awareness through meaningful interactions with wildlife.
This study could help the researchers investigate how emotional and cognitive factors
influence visitors' experiences and attitudes in zoo settings, which is essential for
enhancing the educational potential of zoos. Understanding these dynamics can lead
to more engaging exhibits and better overall visitor experiences, ultimately supporting
conservation efforts.
Animal-visitor interactions and the visitor experience: Visitor behaviors,
attitudes, perceptions, and learning in the modern zoo, by Learmonth, M. J.,
Chiew, S. J., Godinez, A., & Fernandez, E. J., 2021. Animal Behavior and
Cognition, 8(4), 632-649.
This paper reviews the current literature on the effects of zoo visitation and
animal-visitor interactions on visitor perceptions, beliefs, and attitudes. The authors
aim to synthesize research findings, particularly focusing on how animal interactions
influence the overall visitor experience in modern zoos. The research explores themes
such as animal-visitor interactions, visitor attitudes, visitor behaviors, visitor
experience, learning, and perceptions. These themes are important in understanding
the motivations and outcomes of zoo visits, especially in terms of educational and
conservation messaging delivered through animal-visitor interactions.
Visitors have more positive perceptions and behaviors about zoos, their animals, and
conservation initiatives the more they interact with animals. This finding underscores
the importance of creating engaging environments where meaningful interactions can
occur, thereby fostering a deeper understanding and appreciation of wildlife and
conservation efforts.
This research could help with current research to explore more extensive
animal-visitor interaction studies that can delve deeper into fields such as ethology,
animal welfare, visitor studies, and education. This can facilitate a more nuanced
understanding of how to optimize the visitor experience within zoological settings,
ultimately benefiting both animal welfare and visitor education.
Beyond education and tourism ; the unconventional way of looking and
understanding zoo, by Inlao, W., 2016. Retrieved from
https://www.academia.edu/26976967/
The article by Worapoj In-lao in Tallinn University, critiques the traditional zoo
experience and proposes a new perspective that prioritizes animal welfare and ethical
considerations. In-lao argues that zoos have often been presented as educational
institutions, but their primary purpose is often entertainment and profit.
The research is primarily based on a literature review and analysis of existing research
on zoos, animal welfare, and visitor experiences. It is focused on historical sources,
academic articles, and media reports to support his arguments. The analysis relies on a
thorough examination of existing studies to provide a comprehensive understanding
of the researcher's topic. It is said that while zoos have evolved to become more
environmentally friendly, they still fundamentally involve the confinement of animals.
The researcher discusses the role of zoos in promoting human-animal relationships. It
argues that zoos can eternalize harmful stereotypes about animals and reinforce the
idea that humans are superior to other species. Instead of focusing on education and
conservation, zoos should prioritize the well-being of animals and promote ethical
relationships between humans and animals.
The article suggests that virtual zoos or alternative experiences, such as wildlife
safaris or educational programs, can provide opportunities for people to learn about
and appreciate animals without harming them. It emphasizes the importance of
rethinking the zoo experience and moving towards a more ethical and sustainable
approach.
Expanding the role of the future zoo: Well-being should become the fifth aim for
modern zoos, by Rose, P. E., & Riley, L. M., 2022. Frontiers in Psychology, 13,
1018722.
The study by Paul E. Rose and Lisa M. Riley argues for the integration of well-being
as a critical aim within the framework of modern zoos. This initiative emphasizes not
only the welfare of the animals housed in these institutions but also the psychological
and physical health of their visitors. Expanding the scope of zoo missions aims to
foster a deeper connection between people and nature, ultimately contributing to
conservation efforts and promoting sustainable behaviors.
The authors propose that the modern zoo should promote well-being as its fifth core
aim. Well-being encompasses the welfare of the animals housed in the zoo as well as
the well-being of the visitors engaging with the zoo’s mission by visiting. This
concept aims to create a holistic environment where animal welfare and human
engagement are prioritized equally, enhancing the visitor experience while ensuring
that animals thrive in captivity.
Establishing a connection with nature is important for mental health and can be
achieved through activities offered in zoos, which serve as a form of green prescribing
for urban populations seeking engagement with the natural world. Research suggests
that engaging with nature can reduce feelings of loneliness and improve overall
well-being. By fostering these interactions, zoos can facilitate a deeper understanding
of biodiversity and promote sustainable behaviors among visitors.
Researchers may be able to quantify the benefits of well-being on both visitors and
animals by using this study to better understand and explore its application within zoo
frameworks. This could include evaluating how well-being initiatives influence visitor
perceptions and behaviors related to conservation and animal welfare. This research
can provide valuable insights into how zoos can adapt to meet the evolving
expectations of society regarding animal rights and environmental stewardship.
Factors affecting botanic park visitation: the case of Saigon Zoo and Botanical
Gardens, by Sinh, N. H., 2013. Retrieved from
https://www.academia.edu/4951191/
The purpose of the study was to determine the reasons behind and the preferences of
those who visit the Saigon Zoo and Botanical Gardens. The researcher aimed to
identify the factors that influence park visitation decisions and to provide valuable
insights for park management and marketing strategies.
The study used a mixed-methods approach, combining group discussions and
interviews with a quantitative survey of visitors. The researcher explored visitor
behavior, demographics, information sources, motivations, and preferences for park
facilities and attractions. The findings showed that visitors to the site were primarily
caused by a desire to connect with nature, relax, and escape from their routines. The
natural beauty of the park, its educational value, and the opportunity for recreation
were key factors influencing visit decisions. The study identified the importance of
specific facilities and attractions, such as animal exhibits, botanical gardens, and
recreational areas, in attracting and retaining visitors.
The results of this study provide a basis for further research on park attendance
patterns. It is recommended that researchers conduct further investigation into certain
aspects influencing visitor experiences and determine practical ways to improve park
attraction.
High-resolution measurement and analysis of visitor experiences in time and
space: The case of Aalborg Zoo in Denmark, by Birenboim, A., Reinau, K. H.,
Shoval, N., & Harder, H., 2015. The Professional Geographer, 67(4), 620-629.
The study by Birenboim, Reinau, Shoval, and Harder, focuses on the innovative
methods used to measure and analyze visitor experiences within the space of the
Aalborg Zoo. This research employs high-resolution techniques to gather detailed
data on how visitors interact with the zoo environment over time and space.
The primary objective of the research is to utilize advanced data collection methods to
capture the subjective experiences of zoo visitors. Applying the experience sampling
method, the authors aimed to gain insights into the distribution and nature of these
experiences within the zoo setting. The researchers employed the experience sampling
method, which allows for real-time data collection on visitors’ feelings and behaviors
as they navigate through the zoo. This method facilitates capturing a wide array of
subjective experiences that can help identify patterns and trends related to visitor
engagement and satisfaction.
The findings of the study reveal significant insights into how visitors experience
different areas of the zoo across various time intervals. Analyzing the collected data,
the authors could assess factors that influence visitor satisfaction and engagement
during their visit to Aalborg Zoo. The study highlights the importance of geographic
analysis in understanding visitor experiences in leisure and tourism contexts. This
research contributes to the broader field of visitor studies and provides valuable
methodologies that can be adopted in other settings to enhance the understanding of
visitor experiences in time and space.
How Do Visitors from Different Cultural Backgrounds Perceive the Messages
Conveyed to Them by Their Local Zoo? by Tishler, Ben Zvi Assaraf, and Fried
(2020). Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/58556062/
The study by Tishler, Ben Zvi Assaraf, and Fried analyzed how visitors from different
cultural backgrounds perceive the messages conveyed by the Tisch Family Zoological
Gardens in Jerusalem. It aimed to understand how visitors interpret the zoo's intended
messages and the factors that influence their perceptions. The researcher’s method
uses a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods. Involved a survey of the
visitors, including both Jewish and Arab-Palestinian participants. The questionnaire
asked visitors about their background, experiences at the zoo, and their understanding
of the zoo's messages.
The findings showed that while both Jewish and Arab visitors perceived the zoo as an
educational institution, they differed in their preferred animals and the messages they
associated with their preferred animals. Jewish visitors were more likely to focus on
apes and associate them with cognitive themes, while Arab visitors preferred grazers
and emphasized affective and social themes.
The study highlights the relevance of cultural diversity when creating zoo displays
and educational activities. Zoos could enhance their interaction strategies by learning
how various cultural groups perceive correspondence. The study emphasizes the
importance of a clear understanding of animal behavior and well-being to clear up
cultural misconceptions and develop a better understanding of animal well-being.
Manila Zoological & Botanical Garden: An assessment of Facilities and services,
by Huang Yahui, E. H., 2015. Retrieved from
https://www.academia.edu/11423362/
The study conducted by a group of students from the Institute of Tourism and Hotel
Management at Far Eastern University in Manila, Philippines, aimed to evaluate the
current state of Manila Zoo and identify areas for improvement. The researchers
aimed to understand the factors influencing visitor interest, consider the quality of
facilities and services, and gather feedback from visitors, staff, and administrators.
To achieve the study’s objectives, the researchers used a questionnaire survey to
collect data from the zoo visitors, staff, and administrators. The survey contains
demographic information, visitor preferences, facility assessments, and service
evaluations. Through this data collection method, the researchers were able to gain
insights into the perceptions and experiences of different people within the zoo
community.
The findings of the study revealed that while Manila Zoo offered a variety of
attractions, there were significant areas where improvements were needed. Visitors
expressed concerns about the maintenance of facilities, safety measures, and the
overall attractiveness of the zoo. Staff and administrators identified challenges in
providing high-quality services and meeting the evolving needs of visitors. The
study's recommendations included enhancing facility maintenance, improving safety
protocols, increasing the variety of animal exhibits, and investing in visitor amenities.
The societal value of the modern zoo: a commentary on how zoos can positively
impact human populations locally and globally, by Greenwell, P. J., Riley, L. M.,
Lemos de Figueiredo, R., Brereton, J. E., Mooney, A., & Rose, P. E., 2023.
Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens, 4(1), 53-69.
The article explores various strategies that zoos can employ to maximize their positive
impact on human populations both locally and globally. Their discussion likely covers
several strategies. It says that zoos can develop comprehensive educational programs
aimed at various age groups, focusing on wildlife conservation, ecological literacy,
and the ethical treatment of animals. Offering interactive exhibits, educational
workshops, and school partnerships, zoos can increase public awareness and foster a
conservation mindset.
Through the planning of outreach initiatives, neighborhood gatherings, and
collaborations with nearby institutions and associations, zoos can also deepen their
connections with their local communities. Zoos may spread awareness of
conservation issues, assist regional environmental projects, and encourage a sense of
shared responsibility for animals by interacting with a variety of groups.
The findings of this study may add to a more sophisticated understanding of how zoos
improve human welfare and support sustainable practices globally. This analysis lays
the foundation for more research on how zoos affect society.
Visitors experiences in different zoo exhibits, by Yilmaz, S., Duzenli, T., &
Cigdem, A., 2023. Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/97436139/
The study by Yilmaz, Duzenli, and Cigdem from Karadeniz Technical University,
Turkey, investigated the relationship between zoo design, visitor experience, and
animal welfare. The researchers aimed to understand how different exhibit methods
affect visitor perceptions and the fulfillment of their zoo visit goals.
The study employed a mixed-method approach. Researchers first identified three zoos
in Turkey with varying exhibit typologies: 1st generation (cages and small areas), 2nd
generation (wider enclosures with panoramic views), and 3rd generation (naturalistic
habitats with minimal barriers). Then the researcher proceeded to a questionnaire that
was given to 450 visitors (150 from each zoo) to assess their zoo visit goals, level of
achievement, appreciation, and perceptions of the exhibit areas.
The study revealed that while education remained the primary reason for visiting zoos
across all exhibit types, visitors in the 3rd generation zoo with naturalistic enclosures
reported a higher level of achievement and appreciation compared to the other zoos.
The visitors in the 3rd Generation Zoo described the exhibit areas using more positive
adjectives like natural and wide. In contrast, visitors in the 1st Generation Zoo used
terms like unnatural and bounded to describe their experience.
The study emphasizes the importance of landscape design in zoos. Naturalistic
enclosures not only enhance animal welfare by providing a more stimulating
environment but also contribute to a more positive and educational visitor experience.
This study could help with current research to further investigate the impact of
different exhibit types and designs on visitor experiences, educational outcomes, and
conservation efforts. Understanding these dynamics can lead to enhanced strategies
that improve visitor engagement and promote a deeper awareness of wildlife
conservation among the public.
Zoo tourism: Biodiversity conservation through tourism, by Catibog-Sinha, C.,
2008. Journal of ecotourism, 7(2-3), 160-178.
The article explores the concept of using zoos as a means of promoting biodiversity
conservation. The book delves into how zoos, traditionally seen as places for
entertainment and education, can also play a significant role in preserving endangered
species and their habitats.
The article also covers various strategies that zoos can employ to enhance their
conservation efforts, such as engaging visitors in educational programs about wildlife
and ecosystems, supporting breeding programs for endangered species, and
participating in habitat restoration projects. The article also examines the potential
benefits and challenges of zoo tourism, including the ethical considerations of keeping
animals in captivity and the impact of tourism on conservation goals. It highlights the
potential for zoos to contribute positively to biodiversity conservation while also
offering insights into how tourism can be aligned with conservation objectives.
This research could help the researchers to further understand and evaluate the
effectiveness of zoos as both tourism attractions and conservation entities.
Understanding their role in promoting sustainable practices will be vital for the future
of zoo tourism and biodiversity conservation.
SYNTHESIS
The various studies explored zoo design, visitor experience, and animal welfare. The
researchers for their articles show a shift toward zoos prioritizing both animal
well-being and visitor engagement. Landscape architecture plays an important role in
creating naturalistic enclosures that benefit animals and enhance visitor experiences.
Their studies highlight the connection between habitat design and positive visitor
perceptions. As their research showed, creating engaging exhibits requires a thorough
understanding of visitor experiences. It emphasizes the importance of fostering
meaningful interactions between visitors and animals, which can be achieved through
well-designed environments.
These studies employed a variety of methodologies, including literature reviews,
surveys, interviews, and on-site observation, demonstrating the value of a different
approach to understanding visitor experiences. Overall, this research's valuable
insights and methodologies for the ongoing study demonstrate the effectiveness of
landscape design and visitor interaction in enhancing zoo experiences for both visitors
and animals.
