Ut-s

A d s
dfue a aw et
s n e quauRG veiswttu he
OY SPat
@On other n depemdau van alsles.
we cau say hat
a funehm ot meo m o v
mdupemdant vanables ouh Coutuu s m
unervMokn m aled a oqnad
can dam ed
as

nguad
Auales Coutuubus even Determ
hwe of a
dugta disetc h hou penadic ower Raudan

1Anaoq a dugntal na
Amplutude
Ayale

'Hmpuhde o andog sinal Ampit d dotal

Can have n a Cau have gu
a olne
a Po w iwte a nd dusche eveunes
o hwe
Speu a Case c unt
Cau v e 'o' and
awe.
 )Cowhuugus tiwe Au uscnelE tie id
Amplu t u d
mlhude

Ceuhnwous hwe orua A disCvele tn e Siiual

has q qmpli tuole for eup ow for disrete
Ce unhu o hwelt) erva ot hme t)

3:)en
3 oduc ond non penoduc
Amptu Ampihds

AAA
9+Ypeats idsetf afrr Nou penods i suals
mum hwe does net reqee sdf
u cald hwe penod atter a Speufe enoe
T'dsimad othwme. heye bals
3+)= (t+T.)
Ony pattern.
) Dtr sh and Random houal
Ai hd-Can be Ranolo m i d s Cau-net
e ve pvesemkeds Jum mothemahed
g r e s eme
m ndlnodi
r buu he Cana
Orrupwc forwm slalled
duteashc md The ervessed m pobabuu she
pre mem amp -
a eaA to po e H i y
awalihde and
Nojse ina
ha speun
vequme y
 nutu
m itmale

Amp

Roanpw)hreea
s)Eveu awd e&s olp
at)
1tt)

tve- E-t) 3 A)
=

Craupl- os (-n) = losm

Costn) a -Sn G)=-hu (n)
evM ual
k3y niuuoda siqua
od "nal

6Eney nd oweySnnals
npeave
t e totd nals hne
u t e total mg
PoweY t n
Averaa and uite
fower wn
fDwer ngmaR.

e we aehh- No et tydes of a wvtfovm

ger seuow A ulied Cua)»Waveleutt elhind a

aistane buwe uwo fovti ivwmlar ues des f
ta a penodic

an elechvmah
Speudd uyus 3 oonls B s t a i e a v e t l e d by
hwe he ty
Wave dung *
 Commow tatio Sstem A GereYal ComMOUY
2seanhas vanou unehn blods. Gwowab
d protes o esraysung or Coneh -
bt
betwen too pouts o mtorwmaduou tvdage
Te eledthoic equi
a e cled
pmeis ued fo lomm uu Lahm
Lowmu wcalen uegupwenp'
pot.

9nfoah pu
Soure e auuduur 1-+t Clhaund n Thaw-
duur

CAmea
ieophove dudaor,
Demodulabu, Seealer
Ento de 'e
dao da,
ekc Audotd Noise DIA Coveder
ikuveler, Amp her
Ameuhtr
nrmatiom sourCe Cnmuwahdm sysem u
Tesponlele or Ausmuthua
o A mfurwmohiu e aRe OY
oe Jm fom of wod o u t . Tu wMessae Can
sspo,
o , audio,
audio, idit
uuehem ot monethe vdes e
vo dnce Tesue sount
SOUMt uy to
Av utte.
wwey
pu T us ducev
Taws clutey CdAViLe
a
viLe
Couvevp
forwm mesns fow
SourCe na t lac eedmcal mhmenh b
nauve.
hahveT T
Couvev
 3
mee
mevcage mto e l m a o foy e cm
plu
waw
phon Covet Ju nfor vmoh@ (souud
wae Jm to eledna na
Tanstter
unhou o
-

vo ces l u eednca
vo
wu tYs
ma sueh as modwahe
emeona a n eam pUhtan
f n ousta uwsnuum
to Cowve a ow
hena
mto sigua ish e
iao pi cai m qnd am

oddoien waùu tuneh o otaw

meduwlahem -
moduda Au wesage
mter
nposed m mmed a Sper
nou a we to fhe4neney Camer
Came
a
emun
mun pt Mu
a weyaqe
euhenne u seunt wemage
and- u er m heun
heua
Hheuah udh
gva
vmeaw
meaw
weduan
Aavels hrow he
meduam
austter e
erAbr mtormah
Theve tuo upes o
ave
chann wdhage
Poi o Poiu The pvo els-
vidu
-

wedidm for u hmal

P mal a

oigmal fou ome ransmime

ex am p po\uto onsthLy poiu
anstr poiut
Aoave
-

i
Ond wve Jney ulun, ophal
ophcal Abe
hbrt
oad Lastroennd
we
vovids a capalnu
Sevtva reu evi
eadned stahms Cau hes
Snmudat amou fr
oy aa eedanswuTY
ansuttr
 Brbad cast eawnel qeo-stahoa
Sakelite wuch CovensS a b o irod
eah Suraue
Noi se Dun lu pvotess o ta wm b
deto
and reepheM, aul wl eutenorala

Astorhom ov unuoaured igna.Noi se ma

t e r fav wrth
wt igma a
Co mUmcahm System
au povu Jm a

Can temuats o r distop * e nqnad

and woise e Super mposeo tawwitted
a

Iauitfed gna ea
pd distern bm upemds m chan ne
Aeatl
9 o chAnd
e
avge en sina diskohe-
wa. Some es lam
o channe u
o n a had
ho wn Ytpeoevs mpomlale o Tuiee
ave wtd at
distane to tetaiu
e
amputy
dstorted ignad.
u iad and ciscad
ma.
Cuw Caund ceune

peaker Repeaer
Repate vp ChEeyate Ala oiqnal na.
 Keue e u man ueh m reuev to
reprodue J wenase nqnal fro m s t e dustovkd
Yeueved
an. |u mo Lowponely o-Yeu ec
OvtdmoddaDr deLoder Ond amplifir. u
Yegvooluhen o bmnal simal iw dove
dove
danoduaho oY dteahou. Demodulai et i
Rvevse go Les ct madulahem
Owtput Avansduue r |dehnahm - 9+ Convevtp te
Yeeiee igma(eAecical) Jmto ponmal futm.
Yeqmple o udspealee couvey J t eleuma
inal Oud o SI al
Con Cep Sans uov&th Band width iuthe
cupied ovhe o eeo magwhe specm by
Ana or
w dh an furmalhom i n a tramttedl

eqA) Bandiudt(8u)=8,-4,
2oH
4 a ufevenie aetwen uper and Joue
noqueme
and width o

.Tdea h iqnal 6 i-t, i Sh

Voie
al - 3ooo- 3 o aa *o
MUSC ma
Tevi
w 6MM
 Modulahen- Modud J u pvole

Camey
ampitu, feg wme
od vane im auo danee, to he
mocudohua Cmformah emoT
Camev wave cames
wenue) irn
Au JmformauEi
om tn hgua
ranmutter t veu evev, it auly aas a
Camer mea t
traspo)
Necd o
)
modult an -

Baseoand nal sluttd om Jow trag. 4o

wieh .T ne
to i t s olirety pvo
e o Camer pohma
whem re As m modulaho
Cveaed. Ahen pve Ces
voCes
me cAD as m m
CYeas tel
)Reduuuhon dt awtewna henu
u u mum oteuvea
hu-m SDhal
L a se J yanaion o a ppely
Ao eSia ou Vem ug valu ot a
udh w viguuve
uot anole
vemuah auewna, wua
=wave lonq

So |h=
Jo 13
WMmmum aenna het- = 31
re. MIMM
wiu audewa heit 3 s
Anoduah uh uug na Amer
 3:) Avei AA XI 8qmar- AU Uu bueba
Soun gals ueu m
e nage
o u2olu1d:rt
9+ a e ta
utted thou mecudt0ttlon
uwul ege oer mols o Sa
Thettoe he Ave anae
re modudt d utevenk amer a

e . domaua
4 nurase
o
yavge o Commow cauem-|u
hen nhasJe J e vange few kHA
Sohe Caw ave o distanie oeuthe
ave
tanwtte.Tu beeause atteuuall m
re anahw So at
r.
mmu m and fna tavels
Ju attewuh p
move
tauue

Jm
-
dh hoo o
MulheluFima a pvoue
movt naly Can se amutted
oVe e s a w Lo wmu alem chaunel.

neise u ato
edue wth moduhon l e
e m y meudatiBm and Pule lode
medulah
) Eieted qower SAated hy
Auleuna
o er adaated h an Auteuna
wee A Remt dauteuna and = oaveleujs
hem q e a s o
has e and wgh waeleust}
oLnd
wer ads ated Quteua us ve lo
w Vam sh qthr avedling asut dista
So e moduake ignal.Cmodulated ijuia a s igh
 Aacnh cahe t
Awalo
Madaa,

DM ADM
ulse fCM Adaphve
Cowhwmwous Maokuhe se Modudah% Delt
wae wodudukpa Co d e Madul-
AM FM AM fom PPM
lse
Ampitde
ALo dulahn Modulalio,Modulah ftm= Puse ameltuoa medulal
PM Pulse dh modusain
rem
fulut pon h ou wedut
Ampit ModW n -
Am ptude d amer
s na vanes m popovhi9ua oUa
Called amglitude modudte modahus Sial

wod wahv Ew
9uromouhM
(n)

Cane

Ampih4,Ecr
Msutha
Spa 7
N
reg ueMy Mpddaon- 9 9uem madudabe
reeey o CAmer wave vane n aLLodaue
t u
re weme ot nodulahu i
has
heust meduou Phase d J camer n a
Camey
Vaned nna
govhmal fo Uu amokitude d medla g
Sgmol.
An udu oCame oave w
M a d {M. aoas ustau J

E
Mpdwahua
>
pnal4

CamtY
e )

UV
NO

FM
wave

aTY Lo pyeie
Pm

A CaTmer stvetci
 bY M , fm and M Camer wae c muuyoida
isna bu
nmal bul rPdke a uoog Me dulu Coamer
J
n Ju Form udae
AM w
OAMltude pulse camer JVane
n cuovdanue w ttth l pitude ol
wodul nal
T w dth e
M
pulue Lamer-A Vond
ovd ante wrt
ha.Rle wtth ol amplAHuL dmoe uiahuy
Ampthude et med ulahug
M
fohe o Camey puse is veAmtd J
OLLordanue with J amptde ot madulahg

Ew

Medwahua Sisnal

Camtr al

AM

PwM
fonho ol Camey s do neytd
 Aplihade Modalat p- AwpLihd ot Comey
LLreoute with Atu amplituade,
wave chaves m

ma
vwedulaliy ismal (hesnge tiy)
wwe pro gokaal
wt A instautaueous amelithde ot medulahna

tAn
e CAier sizma is alwas q eaker
medudain rigna t avoid istor hous

CLame mal

Uc nstantaepws
alitds od-
hase ot ismal CAmeY n a l
ealpkd Vc mayimum qupl
beeausee Am Phaast
u cAmer imal.
unmangE
.Rteelatipa o medatina inal
tina
Vm mt U - 9stautaue oul
valut ofampluhde

m masi m m vau
a n pLtule
rpitude o An wavt Cuube
Pesteel
ectemahallil -
A =
V+Vm n mt
Mo duleuti 9nde y MedulaiD 9der utt
ho eampRihde o modulated wqve.to
emhuA *e tame unve
V
VL
 behveeu o4*
modulahsu mey ies
f
Denvtidn fr Am wan- weleinow tha-
AMOave CAM
e presemted as

VAM A Snn
wt
ow e O pt Aa vate ot A
VAM Ve+ Vm i t ) sinwct
Ve+ dt
From wae we

Ce See ttal Vw
wodula th
n l s Supenmpee/
OnLamey w l )

vetNw ivdt)

AM Ve1+ VV u dt) sin wet

VAM V |1+ ilut) inuct VL

2msino+) a inAiu6= os(e)

Cost6)
V uw4+ + MV ann tmt oc

AM
VAm VVu sin t mVos (-wm)t wV tse tJt -

ww.etudate aer LSA (owey mde

ael) pe ie bau
V m - V los tOmt an V tos0c +
VAm V os wt + * Ces (
 f wu Sputmum for Am W ave

hom Am wave we CAn C a n l 6 l thL

cin wdth oAm wave. d equenay Apec huu

Conde
( L S 6 )
VC

wVL (us8)

hglitude
etu)+ve
Ctreqey)
ve -Wm)

&and width

band width 4 + 4 - (f-ium)

hou Am w nve Le
An wqve kepresetatD
mwmUm omplituL meiwMOu

t t ot ed ulah g ignal
Pperoae lbgvd
woy Va + Vn
VM

Vwn V - Vm

wax+munE VL+Vm +VL -Ym

Vvwax 4+Vmu = aVL

N
Vunax 4+Vun
unusdtaked
Vu LAmtr
-0
and w kuow th
HSO VMa VC
Vm

m V max-Vc
V
 y-wn =(V+)-v-V»)
+ h -V +Vn
Vex-V 3Vm
Vwae-Vwun
-@
Vwo NL
V-V
VL

wadaho Jnatx(w) = Vinay-V

S ttmp ot Vwa ai n VmaxtVmu u Vway+Vw
)
owt Relationb im AM
ho the equati tn
oVam we tuows hal- medulatudd qve has sawe amp.
as Ame. That meanj anelltde of camer s uucba
e itheradded or sautel but uotdosbyed
AAm wane culo Cotyuy USRad LS & au Wax).
otr t C
meaed te CAmmer.
T o t oser in menlatda wave s
PT Toad puweYY
fT. P vs+PLsB
P amer power
Welenow h fosg fowex dnvgpe
Sle beud
PLs6Poots in Lse
a
s -V
J
aR R

T
Or 1:s fe|
Modwahe ndur ter o f audlc
4
P
CYCasU as
fhuemey m
odulott Jneley jm CYeases
medulati f»
Also m e r e a g e Jm
2 r -1) 9de, mrwes l i umtomalu
Gower luset LSK)As a
reswlE sina mal is

to have ave medulation

f
to avoid
C
ww 1 overmedu

1)
Ve

Cuwel Calcui m

T 14 w

J
 u e waves
Moula o o seveva
he v , a , Vg ave medusodrg Voltaes wuc

SmAaucou umed ulotte amer

en
iduua bath ide ,V
VT
N

Vc V
MT mt mg t
1ansmu m Efhue
Ehuem

h ss t vse
PT
(1+ fc

1+wm
n
AM ave
qemeralor o J l eq uoutu Q ef tM wa

VaMNtivwt + mVu
Cos (t-un){ -

M(os wtow )t

Scaler Adde
Vn t) Analo |KaVm4).V¢4
> Ka. 4).N,eJ+ VeO
pduhue
Ka Scaina tautr or
Vet) amplitude sentivt
Camer i a a
 we lenou t h o (19
Vwt)= V Si w t ) dVeCA) =V v c t

c e oAlog mustieluev ds
kaVw t).NeE) = KaVcm u ot u wt

oe otA Ader i r t
VAm kaVt) Vc 4)* Vet)
AM
VAM Vet) 1+KaVm t) | Subshtute VeaValusp
AM N nu we u)+Ka Vm ndmt) VsARARA
V &) + Ka VL nu oLL) V» hn Ow t)
Vuu Wct) 4 Ka VVu2 t I Sin wlt)
Uim 2n A S ws
NsiuLt) + Ka VVm os(upou) t usOctuut
-

V
VAm Vciu u0 t) + Ka mvC Cos (0wn}t - **Cos tn)
M= V M

VL
Vm mVc
Anoded mulhpuer Te u
AD-(33
9t 8- Piw,u quardaw LC
a

&uadvaut mean tw
p u nhos cau have
u Pelanty
AM Demod upa o reueve u
mey sane nqua
oYasaband mad Ju ues
say J yechi he
nCowU t a o Yewmov eaemo ot emwuo pe and
Pays AhOuh LP E
Yemove uh M
Cempoe
Envalope d e r J mest populav damoedudahy
cirtt. 94 Lownstp ot dode a
halwave
Yeuhhe and RC o Pas hier
e we A
gna awformev ould and
aped t bai Ho wave keuh her tongsh
Diode and venso .
+ v e wadf d
ot Am sisna diod D ondue
aw tuwun ftow thvouh R

AM
t
Vo

C Demodkd dr

n v e ho d Joda Yevene \ncu eo

and reu- fRs wp houah R. so Owtve

Lapaior lonueuted JM Pavalle wtR ofes

a o s mdanue påh to ugh free iual

mmpedante o Camer re OL
Much u u r mpe_danue a
wodusadhfaq
Mu Capautov eAu e r o Camer fre
and eaving u om ma modwahu
na

Demsdulated hqua
Am Iave uwreut Pule hvouh
Diode
 Sod ved NaenLod s
A CAmey t lov feale and
wa
1olL 4AM
v peal a tva 1owH 3. Dettr muve Mal
Jm eey Aor Abu
med udntes wave aw aw ukaxipr
.

St sgeekruw

wdudntiD 9ndex lm) V w.

VL

lotkH Icoolooki) - lotki

XLO
2v
+

A -ve ,14K
8) 40o Wat Cammer A
TuSB

meduaked a dapth ot m8d/ wavt

Caleuo t o t power tty mod ulot d
m 8o/. OY
sol nen
o 8

S8 wat

03.) A brpad band hawutter diates 20 Kwatt dwn t u

wwdulehou peremtase u
S Mow mueh
ot Aus y lame
poer. o alusslt power^ et eae vit bads
m tS /, o's , 2okwatt

Pysse) IS( =aak

t )

2023/1/3 1-
4r)Totad auteua uwem d au Am hawswuttr SA-9
Camey semt
Se

T 4
TW autnua urem- M anwtter m iveases
I ove
uwodulted value, when viuuoidl mobulsti

M
a Ja(ur.) -lo
a Cai r A x i 6 . Caleula - iy mad uausn 9das
i
ida fe. ) Amptihda tuhndlad ivn &w V) Tot0 pow er
Asavevedto A od 60 vi) Tawii E{thuee
Vm lo trin aTySoE
V
VL:Sd

0-2 (ov 20'/,

F56 5 KH - KH|
iAptihdu t eahnde bads
0OS0 - 99So
\c8o
wt0-2
vi n:m
-Ea Atw 02:
.+.) 0.0116¥ED
X60D