LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

INTRODUCTION

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LANDSCAPING
Landscaping is a part of ornamental Horticulture Industry. Landscaping
focuses on the beautification of the outdoor terrain and to some interior
settings. Landscaping combines the principles of art with the science of
growing plants.

Landscaping involves the planting of:

 Ornamental trees
 Shrubs
 Ground Covers ( including grasses)
 Flowers ( annuals and perennials)
 Bulbs

Landscaping involves physical features or hardscapes. Hardscape

includes:
 Fences
 Drives
 Terraces
 Irrigation Systems
 Retaining Walls
 Pools
 Patios
 Walks

Landscaping also results in sculpting the soil and the natural lay of the
land. Professional landscapers must consider many factors during the
work on a landscape job.

Some factors that influence landscapes are:

 Terrain
 The climate
 The homes
 Buildings
 Other Physical Structures
 Intended Use of the property
 Clients Wants

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The Big Challenge is for the Landscaper to allow for all of the factors
listed above while developing a landscape that is both attractive and
functional. Plants in the landscape will convey:
1. Warmth
2. Protection
3. Comfort

Landscape architecture
It is the practice of creating a plan to make the best use of available space
in the most attractive way Relationships between the land, buildings,
plants, and people are considered.

Professional Designers have two main purposes in mind when designing

landscapes plans for the home or a building:
 show off the home and building to its best advantage
 Create both an attractive and useful setting for the
inhabitants

Landscape designer are trained in the art of design and the science of
growing the horticultural plants. They work primarily with residential
home designs and small commercial sites

A landscape Designer will have the following:

 Knowledge of plant ID
 Cultural Requirments of plants
 Construction practices
 Principals of Design

They will work at local nurseries, garden centers, and landscaping

companies.

Landscaping construction is the segment of landscaping that involves the

installation of materials identified in the landscape design. Construction
project can range from very small to very large in scale. The construction
of the project is performed by the contractor. There are the ones that
transfer the design from paper to the actual landscape.

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Landscape supervisior is a team chief that has responsible for the team.
They provide leadership to the team. They also assign tasks to the workers
and usually works alongside of them Team work is very important among
the workers. Working well with others provide quality work as well as
speed. The goal of the landscape maintenance program is to keep the
landscape as attractive and functional as intended in the original landscape
design.

Landscape Design & Principles

The art of developing property for its greatest use and enjoyment is
landscape design. It involves understanding the environment around the
structure and selecting plants that perform well in that environment. Good
design results in adding value to property and enhancing quality of life.
Good design requires careful thought about how plant material and
construction materials can be used to develop long-range plan.

The basic elements of landscape design are:

• Unity
• Simplicity
• Variety
• Balance
• Sequence
• Proportion
• Color
• Form
• Line of sight
• Scale or balance
• Texture

Basic principles used to choose materials:

1. Unity
 Tying the landscape and structure together.
 Gives a sense of visual flow.
 Achieved with use of different materials having the same
colors, forms, or textures.

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2. Simplicity
 Employs a limited number of plant species

3. Variety
 Focuses attention on the desirable aspects of site and
structure

4. Balance
 Balances the visual appearance of landscape
 Two types of balance
 Symmetric
Mirror image, more formal, static

 Asymmetric
Different on each side, creates more movement, more
dynamic

5. Sequence
 Directs the eye to the focal point
 Entrance, specimen plant

6. Proportion or scale
 Relates objects, plant and construction material to one
another
 Evokes emotion

Color
Color theory is often used in landscape design by dividing the color
spectrum into 4 categories:
• Primary: reds, yellows and blues.
• Secondary: greens, violets (purples) and oranges.
• Tertiary: Mixtures of the primary and secondary categories.
• Neutral: White, grays and silvers.
The spectrum is shown as a wheel, divided into slices that stand for the
colors.

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Using color theory landscapers use this wheel to choose adjacent colors in
the spectrum to provide unity.

A simple way to achieve unity is to:

 match warm colors to warm colors (red, yellow and orange)
 Cool Colors to cool colors (blue, purple and green).

Proper use of color theory can influence the mood felt in a yard.
 warm colors tend to excite the viewer colors like red are natural
for focal points
 Cool colors are more likely to relax the viewer. Colors like blue
are a logical choice for meditation gardens.

Beginning gardeners plant their favorite colors with little or no planning.

FORM
In landscape design terminology, form is the shape of a plant. Some basic
forms are

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• Upright
• oval
• columnar
• spreading
• broad spreading
• weeping

Tall plants create a vertical look, drawing the eye upward while low
spreading plants draw the eye to the horizon. Hence, individual specimen
plants should be used to break monotony and create interest.

Line of sight
The line of sight is the viewer's eye movement or flow being influenced
by the arrangement of plants and their borders. Eye movement is
unconsciously affected by the way plant groupings fit or flow together,
both on the horizontal and vertical planes. Hedges or rows of plants direct
the attention to a focal point or specific area. Meandering lines or curves
slow movement and create a natural, undisturbed feeling.

Scale and Balance

The visual relationship of the landscape components should be relative to
size. Equal sizes on both sides of the landscape gives balance.
 Symmetrical
The repeating of the elements on either side of an axis (an
imaginary central line)

 Asymmetrical
The equal size or weight on both sides of the axis, without
repeating specific elements

Texture
Texture is the touch or visual surface quality of an object, or plant. The
texture of a plant's foliage or bloom can be viewed as coarse, medium or
fine.

Mix plants with larger leaves (coarse texture) and smaller leaves (fine

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texture) to avoid monotony in a planting bed and to add visual interest.
The greater the distance the plant is, the smoother the texture appears to
be.

These five elements must be considered in designing both the hardscape

and softscape of the design.
 Hardscape – walkways, driveways, patios, walls
 Softscape - gardens, lawns, shrubs and trees.

All good pictures need a focal point. A well planned landscape is art; like
a picture, and requires a focal point. It should be remember that a
landscape is not a static picture; people will move throughout it changing
the line of sight, focal points and balance as they move.

Focal points may change as seasons change. Spring may focus on a bed of
bulbs. Summer might show off a planting of annual flowers, or a garden.
Fall and winter need evergreen trees and shrubs to maintain pleasing
design

Outdoor Rooms
Creating “Rooms” throughout the Landscape
 Provides a welcoming atmosphere
 encourages movement
 Defines special use areas
 Allows for family privacy
 Public area
“Front yard”
 Family living area
“Back yard”
 Service Area
Utilitarian space
 Private Living Area
Frequently a quiet spot located off the Master Bedroom

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Public Area
 Puts home in attractive
setting
 Identifies the point of
entry
 Provides access to the
entry

Family Living Area

 Links homes to yard for social occasions
 Usually the largest area where most activities take place
 Sun and wind orientation for maximum usage

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Service or Utility Area

 Provides the “work” area for home
 Storage shed, dog house & yard, compost pile, clothes line, RV
or boat storage
 Placed close to kitchen, laundry, gate (for trash removal) for ease

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Private Living Area

 Usually off master bedroom for adult
use
 Small area for reading coffee,
meditation, or quiet reflection and
conversation
 May include hot tub, spa, outdoor
shower
 Usually screened from rest of
landscape

Thoughtful design created for individual family’s results in:

• Greater use of entire home space
• A personalized statement of family values
• Improvement and increased home value

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Hard & Soft Landscaping
The term hard landscape is used by practitioners of landscape
architecture and garden design to describe the construction materials
which are used to improve a landscape by design. The corresponding
term soft landscape materials is used to describe plant materials.

A wide range of hard landscape materials can be used, such as brick,

gravel, rock or stone, concrete, timber, bitumen, glass, metals, etc. Hard
landscape can also describe outdoor furniture and other landscape
products.

Hard Landscaping
Hardscape
 Driveway, walks, patio, deck, walls, and fences
 Garden structures – Gazebo, frame, arch
 Garden ornaments – fountains, sculptures birdbaths, etc.
 Furniture

Typical projects include:

 Paved Areas
 Bound Aggregate Paths
 Timber, Concrete or Brick Edging
 Rock & Stone Features and Sculpture
 Pergolas & Shelters
 Ponds & Water Features
 Sand Pits & Jump Pits
 Play Equipment
 Barriers & Entry Control
 Car Parks & Playgrounds

Soft Landscaping
Softening the landscape is the job of plants, from grass to towering trees
from minimal planting schemes consisting of a single specimen to massed
planting in vast swathes of color, the options are boundless.

Plant Material

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 Height
 Spread (width)
 Deciduous or coniferous
 Form or shape (columnar, cone, round)
 Growth rate
 Growing conditions
 Sun, moisture, soil conditions
 Hardiness zone

Typical projects include:

 Tree Planting
 Turf Establishment
 Native Planting Screens
 Shrub planting
 Annual bedding displays
 Green walls
 Wildflower Meadows

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RESIDENTIAL LANDSCAPE
There are several factors to consider when choosing the landscape style
for your home:
1. Low Water Use
2. Function
3. Maintenance
4. Aesthetic Appeal
5. Backyard Wildlife Habitat

Catagories
a. Backyard Landscape Design
b. Front Yard Landscape Designs
c. Modern Landscape Design
d. Pool Landscape Designs
e. Small Landscape Designs

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ELEMENTS OF DESIGN
Elements of Design
Design Elements create moods or feeling of the Observer:

Form
Form is defined as the “structure of a work; the manner of arranging and
coordinating the elements and parts of a composition so as to produce a
coherent image”. Form is analogous to physique, anatomy, figure,
formation, format, and arrangement. The term “form” is often
interchanged with “shape” although “form” more accurately refers to the
three-dimensional expression of volume while “shape” refers to a two-
dimensional edge or outline. Shape is the silhouette of a form juxtaposed
against a contrasting background or material.

Simple Complex Organic

The term form is used in this text to mean both the defining edge and
internal area of each individual design element as well as the overall
arrangement of the design. The notion of form is not limited to the shape
of areas on the ground plane but is the totality of a design that encompasses
both fl at planes and three-dimensional volumes. Form may be simple or
complex, controlled or spontaneous, human or organic, repetitive or
variable, symmetrical or asymmetrical, and so on.

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In summary, Form is geometric shape or combination of shapes.

Line
Stretching a single form along one dimension or assembling several forms
next to one another in a chainlike configuration is the next level of
organization. Rather than simply being randomly heaped together as they
are in mass collection, multiple design elements are intentionally
assembled next to one another in succession.

An actual line can be, but does not necessarily have to be, delineated to
produce a linear organization. A linear organization may be straight,
angled, curved, and so forth, depending on the design context and the
desired disposition of movement along it. All linear organizations
regardless of alignment emphasize extension, directionality, and
movement. Cadence or rhythm is established when multiple elements are
spaced in a recurring pattern within the serial construct.

In summary, Line is continuity of a landscape showing flow of the

landscape.
 Straight lines
The straight line is an expression of efficiency, decisiveness, and
uninterrupted movement. All lines in the landscape capture and
direct the eye although the straight line does this most emphatically
i.e. direction change.

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 Curved lines
Relaxed movement

Texture
Texture refers to how coarse or fine the overall surface and individual
leaves of the plant feel or look. Coarse or fine materials used for different
texture. Different texture is obtained through size differences of different
elements in landscape. Some are;
 leaves
 stones
 brick
 bark

Overview
The five elements of landscape design include:
 Color
It is important to use a complementing color scheme throughout
the yard.

 Line
Linear patterns are used to direct physical movement and to draw
attention to areas in your garden.

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 Form
Form can be expressed through trees and shrubs of various shapes
and sizes which create natural patterns.

 Texture
Plants with varying textures can add to the atmosphere of your
outdoor area.

 Scale
Your outdoor design should balance the size of the buildings it
surrounds, while maintaining a comfortable environment for the
individuals who will use the area.

Principles of design
Standards by which designs can be created, measured, discussed and
evaluated.

1. Balance
Even distribution of materials on opposite sides of a central axis.
The centering element or plane is called an axis and may be a line
such as a walk or road, or it may be an elongated element like a
pool, panel of lawn, bed of plants, and so forth.

 Symmetric
Symmetry is the balanced distribution of equivalent forms and
spaces around a point, line, or plane Both sides are identical
(mirror image).

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Symmetric: Formal Balance

 Asymmetric
Visual weight on opposite sides is the same, but materials used
and their placement may vary.

Asymmetric: Informal Balance

 Proximal/Distal
Same as asymmetric with depth in the field of vision added.

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2. Focalization
Selects and positions visually strong items into landscape. Catchs
and draws viewer to key feature in landscape.
 Hardscapes
 Color movement
 Unique plant or Specimen plant

3. Simplicity
Seeks to make the viewer feel comfortable within the landscape.

4. Proportion
Concerned with size relationship between all the features of the
landscape.

5. Rhythm and Line:

When something repeats itself enough times with a standard
distance between repetitions, rhythm is established.

6. Unity
The master principle combining all other principles.

Methods of Grouping Plants

Corner Planting
Planting is placed at the corner of a landscape. One of the more natural
locations for a focal point.
 Bench
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 Specimen plant
 Hardscape

Foundation Planting
Plants lining walls or walkways to soften edges. Can be used to draw
attention to entrances or openings.

Line Planting
Creates a wall or line in the landscape. Used as screening or privacy. Helps
to create outdoor living area.

Mass Planting
A group of [plants that fill a large area or cluster in the landscape.

Accent Plant
Creates a particular beauty or interest in the landscape. Used to draw
viewer’s eye to an area, or to create an illusion that area is larger than it
appears. Accent plants should not be placed in middle of lawn area.

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QUESTIONS
1. Define the term Landscape Architecture? Explain the role of landscape
architect in your own words with illustration. [2015 Fall semester]
2. How can you justify the importance of plant which contribute in
Landscape Design and help in Ecological and Environmental
Planning? [2015 Fall semester]
3. What is your understanding of Landscape Architecture? Elaborate and
explain in your own words, with justification. Deal with definitions.
[2013 Fall semester]
4. What do you understand by Landscape Architecture? Elaborate and
explain in your own words, with elaboration. [2013 Spring semester]
5. Write short notes on:
a. Green House Effect [2013 Spring semester]
b. Hard and Soft Landscape Elements. [2015 Fall semester]
[2013 Fall semester] [2013 Spring semester]
c. Topography and Site Analysis. [2013 Fall semester]

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HISTORICAL REVIEWS

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GARDENING
Elements included in gardening are:
1. Entrance area
2. Pergola
3. Lightening
4. Fence/boundary
5. Pedestrian circulation
6. Playground for children
7. Service area
8. Sunny & shadowed area
9. Watering surface (Fountain, pool, & etc)

The history of ornamental gardening may be considered as

 An aesthetic expressions of beauty through art and nature.
 A display of taste or style in civilized life,
 An expression of an individual's or culture's philosophy,
 And sometimes as a display of private status or national pride;
in private and public landscapes.

Forest Gardening
Forest gardening, a plant-based food pro-system, is the world's oldest
form of gardening. Forest gardens originated in prehistoric times along
jungle-clad, river banks and in the wet foothills of monsoon regions.

Vitruvius, a Roman author and engineer, wrote the oldest surviving

design manual in 27 BC. Vitruvius asserted that
 firmitas (firmness, durability, strength),
 utilitas (commodity, convenience, utility) and
 venustas (delight, loveliness, beauty) were the main design
objectives,
These elements centrally important to quality landscape design.

After the emergence of the first civilizations, wealthy individuals began

to create gardens for purely aesthetic purposes. Egyptian tomb
paintings of the 16th century BC are some of the earliest physical evidence
of ornamental horticulture and landscape design.

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In Europe, gardening revived in Languedoc and the Île-de-France in the
13th century. The Italian Renaissance garden in the late 15th and early
16th century. The first public parks were built by the Spanish Crown in
the 16th century, in Europe and the Americas.

The Gardens of Versailles, became the dominant style of garden in

Europe until the middle of the 18th century. The 19th century saw a
confusion of historical revivals and Romantic cottage-inspired
gardening. The 20th century saw the influence of modernism in the
garden. A strong environmental consciousness and Sustainable design
practices, such as green roofs and rainwater harvesting, are driving new
considerations in gardening today.

Garden of versailies

The historical development of garden styles

Mesopotamian Gardens
Mesopotamia, the "land between the Rivers" Tigris and Euphrates
comprises a hilly and mountainous northern area and a flat, alluvial south.
Mesopotamia was the location of the Garden of Eden and the Hanging
Gardens of Babylon. The biblical Book of Genesis mentions the Tigris
and Euphrates as two of the four rivers bounding the Garden of Eden. No
specific place has been identified although there are many theories.
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The Hanging Gardens of Babylon

 Location: City State of Babylon (Modern Iraq)
 Built: Around 600 BC
 Function: Royal Gardens
 Destroyed: Earthquake, 2nd Century BC
 Size: Height probably 80 ft. (24m)
 Made of: Mud brick waterproofed with lead.
 Other: Some archeologists suggest that the actual location was not
in Babylon, but 350 miles to the north in the city of Nineveh.

The Hanging Gardens of Babylon are listed by classical Greek writers

as one of the Seven Wonders of the World - places to see before you die.
The excavated ruins of Babylon do not reveal any suitable evidence, which
has led some scholars to suggest that they may have been purely
legendary.

According to one legend, Nebuchadnezzar II built the Hanging Gardens

for his Median wife, Queen Amytis, because she missed the green hills
and valleys of her homeland. He also built a grand palace that came to be
known as 'The Marvel of the Mankind'.

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Hanging garden of Babylon

Hanging garden of Babylon

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GARDEN OF NEPAL
The Garden of Dreams
 Location: Kathmandu, Nepal
 Coordinates: 27°42′51″N
85°18′53″E
 Client: Ministry of Education,
Government of Nepal
 Owner: Government of Nepal
 Floor area: 6,895 m2 (74,220 sq ft)
 Architect: Kishore Narshingh

Design
 The formal and axial arrangement of the architectural features
stands in contrast to the more informal and natural planting – a
juxtaposition consistent with that of the gardens created in
England during the reign of Edward VII.
 Built in 1920, the garden was remarkably modern in its time,
comparable to other garden designs in the first quarter of the 20th
century.
 The architectural sophistication of the individual pavilions
suggests that they were inspired by pattern books, with minor local
adaptations.
 Surrounding the planting areas along the path's perimeter are
sunken flower gardens with large ponds at their center.

History
 Located across the street from the former Royal Palace at the
entrance to the Thamel tourist area.
 The Garden was made famous as the Garden of Six Seasons
created for Field Marshal Kaiser Sumsher Rana (1892–1964), in
early 1920.
 Landscape architect Kishore Narshingh, designer of Singha
Durbar and architect to Shumsher's father, the Maharaja, designed
and supervised the construction of the Garden of Dreams.

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 Within the Garden walls, there are pavilions, fountains, decorative
garden furniture, and European-inspired features such as verandas,
pergolas, balustrades, pots, and birdhouses.
 Each of the six pavilions is dedicated to one of the six seasons in
Nepal.
 After the death of Kaiser Sumsher, the garden was handed over to
the government of Nepal.
 Today, only half of the original garden remains

Renovations, 2000-2007
 After decades of neglect resulting in crumbling pavilions,
overgrown paths and loss of the subtropical flora, restorations were
undertaken between 2000 and 2007 with the support of Austrian
Development Aid (the Austrian Government) in collaboration with
the Nepal Ministry of Education.
 Implemented by Eco Himal, the renovation project has become a
model project for the sustainable development of other historic
sites.
 The garden has also been updated with the addition of modern
facilities as well.
 It provides an oasis of peace and tranquility within the urban bustle
of Kathmandu, and continues to be a tourist landmark.

LUMBINI PROJECT AREA

Kenzō Tange
 Architect
 Kenzō Tange was a Japanese
architect, and winner of the 1987
Pritzker Prize for architecture. He
was one of the most significant
architects of the 20th century,
combining traditional Japanese
styles.

The 1×3 mile Lumbini Project Area was planned out in detail based on
Buddhist symbolism of geometric shapes and the path to enlightenment.

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The entrance is placed in the north in the New Lumbini Village from
where the visitor enters the site to begin the journey from a location of
“worldly” activities. Then the visitor proceeds to the Cultural & Monastic
Zone for knowledge and spiritual purification, before reaching the Sacred
Garden (within which is the World Heritage Property) for enlightenment.

The three zones in the 1×3 mile area of the Kenzo Tange Master Plan are
connected by a canal in the central link. The remaining area outside the
Lumbini Project Area within the 5×5 mile zone is the Buffer Zone, which
protects the three zones in the 1×3 mile area.

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CLASSICAL CHINESE GARDENS
General Information
Classical Chinese garden also can be called traditional Chinese garden.
With its long history, rich cultural significance, special characteristics, and
charming artistic enchantment, it has been regarded the most important
and leading gardening system among the three gardening systems in the
world.

The Chinese consider gardens a serious art form and as with painting,
sculpture and poetry aim to attain in their design the balance, harmony,
proportion and variety that are considered essential.

The art of the Chinese garden is closely related to Chinese landscape

painting - it is not a literal imitation of a natural landscape, but the
capturing of its essence and spirit. It is a landscape painting in three
dimensions. The garden is created by the human hand, but should appear
as if created by heaven.

Now China has about 1,000 classical gardens. The most important
examples of Chinese landscape gardens are located in Beijing, Chengde
and cities south of the Yangtze River such as Suzhou and Wuxi.

History of classical Chinese garden

The art of Chinese garden has a history of more than 3,000 years. The
Records of the Historian tells that in the Shang Dynasty, there were special
places, called “You”, for the rulers to enjoy the beauty of nature. After
Emperor Qin Shihuang of the Qin Dynasty (221 BC-206 BC) unified
China, Shanglin Garden was built. It shows that the garden was called
‘yuan’. Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty followed the scale of the
Shanglin Garden to build the Taiye Pond in the Shanglin Garden.

In the Western Han Dynasty people begun to build private gardens. The
development of classical Chinese garden during the 400 years in the Han
Dynasty laid the foundation for the art of Chinese gardens. In the Tang
and Song Dynasties, the art of Chinese garden matured. Private gardens in
the Song Dynasty also developed rapidly. The private gardens were

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mainly built with streams or hills or all kinds of plants and flowers or halls
and pavilions. The Ming and Qing Dynasties were the golden age of
garden building. In the middle and the late Ming Dynasty, the artists
summed up their experience in designing gardens by writing articles about
gardens, which laid the foundation, in theory, as well as in practice.

Chinese garden culture matured as a comprehensive school of its own

during this period of time, after the practice of many preceding dynastic
periods, and rose to become one of three garden construction schools
along with Western Asia and Europe.

Characteristics
The creation of classical Chinese gardens depended on mountains, rivers,
buildings, plants, animals and even the weather. In these gardens usually
the ground is like that of a mountain area. This kind of garden layout
imitates real terrain. The hills in classical gardens provide natural
surroundings for visitors. Looking at the hills, people feel as if they live in
a mountains area and enjoy the beauty and stillness of nature.

Elements for creating the garden

Rocks
 Decorative rocks, sometimes termed Chinese scholar’s rocks, are
used both for structural and sculptural purposes.
 The sculptural Taihu rock is especially prized because it represents
wisdom and immortality, and is only procurable from Tai Lake,
just west of Suzhou.
 During the Song dynasty, they were the most expensive objects in
the empire.
 Such rocks combined with streams and pools, form the basis of a
garden's plan.
 The Chinese word for landscape, Shan shui, literally means
"mountains and waters" while a common phrase for making a
garden means "digging ponds and piling mountains".

Water
 Water is the blood of a traditional Chinese garden.

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 The most important element of a garden is water, in any form:
ponds, lakes, streams, rivers and water-falls.
 The movement of flowing water gives pulsating life to the garden’s
cliff, stones, bushes and flowers.

Plants
 Trees and flowers, especially in private gardens, are carefully
selected for the overall layout of the gardens, because of the
limited space.
 Plants and flowers reflecting the beauty of the four seasons are
planted.
 In spring, peach trees blossom; in summer, lotuses blossom; in
autumn, the maple leaves change color; and in winter, the
evergreen, bamboo and plum trees provide greenery.
 Special flowers are planted to attract bees and butterflies. These
small insets make the gardens livelier.

Structures
 Among the most important structures of garden ground are
walkways, pavilions and bridges.
 Timber frame construction plays a decisive role here.
 Pavilion-like houses have neither a harsh nor dominant effect, but
rather bend effortlessly into their general surroundings.
 More specifically, we can divide the structures in classical Chinese
gardens into the following :
 Lobby, Corridor, Parlor, Waterside Kiosk, Storied Chamber,
Bridge, Storied Pavilion, Pagoda, Kiosk, Wall.

Categories of classical Chinese garden

There are two major ways to classify Chinese gardens.
 First, they can be classified into imperial gardens and private
gardens according the ownerships of the gardens.
 Second, in terms of geographical location.

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Yuanmingyuan, located in the northwestern suburbs of Beijing

next to the Summer Palace, is a theme park with particular
historic meaning renovated on the ruins of the famous imperial
garden in the Qing Dynasty.

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JAPANESE GARDEN
The Basic Designs
The Japanese garden is not truly a singular type despite the fact that certain
rules apply to every garden. The gardens differ by setting and by use.

There are three basic styles.

1. Hill and Pond (Chisen-Kaiyu-skiki)
 The hill and pond garden is the basic style brought over from
China.
 A pond fronts a hill (or hills).
 The pond can be an actual pond or represented by raked gravel.
 This style always denotes a mountain area and usually uses
plants indigenous to the mountains.
 Stroll gardens are always hill and pond.

2. Flat Garden (Hiraniwa)

 The flat style stems from the use of open, flat spaces in front
of temples and palaces for ceremonies.
 These are often done in the karesansui style.
 This is a very Zen style (good for meditation) and is
representative of a seashore area (using the appropriate plants).
 Courtyards are always flat style gardens.

3. Tea Gardens (Rojiniwa)

 The design of the tea garden is the only time that function
overrides form.
 The Roji (dewy path) is the focus of the garden along with the
water basin and the gates.
 This is the exception to the rule.
 Plantings should be simple to the point of sparse.
 Always attempt for a rural feeling.

Garden Components
1. Rock (Ishi)
2. Water (Mizu):
3. Plantings (Shokobutsu)

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4. Ornaments (Tenkebutsu)
5. Borrowed Scenery (Shakkei)

Pool represent lakes

Rocks and boulders

representing mountains

Raked sand represent

ocean.

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PERSIAN GARDENS
The tradition and style in the design of Persian gardens, known as
Iranian gardens in Iran (Persian), has influenced the design
of gardens from Andalusia to India and beyond. All Persian gardens, from
the ancient to the high classical were developed in opposition to the cruel
and arid landscape of the Iranian Plateau.

The Taj Mahal is one of the largest Persian Garden interpretations in the
world, from the era of the Mughal Empire in India. The garden's purpose
was to provide a place for protected relaxation in a variety of
manners: spiritual, and leisurely (such as meetings with friends),
essentially a paradise on earth.

The Common Iranian word for "enclosed space" was pari-

daiza- (Avestan pairi-daēza-), a term that was adopted by Christianity to
describe the garden of Eden or Paradise on earth. The garden's
construction may be formal (with an emphasis on structure) or casual (with
an emphasis on nature), following several simple design rules. This allows
a maximization, in terms of function and emotion, of what may be done in
the garden.

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Elements of the Persian garden
Sunlight and its effects were an important factor of structural design in
Persian gardens. Textures and shapes were specifically chosen by
architects to harness the light. Iran's dry heat makes shade important in
gardens, which would be nearly unusable without it. Trees
and fencing largely feature as biotic shade; pavilions and walls are also
structurally prominent in blocking the sun. The heat also makes water
important, both in the design and maintenance of the garden.

Irrigation may be required, and may be provided via a form of

underground tunnel called a qanat, that transports water from a
local aquifer. Well-like structures then connect to the qanat, enabling the
drawing of water. The Persian style often attempts to integrate indoors
with outdoors through the connection of a surrounding garden with an
inner courtyard.

Naghsh-i Jahan square, the charbagh Royal Square (Maidan) in Isfahan,

constructed between 1598 and 1629

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The garden in the Golestan Palace of Tehran.

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INDIAN GARDENS
Mughal Gardens
Mughal gardens are a group of gardens built by the Mughals in
the Persian style of architecture. This style was heavily influenced by the
Persian gardens particularly the Charbagh structure. Significant use of
rectilinear layouts are made within the walled enclosures.

Some of the typical features include pools, fountains and canals inside the
gardens. Mughal garden layouts in general were geometrical having
divisions and subdivisions. Chahar Bagh or fourfold plan of Persian
tradition served as the bases for Mughal garden
layouts in the subcontinent.

Cypress and flowering fruit trees were generally planted along the main
axis of the gardens. In order to understand Mughal plantation their
underlying symbolism must be understood first. For the Mughals, cypress
represented eternity being an evergreen. Cypress was also a very
popular symbol in Persia where conventionally it was a symbol of
female beauty.

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The Persians also added a heavenly dimension to it. Flowering fruit trees
such as lemon, oranges, plums, white kachnars and almonds represented
renewal, a symbol of youth and life, portraying a cycle of life in the
garden.

Humayun's Tomb, Delhi, India

Design and symbolism
The numbers eight and nine were considered auspicious by the Mughals
and can be found in the number of terraces or in garden architecture such
as octagonal pools.

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ITALIAN GARDEN
Italian Renaissance garden
The Italian Renaissance garden was a new style of garden which
emerged in the late 15th century at villas in Rome and Florence, inspired
by classical ideals of order and beauty, and intended for the pleasure of
the view of the garden and the landscape beyond, for observation, and for
the enjoyment of the sights, sounds and smells of the garden itself. In the
late Renaissance, the gardens became larger, grander and more
symmetrical, and were filled with fountains, statues, grottoes, water
organs and other features designed to delight their owners and amuse and
impress visitors. The style was imitated throughout Europe, influencing
the gardens of the French Renaissance and the English garden.

Elements of a Traditional Italian Garden

1. Design
2. Promenade
3. Secret Garden and Grotto
4. Water
5. Statuary and Stoneware
6. Plants

Design
 Symmetry is paramount in Italian gardens.
 Beds, or parterres, are shaped geometrically in squares, rectangles
or triangles, eschewing the curves and sweeps common to English
borders, because many Italian gardens are on hillsides, they are
laid out on several levels, or terraces, offering places to stand and
enjoy the surrounding view as well as see the garden from above.
 Order and balance are the design goals, illustrating man’s power
over nature.

Promenade
 The promenade is a wide, usually raised, pathway flanked by
formally clipped hedges where a family or visitors may stroll to
view the garden.

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 Its purpose is both for seeing and being seen, and it provides a
stage from which the owner can survey his holdings.
 Hardscape - stone walkways, patios and walls, is a signature
element of the Italian garden, rather than expansive lawns.

Secret Garden and Grotto

 A hideaway in the garden that might contain a vine-draped pergola
or just a tucked-away bench provides an intimate getaway space.
 An Italian garden includes a grotto -- an artificial cave filled with
sculpture and furnishings where one can sip wine in a refreshingly
cool space.

Water
 The sound and cooling effects of water are essential elements of
the Italian garden, whether from bubbling fountains, pools or
cascades.
 An complex stone fountain shooting arcs of water forms the focal
point of the garden.

Statuary and Stoneware

 The garden is considered an extension of the entertainment area of
the home, so it is decorated in the same manner, with plenty of art.
 Sculptures of gods, goddesses and heroes of ancient legends are
common.
 Lemon trees, potted in stone urns, are a favorite decoration for the
patio or seating areas.

Plants
 Traditional Italian gardens have few flowers.
 The plants are mainly evergreens, manicured into geometric
hedges or topiaries.
 Italian cypress, boxwoods and junipers are some of the plants
commonly used to form living walls and define different parts of
the garden.
 Italians also like to cover stone walls with foliage vines or climbing
roses.

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FRENCH GARDEN
General
The French garden design developed after the impact of the Italian
Renaissance. The French garden style adopted many principles from the
renaissance gardens but incorporated a style of their own. The impact of
the renaissance did not hit the gardens of France until the 1600’s, soon
after the chateaus’ gardens were designed using principles that were
completely new to the region.

The main goal for this style was to make an excessive impression to all of
the guests who visited the country homes of the wealthy royals.
The French formal garden, also called the jardin à la française (literally,
"garden in the French manner" in French), is a style of garden based
on symmetry and the principle of imposing order on nature.

Elements within French gardens:

1. Concrete balustrade
2. Cast iron seating
3. Fountains
4. Pea gravel
5. Cast iron/wood planters
6. Simple elegant furniture
7. Natural stone
8. Glazed pots
9. Antiques
10. Columns
11. Trellises
12. Birdbaths

Common characteristics of a French garden:

1. The residence
There should be the number one focal point in the French
landscape style. The home is often the center point of the design
with large paths that provide axial views.

2. Geometric plan

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Virtually everything in the design is geometric and planned with
symmetry.

3. Water
Is incorporated as a number one element within the landscape.
Referred to as “reflecting pools” in circular, oval and rectangular
shapes.

4. Parterres
The intricate patterns created from hedged shrubs or planting beds
are usually designed in near proximity to the residence. These
designs are less detailed the further away they are from the house.

5. Statuary
Is a key feature as your making your way through the French
garden. During the rise of the French garden design era, Follies
were introduced as a type of statuary in the garden. A folly is a
building constructed for decoration, the point was to create these
garden ornaments that were beyond the typical garden sculpture.

6. Terraces
Are located in the landscape where the entire garden and all of its
detail can be viewed.

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ENGLISH GARDEN
Garden design is the art and process of designing and creating plans for
layout and planting of gardens and landscapes.

English gardens were an attempt to blend into the natural landscape,

growing a little on the wild side, while blending in romantic elements.
Romantic elements were introduced in the 18th Century and included
ponds or small lakes, bridges or long docks on the water, imitation ruins,
and sculptures. “Chinese” pavilions are also commonly associated with an
English garden. Each of the romantic elements in an English garden is
incorporated into the foliage to enhance the wild look of the garden.

Gravel is economical and easy to maintain.

Bark is another inexpensive, yet beautiful, flooring option.
Interlocking stone or brick pavers add an elegant charm to your English
garden design and typically blend well with modern home styles.

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QUESTIONS
1. Describe and differentiate the Japanese Garden and Chinese Garden.
Explain about Kenzo Tange Master Plan for Lumbini.
[2015 Fall semester]
2. Express your objective views on the following pronounced Landscape
Architecture in Kathmandu Valley. [2015 Fall semester]
Ghats
Dabalis
Ponds
Temple terrace
Pavements
3. Express your objective views on the following pronounced Landscape
Architecture in Kathmandu Valley. [2013 Spring semester]
Ghat
Temple Square
Ponds
Chaur.
4. Express your critical views on each of the following pronounced
Landscape elements in Kathmandu valley. [2013 Fall semester]
Ghat
Temple square
Ponds
Chaur

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CHARACTERISTICS AND USE OF PLANT MATERIALS

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CHARACTERISTICS OF PLANT
Each plant must be considered individually when selecting plants for a
composition, but the entire composition takes on greater importance than
the individual plants. For this reason, it is important to think about how
the characteristics of each plant will relate to the plant or hardscape next
to it.

Form
Form is the three-dimensional shape of a plant or a plant mass. Overall
form is more or less relevant depending on the viewing perspective. Plant
forms can be divided into three groups—trees, shrubs, and groundcover.

Tree Forms
Tree forms are often dominant in the garden because of their size. Trees
are also the most functional plants in the landscape, providing shade and
blocking views, so when choosing a tree form, consider function first.
Creating a shady area in the garden requires a round or oval tree, while a
screen usually requires a more columnar or pyramidal form, and a weeping
tree form makes a good focal point. Common tree forms include vase,
columnar, round, weeping, and pyramidal.

Shrub Forms
Shrubs have a variety of forms, so it is important to consider how shrubs
will look when massed together. Mounding and spreading shrubs look best
in a mass, while cascading and spiky forms work well for individual
specimen plants. Shrub forms include arching, irregular, cascading,
upright, spiky, rounded, mounding, and vase shaped.

Groundcover Forms
Groundcover or bedding plants tend to have the most complex forms, but
they typically look better in masses because they are often small and have
little impact as individual plants. Masses of groundcover plants usually
lose individual form and look like one plant, so it's important to consider
how plants will look as a mass. Groundcover forms include clumping,
matting, sprawling, short spikes, and spreading.

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Properties of Form
1. Forms that have high visual weight include columnar and weeping.
Round and vase shapes have medium weight. Horizontal forms,
such as spreading and sprawling, have low visual weight.
2. Tall, vertical forms draw the eye upward and add height to a space;
low, horizontal forms pull the eye along the horizon and add width
to a space.
3. Plant forms can also create and define the open spaces between the
plants.
4. Vertical forms tend to be dominant; therefore, several vertical
forms clustered together must be balanced by a greater quantity of
horizontal forms, which act as the link to tie the vertical forms
together.

Strategies for Using Form

Following are several strategies for using form effectively in the
landscape:
1. Choose the form that best fits the space where the plant will be
located. Form is also closely related to size.
2. Choose form based on the function of the plant. A tree needed for
shade should have a vase shape with a wide, spreading canopy, and
a shrub needed as a screen should have a dense, upright form.
3. Consider the form of adjacent plants. For variety, choose plants
that contrast with strikingly different forms; for example, place a
spiky form next to a soft, mounding form.
4. Repeat a few forms in the landscape to create a unified design. Too
many forms create a disorganized look that lacks cohesion.
5. Keep in mind that too many complex forms tend to look chaotic,
and too many simple forms can be boring.
6. Choose one or two strikingly different forms for contrast as a focal
point; the rest of the forms should be neutral to blend well.
7. Remember that vertical forms can block views, and low, horizontal
forms can open views.
8. Emphasize form in a simple color scheme.
9. Establish the bulk of the composition using natural plant forms,
rather than overtrimmed forms.

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10. A simple form study can be used to determine how different
combinations of forms create balance and fill spaces. Plants are
drawn in a simple outline to focus on shape and arrangement.

Texture
Texture refers to how coarse or fine the overall surface and individual
leaves of the plant feel or look (perceived visual texture). Like form, a
variety of textures provides interest and contrast in the landscape. Texture
can be found in the foliage, flowers, blades, and bark of the plant, as well
as in the plant's overall branching pattern. A plant can generally be
described as having a coarse, medium, or fine texture.

Coarse Texture
Plant characteristics that create coarse texture include thick twigs and
branches; leaves and twigs with spines or thorns; large leaves; leaves with
very irregular edges and/or bold, deep veins; variegated colors; and bold
or irregular forms. With their high contrast, coarse-textured plants attract
the eye and tend to hold it because the light and dark contrasts of the
shadows provide more interest. Each leaf of a coarse-textured plant breaks
up the outline, giving the plant a looser form. Examples of plants with
coarse texture include philodendron, agave, bromeliad, holly, palm, and
hydrangea.

Medium Texture
Medium-textured plants have foliage and branches that are neither overly
large nor small and delicate; most plants fall in this category. They are
characterized by medium-sized leaves with simple shapes and smooth
edges. The average-sized branches are not densely spaced nor widely
spaced, and the overall form is typically rounded or mounding. Medium-
textured plants act as a background to link and unify the coarse- and fine-
textured plants. Plants with medium texture include agapanthus, camellia,
euonymus, pittosporum, and viburnum.

Fine Texture
Characteristics that create fine texture include small, delicate foliage; thin,
strappy leaves (grasses); tall, thin stems; small, fragile twigs with many

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branches; narrow trunks; long stems (vines); and small, delicate flowers.
They are often described as wispy and light or with a sprawling, vining
form. Fine-textured plants can sometimes have a stronger form because
the small individual leaves are densely packed (e.g., boxwoods) to create
a solid form. Plants with a fine texture include grasses, ferns, Japanese
maples, vines, and junipers with fine needles.

Properties of Texture
Coarse textures have high visual weight, and fine textures have low visual
weight.
1. High color contrast can highlight texture contrast and make
plants appear to have coarser texture.
2. The texture of a plant can depend on its surroundings. A
medium-textured plant can look coarse when surrounded by
fine-textured plants or fine when surrounded by coarse-
textured plants.
3. Texture changes with the seasons when plants lose their foliage
or produce large fruit or flowers.
4. Texture can vary with the size of the plant, the form, and the
density of the foliage.
5. The perceived texture of plants can also change with the
distance from the plant. Plants that are coarse close up can look
fine textured from a distance.
6. Bold colors increase the contrast and make any texture appear
coarser, while muted colors can flatten texture.
7. Hardscape with a coarse texture, such as very rough rocks and
bold, large timbers, tends to make all plant material appear
more medium in texture by contrast.
8. Plant texture is less important and tends to blend if the texture
of other garden elements is more prominent.
9. Texture affects the perception of distance and scale. To make
a space feel larger, locate plants so that the fine textures are
along the outer perimeter, the medium textures are in the
middle, and the coarse textures are closest to the viewer.
10. To make a space feel smaller, place the coarse textures along
the outer perimeter and the fine textures closest to the viewer.

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Strategies for Using Texture
Following are several strategies for using texture effectively in the
landscape:
1. Mix textures for a balance of all three; coarse, medium, and fine.
2. Use all of the same texture (monotexture) if you want to emphasize
the form or color of the plants.
3. Choose one texture as the dominant texture; add just a few plants
of the other texture for specimen plants and contrast. Use the
dominant texture throughout the composition.
4. Use texture and color together to emphasize plants.

Size
Size refers to the overall height and width of the plant and its relative size
or scale when compared to other plants, structures, and spaces in the yard.
Plants are most often sized by height. Large plants are trees and shrubs
that grow 4–6 ft. or higher at mature size. Medium plants, typically shrubs,
range from 2–4 ft. in height. Small plants, typically groundcover and
bedding plants, are 2 ft. tall or shorter.

Properties of Size
1. Size can affect spatial feeling. Large plants can make a space feel
larger.
2. Large plants tend to be dominant features.
3. Plant size determines function. Trees are used for overhead shade,
shrubs for screens, and groundcover for large ground areas.
4. Size is the most effective characteristic of plants that are used to
create spatial organization in the garden.

Strategies for Using Size

Following are several strategies for using size effectively in the landscape:
1. Choose the size that best fits the location.
2. Choose the size that best fits the space.
3. Use a tall, narrow plant in a narrow space and a wide, spreading
plant in a large space. Size is closely related to form.

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4. Choose size based on the function of the plant. A tree that is needed
for shade should have a wide, spreading canopy, and a shrub that
is needed for privacy should be tall and wide.
5. Keep the plants proportional to the house, the lot, and the other
plants.
6. Interconnect and overlap plant heights, but avoid obvious layers of
low, medium, and high plants.
7. Vary the sizes of plants, particularly the height, for more
complexity and interest.
8. Give plants room to grow. Remember the mature size of the plant
and space plants for that size.
9. Leave a gap (about 2 ft.) between the house and plant material for
air circulation and maintenance. Locate foundation plants to
maintain the gap at the mature size.
10. Keep in mind that even though larger plants are typically more
expensive, they cover more area and fill in a space more quickly
than smaller plants.
11. Keep in mind that even though smaller plants tend to be less
expensive, filling a space with them requires more plants and more
time than larger plants.
12. Remember that very large plants can make a medium-sized plant
look small by comparison, and small plants will be hardly
noticeable.

Color
Color is the characteristic that most people notice first in a landscape, and
it is also the characteristic by which most people select plants. However,
designs based on color often fail because color is fleeting. Choosing a
color theme requires an understanding of the properties of color and the
basics of color theory. To learn more about choosing a color theme for the
landscape. A color theme is the overall color pattern of the entire
landscape.

Properties of Color
1. The changing conditions of outdoor light change the appearance
of color. Colors appear more saturated in summer sun and more

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subdued in winter light. Colors are also brighter in morning sun
and deeper in evening light.
2. Colors affect emotions. Some are considered warm (red, orange,
and yellow) and high energy, or cool (blue, green, and violet) and
calming and soothing.
3. Adding black or white to a color changes the value, which is the
lightness or darkness of the color.
4. Bright, pure pigments have a high intensity or saturation. Mixed
pigments have a lower saturation or intensity. Colors with weak
intensity have low visual impact, and colors with high intensity
have high visual impact.
5. Surrounding colors affect intensity. Grouping many high-intensity
colors reduces the intensity of each color because the colors
compete.

Strategies for Using Color

Following are several strategies for using color effectively in the
landscape:
1. Consider the amount of color in each plant. Some plants have
large, showy flowers or big, dramatic leaves with color. Other
plants have tiny flowers but might make up for size by having
masses of blooms.
2. Consider the length of bloom for the flowers. Annuals may bloom
all season, while perennials could vary from several months to one
or two short weeks.
3. Consider the seasonal timing of the color. Plan for a sequence of
flowering color throughout the year for year-round color.
4. Use a color theme to guide color selection. A simple theme uses
only two or three colors.
5. Use large drifts of color rather than random spots of color.
6. Use fruit, foliage, and branches as a source of color. Flowers may
give more color in the spring and summer, but fruit and foliage
often provide fall color.
7. Look for foliage with variegated stripes and mottling to add color.
8. Keep in mind that bright color makes small plants look bigger and
coarser in texture.

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9. Use the least amount of the brightest color and balance with a
larger amount of more subdued colors. For example, bright yellow
is a very intense color, so use a small amount with a larger amount
of darker purple for balance.
10. Use a neutral color to link other colors. Neutral colors are more
subdued and typically created by adding white, gray, or black.
Light pink is an example of a neutral color that links saturated red
and red-orange.

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LANDSCAPING WITH ORNAMENTAL GRASSES
Ornamental grasses are becoming an increasingly popular choice for
residential landscapes. They have numerous benefits and add a nice
decorative touch to any garden with their textured foliage and soft seed
heads. Ornamental grasses come in many varieties, be sure to pick the ones
best suited for your climate and property conditions.

Advantages
a. Low maintenance
b. Provide year-round interest
c. Many types are drought tolerant
d. Move gently in the wind
e. Fast-growing
f. Attract wildlife

Application
i. As specimen plants in perennial borders
ii. Planted in groups or masses for dramatic effect
iii. Layered in a planting bed - short grasses as edging, mid-sized as
transition and tall as backbone/structure
iv. As a screen - taller varieties, i.e. reed grass and switch grass
v. As ground cover - short mounding grasses with mulch, i.e. blue
fescue
vi. To add height and texture to a container

Cool Season vs. Warm Season Grasses

Ornamental grasses are classified by two growing periods:
1. The cool season and
2. The warm season

Cool season
Cool season grasses come to life in early spring and go dormant by the
time summer arrives.

Warm season

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Warm season grasses beginning growing during summer and will continue
until temperatures hit freezing.

Landscape designers recommend using a combination of cool and warm

season grasses to extend the interest of your garden throughout as much
of the year as possible.

Clumping Grasses vs. Running Grasses

Depending on the variety, ornamental grasses will either grow in clumps
or send out runners. Clump forming grasses, sometimes called mounding,
stay neat and tidy and are non-invasive. Running grasses send out
underground stems that can pop up throughout an area. The later can be
quite aggressive and invasive. When growing ornamental grasses
alongside other plants it is best to select clumping varieties so that they
won't take over and encroach on other plants.

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IRRIGATION SYSTEM
1. Sprinkler Irrigation system
 Applies water under pressure over the tops of plants.

2. Drip /Trickle Irrigation

 Supplies water directly to the root system of the plant.

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Rotary Sprinklers
 Have moving parts, some are pop – ups.
 Move in full circle or partial circles.
 Throw water up to 110 ft.
 Gear or impact driven.

Pop – up Sprinklers
 Sprinkler heads rise above ground when water pressure is
applied, Return to ground level when pressure is released.
 Positive retract use a spring to return nozzle to ground level.
 May be rotary sprinklers or fix spray heads.

Parts
Spray head
 Water is distributed in a set pattern over a fixed area.
 No moving parts normally.
 Propels water 14 -16 ft, before wind affects pattern.
 Most commonly use for shrubs and flower beds.

Emitters
 A device to take the place of a sprinkler head for trickle irrigation.

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Microspray
 Low volume emission device that waters the entire hydrozone and
operates similarly to conventional spray heads, but at much lower
flow rates.
 Drip irrigation uses up to 50 % less water than sprinkler systems.
 Uses 150 -200 micron mesh filter to prevent clogging.

Other irrigation compoenents

Back Flow Preventer
 Device that ensures water from irrigation system does not return
back to main water source.
 This is required in some counties if on city water.

Remote Control Valves

 Devices that open and close to allow water flow through pipes.
 Placed in the water line and controlled by an electrical contact with
the irrigation system controller.

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Controller
 The device that automatically opens/ closes the valves in the
irrigation system according to the preset program.
 Sold based on the number of valves to be controlled.
 Controllers are programable.
 Program
A set of instructions for the controller to follow: Days for watering,
water flow & length. (Some will skip days based of rain).

 Zone
Area or grouping of sprinklers, operating on a certain control
valve.

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 Cycle
One complete run of a controller through its programmed stations/
zones.

 Main Line
Main source of water in an irrigation system, has water flow or
pressure at all times.

 Lateral Line
Secondary line of an irrigation system that has water flow/ pressure
when valve is open.

Irrigation Measurements
GPM
Gallons per minute. Rate of water flow through an irrigation system,
time = 1 minute.

GPH
Gallons per hour. Rate of water flow through an irrigation system, time =
1 hour.

PSI
Pounds per square inch. Measure of force at which water moves through
the irrigation system.
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QUESTIONS
1. How can you justify the importance of plant which contribute in
Landscape Design and help in Ecological and Environmental
Planning? [2015 Fall semester]
2. What are the roles and salient features of plant materials? How do
they contribute in Landscape Design and help in Environmental
Planning. [2013 Spring semester]
3. Write on the roles and salient features of plant materials? How do
they contribute in Landscape Design and help in Environmental
Planning. [2013 Fall semester]
4. Write short notes on:
a. Ground Cover [2015 Fall semester] [2013 Fall semester]
[2013 Spring semester]
b. Ornamental Plants. [2015 Fall semester]

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LANDSCAPE DESIGN

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Introduction to Landscape Design
Landscape Designs can be used for:
 Aesthetics
 Functionality
To Insure Privacy
For Energy Efficiency
As a Source of Food
To attract wildlife
 A combination of aesthetics and functionality

Landscape Designs Use:

 Formal layouts
 Informal layouts
 Combinations of formal and informal
 Naturalistic

Formal Layouts Capitalize On:

 Straight lines
 Geometrical Shapes
 Symmetry
 Even numbers
 Repetition

Informal Layouts Use:

 Free-form Lines
 Asymmetry
 Irregular Shapes
 Odd numbers

Combinations of formal and informal

Landscape designers/landscape architects must be able to:

1. Develop a “suitable” design
 The design must be pleasing to the homeowner
 The design should fit the site
 The design should fit the homeowner’s budget

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2. Commit the design to paper/computer
Landscape designs use:
 Symbols
 Scale

Miscellaneous Information
 Most designers learn by “trial and error”
 Good design principles incorporate “looking down the road”,
visualizing what a design will look like when the vegetation is fully
grown.

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INDOOR GARDEN
A. Preparing for Your Garden
1. Decide on a style of garden
 there are two general styles of gardening:
A. container gardening, and
B. hydroponic (also called aquaponic) gardening.

 Container gardens are a good option for someone who may

want to rearrange their plants or eventually move them
outdoors.
 Container gardens can grow any type of plant, in any size.
 Hydroponic gardens are a good option for someone who is
looking to produce a lot of plants in a small amount of space.
 Typically, hydroponic gardens are used for growing
vegetables.

2. Choose the right space

 Choose an area that has lots of windows and sunlight; typically
east and west facing windows are the best.

3. Properly control the environment

 There are three general things that to be in charge of
controlling:
 air temperature,
 water frequency, and
 Soil condition.

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4. Choose your plants
 Just like a garden outside, there are a huge variety of plants that
can grow indoors including vegetables, herbs, flowers, and
decorative greens.

B. Designing a Container Garden

1. Choose your containers
 We can go with traditional pots or containers from a garden
supply store, or be unique and use old vases or plastic bottles.
 Plastic containers retain moisture the best, but terra cotta pots
are typically seen as the most attractive option.

2. Create your potting mix

 Soil from outside often contains diseases and insects that can
kill off your plant over time,
 And is rarely the proper balance of sand/clay for the ideal
porous-ness.
 1 part coir peat, 1 part vermiculite, and 2 parts compost
 Worm castings are an excellent addition to your soil mix; add
½-1 cup of worm castings to your mix prior to planting your
containers.

3. Set up your garden system

 Have to set up your control factors: your light, water system,
and temperature controls.
 Using a shelving system, it should be easy to hang fluorescent
lights.
 Heat mats should be placed underneath the locations of your
containers.

4. Maintain your plants

 When your plants become too large, you’ll need to transplant
them into larger pots
 Split them into more plants, either to keep or to give away.
 You can incorporate compost or fertilizer into the containers
every few months to help supply the plants with nutrients.

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C. Designing a Hydroponic Garden
1. Choose a hydroponic system
 a water tank is located on the bottom, and stacks of
shelves/plants are placed on top.
 The fertilized water from the tank is fed to the plants using a
pump system, and the water filters down through the plants and
excess is drained back into the original water tank.

2. Choose your location

 a hydroponic garden will thrive with the most available
sunlight.
 Choose a space near a window; in fact, if you’re using a small
garden the window may be the only necessary source of light.

3. Prepare your containers

 As with a container garden, virtually any container is
appropriate for a hydroponics system so long as it isn’t
chemically treated and allows for drainage through the
bottom.

4. Set up your system

 Put your water tank on the bottom shelf, elevated at least a
few inches above the floor.
 Then, place your plant containers on the shelves above the
tank; the container closest to the tank should be nearly
covering it completely
 There shouldn’t be much distance from the top of the tank to
the bottom of the container.
 Set up your water pump system to deliver water to the plants
on the shelves above.

5. Maintain your system

 Refill water in the tank if necessary, and adjust the position of
the lights as the plants grow.
 If you used fish in your tank, you’ll need to make sure they
are in good health and aren’t lacking food or space.

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ROCK GARDEN
Garden design is the art and process of designing and creating plans for
layout and planting of gardens and landscapes.

A rock garden is a type of garden that features extensive use of rocks or

stones, along with plants native to rocky or alpine environments.

The term ‘rock garden plant’ is used to classify a broad group of

horticultural plants that can be associated with rocks in an aesthetic and
culturally correct manner.

The usual form of a rock garden is a pile of rocks, large and small,
aesthetically arranged, and with small gaps between, where the plants will
be rooted. Some rock gardens incorporate bonsai.

Types of Rock Gardens

Rock gardens are often classified into two main categories on the basis of
the arrangement of the rocks:
 formal (architectural) and
 Informal (naturalistic).

ROCK GARDEN DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION

Things to be considered
 Site Selection
 Drainage
 Exposure
 Background
 Existing natural features
 Wall Gardens
 Construction
 Rock Selection
 Soil
 Laying the Wall
 Planting
 Planting Design
 Planting Depth

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Example
Nek Chand’s Rock garden (Chandigarh, India)
A sculpture garden in Chandigarh, India, known as Nek chand’s Rock
Garden, named after its founder, is completely built of industrial & home
waste and thrown-away items. It covers an area of forty acres (160,000
m²).

Sculptures of recycled ceramics

Water fall and path of rock garden

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Sculptures of recycled ceramics, bottles, glasses, bangles, tiles, ceramic

pots, sinks, electrical waste, broken pipes,

Sculptures of girls standing in man-made water fall

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TERRACE GARDEN
In gardening, a terrace is an element where a raised flat paved or graveled
section overlooks a view.

A terrace as an architectural term is an external, raised, open, flat area in

either a landscape (such as a park or garden), around a building, or as
a roof terrace on a flat roof.

1. Ground terraces
 Terraces are used mainly for leisure activity such as sitting,
strolling, or resting.
 Terraces may also be platforms, supported by columns, but terraces
are always open to the sky and may or may not be paved.

2. Roof terraces
 Terraces need not always stick out from a building; a flat roof area
used for social activity is also known as a terrace.
 In Venice, Italy, the rooftop terrace is the most common form of
terrace found.

Terrace garden can be

 Ornamental
 Functional
 Design with container plants

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 A source to grow herbs and vegetables
 Created as a recreational area
 A medium to prevent erosion
 An attraction to the guests

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STREET FURNITURE
Complete street
 Safe, comfortable, and convenient for travel via auto, foot, bicycle,
and transit
 Policy ensures that the entire right of way is routinely designed and
operated to enable safe access for all users
 Creates a complete network of roads
 Streets designed to fit into the context of the surrounding
neighborhood
 Combining social, economic, and environmental practices together
to create a cohesive unit.
 Low maintenance landscaping, raised medians, aesthetics

Street furniture
Street furniture is a collective term for objects and pieces of equipment
installed on streets and roads for various purposes.
It includes:
 benches,
 traffic barriers,
 post boxes,

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 phone boxes,
 streetlamps,
 traffic lights,
 traffic signs,
 bus stops,
 taxi stands,
 public lavatories,
 fountains,
 watering troughs,
 Memorials,
 public sculptures, and
 Waste receptacles.

An important consideration in the design of street furniture is how it

affects road safety.

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GARDEN FURNITURE
Garden furniture, also called patio furniture and outdoor furniture. It is
a type of furniture specifically designed for outdoor use. It is typically
made of weather-resistant materials such as aluminum which does not rust.

Types of furniture
The most commonly sold types of patio sets are made of
 plastic,
 wood,
 aluminum,
 wicker, and
 wrought iron

Wood in Furniture Construction

Wooden garden furniture can suffer through exposure to the elements and
therefore needs to be periodically treated. Teak is a commonly used
material for outdoor furniture. It naturally contains silica, which makes it
resistant to fungal decay, water as well as chemicals. It is also resistant to
fire, acid and alkalis.

Metals in Furniture Construction

 Aluminum
 Iron
 Steel

 Used for:
 Lawn chairs
 Outdoor furniture
 Modern furniture

Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Metal Furnishings

Advantages:
 Light or heavy
 Inexpensive
 Strong

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Disadvantages:
 Bends
 Dents
 Brittle
 Rusts and tarnishes

Plastic furniture
Advantages:
 Imitates other materials
 Light weight
 Durable
 Inexpensive
 Easy to clean

Wicker furniture
Wicker is woven fiber formed into a rigid material, most often used
for baskets or furniture. Wicker is often made of material of plant origin,
but plastic fibers are also used. Wicker is light yet strong, making it
suitable for furniture that will be moved often like porch and
patio furniture.

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POOLS and WATER BODIES
Shape and design
Rectangular Pools
Geometrically shaped pools are typically more formal in nature. The
straight edges of geometric pool shapes give the formal design. The
rectangle was one of the most common shapes in early pool design.

Freeform Pool
A freeform pool can take on virtually any curvilinear shape (except circles
or other rounded geometric patterns). Many times, a kidney-shaped pool
is considered free-form. It is typically designed around elements in nature
or to blend with nature.

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Kidney Shaped Pool
This kidney shaped pool is similar to a long oval with a groove on one
side. It is a popular choice because it is favorable to nearly any size of
backyard space. It also provides natural placement of a shallow end and a
deep end for swimmers.

Figure-8 Pool
Figure-8 shaped pools are great for families or those who want a pool to
work for many activities. One end of a figure-8 pool does not necessarily
have to be a mirror image in size of the other end. The figure-8 provides a
nice separation for an obvious shallow area and a separate deeper area.

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L-Shaped Pool
The L-shaped pool was a natural extension of the typical rectangular pool.
This type of pool shape is great for those who like to exercise or train by
swimming laps. It provides a smaller shallow-end area for young
swimmers.

Lazy L-Shaped Pool

The lazy-L Shaped Pool is a hybrid of the l-shaped pool. Swimmers can
still take advantage of the long area for laps. The diagonal shorter leg of
the "l" shape provides more aesthetic appeal where a natural "entrance" to
the pool occurs.

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SCULPTURE
Sculpture is created in four basic ways:
• Carving
• Modeling
• Casting
• Construction

Carving:
Subtractive process: material is removed
Mainly wood and stone (marble)

Modeling:
Additive process: material is added
Clay, wax, plaster, paper

Casting:
A mold is used to form molten bronze (or other material) into a desired
shape.
“Lost wax” method, often used for jewelry or small sculptures

Construction:
Welding, gluing, nailing materials together.

Assemblage:
Assembling found objects in unique ways.

Kinetic Sculpture:
Movable parts (wind)

Relief:
Attached to a surface

Free-standing or full-round

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Fountain
Natural or artificially conveyed flow of water. Water fountain in landscape
can provide a relaxing treat for the eyes and the ears. The simplest of
fountain designs draws both people and wildlife to the garden. It is easy
to maintain. Fountain can be grouped by design
 Traditional
 Contemporary

A structural fountain is often the focal point of a bed, and is attractive even
when no water is running. Fountains emphasizing water often are more
natural, such as waterfalls or cascades down a series of rocks.

A fountain is different from other water features such as pools, ponds, and
streams because it uses a pump to either shoot water upwards or allow it
to flow downwards into a basin. The water is usually re-circulated. The
running water preventing the build up of algae.

TYPES OF GARDEN FOUNTAINS

1. Tiered Fountain
2. Disappearing Fountain
3. Japanese Fountain
4. Wall Fountain
5. Self-Contained Fountain

1. Tiered Fountain
These tiered fountains are popular in
Mediterranean countries like Spain and Italy.
They are installed in the courtyards and plazas.
The design of a tiered fountain can be simple or
complex like carvings illustrating people,
animals, and others. Tiered fountains look great
in a traditional or classical landscape setting.
The fountain should look as if it has been in
place for years and the color of the fountain
should blend with the paving.

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2. Disappearing Fountain
This water feature is also known as a pondless fountain. The water
reservoir in this type is hidden beneath the ground. This feature looks
good when it is positioned close to a patio or path, as it adds an
attractive appearance and sound to the area. Popular styles include
millstones, ceramic pots, granite columns, and natural looking
waterfalls, among others.

3. Japanese Fountain
Japanese garden has a water fountain. It symbolizes spiritual and
physical cleansing. They are located at the entrance of a Japanese
temple or home. Japanese fountains typically have simple designs,
with the focus on the water rather than the basin. This fountain
typically appears to be in
harmony with nature, hence, it is
installed among rocks and
surrounded by evergreen plants
and ferns. In short, this fountain
is more than just an ornament or
décor. It is not necessary to have
water present in a Japanese
fountain. Many Japanese
gardens use sand, gravel, or
stones that represent water.
These gardens can also have flat
stones from the river, which are
laid together tightly, making it
look like a moving stream of
water.

4. Wall Fountain
A wall fountain looks perfect in a courtyard or a small patio as it gives
the sense of relaxation. This fountain does not take up too much space
and can be customized to fit on a particular wall. It requires a spout,
water basin, internal tubing, and a pump. It can be either freestanding
or mounted. Its styles include traditional, modern, antique or Asian. A

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freestanding wall fountain, also known as floor fountain, is usually
quite large. The basin of this fountain is placed on the ground. A wall
mounted fountain on the other hand, is integrated onto an existing wall
or built into a new wall. This fountain adds a cohesive look, which
makes it look like a part of the landscape instead of an added feature.
This natural look is quite the work of art.

5. Self-Contained Fountain
Self-contained fountains are popular because they are affordable and
can be installed quite easily. They contain all the working parts
including the plumbing and pump required to function. “Self-
contained” can also refer to fountains that have their own water
reservoir and therefore don’t need to be placed in a pond or pool. These
fountains are great for decks and patios. The installation is relatively
quick and easy and don’t require any major construction. This makes
it a simple task to move the
fountain to another location. A
self contained fountain is very
convenient. They can be
placed anywhere in the
garden, though they are often
used as a centerpiece or focal
point. They can be made from
cast stone, metal, ceramic or
fiberglass, among other
materials.

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PAVING MATERIALS
• Flagstone
• Cobble stone
• Brick
• Gravel
• Outdoor Tile

Flagstone
Flagstone is an easy material to work. It is the flat, thin nature that comes
from the splitting layers of sedimentary stone. Patios, paths, walkways,
seating areas, and walls are constructed with flagstone. It is of different
colors, shapes, and thicknesses. Red, pink, orange, brown, blue, gold and
even white are available.

Advantages
1. Flexibility
Due to each stone's unique shapes and colors; flagstone gives you
a lot of opportunities with its design.

2. Options
Flagstone can be laid as a solid surface by being integrated with
concrete or the stones can be laid individually allowing plantings
to grow between.

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3. Texture
The stone makes it a perfect walking surface for paths and seating
areas by providing a natural non-slip surface.

4. Color
It can be laid as one successive color.

Cobble stone
Cobble stone is a great paving material for achieving an Old-World. It is
frequently used in the pavement of early streets. It refers to a small stone
that has been rounded by the flow of water. Patio, driveway or pool deck
may not be ideal, garden paths, borders are constructed with cobble stone.
Cobblestone pavers are usually composed of pieces of granite. Granite is
a very hard rock. It is referred to as Belgian block pavers. It is expensive
Granite is stain resistant, it isn't affected by weather. It doesn't crack or
split like most other paver materials.

Brick
Block paving is also known as brick paving. Paving bricks are
manufactured to be laid flat on the ground. It is commonly used decorative
method of creating a hardstanding. It is flexible paving.
Driveways, pavement, patios, town centers, grounds and more commonly
in road surfacing are constructed with brick. It is consists of concrete and
clay. It can be different laying patterns that can be achieved using block
paving.

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Advantages
1. Design possibilities.
For a product that comes in relatively standard sizes and colors,
they offer an enormous amount of design options. This is because
there are so many brick patterns to choose when laying them.

2. Ease of installation.
For the do-it-yourselfer, paving bricks are a good choice. It is
relatively easy to install these pavers.

3. Durability.
Before starting, choose a paving brick and not one that is meant to
be used in a wall. If you use paving bricks, your project will be
around for years and years after you’re finished.

Gravel
i. Gravel Driveways
ii. Gravel Walkways
iii. Decorative Landscape Gravel

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i. Gravel Driveways
It is properly designed and built. It serve as a lasting driveway
paving solution. It is more cost effective than other paving
materials

ii. Gravel Walkways

It has a very earthy appeal. It is affordable and can be installed
quickly. It is considered as pea gravel. It is a great place to use
gravel. Gravel walkway will blend with any style of home and
garden.

iii. Decorative Landscape Gravel

Decorative gravel is becoming the green, sustainable alternative
to lawn. It's also a useful problem solver for dozens of scenarios
in the ordinary landscape.
On Aesthetic Basics, this can be categorized into
 Colors
 Shine
 Texture
 Size

Basic Particulate Sizing Chart

 Screenings
1/8 inch or smaller
Similar to coarse sand
 Pea
1/4 to 1/8 inch
Workable by hand
 Common
3/4 to 1 inch
Workable by hand

 Largest
2 1/2 to 4 inches
Not workable by hand
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Outdoor Tile
Tile is the ideal way to make your outdoor living spaces truly special.
Whether remodeling an old landscape or creating a new one from scratch.
There are so many types of tile and manufacturers. Tile in general is more
popular in warmer climates than it is cooler ones.

There have been changes to the tile industry by utilizing new materials in
innovative ways. Concrete tiles are proving stronger and more long lasting
than ceramics. Very thin stone tiles allow architectural stonework to
extend into unique applications.

Examples of outdoor tiles are:

1. Patio Tiles

2. Deck Tiles

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3. Swimming Pool Tiles

4. Wall Tiles

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QUESTIONS
1. What is formal landscape design? Give one example and explain
it in detail. [2015 Fall semester]
2. Establish Intra relationship of Landscape Architecture with
Planning Architecture and Urban Design. [2013 Spring semester]
3. Establish inter-relationship between Landscape Architecture,
Architecture, Planning and Urban Design with your objective
views. [2013 Fall semester]
4. Write short notes on:
a. Swimming Pool. [2015 Fall semester]
b. Types of Garden Fountains. [2015 Fall semester]
c. Landscape Furniture [2013 Spring semester]

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PHILOSOPHY OF LANDSCAPE

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QUESTIONS
1. What is Ian McHarg’s philosophy and basic principle in his book
“Design with Nature”? How does it help in planning works?
[2013 Spring semester]
2. What is Ian McHarg’s philosophy and basic principal? How does
principle of Design with Nature help in Landscape Planning
Works? [2013 Fall semester]
3. What is “Organic Architecture”? Does it have any bearing on
Landscape Architecture and philosophy of Ian McHarg? Justify
with illustration. [2013 Fall semester]

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LANDSCAPE PRACTICE AND

PROFESSION OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

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Steps in Landscape Design
It involves the union between nature and man’s constructed environment.
It includes aesthetics (beauty) and function (practicality). It can benefit
people and/or the environment.

Steps in the Landscape Design Process are as follows:

 Client Interview
 Site Survey and Analysis
 Problem Statement
 Objectives
 Concept
 Preliminary Design
 Final Design

The Program Phase

The first 5 steps of the landscape design process:
 Client Interview
 Site Survey and Analysis
 Problem Statement
 Objectives
 Concept

The last 2 steps of the landscape design process:

 Preliminary Design
 Final Design

Consideration
 Must consider the facts of the project (collect facts about the site
and client).
 Must anticipate problems, future needs, activities, and the
development of the site.
 Must satisfy the needs of the customer (need to know personality,
lifestyle, desires, and priorities).

Purpose
 For accuracy in Design decisions

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 For effective recommendations to the client
 For satisfaction of the client
 For maintaining the designer’s reputation
 For new referrals

Client Interview
 Find out as much about the client as possible.
 Clients may not even know what they want, therefore people skills
are very important.
 Asking questionaries to client like:
 How much free time do you have?
 Any hobbies?
 What’s your personality type (social or private)?
 Do you have children and/or pets?
 Do you have a budget?
 Do you have any favorite colors or plant types?
 Do you entertain guests?
 What are your future plans?

Site Survey
The purpose of the site survey is to catalog the existing features of the site.
The items that one should catalog include:
 Topography
The shape of the ground

 Geology
What the ground was made up of.

 Hydrology
The water table and water movement

 Existing Vegetation
Types of plant matter present

 Circulation
People movement in the landscape

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 Utilities
Gas/power lines, septic tanks, or waterways

 Views
What might or might not be pleasurable to see

 Off-Site Influence
City ordinances, neighbors, or roadways

 Climate-macro (encompasses the entire lot) and micro (specifies

only a select area within the site)

 Soil-structure and fertility

 Views-back door, living room window, driveway to front door,

deck, or road

Site Analysis
Identify “use areas”: for example, a large open area with a gentle slope,
good soil, and no overhead wires would be an ideal location for a garden.

Problem Statement
 Defines the scope of the project with general sentences or phrases.
 Defines what you are trying to accomplish through the project.
 Is very general and non-descript.

Objectives
 These are more specific statements that identify the specific goals
of the project.
 Does not include actual design decisions.

Concept
 Includes a “bubble diagram” of the property
 Includes the uses for each portion of the property.

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Design Phase
 Puts all of the information, thoughts, and ideas gathered in the
program phase into a working design.
 Analysis
This phase of design is intended to gain as much as knowledge as
possible about a site and its context so that the eventual design
solution can be sensitively and creatively calibrated to fit the
unique circumstances of the site. The process of analysis normally
involves gathering physical, environmental, social, cultural,
historical, and regulatory information about a site and then
evaluating it to determine how existing qualities and features of
the site should shape the eventual design. A site analysis can be
conducted and communicated in many ways, but it always
attempts inform a design and give it direction.

 Patterns and features

Potential forms for a design project can also be discovered in the
macro patterns and unique features within a site’s boundaries.
Macro patterns are the sweeping confi gurations established by the
edges, distribution, and general shape of topography, geological
formations, vegetation, water bodies, infrastructure, circulation
routes, buildings, and so on. A good method for seeing
comprehensive patterns is to represent them as simple lines and
masses on a signifi cantly reduced site map

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 Envisioning
The next step of the design process that aids in determining what
organizational structure and forms are appropriate for a given
project is to foresee what the design solution should be. Th is step
may also be referred to as definition, problem definition, and
ideation and can occur while undertaking the site analysis or as a
subsequent outgrowth of its conclusions. The purpose of this
design phase is to decide what uses/spaces, physical elements, and
experiential qualities are required and/or aspired in the eventual
design.

Preliminary Design
 A rough sketch, not drawn to scale and not fully labeled
 Includes specific design items, plants, and hardscape materials.
 The design must be shared with the client for feedback.
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Final Design
 The modified preliminary design; includes feedback from the
client.
 Professionally completed, drawn to scale, and includes clearly
labeled items and a materials list.
 Given to the landscape contractor for installation.

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Sustainable design for small landscapes
The objectives of sustainable design for small landcapes are:
 Designing for plant health and longevity;
 Creating “outdoor rooms”;
 Important in design regardless of size or cost.

Five Considerations of Sustainable Design

1. Functional
Easy accompolish of movement work, recreation and leisure in
and around landscape.

2. Maintainable
Reduced particular maintenanve level, lower labour cost, easy
operational

3. Environmentally Sound
Proper design of plant and related hardscape

4. Cost Effective
Simple low cost landscape should be as sustainable as an
extensive high cost landscape

5. Visually pleasing
Integration of more variable but shouldnot affect the aesthetic
value of the landscape.

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CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTS
Criteria for Lettering/Numbering Plans and for using scales.
 Use single strokes when forming letters/numbers.
 Always use all CAPITAL (upper case) letters.
 Use light strokes when lettering/numbering to avoid smudges.
 Draw letters/numbers vertically.
 Use appropriate spacing when lettering/numbering. Use
guidelines always.
 Show uniformity in letters/numbers.

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Example I

Example II
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Using Scales:
Architect / engineering scales may be used to represent actual dimensions
of land / objects on paper. The scale is NOT used as a straight edge. It is
a measuring device only. Architect scales hold several units of measure
for sizing to paper.

NOTE: Rulers are kings and queens, not items for drawing or measuring.

SYMBOLS
Symbols for diagrams/ Layouts
 Evergreen Tree:

 Deciduous Tree:

Shrub Symbols
 Evergreen:

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 Deciduous:

Ground Cover Symbols

 Ground Cover:

Annual Plant Symbols:

On a landscape plan, annuals do not have a symbol. One must simply
draw an arrow on the plan to the area where annuals are to be planted
and put the word “Note”. Then in the listing of plants, the annuals are
listed by the word note.

Symbols of Paver- Brick:

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Symbol of Water feature
Depending on the feature the symbol normally takes the relative bird’s eye
view of the feature, shape outline. Small water feature are normally
symbolized as a circle with a center dot (circle should be to scale of
feature).

Symbol of Lighting
Lighting symbols are based on design of lighting. Lights can be
represented by filled squares, circles, triangles. Symbols in a series should
be connected by a line to represent circuit and power source. Triangles
represent hanging light fixtures. Circles and squares normally represent
fixed lights of the approximate shape of symbol.

Symbol of Patios, Decks, Drives

Concrete, Wood, Brick and Stone

Miscellaneous Symbols
 North Arrow:
 Scale: ¼” = 1’
 Scale is located in title box
 Title Box: Holds all vendor /client and drawing information.
 Legal and binding.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Reference Books:
l. Hiraskav, G.K., The Great Ages of World Architecture: With
Introduction to Landscape Architecture, Dhanpat Rai & Sons, New
Dehli
2. Preece, R.A., Design on the Landscape: Every Day Landscapes, Values
and Practice, CBS Publishers & Distributors (P) Ltd., New Delhi
3. Littlewood, Michel, Landscape Detailing, CBS Publishers &
Distributors, New Delhi
4. Lancaster, Michael, The New European Landscape, Oxford,
Butterworth Architecture
5. Murotani, Bunji, Architecture Landscape Design in Japan, Process
Architecture Publishing, Tokyo
6. Cloustion, Brain, Landscape Design with Plants, Butterworth
Heineman, London
7. Theodore D. Walker and David A. Davis, Plan Graphics, Van Nostran
Reinhold
8. Zion, Robert L., Trees for Architecture and Landscape, Reinhold Book
Corporation, NY.

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