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Class 10 - Social Science

Sample Paper - 02 (2024-25)

Maximum Marks: 80
Time Allowed: : 3 hours

General Instructions:

1. The question paper comprises Six Sections – A, B, C, D, E and F. There are 37 questions in the Question paper. All
questions are compulsory.
2. Section A – From questions 1 to 20 are MCQs of 1 mark each.
3. Section B – Questions no. 21 to 24 are Very Short Answer Type Questions, carrying 2 marks each. The answer to each
question should not exceed 40 words.
4. Section C contains Q. 25 to Q.29 are Short Answer Type Questions, carrying 3 marks each. The answer to each question
should not exceed 60 words
5. Section D – Questions no. 30 to 33 are long answer type questions, carrying 5 marks each. The answer to each question
should not exceed 120 words.
6. Section-E - Questions no from 34 to 36 are case-based questions with three sub-questions and are of 4 marks each. The
answer to each question should not exceed 100 words.
7. Section F – Question no. 37 is map-based, carrying 5 marks with two parts, 37a from History (2 marks) and 37b from
Geography (3 marks).
8. There is no overall choice in the question paper. However, an internal choice has been provided in a few questions. Only one
of the choices in such questions has to be attempted.
9. In addition to this, separate instructions are given with each section and question, wherever necessary.

Section A
1. Who wrote the Vande Mataram?
a) Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay
b) Rabindranath Tagore
c) Abanindranath Tagore
d) Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
2. The Krishna-Godavari dispute is due to the objections raised by the following state governments:
a) Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh governments
b) Telangana and Andhra Pradesh
c) Karnataka and Kerala
d) Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh
3. Read the given data and find out the Indian state/s where the number of infant death (before the age of one year) is more.
Literacy
Infant Mortality Rate per 1,000 Net Attendance Ratio (per 100 persons) secondary stage
State Rate %
live births (2018) (age 14 and 15 years) 2017-18
(2017-18)

Haryana 30 82 61

Kerala 7 94 83
Bihar 32 62 43

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Sources : Economic Survey 2020-21, P.A 157, National Sample Survey Organisation (Report No. 585), National
statistical office, Government of India.
a) Both Bihar and Haryana
b) Haryana
c) Kerala
d) Bihar
4. In 2018, India was the second largest producer of fruits and vegetables in the world after China. Which of the following
process is involved in the production of Horticulture Crops?
i. Cultivation and harvesting of grapes.
ii. Growing and marketing flowers and ornamental plants.
iii. Breeding, rearing and transplantation of fish under controlled conditions.
iv. Cultivating silkworms and extracting silk from them.
a) Statement ii, iii & iv are correct.
b) Statement i, ii, & iii are correct.
c) Statement i and ii are correct.
d) Statement ii is correct.
5. Which of the following is a subject of the Union List?
a) Education
b) Defence
c) Trade
d) Agriculture
6. Which of the following statements accurately distinguishes the concept of power sharing in the context of political
parties, pressure groups, and movements?
a) Power sharing in political parties, pressure groups, and movements is limited to interest groups and their
participation in governmental committees.
b) Power sharing in political parties, pressure groups, and movements involves competition among different parties,
alliances forming coalition governments, and interest groups influencing the decision-making process.​​
c) Power sharing in political parties, pressure groups, and movements is characterized by the dominance of a single
party representing different ideologies and social groups.
d) Power sharing in political parties, pressure groups, and movements solely relies on direct sharing between two or
more parties forming an alliance.​​
7. Assertion (A): Democracy stands much superior to any other form of government in promoting dignity and freedom of
the individual.
Reason (R): Every individual wants to receive respect from fellow beings.
a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c) A is true but R is false.
d) A is false but R is true.
8. Read the information given below and select the correct option
Gopal is supervising the work of one farm labourer. Gopal has seven acres of land. He is one of the few persons in
Sonpur to receive a bank loan for cultivation. The interest rate on the loan is 8.5 percent per annum and can be repaid
anytime in the next three years. Gopal plans to repay the loan after harvest by selling a part of the crop. He then intends
to store the rest of the potatoes in cold storage and apply for a fresh loan from the bank against the cold storage receipt.
The bank offers this facility to farmers who have taken crop loans from them. What kind of facility is provided by a bank
to Gopal?

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a) Cultivation Arrangements
b) Credit Arrangements
c) Collateral Arrangements
d) Cold Storage Arrangements
9. How many people speak French and Dutch in the capital city of Brussels?
a) 80% German and 20% French
b) 80%French and 20% Dutch
c) 80% Dutch and 20% French
d) 60% French and 40% Dutch
10. Study the picture and answer the question that follows:

Which of the following aspect is best representing the image?

a) The fallen Marianne
b) The fallen Mother Albania
c) The fallen Mother India
d) The fallen Germania
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11. Evaluate the reason for putting a barrier to foreign trade by identifying the appropriate statements among the following
options:
i. To improve the performance of domestic producers.
ii. To create an opportunity for the producers to cover the international markets.
iii. To allow businesses to make decisions on imports and exports freely.
iv. To protect the producers and service providers within the country from foreign competition.
a) Statements i, ii and iii are appropriate.
b) . All the statements are appropriate.
c) Statements i and ii are appropriate.
d) Only statement iv is appropriate.
12. Which type of government is likely to be more acceptable to the people in the world?
a) Democratic
b) Dictatorship
c) Theocratic
d) Military
13. Arrange the following freedom movements in decreasing order:
i. Poona Pact between Gandhi and Ambedkar.
ii. Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh was founded.
iii. Bhagat Singh killed a senior British police officer in Lahore.
iv. All congress ministries resigned.
a) i, iv, iii, ii
b) iv, ii, iii, i
c) ii, iv, iii,i
d) iv, i, iii, ii

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14. Rajesh, an ambitious entrepreneur, opened a wholesale store to sell locally-made textiles. He relied on the services of
Priya, a skilled logistics coordinator, who efficiently organized the transportation and storage of the goods. Additionally,
Rajesh sought assistance from Ankit, a knowledgeable banker, who provided financial support to expand his business.
Together, they exemplified the vital role of tertiary sector activities in supporting the production and trade of goods.
Which sector of the economy includes activities such as transportation, storage, communication, banking, and trade?
a) Quaternary sector
b) Tertiary sector​​
c) Primary sector​​
d) Secondary sector​​
15. Consider the statements given below and choose the correct answer
Statement I: By the 1970s, caricatures, and cartoons were being published in journals and newspapers, commenting on
social and political issues.
Statement II: There were imperial caricatures lampooning nationalists, as well as nationalist cartoons criticising
imperial rule.
a) Statement (i) is incorrect and (ii) is correct
b) Both (i) & (ii) are incorrect
c) Statement (i) is correct and (ii) is incorrect
d) Both (i) & (ii) are correct
16. In a talent hunt competition, the judge decided to challenge the participants with a unique twist. Alongside their
performances, they were given a task to identify a specific type of soil based on clues related to Laterite Soil. Which of
the following clues provided by judge would be most useful in identifying the Laterite soil?
Clues:
i. This is the most widely spread and important soil.
ii. The formation of this soil depends on climatic conditions and parent rock material.
iii. These soils are mostly deep to very deep, acidic (pH < 6)), and generally deficient in plant nutrients.​​
iv. The soils found in the lower parts of the valleys, particularly on the river terraces and alluvial fans are fertile.
a) Clue i
b) Clue i and iv
c) Clue iii
d) Clue ii and iii
17. Which of the following statements is common about Biju Janata Dal, Sikkim Democratic Front, Mizo National Front,
and Telangana Rashtra Samithi?
Statement i: These parties are not regional in their ideology or outlook.
Statement ii: They are regional in their ideology but have a national outlook.
Statement iii: They all are conscious about their state/regional identity.
Statement iv: They all are conscious about their national identity.
a) Only statement iv is right.
b) Statement iii is right.
c) Statement i, ii and iii are right.
d) Statement i and ii are right.
18. Which one of the following countries has the highest representation of women in their National Parliament?
a) India
b) Australia
c) Russia
d) Sweden
19. Which of the following is false?

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a) Election Commission offers some special facilities to large and established parties
b) Every party in the country has to register with the Election Commission
c) Election Commission treats all parties unequally
d) Selected parties are given a unique symbol by Election Commission
20. John, a struggling farmer, approached the local bank for a loan to expand his agricultural business. He offered his land as
collateral, hoping to secure the funds he needed. The bank approved the loan, but John faced a setback when his crops
failed. Since he was unable to repay the loan, the bank exercised its right to sell his land, leaving John devastated and in
search of a fresh start.
a) To reduce the loan principal amount
b) To provide additional income to the lender
c) To increase the interest rate on the loan
d) To guarantee repayment of the loan
Section B
21. Study the map thoroughly and compare the location of Indian Tamils and Sri Lankan Tamils in the country.

22. Describe the great economic hardship that prevailed in Europe during the 1930s.

OR

Explain the role of Otto Von Bismark in the Unification of Germany.

23. Describe any three features of intensive subsistence farming.
24. Describe any three features of federal government.
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Section C
25. Why did James Augustus Hickey claim that the Bengal Gazette was 'a commercial paper open to all but influenced by
none'? Explain.
26. Suggest any three steps to minimize the environmental degradation caused by the industrial development in India.

OR

"Agriculture gives boost to the industrial sector." Support the statement with arguments.
27. Do you agree that agriculture in India takes place in the unorganised sector?

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28. "India has a large cultural, regional and religious diversity but there is unity among people". What factors are responsible
for this? Elaborate.
29. How are the three sectors of economy interdependent?
Section D
30. Which minerals are used to obtain nuclear energy? Name all the six nuclear power stations of India.

OR

Highlight the importance of petroleum. Explain the occurrence of petroleum in India.

31. How did nationalism and the idea of nation-state emerge? Describe.

OR

How did ideas of national unity in early nineteenth-century Europe allied to the ideology of liberalism? Explain.
32. What is a political party? Explain any four characteristics of a political party.

OR

Define Political Party. Describe any four main challenges faced by the Indian political parties.
33. How does the credit vary substantially between formal and informal lenders? Explain with examples.

OR

Define credit. Describe the vital and positive role of credit with examples.
Section E
34. Read the following text carefully and answer the questions that follow:

The Sense of Collective Belonging

This sense of collective belonging came partly through the experience of united struggles. But there were also a variety
of cultural processes through which nationalism captured people's imagination. History and fiction, folklore and songs,
popular prints and symbols, all played a part in the making of nationalism.
The identity of the nation, as you know, is most often symbolised in a figure or image. This helps create an image with
which people can identify the nation. It was in the twentieth century, with the growth of nationalism, that the identity of
India came to be visually associated with the image of Bharat Mata. The image was first created by Bankim Chandra
Chattopadhyay. In the 1870s he wrote 'Vande Mataram' as a hymn to the motherland. Later it was included in his novel
Anandamath and widely sung during the Swadeshi movement in Bengal. Moved by the Swadeshi movement,
Abanindranath Tagore painted his famous image of Bharat Mata. In this painting, Bharat Mata is portrayed as an ascetic
figure; she is calm, composed, divine and spiritual. In subsequent years, the image of Bharat Mata acquired many
different forms, as it circulated in popular prints, and was painted by different artists. Devotion to this mother figure
came to be seen as evidence of one's nationalism.

i. How did the nation become a reality in the minds of people? (1)
ii. How did nationalism capture the people's imagination? (1)
iii. How did people belonging to different groups develop a sense of collective belonging? (2)
35. Read the following text carefully and answer the questions that follow:
Most of the objections to the projects arose due to their failure to achieve the purposes for which they were built.
Ironically, the dams that were constructed to control the floods have triggered floods due to sedimentation in the
reservoir. Moreover, the big dams have mostly been unsuccessful in controlling floods at the time of excessive rainfall.
You may have seen or read how the release of water from the dams during heavy rains aggravated the flood situation in
Maharashtra and Gujarat in 2006. The floods have not only devastated life and property but also caused extensive soil

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erosion. Sedimentation also meant that the flood plains were deprived of silt, a natural fertiliser, further adding on to the
problem of land degradation. It was also observed that the multi-purpose projects induced earthquakes, caused water-
borne diseases and pests and pollution resulting from excessive use of water.
i. Name the movement against the river project in Gujarat. (1)
ii. Analyse any two merits of multi-purpose river projects. (1)
iii. How have the big dams mostly been unsuccessful in controlling floods at the time of excessive rainfall? (2)
36. Read the following text carefully and answer the questions that follow:
The idea of development or progress has always been with us. We have aspirations or desires about what we would like
to do and how we would like to live. Development or progress is likely to mean different to different persons. A girl
expects as much freedom and opportunity as her brother, and that he also shares in the household work. Her brother may
not like this. Similarly, to get more electricity, industrialists may want more dams. But this may submerge the land and
disrupt the lives of people who are displaced – such as tribals. They might resent this and may prefer small check dams
or tanks to irrigate their land.
i. Explain the negative effect of having more dams on the locals. (1)
ii. What could be the developmental goal for a girl from a rich urban family? (1)
iii. Based on the given source, draw two conclusions. (2)
Section F
37. i. Two places A and B have been marked on the given political outline map of India. Identify them with the help of
given information and write their correct names on the lines drawn near them.
a. The place where Mahatma Gandhi started Satyagraha for Indigo peasants.
b. The place where the session of Indian National Congress held in December, 1920.
ii. On the same outline map of India locate and label any three of the following with suitable symbols:
a. Tehri Dam
b. Naraura Atomic Power Station
c. Pune Software Technology Park
d. Haldia Sea Port

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Class 10 - Social Science

Sample Paper - 02 (2024-25)

Solution

Section A
1. (a) Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay
Explanation: In the 1870s, Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay wrote ‘Vande Mataram’ as a hymn to the motherland. Later
it was included in his novel Anandamath and widely sung during the Swadeshi movement in Bengal.
2. (a) Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh governments
Explanation: The Krishna-Godavari dispute is due to the objections raised by Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh
governments. It is regarding the diversion of more water at Koyna by the Maharashtra government for a multipurpose
project. This would reduce downstream flow in their states with adverse consequences for agriculture and industry.
3. (a) Both Bihar and Haryana
Explanation: Both Bihar and Haryana
4. (c) Statement i and ii are correct.
Explanation: Horticulture involves floriculture, olericulture, pomology, viticulture, etc. (Viticulture deals with the
cultivation and harvesting of grapes. Floriculture deals with growing and marketing flowers and ornamental plants.
Olericulture deals with the scientific study of vegetable crops.)
While Pisciculture is a process of growing fish and selling it or using its products for domestic or commercial use.
5. (b) Defence
Explanation: The Union List in India consists of subjects on which only the central government has the authority to
make laws. Defence is one such subject that falls under the exclusive jurisdiction of the central government.
6. (b) Power sharing in political parties, pressure groups, and movements involves competition among different parties,
alliances forming coalition governments, and interest groups influencing the decision-making process.​​
Explanation: Power sharing in political parties, pressure groups, and movements involves competition among different
parties, alliances forming coalition governments, and interest groups influencing the decision-making process.
7. (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true. While it is true that every individual desires respect from
others, this does not provide a complete explanation of why democracy stands superior in promoting dignity and
freedom.
8. (b) Credit Arrangements
Explanation: The facility is provided by the bank to Gopal is Credit Arrangements
9. (b) 80%French and 20% Dutch
Explanation: In the capital city Brussels, 80 percent of people speak French while 20 percent are Dutch-speaking.
10. (d) The fallen Germania
Explanation: The fallen Germania by Julius Hübner, 1850
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11. (d) Only statement iv is appropriate.
Explanation: Only statement iv is appropriate.
12. (a) Democratic
Explanation: A democratic government is likely to be more acceptable to the people because it allows citizens to
participate in the decision-making process, protects individual rights, and provides mechanisms for resolving conflicts
peacefully.

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13. (d) iv, i, iii, ii
Explanation: All congress ministries resigned in 1939. Poona Pact between Gandhi and Ambedkar in 1932. Bhagat
Singh killed a senior British police officer in Lahore in 1928. Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh was founded in 1925.
14. (b) Tertiary sector​​
Explanation: Transport, storage, communication, banking, trade are some examples of tertiary activities. Since these
activities generate services rather than goods, the tertiary sector is also called the service sector.
15. (a) Statement (i) is incorrect and (ii) is correct
Explanation: By the 1870s, caricatures, and cartoons were being published in journals and newspapers, commenting on
social and political issues.
16. (c) Clue iii
Explanation: Lateritic soils are mostly deep to very deep, acidic (pH<6)), generally deficient in plant nutrients.
17. (b) Statement iii is right.
Explanation: Parties like Biju Janata Dal, Sikkim Democratic Front, Mizo National Front, and Telangana Rashtra
Samithi are conscious about their State identity.
18. (d) Sweden
Explanation: In some parts of the world, for example in Scandinavian countries such as Sweden, Norway and Finland,
the participation of women in public life is very high.
19. (c) Election Commission treats all parties unequally
Explanation: Every party in the country has to register with the Election Commission. While the Commission treats all
parties equally, it offers some special facilities to large and established parties. These parties are given a unique symbol
- only the official candidates of that party can use that election symbol.
20. (d) To guarantee repayment of the loan
Explanation: Collateral acts as security for the lender, ensuring that they have a means to recover their money in case
the borrower defaults on the loan. If the borrower fails to repay the loan, the lender can sell the collateral to recover the
outstanding amount.
Section B
21. While the Sri Lankan Tamils are concentrated in the north and east edge of the country, the Indian Tamils are mostly
located almost in the centre of the country within the Sinhalese area.
22. The 1830s were years of great economic hardship in Europe:
i. Increase in population all over Europe.
ii. More job seekers than employment.
iii. Small producers in towns faced stiff competition from imports of cheap machine-made goods from England.
iv. Rural population migrated to urban areas, overcrowded slums.

OR

i. Prussia took on the leadership of the movement for national unification. Its chief minister, Otto von Bismarck, was
the architect of this process carried out with the help of the Prussian army and bureaucracy.
ii. Three wars over seven years with Austria, Denmark and France ended in Prussian victory and completed the process
of unification.
iii. In January 1871, the Prussian king, William I, was proclaimed German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles.
23. This type of farming is practised in areas of high density of population where the pressure of population is high on
agricultural land.
a. It is labour-intensive farming.
b. High doses of biochemical inputs and irrigation are used for obtaining higher production. They may also intensify by
using manure, artificial irrigation and animal waste as fertilizer.

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c. Farm size is small and uneconomical due to the division of land. Farmers use their small land holdings to produce
enough, for their local consumption, while remaining produce is used for exchange against other goods. It results in
much more food being produced per acre compared to other subsistence patterns.
24. The main features of a federal form of government are:
i. The power is divided between the central authority and its various constituent units.
ii. All levels of governance will govern the same citizens, but their jurisdiction will be different.
iii. Any change in the fundamental provisions of the Constitution has to be passed by both the houses of the Parliament
and then ratified by the legislatures of at least half the number of states.
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Section C
25. From 1780, James Augustus Hickey began to edit the Bengal Gazette, a weekly magazine that described Itself as a
commercial paper open to all. but influenced by none.
i. It was a private English weekly magazine in India, independent of colonial influence.
ii. Hickey not only published a lot of advertisement including the import and sale of slaves but also published lots of
gossip about the Company's senior officials in India.
iii. Enraged by this, Governor-General Warren Hastings persecuted Hickey, and encouraged the publication of officially
sanctioned newspapers that could counter the flow of information that damaged the image of the colonial
government.
26. The following three steps can be taken to minimize environmental degradation by the industries:
a. Treating hot water and effluents before releasing them in rivers and ponds.
b. Fitting smokestacks to factories with electrostatic precipitators.
c. Smoke can be reduced by using oil or gas instead of coal in the factories.

OR

Agriculture gives a boost to the industrial sector and the following points support this argument:
a. Agriculture provides raw materials to industries.
b. The agriculture tools and equipment are produced in industries and thus agriculture provides a market for industrial
goods.
c. Agriculture helps boost new industrial products.
d. The industries such as cotton, jute, silk, woollen textiles, sugar and edible oil, etc. are based on agricultural raw
materials.
27. Yes, Indian agriculture is mostly concentrated in the unorganised sector. The following factors which prove that
agriculture is an unorganised sector are:
i. Agriculture in India faces the problem of disguised unemployment which means a number of people are employed
than actually needed. So this shows that agriculture is unorganised.
ii. Farmers are employed during harvesting and sowing season while the rest of the time they are unemployed. So the
problem of underemployment shows that agriculture is unorganised.
iii. Most of the farmers depend on money lenders, rich farmers and relatives for taking loans instead of banks. Then they
have to pay high interest, this means that agriculture in India is an unorganised sector.
iv. Farmers do not get any employment benefits such as insurance, medical allowance etc. that the workers in an
organized sector are entitled to.
28. India is basically known as a land of unity in diversity. Although it is a vast country with people following different
religions and speaking different languages, it has succeeded in maintaining the unity and integrity due to the following
reasons:

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i. Right to equality.
ii. No discrimination on the basis of caste, creed, region or religion.
iii. SCs and STs have some seats reserved and do get representation.
iv. Right to freedom of religion and cultural and educational rights.
v. No official religion or language followed in the country. All religions are treated equally.
29. A. There are many activities that are undertaken by directly using natural resources. When we produce a good by
exploiting natural resources, it is an activity of primary sector.
B. The secondary sector covers activity in which the natural products are changed into other forms through ways of
manufacturing that we associate with industrial activity. It is the next step after primary. For example by using
sugarcane as a raw material we make sugar.
C. The third category of activities falls under tertiary sector. These activities help in the development of the primary
sector and secondary sectors. These activities, by themselves, do not produce goods but they are an aid or a support
for the production process. For example transport and communication.
Section D
30. a. Uranium and Thorium which are available in Jharkhand and the Aravalli ranges of Rajasthan, are used for
generating atomic or nuclear power. The monazite sands of Kerala are also rich in Thorium.
b. The following are six nuclear power stations in India:
i. Kalpakkam Nuclear Power Station (Tamil Nadu)
ii. Kaiga Nuclear Power Station (Karnataka)
iii. Tarapur Nuclear Power Station (Maharashtra)
iv. Kakrapara Nuclear Power Station (Gujarat)
v. Rawat Bhata Nuclear Power Station (Rajasthan)
vi. Naraura Nuclear Power Station (Uttar Pradesh)

OR

Petroleum is formed from the remains of dead plants and animals. It is referred to as “Black Gold.” This name itself is an
indication of its importance to humans. Crude oil is considered to be the “mother of all commodities” as it is used to
manufacture various products such as pharmaceuticals, plastics, gasoline, synthetic fabrics, etc.
Importance of Petroleum:
i. Petroleum is the major energy source in India.
ii. It provides fuel for heat and lighting.
iii. It provides lubricant for machinery.
iv. It provides the raw material for a number of manufacturing industries.
v. Petroleum refineries act as a nodal industry for synthetic, textile, fertilizer and chemical industries.

An occurrence:
i. Most of the petroleum occurrences in India are associated with anticlines and fault traps.
ii. In regions of folding, anticline or domes, it, occurs where oil is trapped in the crest of the up fold.
iii. Petroleum is also found in fault traps between porous and non-porous rocks.
31. i. Nationalism and the idea of the nation-state emerged within the culturally and regionally diverse groups of Europe.
ii. Socially and politically, a landed aristocracy was the dominant class on the continent. The members of this class were
united by a common way of life that cut across the regional division. They spoke French for the purpose of
diplomacy and in high society.
iii. Due to industrialisation and transformation of society, there emerged a middle-class consisting of businessmen,
working professionals, industrialists, labourers and working-class people.

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iv. Industrialisation began in England in the second half of the 18th century but in France and German states, it occurred
only during 19th century. In its wake, new social groups came into being.
v. Out of these, the educated middle-class people thought of uniting the culturally compatible sections of people in
Europe by abolishing the privileges enjoyed by the aristocracy.
vi. It was among the educated liberal middle class that ideas of national unity and abolition of aristocratic privileges
gained popularity.
vii. Nations began to be perceived as having a definite territory, anthem, and flag, together with a Parliament which was
elected by property-owning men of the middle class.
viii. This led to nationalism and emergence of the idea of the nation-state.

OR

The ideology of liberalism allied with nationalism in the following ways:

i. In the political sense, liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality of all before the law. It emphasised
on the end of aristocracy and clerical privileges, a constitution and representative government through parliament and
the inviolability of private property, drawing its basic foundation from the French Revolution.
ii. In the economic sense, liberalism stood for the freedom of markets and the abolition of state-imposed restrictions on
the movement of goods and capital.
iii. From the very beginning, universal suffrage i.e. voting rights were granted only to the property-owning men,
excluding men without property and all women. However, throughout the nineteenth century and early twenties,
many movements were organised demanding equal political rights.
32. Political party: A political party is a group of people who come together to contest elections and hold power in the
government.
Characteristics of political party are as follows:
i. Contest elections.
ii. They have their own programmes, policies and ideology.
iii. Political parties play a decisive role in making laws.
iv. Political parties form and run governments.
v. Play important role of opposition.
vi. Parties shape public opinion.

OR

A political party is a group of people who organize to win elections and hold power in government. They typically share
common beliefs about political issues and policies.

Four major challenges faced by Indian political parties include:

Lack of internal democracy: Power concentrated in few hands, limiting participation of ordinary members.
Dynastic succession: Since most political parties do not practice open and transparent procedures for their
functioning, there are very few ways for an ordinary worker to rise to the top in a party. Those who happen to be
the leaders are in a position of unfair advantage to favour people close to them or even their family members.
Money and muscle power: Reliance on finances and intimidation tactics can overshadow policy focus.
Lack of meaningful choices: Very often parties do not seem to offer a meaningful choice to the voters. In order
to offer meaningful choice, parties must be significantly different
33. Credit varies substantially between formal and informal lenders as people obtain loans from various sources. The nature
of formal sector loans and informal sector loans can be differentiated on the basis of their given features.
Formal sources of credit:

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Banks and cooperative societies fall under the formal sector. One can obtain loans from banks or cooperative
societies.
The Reserve Bank of India supervises the functioning of formal sources of loans.
Bank loans require documentation and collateral (collateral is an asset such as land, building, vehicle, livestock,
deposits with the bank, etc.). This is used as a guarantee to the lender until the loan is paid back.
Formal sources cannot charge any rate of interest from the borrowers according to their whims.
The rich households avail cheap credit from formal lenders as 90 per cent of the rich urban households take
credit from formal sources.

Informal sources of credit:

In the informal sector money can be borrowed from a person, friend, relative, moneylender, traders, employers,
etc.
No organization checks or supervises the activities of lenders in the informal sector.
Loans from informal sources do not require any such collateral.
They charge a very high rate of interest on loans as they do not require any collateral.
Poor households pay a large amount for borrowing as they take credit from informal sources. About 85 per cent
of the loans taken by poor households in urban areas are from informal sources.

(any 3 points of both the sources)

OR

"Credit' refers to an agreement in which the lender supplies the borrower with money, goods or services in return for the
promise of future payment.
Credit plays a vital and positive role as:
i. Credit helps people from all walks of life in setting up their business, increase their income and support their
families.
ii. Credits help to increase earnings and therefore the persons are better off than before.
iii. To some people, loan helps a lot in constructing their houses and get relief from monthly rent.
iv. To others, it helps a lot in raising their standards.

Examples:
A person who has enough calibre to start an industry but lacks money can start it by taking loans and under
favourable condition pays it and starts his industrial life.
A student who is unable to take admission in universities but is a scholar can use the loan as an opportunity.
Farmers can buy new machinery to fasten their production using loans.
Section E
34. i. The nation became a reality in the minds of Indian people through image, history and fiction, folklore and songs,
popular prints and symbols, all played a part in the making of nationalism
ii. Through history and fiction.
Through popular prints and symbols.
Through the image of Bharat Mata.
(any ONE)
iii. The sense of collective belonging came partly through the experience of united struggles. But there were also a
variety of cultural processes through which nationalism captured people’s imagination. History and fiction, folklore
and songs, and popular prints and symbols, all played a part in the making of nationalism. People started visually
associating through the image of Bharat Mata and connected through 'Vande Mataram' as a hymn to the motherland.

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35. i. Narmada Bachao Andolan
ii. Multipurpose projects serve as source of electricity generation, provide a reliable source of water for irrigation,
provide water for domestic and industrial purposes, aid in flood control, facilitate recreational activities, support
inland navigation, and promote fish breeding.
iii. Ironically, the very dams built to mitigate floods have sometimes triggered floods due to sedimentation in their
reservoirs. As rivers carry sediment downstream, it accumulates in the dam reservoirs. Over time, this reduces the
storage capacity of the reservoirs. When heavy rainfall occurs, the dams may not have enough space to hold the
excess water, leading to uncontrolled releases downstream.
36. i. Having more dams may submerge the area around it and may disrupt the lives of the local people such as tribals.
ii. The developmental goals or aspirations for a girl from a rich urban family could be that she gets as much freedom as
her brother and is able to decide what she wants to do in life. She is able to pursue her studies abroad.
iii. Two things that can be concluded from the given source are:
i. Different persons can have different developmental goals.
ii. What may be development for one may not be development for the other. It may even be destructive for the other.
Section F
37. a. A. Champaran B. Nagpur
b.

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