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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
45 views11 pagesUnit 4 Food Microbiology
for msc food science & technology 1st sem
Uploaded by
sreelekhakotamrajuCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
/ 11
UNIT-IV
MICROBIAL FERMENTATION AND INDUSTRY.
What is Fermentation?
such as sugars and starches, into
Fermentation is a metabolic process that converts carbohydrates,
commonly used in food and
alcohol or organic acids using microorganisms like yeast or bacteria. W's
beverage production, like making bread, beer, yogurt, and sauerkraut.
Principles of fermentation:=
‘The principles of fermentation involve the metabolic conversion of sugars into other compounds by
microorganisms.
Key aspects include:
1, Microorganisms: Yeast, bacteria, or other microorganisms are essential for fermentation. They
consume sugars and produce different end products.
2, Substrate (Carbohydrates):
Fermentation begins with a carbohydrate source, typically sugars or starches, serving as the substrate |
for microorganisms to metabolize.
3, Anaerobic Conditions: Fermentation usually occurs in the absence of oxygen (anaerobic conditions).
Unlike cellular respiration, which requires oxygen, fermentation is a less efficient but quicker way for
cells to generate energy.
4, End Products: Depending on the microorganisms involved, fermentation produces various end
products such as alcohol (ethanol), organic acids, or gases.
5. Energy Production: Fermentation serves as an alternative means for cells to generate energy in the
absence of oxygen. It doesn't yield as much energy as aerobic respiration.
6. pH and Temperature: The optimal pH and temperature for fermentation vary based on the specific
microorganisms involved, influencing the efficiency of the process.
Understanding these principles helps in controlling and optimizing fermentation processes in various
industries.
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Systems of fermentation:-
Fermentation occurs in various systems, each tailored to specific applications. Common systerns include:
1
This is the simplest form, where the entire substrate is added at the
and the process continues until the desired product is obtained. i's often used in
scale or experimental setups,
beginning,
small.
2. Continuous Fermentation: In this system, fresh substrate is continuously added, and the product is
Simultaneously removed. I allows for a steady-state operation and is commonly used in large-scale
industrial processes. 7). OPEN -lermentetion Stystern.
3. Fed-Batch Fermentation:
added incrementally,
yield.
This combines elements of both batch and continuous systems. Substrate is
allowing for better control over the fermentation process and optimizing product
4. Solid-State Fermentation: Microorganisms grow on a solid substrate with
‘system is common in the production of certain enzymes,
tempeh.
sd moisture. This,
organic acids, and fermented foods like
5. Submerged Fermentation:
‘Microorganisms grow in aliquid medium, which is commonly used in the production of beverages (e.g.,
beer and wine), pharmaceuticals, and industrial enzymes,
Applications of Fermentation:-
Fermentation finds diverse applications across various industries:
1. Food and Beverage Production: Fermentation is crucial in producing a wide range of foods and
rinks, including bread, yogurt, cheese, beer, wine, sauerkraut, kimchi, and soy sauce.
2. Biofuel Production: Ethanol, a biofuel, is produced through fermentation of sugars from crops like
corn or sugarcane using microorganisms like yeast.
3. Pharmaceuticals: Fermentation is used to produce antibiotics (e.g., penicillin) vaccines, and
therapeutic proteins like insulin,
4. Enzyme Production: Many enzymes used in various industries, such as the textile and detergent
industries, are produced through fermentation processes.
5. Organic Acid Production: Fermentation is employed to produce organic acids like citric a
acid, and acetic acid, used in the food and chemical industries.
6. Bioremediation: Certain microorganisms can break down pollutants through fermentation,
‘contributing to environmental ‘cleanup efforts,
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and nutritional content.
8, Flavor and Aroma Enhancement: Fermentation is involved in processes like coffee and cocoa bean
fermentation, contributing to the development of unique flavors. Understanding and manipulating
fermentation processes enable the production of a wide array of valuable products in a sustainable and
cost- effective manner.
2. Production of microbial proteins:- Microbial protein production involves using microorganisms
like bacteria, yeast, or fungi to produce proteins. This process often utilizes genetic engineering to
st then synthesizes and
insert genes encoding desired proteins into the microbial host. The ho:
: secretes the protein, which can be harvested for various applications, including food,
pharmaceuticals, and industrial enzymes. It's a cost-effective and scalable method with
applications in sustainable protein production.
3, LIPIDS: Lipids are diverse organic compounds that include fats, oils, phospholipids, and steroids
“They serve various essential roles in living organisms, such as energy storage, structural
components of cell membranes, and signaling molecules. Lipids are hydrophobic, meaning they
repel water, and they play a crucial role in maintaining cellular structure and function. Dietary
lipids, lke triglycerides, are a major source of energy, while phospholipids form the basis of cell
membranes.
(11) Biosurfactant Production:
‘Microorganisms can produce lipids, specifically biosurfactants, which have applications in
industries lke cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and environmental remediation due to their surface-
active properties.
j)Biofuel Production:
Lipid-producing microorganisms, such as certain yeasts and algae, are utilized to generate biofuels
like biodiesel. These lipids serve as feedstocks for the production of renewable and sustainable
fuels.
36
7\1 Metabolic Engineering: Genetic modification of microbial strains is employed to enhance lipid
production. This is crucial for optimizing the yield of lipids with desirable characteristics for specific
industrial applications.
(9.. Pharmaceuticals:
Lipid-based formulations are used in the pharmaceutical industry for drug delivery systems.
Microbial systems can be engineered to produce specific lipids for these formulations.
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Ammebilizdion’ - Ammobilization Prot aaa Ww
a La Special Glabitit
fiom cheay fortes and Aaipan a Spec
lo 4
.
a ee
in envivenmnental She
The Orme eral ag
Cpn Hemp, call, poison)
(QV) unttonatsuontemant: Some microbes, lke omega ety acids, can be produced for use as
foods
Hutritional supplements inthe food industry. This contributes to the production of functional
health benefits
Qi) Food Additives: Lipids produced by microbial fermentation can be employed as food additives,
Providing texture, flavor, and stability to various W food products
(anh ca lobilization: Cell immobilization involves confining scones
ara
enhancing their stability and fi tionality. mi hae ena this. inique finds
caret ariousinduStries ttooroes od vty, rit cen
L enables contin rodictionExa Snr neon foetkanol
\ ‘manufacturing, nd antibiot 5)
= ides sina aN terol tr erent
industrial proces
= ieEEeeeeeeeeey
~ Bical SelLimmobilization and it's applications:- Cell immobilization ia technique where cells are
‘Confined or attached to a support matrix. This
method has diverse applications across various
fields, inching:
GW) a 1. Bictechnolony and Pharmaceut
I Enzyme Production: Immobilized cells are used for
(2g, Seve production, improving stability and allowing reuse,
Ali) @ antibiotic Produeron Immobilized cells enhance antibi
synthesis in pharmaceutical
manufacturing.
2, Food and Beverage Industry:
Gu)
Fermentation Processes: Immobilization Improves fermentation in brewing, winemaking, and
bioethanol production. iaeaee
(1) Food adaiives: els immobized in food processing eontibute to the production of additives and
flavors,
(GI. Wastewater Treatment: Bioremediation: 'mmobilzed cells aid in treating wastewater by facilitating
‘microbial degradation of pollutants.
(uy. Biomedical Applications: Cell Therapy: Immobilized cells are used in therapies, providing controlled
and sustained release of therapeutic agents,
We. Bioenergy Production: Biofuel Production; Immobilization ‘enhances the efficiency of microorganisms
in biofuel production processes.
(WY) ,anatvtical Techniques: siosénsors: Immobilized cells are ‘employed in biosensor technology forthe
detection of various substances,
‘SX @. Bloreactors and Continuous Processes: Bioreactor: immobilized cells are uted in ioreactors for
Continuous and efficient production processes
‘ Nn ' Amrmobilized Cetls play a role
ruuure! Ridlodes} Control ' 21 ’ a
@” Ae OA and ecit Improvement. The versalit 4 of Cal
in Drolo test Pp lees iF G Valuable Aeol, io arineing process
iramobil on prenteling sualainabilty acros differen
elds,
Inereating rf
Induthe.
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TIRSET ISSN (Print) : 2347-6710
International Journal of Innovative Research in Science,
Engineering and Technology
(an 150 3297: 2007 Certified Organization)
Vol. 5, Issue 4, April 2016
Nemec aby Hamster Kidney eal!) tobe immobilized are dispersed
into Chitosan solution
[Alginatechitosan microcapsule; Te cells ( ¢ imm
Ach alginate souton. This suspension was extn through syringe i
Gpatred in Cal to form alginate-hitosan microcapsule wr
1.4 Adsorption/ Adhesion: 7
schon matrix is iniited by the attraction of cells on the matix
‘The adhesion of bacterial cells on the surface of support It
re aairpy adsorption. ©! The microbial cells can be attached on the Pov non-porous matrix. The interaction
we a ond mack is provided by van der Waals, electosatio hyorato and hydrophobie forces. Far the
etn ee able ells adsorption process is well suited when coma wth entrapment technique. This
ippe of immobilization i considered as one ofthe easiest technigne, ‘Naturally most ofthe microbial cells has tendency
Or ieee of soppart mati. Afinty of microbial els towards the ‘support is primarily depends on the
chemical nature and age ofthe cell.
Example: Adsorption of fungus om the wood chip
Femesocbent on which the cells to be immobilized were kept in @ cultivated medium to promote the
owthatachmeat of cells on the surface of adsorbent. The medium is incubated for 3 days at 30°C Finally the
aecarbent is separated from the medium and dried by vacuum freeze desiccator.
e203
15 Advantages:
‘© Wash out of cells from the beads can be eliminated
Protecs cells from toxic environment
Loading of biomass is high
Ease of separation
2 Cost effective method due to the possibility of reusing the catalyst
1.6 Disadvantages: °"
aaa arels from the suppotin eas of immobilization by adsorption technique
Biomass loading islimited
1.7 Application of Bocatalysts: ~ 19
In recent years, immobilized whole cells have been gaining importance in the field of waste water treatment and
biodiesel production. Microorganisms like bacteria, yeast and fungl are used fr thir degrading potenti) Biodiesel is
Droducod sing microorganisms or waste generated fiom indistes, Table 1 lists the application of immobilized cells.
‘Table: 1 Application of immobilized cell
SNO_] MIGRORGANISMS USED | APPLICATION IMMOBILIZING | REFERENCE
a : MATRIX
| Coriolis versicolor Desaaion oT | Alghate B-Line Fal
mill eluent
Z, | Rhodopseudomonas palusrs and | Hydrogen production | Ai eee
i ear Vi
Rhodospirillum molischianum | and treatment of effluent (ath Bp bis
fom sugar refinery &
Straw paper mil
3. | dips awamort i
spre Glace Ratculate Eta Bon, Colin
7) depos igor Siem Poe eae ee oe) 8)
mill waste water | Polyurethane Sponge | NikolayVassileve”
treatment (shake flask | cubes Eisen aor
repeated batch) (199) BO
CConrigh to UiRSeT DOLIO.1S68ONUIRSET 20160508175, sal
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ISSN(Onii
JIRSET ISSN (Prine! Piss
v8
2347-6719, & re
International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, :
Engineering and Technology
(An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization)
Vol. 5, Issue 4, April 2016
Trametes Decolourization and ‘Alginate ‘Sammaiah paller
eee AOX removal from Rober P. Guaned,| aN
| paper mill effluent (1997) (31)
©. _| Rhodobacter sphaeroides ‘Hydrogen production | Agar Heguang Zhu et F
| from tofu waste water (1999) [32]
7. Rhizopus oryzae Biodiesel fuel production | Polyurethane foam Kazuhiro Ban 4 al,
\ (Batch) 2001)
©_| Pseudomonas puaida ‘Biodegradation of Alginate G. Gonzalez effal
phenolic industrial waste (2001) [33]
water (FBR)
9. Chlorella vulgaris, Azospirillum | Removal of ammonium Alginate ‘Luz E. de-Baghan et
brasilense and phosphorous ions al, (2002) [34]
from synthetic waste
water
10. | Paccilomyees sp. And Removal of color and | Gravel solid support | Pratibhasigh
Microbrevistureum detoxification of pulp ihe (2004)
bi and paper mill effluent [35]
Rhizopus oryzae Biodiesel fuel production | Reticulated Shinji Hima ef al
(PBR) Polyurethane foarn (2007) [36]
Viride Biosorption of Cr VI Alginate, Agar ‘Narsi R Bishoni ef
al. (2007) (37)
sms sp. ‘Ammonai-nitrogen and — | Alginate Endongzhang ef al
a Orthophosphate removal (2008) [38]
Treatment of cyanide | Alginate and Cellulose | C. Y. Chen eral
waste water triacetate (2008) [39]
Biosorption of copper It] Chitosan ‘Yun-Guo LIU et al.
2013) [40]
Il. CONCLUSION
proven to have immense scogé for application in the field of waste water
odology for efficient immpébilization is dependent on the concentration of
of immobilized biologicamaterial in an eco friendly method can be further
human resource managément.
REFERENCES
{ined Miczbiat Celle for Wastewater Treaunent, Biological wastes, vol 23, pp. 295-
Pp. 3UTAL6, 201,
‘aphihalene by immobilization of Pseudomonas sp. Stmin NGKI in
OF knot
ae ‘el Of Humicola spp. With Ritumycin oxidase activity, Biotechnology
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