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Scientific Basis for the Innovative Uses of Henna (Lawsonia inermis L.)
mentioned by Unani Scholars in different ailments

Article in Journal of Complementary and Alternative Medical Research · May 2021

DOI: 10.9734/JOCAMR/2021/v14i130234

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 Journal of Complementary and Alternative Medical
Research

14(1): 1-21, 2021; Article no.JOCAMR.67308

ISSN: 2456-6276

Scientific Basis for the Innovative Uses of Henna

(Lawsonia inermis L.) mentioned by
Unani Scholars in different ailments
Jamal Akhtar1*, Fouzia Bashir1 and Salma Bi2
1
Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine, New Delhi, India.
2
Jamia Tibbiya Deoband- Saharanpur, India.

Authors’ contributions

This work was carried out in collaboration among all authors. All authors read and approved the final
manuscript.

Article Information

DOI: 10.9734/JOCAMR/2021/v14i130234
Editor(s):
(1) Dr. Francisco Cruz-Sosa, Metropolitan Autonomous University, México.
Reviewers:
(1) Fathi Mohamed Sherif, University of Tripoli, Libya.
(2) Tahir Abdela, Ethiopian Biodiversity Institute, Ethiopia.
Complete Peer review History: http://www.sdiarticle4.com/review-history/67308

Received 22 February 2021

Review Article Accepted 27 April 2021
Published 03 May 2021

ABSTRACT

The Unani Medicine is a comprehensive medical system, which meticulously deals with the various
states of health and disease. It provides promotive, preventive, curative and rehabilitative
healthcare. The fundamentals, diagnosis and treatment modalities of the system are based on
scientific principles and holistic concepts of health and healing. The history of Unani Medicine is
traced back to ancient Egypt and Babylon, but Hippocrates (460–370 BC) is the father of Unani
Medicine who set the ground for Medicine to develop it as a systematic science. Other scholars
like Galen (129-200 AD); Rabban Ṭabarī (775-890 AD), al Rāzī (865-925 AD) and Ibn Sīnā (980-
1037 AD) developed Unani Medicine to great heights. The system is enriched with detailed
therapeutic uses of plant, mineral and animal origin drugs. Ibn Baytār’s classical pharmacopoeia
describes 1400 medicinal plants and minerals, while the largest Indian compendium by
Muḥammad Najm al Ghanī published in 1930, describes 2500 natural products. Unani scholars
retain its traditional strength successfully and also benefitting from contemporary scientific
development over the years. The system fully appropriated the paradigm of validation of existing
knowledge on modern scientific parameters as well as new action of existing drugs was also
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

*Corresponding author: E-mail: jamal7862@yahoo.co.in;

 Akhtar et al.; JOCAMR, 14(1): 1-21, 2021; Article no.JOCAMR.67308

discovered. Henna (Lawsonia inermis L.) is a commonly used medicinal plant of Unani Medicine
which has Blood Purifier, Abortifacient, Analgesic, Astringent, Brain Tonic, Diuretic properties and
used in the treatment of different diseases, e.g. Jarb-o-Hikka (Scabies), Juzaam (Leprosy), Bars
(Leukoderma), Iltehaab-e-Mafasil (Arthritis), Dunbal (Boils) and Zarba-o-Saqta (bruises), Su'aal
(Bronchitis), Harq-o-Salq (Burn and Scald), Humrah Dimaaghia (Erysipelas), Hasbah (Measles)
and Judree (Small Pox) and Suda’ (Headache). This paper is a view to present a snapshot of the
scientific aspects and the relevance of Henna (Lawsonia inermis L.) mentioned by Unani
Physicians in the contemporary and emerging health scenario.

Keywords: Henna; medicinal uses; antifungal activity; antipyretic; anti-inflammatory.

1. INTRODUCTION (tapering to a long point), and have

depressed veins on the dorsal surface. The
The Unani System of Medicine has history which flowers have four sepals and a 2 mm calyx tube,
is traced back to ancient Egypt and Babylon. with 3 mm spread lobes. Petals are ovate, with
Egyptian physicians e.g. Imhotep (2800 BC) and white or red stamens that are
Amenhotep (1550 BC) had adopted the use of found in pairs on the rim of the calyx tube. The
medicinal plants for different ailments. plant has 5 mm long, and erect ovary.
Babylonians, who used urine sample as a The fruits are small, brownish capsules, 4–8 mm
diagnostic tool, also occupied an important place (0.16–0.31 in) in diameter, with
in the history of Unani Medicine. During the 32–49 seeds per fruit, and open irregularly into
period of Asclepius (1200 BC), the Greeks four splits [2,3]
worked and developed different art of medicine
which was based on medical knowledge of The leaves of the plant are very popular as
Egyptians and Babylonians. Hippocrates (460– natural dye to colour hands, fingers, nails and
370 BC) was the dominating figure of the hair. Lawsone is the main constituent of the plant
classical period of Greek medical history who set which act as dye molecule. Petioles of the plant
the ground for Medicine to develop it as a shows maximum concentration (0.5-1.5 %) of
systematic science. Other scholars like Galen Lawsone.
(129-200 AD); Rabban Ṭabarī (775-890 AD), al
Rāzī (865-925 AD) and Ibn Sīnā (980-1037 AD) 1.1 Pharmacological Actions
developed Unani Medicine to great heights. The
system was introduced in India during the eighth According to Unani literature, Henna possesses
century AD. The system is enriched with detailed different temperament. According to Ibn Sina,
0 0
therapeutic uses of plant, mineral and animal Henna has Cold 1 and Dry 2 temperament.
origin drugs. Ibn Baytār’s classical Some physicians say that its flower have only
0
pharmacopoeia describes 1400 medicinal plants Dry 2 temperament. Baghdadi says that the
and minerals, while the largest Indian whole plant has Cold 10 temperament. According
compendium by Muḥammad Najm al Ghanī to Ibn Zuhar, if there is any deformity in nails,
published in 1930, describes 2500 natural application of paste of henna leaves mixed with
products. Unani scholars retain its traditional butter is beneficial. He also mentioned that
strength successfully and also benefitting from henna oil mixed with olive oil and Tar is very
contemporary scientific development over the helpful in Alopecia. Leaves of Henna helps in
years. The system fully appropriated the wound healing. Paste of leaves mixed with white
paradigm of validation of existing knowledge on vinegar decreases headache [4-8].
modern scientific parameters as well as new
action of existing drugs were also discovered [1] Various actions of the plant mentioned in Unani
classical text are presented Table 1.
Henna (Lawsonia inermis L.) commonly known
as Mehendi is a used Unani medicinal plant. It is 1.2 Therapeutic Uses of Henna
a shrub or small tree standing 1.8 to 7.6 m tall.
The plant is usually glabrous and multi-branched, Henna (Lawsonia inermis L.) have a number of
with spine-tipped branchlets whereas the leaves therapeutic uses. Some of them described in
grow opposite each other on the stem. They are Unani classical books have been listed Table 2.
sub-sessile, elliptical, and lanceolate acuminate

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Table 1. Pharmacological Actions of Lawsonia inermis. L.

S. Pharmacological English Description of recommendations References

No. Actions ( Unani terminology
Literature )
1. Musaffi-e-Dam Blood purifier Joshanda (decoction) of leaves is [9,10]
used orally for 15 days.
2. Musqit-e- Janeen Abortifacient Khaisanda (Decanted water) of [11-13]
leaves of Henna act as
abortifacient if taken for 10 days.
3. Musakkin-e-Alam Analgesic Joshanda (decoction) of Henna [14]
flowers can be used orally.
Fomentation of affected area with
decoction two times a day is
beneficial.
4. Mohallil-e-Warm Resolvent Zimad (Paste) of the fresh leaves to [9,15,16]
be used on the affected area.
5. Daf’e Humma Antipyretic Paste of freshly ground leaves [8,16]
applied on forehead to combat
fever.
6. Muqawwi-e-Bah Aphrodisiac Khaisanda (Decanted water) of [14,15]
Henna leaves acts as aphrodisiac.
7. A'fis Astringent It is applied locally as cream that [5,14]
causes the skin or other tissue to
tighten.
8. Muqawwi-e- Brain tonic Powder of henna flowers mixed [6,14, 17, 11]
Dimagh with honey acts as brain tonic.
9. Mujaffif e Qarha Desiccant Paste of leaves is applied on the [14, 18, 8]
wounds for healing and gargles
with decoction of leaves helps in
relieving mouth ulcers.
10. Mudirr-e-Bawl Diuretic Decoction of Henna leaves is taken [14, 8, 16, 10]
orally for difficulty in passing urine.
11. Munaffis-e- Expectorant Decoction of fresh leaves is taken [8,13]
Balgham orally to expel out sputum.
12. Mudirr-e-Tams Emmenogogue Joshanda (decoction) of Henna [8,13]
leaves is taken orally in cases of
Amenorrhoea and Aabzan (Sitz
Bath) with Joshanda (decoction) is
helpful in uterine diseases.

Table 2. Therapeutic uses of Lawsonia inermis L.

S. Therapeutic Uses English Method of application References

No. ( Unani Literature ) Equivalent recommended
1. Jarb-o-Hikka Scabies Applied locally as paste [12,8,10 ]
2. Juzaam Leprosy Applied locally as paste [5,6,9,11,14,16,10]
3. Bars Leukoderma Applied locally as paste [12,19,8]
4. Iltehaab-e-Mafasil Arthritis Fomentation with [4,9,12,14,15]
decoction
5. Dunbal wa Zarba-o- Boils and Applied locally as paste [4,5,12,8]
Saqta Bruises and as Joshanda
(decoction)
6. Su'aal Cough To be taken as Joshanda [5,9,17,8]
(decoction)
7. Harq-o-Salq Burn and Scald Applied locally as paste [4,5]
8. Usr-e- Bawl Dysuria To be taken as Joshanda [12,14]

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 Akhtar et al.; JOCAMR, 14(1): 1-21, 2021; Article no.JOCAMR.67308

S. Therapeutic Uses English Method of application References

No. ( Unani Literature ) Equivalent recommended
(decoction)
9. Humrah Dimaghia Erysipelas Applied locally as paste [5,11]
10. Kasrat-e-Lu’ab-e-Dehan Excessive Gargles with decoction [5]
salivation
11. Inteshaar-e-Shar Falling of Hairs Topical application of Oil [9]
12. Suda’ Headache Applied locally as paste [4,5,9,12,8,13]
13. Waja’-ul-Warik Hip Pain Fomentation with [4,5,9,8]
decoction
14. Amraz-e-Kabid Liver Diseases To be taken as Joshanda [12,14,16,10]
(decoction)
15. Amraz-e-Jild Skin Diseases Applied locally as paste [16,20]
16. Hasbah wa Judree Measles and Applied locally as paste [5,9]
Small Pox
17. Amraz-e-Azfaar Nails diseases Applied locally as paste [5,9,12]
18. Izam-e-Tehaal Splenomegaly To be taken as Joshanda [12,14,8]
(decoction)
19. Qulaa’-e-Dehan Stomatitis Gargles with decoction [5,6,9,12,14,8,10]
20. Khashoonat- e- Halaq Sore Throat Gargles with decoction [5,6,9,12,14]
21. Qurooh-e- Majra-e- Urinary Tract To be taken as Joshanda [9,21]
Ba’ul Ulcers (decoction)
22. Aatishak Syphilis To be taken as Joshanda [8,10]
(decoction)

2. SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR THE 2.1 Antifungal Activity

INNOVATIVE USES OF HENNA
(Lawsonia inermis L.) Unani Physicians have described the use of
Henna in the treatment of Scabies. Following
Henna is known for its versatile pharmacological antifungal studies have been conducted to
activities as antifungal, antibacterial, antiviral, support the use of Henna in fungal infections-
analgesics, anti-inflammatory, anti-ulcer, anti-
cancer etc. Here in this section some of the  The antifungal activity of Lawsonia inermis
potent pharmacological actions are discussed L. (henna) paste was determined by agar
along with new finding. diffusion method and it showed the high

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 Akhtar et al.; JOCAMR, 14(1): 1-21, 2021; Article no.JOCAMR.67308

antifungal activity against all  Aqueous extract of L. inermis L. leaves has

dermatophytes species (20 to 50 mm shown significant antifungal activity [32].
inhibition zone). [22]  The study confirms the effect of aqueous
 The effect of henna on Candida albicans and methanolic extract of henna using 25
was observed in two different methods and μl of the extracts against C. albicans and
it was observed that variation in live Microsporum [33].
Candida, between control group and group  Lawsone and six extracts of Lawsonia
B (concentration of henna powder was inermis L. plant were evaluated for the
1%), was significant. Similarly, variations in antifungal activity against filamentous
live Candida were significant, when the fungi. It was observed that the best yield
concentration of powder was 7.5% or 10% (8.03%) was obtained with the ethanol
in contrast with control group and p-values extract. The lawsone has shown potentially
were 0.0001 and 0.001 respectively.[23] interesting MICs against the strains
 Extracts of leaves of Lawsonia inermis L. Fusarium oxysporum (12 µg/mL) and
(Henna plant) revealed antifungal activity Aspergillus flavus (50 µg/mL) [34].
against all yeast strains except Pichia  Five medicinal plants, i.e. Lawsonia
fabianii . [24]. inermis, Withania somnifera, Curcuma
 The extract Lawsonia inermis L showed longa, Cymbopogon citrates and Zingiber
broad fungicidal spectrum against 13 ring officinale were screened against Candida
worm fungi [25]. albicans. These plants extracts have
 Phytochemical analyses of the leaves of shown the potential to control growth of
Lawsonia inermis L. has shown the Candida albicans [35].
presence of anthraquinones as major  The antifungal effect of Lawsonia inermis
constituents of these leaves and these L. was compared with clotrimazole on rats.
henna leaves have antibacterial and The study showed that vaginal cream
antifungal activities.[26] prepared from Lawsonia inermis L. (henna)
 Omani henna has shown antibacterial can be used for C. albicans infections in
activity against a wide spectrum of female rats. It was also observed that 4%
bacterial strains and C. albicans [27]. henna has similar effect to clotrimazole
 Ethanol, methanol and aqueous extracts of [36]
leaves of Lawsonia inermis L. has shown
defensive mechanism against spore 2.2 Anti-Inflammatory, Analgesic and
germination of Drechslera oryzae. In Antipyretic Activity
another in-vitro study, the ethanolic, ethyl
acetate and hexane extracts of L. inermis Unani Physicians have described analgesic and
L. were tested against five strains each of anti-inflammatory properties of the plant and they
Tinea rubrum and Tinea mentagrophytes use it in the treatment of arthritis, headache and
and all these extracts have shown Hip joint pain. Following studies support the use
significant antidermatophytic properties of Henna in the aforesaid diseases-
[28]
 The extract of L. inermis L. showed broad  Methanol extract of Lawsonia inermis.
fungitoxic spectrum when tested against flowers has shown anti-inflammatory
Microsporum gypseum and Trichophyton activity against 5-Lipoxygenase
mentagrophytes and13 other (IC50=49.33mg/L) which may be due to
dermatophytes [29]. high amounts of total phenolic compounds
 Lawsonia inermis L. leaves extract showed [37].
a fungicidal effect against Trichophyton  Crude ethanolic extract of L inermis (0.25-
mentagrophytes and Candida albicans 2.0 g/kg) has shown significant and dose-
[30]. dependent anti-inflammatory, analgesic,
 Dermatophytes sensitivity toward henna and antipyretic activity in rats [38].
was observed strongly in Trichophyton  The aqueous extract of L inermis leaves
mentagrophytes, T. rubrum, T. tonsurans, exhibited significant (P<0.05) anti-
T. violaceum, T. verrocosum, T. inflammatory and analgesic activity
schoenleinii, Epidermophyton floccosum, whereas alcoholic extract does not show
Microsporum ferrugineum, M. canis and such significant activity [39]
sporotrichum schenckii [31].  The ethanolic extract of L inermis has anti-
inflammatory and antioxidant potential [40].

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 Akhtar et al.; JOCAMR, 14(1): 1-21, 2021; Article no.JOCAMR.67308

 The methanolic extract of L inermis in the was found to inhibit the growth pattern of
dose of 500 mg/kg has shown higher A. niger, F. oxysporun, Streptococcus sp
analgesic activity against acetic acid- and S. aureus [44].
induced pain in mice than the standard  Aqueous extract of henna leaf showed
drug diclofenac sodium. The extract in the antibacterial activity against Bacillus
dose of 300 and 500 mg/kg has exhibited cereus, B. anthracis, Staphylococcus
sustained inhibition (54.97% and 65.56%) aureus, E. coli, Proteus vulgaris, Erwinia
of paw oedema test when compared with carotovora, X. canpestris and A.
standard indomethacin (74.17%). Besides, tumefaciens [45].
the plant extract also had significant  Ethanolic extract of Lawsonia inermis L.
(p<0.05) dose-dependent CNS depressant has shown antibacterial properties over a
activity [41] wide range of disease-causing gram
positive bacteria (Bacillus megaterium,
2.3 Antibacterial Activity Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus fusiformis,
Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus
 Aqueous, methanol and chloroform crude faecalis, Staphyloccus aureus,
leaves extract of L. inermis in different Streptococcus pneumonia,) as well as
concentrations were investigated for gram negative bacteria (Salmonella typhi,
inhibition of the growth of six human Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas
pathogenic fungi and four types of bacteria aerogenosa, Shigella flexneri,
and it was observed that the growth of all Enterobacter aerogenes, Vibrio cholera,
pathogens was inhibited to varying degree Klebsiella pneumoniae). [46]
by increasing the concentration of extract.  Antimicrobial potential of dried leaves (HL)
Aqueous extract has shown superior and processed powder (HP) of henna
activity followed by methanol and confirmed that Bacillus subtilis
chloroform [26] (ATCC6633) was the most sensitive
 Methanolic extract of Lawsonia inermis has bacteria to both HL and HP extracts with
shown antibacterial activity against S. MBC ≈ 165.8 ± 3.7 μg/ml (HP) and 454.3 ±
aureus (MTCC 087), E. coli (MTCC 729), 42 μg/ml (HL) [47]
K. pneumonia by Agar well diffusion  Henna has shown antimicrobial activity
method. [27] against four Gram negative (E coli,
 Ethanolic extracts of 20 selected plant Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella spp., Shigella
species used by Yemeni traditional healers sonnei) and three Gram positive (Bacillus
to treat infectious diseases were screened subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus,
for their antibacterial activity against both Staphylococcus epidermidis) using disc
Gram-positive and Gram-negative diffusion method [48]
bacteria, as well as for cytotoxic activity.  Aqueous extract, fractions of ethanol
The ethyl acetate extract of Lawsonia extract and fractionation residue of
inermis L. has shown the most active one Lawsonia inermis L. leaves possess
against all bacteria in the test system [42] antibacterial activities against
 Antibacterial activity of aqueous, methanol Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus vulgaris,
extracts of Yemeni henna (Lawsonia Escherichia coli, Streptococcus
inermis L.) leaves were tested against pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa,
Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pyogenes, Klebsiella
Pseudomonas aeruginosa by using Agar pneumoniae, Salmonella typhi and
diffusion and Minimum Inhibitory Shigella dysenteriae using Agar-disc
Concentration (MIC). The methanolic Diffusion method [49]
extract showed more potential antibacterial  Henna leaves extracts showed significant
activity against all the bacterial species antimicrobial activity on all the tested
than aqueous extract. The maximum microorganisms (P. aeruginosa, S. aureus,
activity was observed in methanolic extract K. pneumonia, Bacillus spp., E. coli,
against Staphylococcus aureus and Proteus spp., and Enterococcus spp. with
minimum activity was observed in aqueous the exception of aqueous extract which
extract against Escherichia coli [43]. showed the least effect on most bacterial
 Ethanolic extract of the leaves of Henna samples tested [50]
were studied for antimicrobial property  Aqueous, ethanol, methanol, ethyl acetate
using Agar well diffusion method and it and chloroform extracts of the leaves of

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Lawsonia inermis Linn. Exhibit antibacterial  Aqueous and chloroform extract obtained
activity against reference bacterial strains from leaves of L. inermis were tested
(E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, against the primary invaders of burn
Pseudomonas aeuroginosa, Proteus wounds viz Pseudomonas aeruginosa,
mirabilis, S. typhi, Vibrio cholerae, S. Staphylococcus aureus, Fusarium
aureus, Methicillin Resistant S. aureus) oxysporum Candida albicans, and
and clinical isolates (Staphylococcus Aspergillus niger by using in-vitro agar
aureus and Amp C β-lactamases incorporation and well diffusion methods.
producing Proteus mirabilis). It was noticed Extract inhibit growth pattern of all
that the plant material inhibits the growth of microbes except C. albicans. So, it is
AmpC β-lactamases producing Proteus concluded that henna may be effective in
mirabilis, which showed resistance to the management of wound infections [59].
commonly used antibiotics for different  A thermo-stable, proteinaceous protease
infections caused by uropathogens [ 51]. inhibitor (LPI) reported from Lawsonia
 Leaves of Lawsonia inermis L., showed inermis L. possess antibacterial activity
antibiotic activity against a wide variety of against Pseudomonas aeruginosa MTCC
microorganisms—pathogenic and 7926 and Staphylococcus aureus NCIM
nonpathogenic gram-positive and gram- 2079; the IC50 values of the purified LPI
negative bacteria, yeast, and fungi [52] were 11.4 µg/mL and 16.6 µg/mL
 Methanolic extract of the leaves of respectively [60]
Lawsonia inermis Linn inhibit the growth of  Leaf extract of henna (Lawsonia inermis
Gram positive; B. subtilius, S. aureus and L.) for preparation of antibacterial poly
S. epidermidis and Gram negative; E. coli, (ethylene oxide) (PEO) and poly (vinyl
S. flexneri, P. aeruginosa bacteria in a alcohol) (PVA) nanofibers via
dose dependent manner using disc electrospinning technique were
diffusion method [53] investigated. The study proves that 2.793
 Henna samples from different regions of wt.% Li in PVA and PEO based solutions
Oman demonstrated antibacterial activity showed bactericidal effects against
against a wide range of different bacterial Staphylococcus aureus and bacteriostatic
strains with the highest antibacterial action to Escherichia coli [61]
activity being demonstrated against P.  Henna has shown maximum inhibition
aeruginosa organisms [54] against Staphylococcus aureus, (15 mm)
 In case of S. aureus, maximum inhibition of and minimum (13 mm) of Candida
6 mm from methanol extract of Lawsonia albicans. The results revealed the
inermis L [55] presence of important medicinal phyto-
 The ethyl acetate extract of Lawsonia chemicals constituents, such as alkaloids,
inermis L. among the 20 plants species flavonoids, phenols, saponins, α- amino
used by Yemeni traditional healers to treat acids, reducing sugar, phlobatannins,
infectious diseases was found to be the tannins and coumarins were present in the
most active against all the bacteria in the plant [62]
test system [33,56]  Hydro-alcoholic extracts of Lawsonia
 Red henna (Lawsonia inermis L.) and inermis L. has antimicrobial activity against
black henna (Indigo tinctoria) showed A. actinomycetemcomitans [63].
variable antimicrobial activity against
tested bacteria and C. albicans. Water was 2.4 Antiviral Activity
less effective than Oil and alcoholic
extracts. Staphylococcus epidermis was Unani Physicians have used Henna in the
significantly affected with water extract of treatment of Erysipelas, Measles and Small Pox.
black henna (20±1.1) and red henna Following studies support their vision for the use
(11±0.5) [57] of the plant in viral infections despite limited
 The ethanolic extract of Lawsonia inermis knowledge about the pathology.
leaves showed excellent antimicrobial
potency and Aqueous extract  Methanolic extract of Lawsonia inermis L.
showed a low activity against the majority inhibit Sindbis virus at a minimum
of strains tested even with moderate concentration of 1.5mg/ml. [64]
concentrations of extracts (1.5 mg/mL)  At a concentration of 125 micrograms/ml,
[58] 13% (6/46) of hot-water extracts, namely

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Eugenia caryophyllus, Phyllanthus urinaria, significantly reduced the elevated levels of

Terminalia belerica, Nelumbo nucifera, Serum bilirubin, SGOT, SGPT and SALP
Psidium guajava and Lawsonia inermis when compared to the CCl4-treated group
had a relative inhibitory ratio (IR) over 50% alone. [72, 73].
for their retroviral reverse transcriptase  Lawsone isolated from the L inermis
inhibitory activity. They showed ratios of leaves significantly lowered the serum
100%, 91%, 75%, 74%, 61% and 60%, transaminases levels in the RIF-INH
respectively [65]. administered animals. The of albumin -
globulin ratio was improved and bilirubin
2.5 Hepato-protective Activity level was lowered.[ 74]
 The two doses of the leaves of methanolic
Unani Physicians have used Henna in the extract of Lawsonia inermis L. has shown
treatment of Liver Diseases. Following studies dose-dependent hepato-protective effect. It
support the usefulness of the plant as Hepato- was evident by the significant reduction in
protective. serum levels of bilirubin, AST, ALT, and
ALP and improvement in histopathological
 Ethanolic extract of Lawsonia inermis dried liver sections compared to CCl4-only
leaves and its petroleum ether, ethyl treated animals [75]
acetate, butanol and butanone fractions  The effects of ethanol extract of the leaves
significantly reduced the total bilirubin of Lawsonia inermis L. on CCl4-induced
content and aspartate aminotransferase or liver injuries were investigated.
Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Administration of extract not only protected
Transaminase (SGOT), Serum Glutamic the integrity of plasma membrane of
pyruvic Transaminase (SGPT) and Serum hepatocytes, but also increased the
Alkaline (SAL) activities, and reduced liver regenerative and reparative capacity of the
weight compared to Liver Care (LIV-52) liver, shown by the significant reductions in
used as control [66] the total bilirubin, aspartate
 Butanolic fraction (But-LI) of Lawsonia aminotransferase, serum alanine
inermis L. leaves was assessed for aminotransferase, and alkaline
antioxidant and hepato-protective activity. phosphatase. It was able to protect and
It was observed that phyto-constituents of reverse carbon tetrachloride-induced liver
Lawsonia inermis L. have potential to injury in Wistar rats [76].
effectively protect rats from the 2-AAF  Treatment with lawsone, a derivative of
induced hepatic damage in-vivo possibly Lawsonia inermis L. to the RIF-INH
by inhibition of reactive oxygen species administered animals significantly lowered
and lipid peroxidation.[67] the serum transaminases levels. The
 Alcoholic extract of L. inermis bark showed albumin - globulin ratio was improved and
hepato-protective activity against the CCl4 the level of bilirubin was lowered [77]
induced hepato-toxicity. It inhibited the
elevation in serum marker enzymes (GOT 2.6 Abortifacient Activity
and GPT), serum bilirubin, liver lipid
peroxidation and reduction in total serum Unani Physicians have described Henna as
protein, glycogen, liver glutathione, abortifacient. Following studies support the
glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-s- activity of the plant-
transferase, superoxide dismutase and
catalase activity. [68, 69]  Lawsonia inermis L. root exhibit
 Aqueous extract of L. inermis was effective abortifacient activity [78] The successive
in protecting the liver against the injury ethanolic extract of henna roots in the
induced by Paracetamol in rats. The dosage of 400mg/kg body weight showed
aqueous extract has significantly reduced promising strong abortifacient and anti-
the serum enzymes, alkaline phosphatase ovulatory activity [79]
(ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST),  Lawsonia inermis L. extract was studied on
alkaline aminotransferase (ALT), Acid abortion in pregnant BALB/c mice and it
Phosphatase (ACP), Protein and Bilirubin. was observed that abortions were more
[
70, 71] often in the experimental groups. The
 The ethanolic extracts of the leaves of the mean of the serum oestrogen level was
L. inermis in the dosage of 200 mg/kg p.o. significantly higher in the case control

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groups and the mean of progesterone level  Aqueous and ethanolic leaves extract of
was also significantly lower in the Lawsonia Inermis in the dosage of 200 and
experimental groups [80] 400 mg/kg p.o., respectively showed anti-
 Methanol extract of Lawsonia inermis L. arthritic activity, as reflected by a reduction in
roots was most effective in inducing paw oedema, paw diameter and body weight
abortion in mice, rats and guinea pig. The loss in arthritis mice models. In this study,
effect apparently was dosage dependent. diclofenac sodium in the dose of 10 mg/kg
The results of the whole animal was used as the positive control. [87]
experiments support the methanol extract
effectiveness as an abortifacient due to its 2.9 Wound Healing Properties
maternal and foetal toxic effects [81]
 It was confirmed that the use of Lawsonia Unani Physicians have mentioned that the plant
inermis L. to induce first trimester has anti-inflammatory as well as analgesic
abortions, prevent and treat postpartum activities. It is used in the treatment of Boils,
haemorrhage in traditional medicine and Bruises, Burn and Scald.
suggests that uterotonic activity involving
the beta-adrenergic pathway may be the  Lawsonia inermis L.-extracted oil for
mechanism [82] wound healing in a rat model showed the
 Methanol extract of Lawsonia inermis L. healing in the test group but not in the
was found to be most effective in inducing untreated group. It showed a full re-
abortion in dosage dependent manners in epithelialization with re-appearance of skin
experimental animals. The results showed appendages and well-organized collagen
that the methanolic extract of Lawsonia fibres without any inflammatory cells.[88]
inermis L. has an abortifacient activity  Extract of Henna leaves has remarkable
[83] effects wound healing. Histological
examination revealed that low dose and
2.7 Diuretic Activity high dose produce better wound healing in
comparison to control positive and control
 Unani Physicians have mentioned that negative.[89]
Henna has diuretic activity. Aqueous and  The topical use of the powder of Lawsonia
ethanolic extracts of Lawsonia inermis L. inermis L. with honey simultaneously
leaves in the dose of 250mg/kg and accelerates healing process of the burn
500mg/kg showed that both the extracts of wound in rabbit’s model. It has also shown
leaves have significant diuresis, however, a remarkable hair growth promoting
ethanolic extract showed more activity than activity.[90]
aqueous extract. [84]  Ethanolic extract of henna leaves and
lawsone have shown significant wound
2.8 Antiarthritic Activity healing activity on rat excision and incision
wound models. It was observed that the
 Unani Physicians have mentioned that local application of ethanolic extract of
Henna has anti-inflammatory as well as henna leaves and lawsone were more
analgesic activity and it is used in the effective than the same given through oral
treatment of Arthritis. Ethanolic extract of administration.[91]
Lawsonia Inermis Linn (EELI) was studied  Ethanol Extract of Lawsonia inermis L. in
for anti-arthritic activity against Freund ҆s the dosage of 200 mg/kg showed high rate
Complete Adjuvant (FCA) induced arthritis in of wound contraction, a decrease in the
rats. It was observed that EELI significantly period of epithelialization, high skin
reduced the paw diameter and gain in body breaking strength, a significant increase in
weight. The haematological and biochemical the granulation tissue weight and
parameters altered in the arthritic control rats hydroxyproline content. [92]
were significantly come to normal by the  Chloroform and aqueous extracts of leaves
extract treatment at the dose level of of the Lawsonia inermis plant inhibited the
200mg/kg and 400mg/kg. The radiological growth of micro-organisms involved in
and histopathological studies have shown causing burn wound infections.[93]
the significant anti-arthritic activity of EELI  Lawsonia inermis L. was experimentally
when compared to the arthritic control group. used in the management of wound healing.
[85,86] Histological studies of the tissue showed

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the increased well-organized bands of opportunistic cutaneous molds including

collagen, few inflammatory cells and more Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Fusarium. [97]
fibroblasts, however, control group showed
inflammatory cells, fibroblasts and scanty 2.10 Memory Enhancing Properties
collagen fibres. [94].
 The effect of Henna (Lawsonia inermis L.) Unani Physicians have mentioned that the plant
was evaluated for the wound healing has brain tonic activity. It is used in the treatment
property of local Arabian Horses. It has of boils, bruises, burn and scald.
shown the superiority of the henna extract
solution at 20% concentration according to  Lawsonia inermis L. ethanol (Li. Et) and
the clinical signs of the wound, i.e. chloroform (Li. Chf) extract in the dosage
swelling, bleeding, dryness, abscess of 25 mg/kg (p.o.) have improved learning
formation, epithelization and scar tissue and memory significantly. Li. Et and Li. Chf
formation. The henna extract solution in at 25 mg/kg (p.o.) showed considerable
different concentrations has shown increase in catalase (CAT), glutathione
gradually absence of wound edges (GSH), and superoxide dismutase (SOD)
swelling, no bleeding, dryness, intensive levels as compared to positive and
growth of epithelial tissue, no abscess negative control groups. [98]
formation and scar tissue since the first  Memory enhancing activity of the leaves
week of the treatment. The extract of Lawsonia inermis Linn. was
histopathological examination of the wound evaluated against scopolamine induced
has shown strong healing with thick amnesia by elevated plus maze and Y-
keratinized tissue, hyperproliferation of the maze test. The result showed the presence
epidermal layer, presence of profuse of phenolics, tannins, flavonoids and a
fibrosis and clear growth of new blood potent in-vitro free radical scavenging
vessels when compared with control group activity. These findings confirm the
[95] memory enhancing effect of Lawsonia
 Lawsonia inermis L.-extracted oil was inermis L. leaves, which may be due to
assessed for wound healing properties in a enhancement of cholinergic neuro-
rat model. It was observed that a high transmission through inhibition of AChE
content of bioactive components induced activity and by stabilizing the antioxidant
an efficient wound healing effect in in-vivo system. [99]
study. Healing was observed in the oil-  Extract of Lawsonia inermis L. (Henna)
treated group but it was present in the leaves has significant prophylactic effect
untreated group, Full re-epithelialization on neuro-degenerative disease animal
and re-appearance of skin appendages model of Alzheimer’s Disease, which
was well-organized collagen fibres without indicates the abilities to improve memory
any inflammatory cells also observed [96] and reduce neuronal cell death by inducing
 An ointment made from hydro-ethanolic Nissl bodies / Ribosome proliferation and
extract of Lawsonia inermis leaves was increasing anti-oxidant enzyme
evaluated on wound healing by gene status.[100]
expression of glucose transporter-1 (Glut-  The crude extract (CE), 50% MeOH,
1) and insulin-like growth factor I (Igf-1) in Petroleum Ether (PE) and Ethyl acetate
Wister rats. Topical use of Lawsonia (EA) fractions of the leaves of the
inermis shortened inflammatory phase, Lawsonia inermis L. were evaluated for
accelerated cellular proliferation, and their antioxidant activity and their ability to
enhanced wound contraction ratio in dose counteract amyloid-β42 (Aβ42)
dependent manner. It also improved re- aggregation. A new compound namely
vascularization, collagen deposition, and 1,2,4-trihydroxynaphthalene-2-O-β-D-
re-epithelialization rate and promoted glucopyranoside (THNG) was
intracytoplasmic carbohydrate storage [97] characterised with powerful antioxidant
 The extracted oil from Lawsonia inermis L. and anti-Aβ42 aggregation properties. This
showed antimicrobial effect on Entero- compound has a strong co-relation with the
bacter cloacae, anti-yeast effect against antioxidant and anti-Aβ42 aggregation
Candida parapsilosis and Candida sake, activities of plant leaves.[101]
and antifungal activity against three  Ethanol (Li.Et) and chloroform (Li.Chf)
extracts of Lawsonia inermis L. were

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assessed as memory-enhancing agents by Naproxen induced model, which is very

using two methods including “without close to standard [106]
inducing amnesia” and “induction of  Extract of Lawsonia inermis L. has shown
amnesia” by administration of diazepam (1 a significant gastro-protective effect in high
mg/kg, intraperitoneally. Piracetam at 400 dosage. The volume of gastric secretion
mg/kg (i.p.) was used as positive control in was decreased significantly by L. inermis
experimental animals. It was observed by (42.8%) similarly to omeprazole’s anti-
Cognitive behavioural models and secretory effect (50% of secretion
Biochemical markers of oxidative stress reduction) [107]
such as glutathione (GSH), catalase  Aqueous, ethanolic and chloroform
(CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels extracts of Lawsonia inermis L. were found
that Lawsonia inermis L. may be used as to reduce ethanol-induced ulcers by up to
memory-enhancer and antioxidant 81, 94 and 88% and cold-restraint stress-
compounds.[102] induced ulcers by up to 56%, 30% and
 Aqueous extract of three ecotypes of 56%, respectively [108]
henna (Shahdad, Roodbar and Bam) was  Ethanolic extract of Lawsonia inermis
investigated against two types of Gram leaves has shown anti-ulcer activity in
positive and Gram negative bacteria, indomethacin-induced gastric ulcers in
Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pylorus ligation rat models by reducing the
agalactiae, Bacillus cereus, ulcer index the tested dosage of 100, 200
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, and 400 mg/kg p.o [109].
Klebsiella pneumonia. The plant extract  A Randomized Clinical Trial (RCT) was
prevents the growth of bacteria in a dose carried out to determine the cooling and
dependent manner. The species of K. protecting effects of henna on the
pneumonia and B. cereus has shown prevention of decubitus ulcers in critical
higher resistant to henna aqueous extract care units. At the end of the study, one
when compared with other bacteria patient in the intervention group (2.7%
species. Aqueous extract of the leaves of male) and six patients in the control group
Shahdad ecotype had the highest (14.29% male, 2.85% female) had
antioxidant activity in comparision to other developed decubitus ulcers, this was a
ecotypes.[103] significant difference. Application of henna
as a preventive measure may be
2.11 Anti-ulcer Activity recommended for the patients at the risk of
developing decubitus ulcers [110]
Unani Physicians have mentioned that the plant
has anti-inflammatory as well as analgesic 2.12 Vitiligo
desiccation of ulcer activities and used in the
treatment of urinary tract ulcers.  Unani Physicians have mentioned that the
plant is used in the treatment of vitiligo.
 Aqueous, ethanol and chloroform extracts The methanolic and aqueous extracts of all
of Henna leaves showed a strong anti- four plants including Cassia fistula, Eclipta
ulcer activity in pylorus ligation- and alba, Plumbago zeylanica, Lawsonia
aspirin-induced rats, when compared to inermis L., and Indigofera tinctoria have
ranitidine, the positive control. In gastric shown the presence of phenols,
acid secretions, total acidity and ulcer flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, terpenoids
index were significantly reduced.[104] and steroids in the extracts. The aqueous
 Significant of the combination of Ethanolic extract of all these plants can be used in
extract of Lawsonia inermis L. and Murraya the treatment of Vitiligo as easily
koenigii seeds was evaluated for anti-ulcer accessible source of natural
activity and it was observed that antioxidants.[111]
development of gastric ulcers was
prevented in ethanol induced rats. It has 2.13 Stomatitis
also shown significant protection in
comparison to standard [105]  Unani Physicians have mentioned that the
 The test formulation comprising plant is used in the treatment of stomatitis.
Azadirachta indica & Lawsonia inermis L. The effect the extract of Lawsonia inermis
has reduced the ulcer area significantly in L. on S. mutans and L. acidophilus as

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plaque inducer and pathogenic bacterium sweating, itching, skin thinning and pain (p-
was evaluated. The study showed a high value<0.05) in the test drug group in
activity of the extract against L. acidophilus comparison to the placebo group. It was
and S. mutans. Results has also shown also observed that skin redness was
decrease in S. mutans growth with the significantly increased in the henna group
increase of Lawsonia inermis L. extract [116].
concentration. Result have also shown that
even the highest Lawsonia inermis L. 3.3 Anti-Psoriatic Activity
extract concentration does not completely
inhibit S. mutans growth but bacterial  A study was carried out to develop and
growth with 50% extract was very low. assess the potential of Nanostructured
[112] Lipid Carriers (NLCs) enriched with the
powdered extracts of the leaves of
2.14 Anti-asthmatic Activity Lawsonia inermis L. (LE) in the
management of psoriasis. The LE loaded
Unani Physicians have mentioned that the plant NLCs has shown to possess anti-lipid
is used in the treatment of cough. Methanolic peroxidation and nitric oxide scavenging
extract of aerial parts of Lawsonia inermis L. has activities, cytoto-xicity on HaCat cell lines,
shown significant antihistaminic (H1 receptor DNA fragmentation on HaCat cell lines,
antagonist) activity. It has also shown which are the biomarkers in the
antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, Broncho-dilator pathogenesis of psoriasis. The results
properties and therefore can be used in the confirm the anti-psoriatic potential of
treatment of bronchial asthma [113] Lawsonia inermis L. (LE) [117].

3. ADDITIONAL RECENT STUDIES 3.4 Dyeing Properties

3.1 Anti-cancerous Activity  The study was done to evaluate the effect
of the herbal hair dye derived from
 The effect of a naphthoquinone (5- Lawsonia inermis L. (henna). The result
hydroxy-2-methyl-1, 4-naphthoquinone) has shown a positive impact on the
namely plumbagin present in Lawsonia cuticula pattern and on the diameters of
inermis was evaluated on B16F10 murine the examined samples, after henna
melanoma cells. It was observed that application [118].
plumbagin has an anti-invasion and anti-  Henna extract-loaded micro-capsules were
metastasis effect on melanoma cancer prepared with an average particle size of
cells by acting on MAPK pathway and its 4.1 μm by excellent encapsulation
related genes. [114] efficiency (98.4%) and a negative zeta
 The study was conducted to design nano - potential (−34.4 mV). The in vitro
niosomes containing Lawsone (Law) using toxicological studies showed that the
non-ionic surfactants and cholesterol. In micro-encapsulation process significantly
vitro study has shown that using of reduced the contact toxicity of henna
niosome to encapsulating Law significantly extract towards human epidermal
increases the antitumor activity of keratinocytes as well as to the skin and
formulation in MCF-7 cell line compared to eyes [119].
Law solution (free Law). [115]  A new organic-inorganic hybrid pigment
based on a natural chromophore. Lawsone
3.2 Anti-Dermatitis Activity was selected as the active organic
compound and incorporated into
aluminum-magnesium hydroxyl-carbonate
 A randomized, double-blind, placebo-
(LH). Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA)
controlled clinical trial was conducted to
and the results of tensile break tests
assess the efficacy of a topical preparation
showed that the EN+LH / lawsone
of henna in management of contact
composite had significantly better
dermatitis in patients using lower limb
resistance to solar irradiation in
prosthetics. It was observed that there was
comparison to EN and EN with an
a significant improvement in the symptoms
unmodified carrier [120].
of contact dermatitis including skin edema,

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3.5 Phytochemical Constituents from leaf of Lawsonia inermis L. consists of

alkaloids, anthraquinones, flavonoids, phenols,
The preliminary phytochemical analysis reveals reducing sugars, saponins, steroids, tannins, and
that the aqueous and petroleum ether extracts terpenoids.

Fig. 1. Chemical structure of phyto-constituents of Lawsonia inermis L.

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Table 3. Reported pharmacologically active phyto-constituents of Lawsonia inermis L.

Pharmacological Reported constituents References

activity
Antifungal Activity 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (Lawsone) [121], [122]
Anti-Inflammatory, Lawsone, isoplumbagin, lawsaritol, fraxetin, [123], [121], [124]
Analgesic and Lawsochylin A, luteolin, apigenin, 4-hydroxy-α-
Antipyretic Activity tetralone, 2-
butoxysuccinicacidandlawsonaphthoateA
Antibacterial activity 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone, 5-hydroxy-1,4- [125]
naphthoquinone, methoxy (2-methoxy-1,4-
naphthoquinone), methyl (2-methyl-1,4-
naphthoquinone, and 5-hydroxy-2-methyl-1,4-
naphthoquinone
Antiviral Activity Luteolin [126]
Abortifacient Activity D-allose [127]

Antiarthritic Activity Lawsone [123]

Memory enhancer 2-[4-(3-hydroxypropyl)-2-methoxyphenoxy]- [128]
propane-1,3-diol (1) and quercetin 7-O-β-D-
glucopyranoside
Wound Healing NA
Properties
Anti-ulcer Activity NA
Stomatitis Lawsone [125]
Anti-asthmatic activity NA
Anti-cancerous 7,12-dimethylbenz(a) anthracene [129]
activity
Anti-Dermatitis activity NA
or
Anti-Psoriatic activity
Dyeing properties 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone [130]
Antileishmanial 2,4,6-trihydroxyacetophenone-2-O-β-D- [131]
activity glucopyranoside, lalioside, luteolin-4′-O-β-D-
glucopyranoside, apigenin-4′-O-β-D-
glucopyranoside, luteolin, and apigenin.
Immunomodulatory p-coumaric acid, 2-methoxy-3-methyl-1,4- [132]
naphthoquinone and apiin

4. CONCLUSION with vast experience have some basis.

Thousands of drugs, single as well as
It is concluded that Unani Physicians have compound/regimen have been mentioned by
mentioned different pharmacological actions of Unani physicians for different disorders, which
Henna (Lawsonia inermis L.) and used it in the may be investigated scientifically especially in
treatment of different ailments, which were the field where limited medicines are available at
studied for pharmacological actions and present. This may benefit the masses in
phytochemical constituents on modern scientific addressing the unanswered health issues.
parameters. Detailed analysis of the outcomes of
different studies gives a firm cause to COMPETING INTERESTS
recommend the use of Lawsonia inermis L. It
also indicates that actions and uses of henna Authors have declared that no competing
mentioned by ancient Unani Scholars gained interests exist.

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