Julius Caesar

Act IV scene 1

Extract I
i. “Their names are prick’d” means that their names have been marked or listed for
execution. These names are marked because they belong to individuals who are
considered enemies or threats to those in power. This practice reflects the custom of
Elizabethan times where lists of condemned individuals were often created before
executions. It demonstrates the ruthless nature of political power struggles during that
era.
ii. Antony agrees to the condition and damns his own nephew, Publius with a spot saying,
‘He shall not live’. He then asks Lepidus to go to Julius Caesar’s house and fetch his will to
see how they can save money by cutting off some charge in legacies.

iii. Antony holds a low opinion of Lepidus, describing him as “a slight unmeritable man” and
“a barren-spirited fellow.” He sees Lepidus as a mere instrument for achieving power,
someone to be used for their own purposes but ultimately discarded. Antony proposes
to use Lepidus to carry out their “mean work” and take the blame for unpopular
decisions, after which they plan to force him into retirement.
iv. Antony sends Lepidus to Caesar’s house to fetch the will and see how to save money
and cut costs. This action demonstrates Antony’s shrewd, cunning and manipulative
nature as he uses Lepidus to obtain important documents that could further their
political agenda.
v. The comparison hinted between Brutus and Antony in this scene suggests that both are
engaged in power struggles and political manipulation.
Brutus is portrayed as honorable but simple, unexperienced. Only thought of welfare of
the state. He was selfless.
Antony is depicted as ruthless, shrewd, practical, logical, willing to do whatever it takes to
achieve his goals, even if it means sacrificing others. Takes advantage of situation for
personal gain.

Extract II
i. The three persons are Antony, Lepidus, and Octavius. They are likely in a room, possibly
in Antony’s house or another location where they are discussing their plans. They have
formed a coalition or alliance known as the second triumvirate. Antony declares that
‘Publius’ shall not live.
ii. Previously, Antony referred to Caesar’s will when addressing the Roman citizens,
suggesting that it contained generous bequests (75 drachmas to each citizen) and served
as a testament to Caesar’s generosity and popularity. In contrast, in this extract, Antony
mentions the will again but with a different intention. Here, they plan to determine how to
reduce or cut off some of the legacies mentioned in the will and not pay much.

iii.In this context, “determine” means to decide (plan) or settle upon a course of action,
while “charge” refers to the financial obligations or expenses mentioned in the legacies.
Antony’s character trait of manipulative, money minded, shrewd and cunning is shown in
lines 3 and 4 as he focuses on finding ways to reduce the financial burden mentioned in
Caesar’s will for their own benefit.
iv. Octavius defends Lepidus to Antony by saying ‘he’s tried and valiant soldier.’ Antony
responds ‘so is my horse’. It seems it is not possible to elevate Lepidus above the level
of livestock.
v. After Lepidus’s departure, Antony makes three remarks about him: he calls him “a
slight unmeritable man,” (a barren-spirited fellow) ‘meet to be sent on errands’ and ‘is it
fit the threefold world divided he should stand one of the three to share it?’ (a property)
 These remarks demonstrate Antony’s manipulative and shrewd attitude towards
Lepidus.

Scene 2
Extract I
i. Pindarus is a servant, and his master is Caius Cassius. He conveys a message of
greeting from Cassius to Brutus and that his master will appear, such as he is, full of
regard and honour.
ii. The lines mean that either due to changes in circumstances or because of the actions of
corrupt individuals (officials), Cassius has caused Brutus to regret certain actions and
wish that they had never been done.

iii. Two reasons for the actions or inactions of Cassius could be:
1. Changes in his own attitude or behavior (his own change)
2. Influence or interference from dishonest subordinates or assistants (ill officers)
iv. Pindarus informs Brutus that Cassius is nearby and will appear with full regard and
honour and he received Lucilius courteously. Cassius sent Pindarus to deliver his
salutations to Brutus.
v. This scene takes place in Sardis, (camp) before Brutus’ tent, where Brutus and Cassius
have gathered with their armies. They are meeting to discuss their plans and strategies
before facing Antony and Octavius.

Extract II
i. Brutus has just described Cassius. “a hot friend cooling” refers to a friend who was once
fervent and passionate but is now becoming less committed or enthusiastic or whose
feelings are diminishing.
ii. When love begins to decline, it is described as using “an enforced ceremony,” meaning
that it starts to rely on forced formalities, false and pretentious rather than genuine
emotions. The extract emphasizes that there are no tricks in plain and simple faith,
suggesting that sincere friendship is straightforward, honest and true.

iii. Men who are insincere in their friendship may be compared to a horse in the sense
that they initially put on a gallant show and promise great things (like a horse displaying
its mettle), but when faced with challenges or difficulties (symbolized by the “bloody
spur”), they falter and fail to live up to their earlier promises, just like a deceitful horse
might falter in a trial.
iv.Brutus is referring to Cassius as an insincere friend. Their relationship has deteriorated,
and Cassius’ recent actions or behavior have led Brutus to question his sincerity. Cassius
may have shown signs of wavering loyalty or commitment, prompting Brutus to express
his doubts.
v. The relationship between Brutus and Cassius, as depicted in the play, is characterized
by mutual respect and trust, although it becomes strained at times due to disagreements
and misunderstandings. On the other hand, the relationship between Antony and Octavius
appears more hierarchical, with Antony often taking the lead and Octavius following his
direction. Despite occasional disagreements, Antony and Octavius generally work
together as allies rather than equals.

Extract III
i.Cassius is referring to Brutus’ composed and restrained demeanor, which conceals any
wrongdoing or grievances he may have. The wrongs could refer to any grievances or
issues between Cassius and Brutus, which Cassius believes Brutus is hiding behind his
 calm exterior. The sober form hides wrongs by presenting a face of calmness and
composure, making it difficult for others to discern any underlying issues or conflicts.
ii. Before this extract, Brutus says ‘judge me you gods! Wrong i mine enemies? And if not
so, how should I wrong a brother? (O gods you judge me. I do not do any wrong to my
enemies. How is it possible for me to do wrong to my brother?) It is ironical because
righteous sounding Brutus had wrongfully murdered his brother - like friend Julius Caesar
earlier.

iii. The two armies referred to are those commanded by Brutus and Cassius. They should
perceive nothing but love from Brutus and Cassius because displaying unity and harmony
is essential for maintaining morale and cohesion within their forces, especially in front of
their soldiers.
iv. “Enlarge your griefs, and I will give you audience” means that Cassius should express
his grievances more fully and openly, and Brutus will listen attentively. The speaker wants
to give audience to Cassius in the privacy of his tent to avoid airing their grievances in
front of their armies, which could undermine their authority and cohesion as leaders.
v. This extract contrasts with the earlier scene involving Antony and Octavius, where
Antony and Octavius’ relationship appears more hierarchical, with Antony taking the lead.
In contrast, Brutus and Cassius are depicted as equals, with Brutus actively seeking to
address Cassius’ grievances and maintain harmony between them.

Act IV scene 3

Extract I
i. Brutus and Cassius are in Sardis, inside Brutus’ tent. Brutus accuses/blames Cassius for
having written a letter favouring Lucius Pella.
ii. Cassius had just complained that Brutus ignored his letters praying for Lucius Pella to be
pardoned, who had been condemned and punished/disgraced for taking bribes from
Sardians. ‘You wronged yourself’ suggest that Cassius has harmed his own reputation
or position by his actions or words. Brutus implies that Cassius has made a mistake or
misjudgment that reflects poorly on himself.

iii.Cassius is advising Brutus not to criticize every minor offense or mistake during such
critical times of crisis and conflict. He suggests that it’s not appropriate to scrutinize
every small fault or action when there are larger issues at hand. This advice can be seen
as practical in the context of their military situation, where unity and focus are essential
for success.
iv. Brutus accuses Cassius of having an ‘itching palm’ who has been known to taking
bribes for giving official posts to underserving candidates. Cassius reacts defensively,
likely feeling insulted or challenged by Brutus’ accusation.
v. Brutus accuses Cassius of being greedy, corrupt and of accepting bribes, among other
faults. Cassius reacts defensively and denies these accusations, expressing frustration
with Brutus’ perceived lack of trust. Whether Brutus was being fair to Cassius is subjective
and depends on the context of their relationship and the specific events leading up to
their argument.

Extract II
i. Taking bribe and selling official posts to unmerited people. Cassius has been very upset
and told Brutus that his life is spared only because ‘you know that you are Brutus that
speaks this or by the gods, this speech were else your last.’
ii. The Ides of March signifies the day when Julius Caesar was assassinated. Brutus
suggests that Caesar’s assassination was justified as an act of justice, implying that
 Caesar’s ambition and tyranny warranted his downfall. Brutus believes that Caesar’s
death was necessary to uphold justice and preserve the republic.

iii. Two examples of Brutus’s anger towards Cassius in this scene are:
1. Brutus accusing Cassius of corruption, calls him madman and waspish, suggesting that his
actions dishonor their cause.
2. Brutus reminding Cassius of the assassination of Caesar, implying that Cassius should
remember the importance of justice and honor in their actions.

iv. The bitter irony in the quarrel over money between Brutus and Cassius lies in the fact
that they are arguing about financial matters while preparing for a significant battle
against Antony and Octavius. Their disagreement over money highlights their personal
tensions and priorities, which detract from the larger cause they are fighting for.
v. The disagreement between Cassius and Brutus is resolved when they reconcile and
reaffirm their commitment to their cause. Despite their differences, they recognize the
importance of unity and solidarity in facing their enemies.

Extract III
i. “You shall digest the venom of your spleen, though it do split you” means that Brutus is
telling Cassius that he will endure Cassius’s bitterness and anger, even if it harms Cassius
in the process. Brutus says he will use Cassius for his own amusement and entertainment,
particularly when Cassius is being irritable or angry (“waspish”).
ii. 1. Must I give way and room to your rash choler.
2. Shall I be frightened when a madman stares?
3. Go show your slaves how choleric you are.
iii. When Brutus was complaining about Cassius, he had responded by calling himself a
soldier ‘older in practice, abler than yourself’. He is fairly correct in saying so as he had
more experience in the battlefield.

iv. “Vaunting” means boasting or bragging about one’s abilities or achievements. Cassius
could prove his vaunting by demonstrating his prowess (skills) as a soldier in battle,
showing bravery, skill, and leadership. At this point in time, Cassius could back up his
claims by leading their forces effectively in the upcoming conflict with Antony and
Octavius.
v. While Brutus and Cassius are arguing, a strange visitor enters the scene, this visitor is a
poet. The poet entreats the two generals to be more amicable, love and be friends.
Brutus tells him to go away, saying,’ saucy fellow, hence.’

Extract IV
i. Cassius is in a state of despair, disturbed and upset by Brutus’ accusations. As indicated
by his offer to Brutus to take his dagger and strike him. His heart is considered richer
than gold because it symbolizes his deep sincerity, loyalty, and commitment to their
cause. Unlike material wealth, Cassius’s heart represents his genuine devotion and
friendship towards Brutus.
ii. Pluto is the ancient roman god of the underworld, associated with wealth and riches
buried beneath the earth. Cassius compares his heart to Pluto’s mine to emphasize its
value and preciousness, suggesting that his innermost feelings and emotions are more
valuable than any material wealth found in the earth.
iii. Cassius denied gold to Brutus when the latter needed funds to pay his soldiers. Cassius
says that he did not deny Brutus the gold and calls the messenger a fool for conveying
the message wrongly.
 vi. Brutus tells Cassius, ‘sheathe your dagger,’ and not be angry anymore. He said that
when he spoke to Cassius he too was in bed temper and spoke harshly. He compares
himself to a lamb who has a momentary spark of temper and cools down immediately.

v. This dialogue serves as a turning point in the relationship between Brutus and Cassius.
Cassius’s emotional outburst and willingness to sacrifice himself for their cause highlight
the depth of his loyalty and commitment. Brutus’s forgiveness and acceptance signify the
strength of their bond and unity, which are crucial as they prepare for the impending
battle against Antony and Octavius. Additionally, this scene adds emotional depth and
complexity to the characters, shaping their motivations and actions in the subsequent
events of the play.

Extract V

i. Portia has died by swallowing burning coals due to her distress over her husband’s
absence and the growing strength of Antony and Octavius. Brutus is abrupt in waving
aside the thought of Portia because he is emotionally overwhelmed by her death and
does not want to dwell on it further as at present he wants to concentrate on the current
crisis and prepare for the impending war. This shows his stoic (enduring) nature.
ii. Messala is a soldier and a friend of Brutus. The “self-same tenor” refers to the similar
content or message of the letters he has received, which likely also inform about the
approach of Octavius and mark Antony with a formidable force towards Philippi.
iii. Messala adds that Octavius, Antony and Lepidus had decreed a hundred senators
outside the law and have been put to death. He also asks if he has received any letters
from Portia and she died in a strange manner.
iv. Brutus learns from the letters that young Octavius and mark Antony are marching
towards Philippi with a mighty force to rage a war against Brutus and Cassius. . Despite
this formidable threat, Brutus plans to meet the enemy at Philippi, indicating his
determination to confront them directly rather than retreat or avoid confrontation.
v. Octavius and Antony have made themselves strong enough to pose a significant threat
to Brutus and Cassius, as evidenced by their mighty power and expedition towards
Philippi. Additionally, Messala reports that some senators, including Cicero, have been put
to death by Antony and Octavius, indicating their ruthlessness and increasing control over
Rome.

Extract VI
i. Brutus is giving the arguments to Cassius. “our legions are brim-full, our cause is ripe”
means that their armies are fully equipped and prepared, and the time for fighting for
their cause is ready or mature for action (was most appropriate).
ii. two arguments of Brutus indicating his military strength’s advantageous position are:
1. Their legions are fully equipped and ready for battle, symbolized by being “brim-full.”
2. Their cause is ripe, suggesting that they have thoroughly prepared and planned for their
objective, and they are at a stage where they are well-positioned to achieve success.
iii. The enemy increases every day in terms of their numbers, resources, and strength.
This could be due to reinforcements joining Octavius and Antony’s forces, recruitment of
new soldiers, or alliances formed with other factions.
iv The comparison made between the voyage of life and the voyage at sea suggests that
just as there are favorable opportunities or moments in the journey of life, there are also
critical junctures or turning points, akin to tides, in the course of events. These pivotal
moments, if seized and acted upon decisively, can lead to success and fortune. However,
if these opportunities are missed or ignored, individuals or nations may remain stagnant
or face hardships.
 v. The statement “on such a full sea are we now afloat” suggests that they are currently
at a moment of great opportunity and potential for success, similar to a ship floating on a
full and high tide. This implies that they are in a favorable position to advance and
achieve their goals if they act decisively and seize the moment.

Extract VII

i. Brutus speaks to the ghost of Julius Caesar. The setting is during the night, as indicated
by Brutus mentioning the burning of a taper (candle) and the darkness around him. In
Brutus’ tent, Varro and Claudius are asleep at one side Lucius had been playing some
music and had fallen asleep.
ii. The “apparition” referred to in the extract is a supernatural manifestation, a ghost or
spirit of Julius Caesar. It is described as “monstrous” because the taper was burning ill
and it was believed that a taper would burn blue if a ghost appeared. It seems to be a
manifestation of Brutus’ guilty conscience and appears most ghastly to him, who is in a
distraught frame of mind.

iii. Brutus wonders about the identity of the apparition, whether it is a god, angel, or devil.
The apparition’s presence makes Brutus feel cold and causes his hair to stand on end,
indicating its eerie and unsettling effect on him.

iv. The apparition calls itself Brutus’ evil spirit and says that he would meet Brutus again
at Philippi. This apparition highlights Brutus’ disturbed state of mind. .

v. Varro, Claudius and Lucius are present inside Brutus’ tent at Sardis. They had been
asleep and did not see the apparition. It could be a product of Brutus’ imagination
because
He is filled with guilt and inner turmoil at present.