Unit 1

Classification of
living organisms

Page 1 of 492
1 The diagram shows an animal.

body

Using the key, which animal is it?

body divided body not divided

into visible segments into visible segments

tail tail legs legs

present absent 3 pairs 4 pairs

animal animal animal animal

A B C D
[1]

[Total: 1]

2 The diagram shows four arthropods.

Which arthropod is an insect?

A B C D

[1]

[Total: 1]

Page 2 of 492
3 The diagram shows an arthropod.

Using the key, identify this arthropod.

1 body segments clearly visible .......................... go to 2

body segments not visible................................ go to 4
2 body with many segments................................ go to 3
body with three distinct parts............................ go to 4
3 antennae longer than the legs.......................... A
antennae shorter than the legs.......................... B
4 three pairs of legs............................................... C
more than three pairs of legs............................. D

[1]

[Total: 1]

4 What may be defined as an ‘increase in dry mass’?

A growth
B nutrition
C reproduction
D respiration
[1]

[Total: 1]

5 The snake is a reptile.

State one way that a reptile differs from a fish.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

Page 3 of 492
6 To which group do both the organisms shown in the diagram belong?

leaf-like fronds which have

structures containing spores
on their lower surface

A dicotyledons
B ferns
C fungi
D monocotyledons
[1]

[Total: 1]

7 The table shows the scientific names of four members of the cat family.

common name scientific name

leopard Panthera pardus

lion Panthera leo
ocelot Leopardus pardalis
tiger Panthera tigris

Which statement is correct?

A All four cats are members of the same species.

B The leopard and the ocelot are members of the same genus.
C The leopard, lion and tiger are members of the same genus.
D The leopard, lion and tiger are members of the same species.
[1]

[Total: 1]

Page 4 of 492
8 When a donkey is bred with a zebra, a zebronkey is produced. Zebronkeys are not fertile animals.

Which statement is correct?

A Donkeys and zebras belong to different species because their offspring are not fertile.
B Donkeys and zebras belong to different species because they do not look exactly the same.
C Donkeys and zebras belong to the same species because they look alike.
D Donkeys and zebras belong to the same species because they produce offspring.
[1]

[Total: 1]

9 Which process releases water and energy?

A aerobic respiration
B osmosis
C photosynthesis
D protein synthesis
[1]

[Total: 1]

10 The diagram shows an animal whose scientific name is Rattus rattus.

Which genus does it belong to?

A mammal
B rattus
C Rattus
D vertebrate
[1]

[Total: 1]

Page 5 of 492
11 The diagram below shows five different mammals.

They are not drawn to the same scale.

A B

C D

Use the key to identify the mammals shown.

Page 6 of 492
 key

name of mammal

1 (a) has ears more than half the length of the head O. cuniculus
(b) has ears less than half the length of the head go to 2

2 (a) has fur on tail all one colour go to 3

(b) has fur on tip of tail a different colour to the rest of tail fur go to 4

3 (a) has webbed feet ( skin between the toes) M. vison

(b) does not have webbed feet ( no skin between the toes) M.leucurus

4 (a) has white fur on the end of the tail V. vulpes

(b) has black fur on the end of the tail M. erminea

Complete the table below by writing the names of the five mammals.

mammal name of mammal

[4]

[Total: 4]

12 The diagram below shows four insects.

A B C D

Page 7 of 492
 (a) State one feature of the insects shown above, that is characteristic of this group.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Use the key to identify the four insects.

Write the name of each insect in the correct box in the Table below the key.

key name of insect

1 (a) body has stripes go to 2
(b) body has no stripes go to 3

2 (a) head is long and narrow Otiorhynchus

(b) head is wide and rounded Leptinotarsa

3 (a) antennae are longer than width of head Lilioceris

(b) antennae are shorter than width of head Coccinella

insect name of insect

A
B
C
D

[3]

[Total: 4]

Page 8 of 492
13 The diagram below shows five molluscs. They all live in the sea or on the shore.

A C E

B D

Use this key to identify these molluscs.

Shell has one part Go to 2

1
Shell has two parts C. edule
Shell has a hole in the top F. aperta
2
Shell does not have a hole in the top Go to 3
Shell is narrow, with an obvious point C. australis
3
Shell is rounded with no obvious point Go to 4
Shell is plain, with no pattern L. Littorea
4
Shell is patterned T. regina

Write your answers in the Table below.

mollusc name
A
B
C
D
E

[4]

[Total: 4]

Page 9 of 492
14 Respiration is one of the characteristics of living things.

State the names of three other characteristics of living things.

1 ...............................................................................................................................................

2 ...............................................................................................................................................

3 ............................................................................................................................................... [3]

[Total: 3]

15 The diagram shows six different arthropods labelled A, B, C, D, E and F.

State the letter of the organism in the diagram that is a crustacean.

Give a reason for your answer.

letter .........................................................................................................................................

reason ......................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]

Page 10 of 492
16 All living organisms show the same seven characteristics.

State four of the characteristics of living organisms.

1 ...............................................................................................................................................

2 ...............................................................................................................................................

3 ...............................................................................................................................................

4 ............................................................................................................................................... [4]

[Total: 4]

Page 11 of 492
1 The diagram shows a bird that lives near rivers.

Use the key to identify the bird shown in the diagram.

1 toes joined by a flap of skin.............................. go to 2

toes separate ................................................. A heron
2 beak as long or longer than the head............... go to 3
beak not as long as the head ........................ B little grebe
3 top of head black ........................................... C avocet
top of head white ........................................... D mute swan

2 The equation shows a chemical reaction that occurs in living organisms.

glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water

Which of these characteristics of living organisms is this equation associated with?

3 What is a correct way of naming an organism using the binomial system?

A Common buttercup
B ranunculus acris
C Ranunculus acris
D Ranunculus sp.

Page 12 of 492
4 The diagram shows a leaf.

Use the key to identify the plant to which the leaf belongs.

leaves

leaf in leaf in more than

one piece one piece

leaf edge leaf edge leaf edge leaf edge

smooth jagged smooth jagged

Fagus Ulmus Fraxinus Sorbus

sylvatica minor americana aucuparia
A B C D

5 The diagram shows some leaves and flowers of different plants.

1 2 3 4 5

Which are from monocotyledons?

A 1 and 3 B 1 and 5 C 2 and 4 D 2 and 5

Page 13 of 492
 6 The list shows the scientific names for eight animals, using the binomial system.

Alderia modesta

Arenicola cristata

Arenicola marina

Austrominius modestus

Bittium reticulatum
Botrylloides leachii
Botryllus schlosseri
Clypeostoma reticulatum
Which two animals are most closely related?

A Alderia modesta and Austrominius modestus

B Arenicola cristata and Arenicola marina
C Bittium reticulatum and Clypeostoma reticulatum
D Botryllus schlosseri and Botrylloides leachii

7 The diagram shows a flower seen from above.

Use the key to find the name of the family to which it belongs.

1 four petals..................................................go to 2
five petals ..................................................go to 3
2 two stamens ..............................................A Scrophulariaceae
six stamens ...............................................B Brassicaceae
3 petals joined ..................................... C Caryophyllaceae
petals separate ..........................................D Rosaceae

Page 14 of 492
8 Some lizards detach their tails when threatened by a predator.

Which characteristic is shown?

A excretion
B growth
C reproduction
D sensitivity

9 The diagram shows a key for five vertebrates.

START HERE

has legs has no legs

organism T

has feathers has no feathers

organism U

has scales has no scales

organism V organism W

Which class of vertebrates does organism W belong to?

A amphibians
B birds
C fish
D reptiles

Page 15 of 492
10 Many snakes that belong to the viper family are unusual in that they give birth to live young.

This is usually a characteristic of which vertebrate group?

A amphibians
B birds
C bony fish
D mammals

11 Use the key to identify which group is amphibians.

1 hair present ............................................ mammals

hair absent ............................................. go to 2
2 feathers present ..................................... group A
feathers absent ...................................... go to 3
3 dry scaly skin… ...................................... group B
moist skin ............................................... go to 4
4 four limbs ............................................... group C
no limbs ................................................. group D

12 The diagram illustrates some of the processes carried out by living organisms.

oxygen from carbon dioxide

atmosphere to atmosphere

light energy
green X chicken
plant

waste waste
products products

Which characteristic of living organisms is represented by arrow X?

A excretion
B nutrition
C respiration
D sensitivity

Page 16 of 492
13 What is a correct way of naming a species, according to the binomial system?

A Homo sapiens
B Homo Sapiens
C human being
D sapiens

14 The diagram shows four arthropods.

Pediculus 20 Anopheles 10

Dermacentor 7 Carcinus 0.5

How many of these arthropods are insects?

A 1 B 2 C 3 D 4

Page 17 of 492
15 The diagram shows an animal.

Use the key to identify this animal.

1 body covered with scales ......................... go to 2

body covered with hair ............................. go to 3

2 has a rounded bill .................................... A

has a pointed bill ...................................... B

3 has webbed feet ...................................... C

does not have webbed feet ...................... D

Page 18 of 492
16 All fish, all birds and all mammals are
A animals with internal fertilisation.

B carnivores (eat meat only)

C vertebrates.
D warm-blooded animals.

17 The diagram shows an animal.

Use the key to identify the animal.

1 has two wings ........................................................ go to 2

has four wings ........................................................ go to 3
2 has antennae much shorter than legs .....................A
has antennae about the same length as legs ..........B
3 has feathery antennae ............................................C
has smooth antennae..............................................D

18 What is not a characteristic of all living organisms?

A excretion
B photosynthesis
C reproduction
D respiration

Page 19 of 492
1 Diagram A is a dichotomous key. It can be used to identify different types of tree by using their
leaves.

diagram A

Diagram B shows leaves from six different trees.

Use the key in diagram A to identify the six different types of tree.

Write the name of each tree on the lines in diagram B.

diagram B

[Total: 5]

Page 20 of 492
2 The photograph is of a lobster, which is an arthropod.

The scientific name of the arthropod in the photograph is Homarus americanus.

State the genus name.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

Page 21 of 492
3 Many living organisms can be classified as plants or animals.

The table shows some features of animals and plants.

Place ticks (✓) in the boxes to show the correct features of animals and plants.

feature animals plants

can respire

can grow

can make their own food

contain DNA

can respond to changes in their

environment

[5]

[Total: 5]

4 Define the term species.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]

Page 22 of 492
5 The diagram shows six species of reptiles.

Use the key to identify each species. Write the letter of each species (A–F) in the correct empty
box beside the key.

Page 23 of 492
1 (a) organism has a shell (hard covering on its back) go to 2

(b) organism does not have a shell go to 3

2 (a) organism has flat limbs (flippers) Caretta caretta

(b) organism has legs and feet Chelonoidis nigra

3 (a) organism has limbs go to 4

(b) organism has a long body and no limbs Crotalus viridis

4 (a) organism has ridges on its back go to 5

(b) organism has no ridges on its back Varanus bengalensis

5 (a) organism has a coiled tail Chamaeleo calyptratus

(b) organism has a straight tail Alligator mississippiensis

[5]

[Total: 5]

6 Mammals are one of the five groups of vertebrates.

The list describes some of the features of fish, amphibians, reptiles, mammals and birds.

Some features belong to more than one group.

State the name of one vertebrate group which has the distinguishing feature of:

scales .......................................................................................................................................

feathers ....................................................................................................................................

gills ...........................................................................................................................................

smooth moist skin. ................................................................................................................... [4]

[Total: 4]

Page 24 of 492
 Unit 2

Cell
structure and levels
of organization of
living organisms

Page 25 of 492
1 Organs, tissues and specialised cells are structures in the body that perform a particular function.

Write these parts of the body in order of size from smallest to largest.

cell DNA molecule organ organ system tissue

smallest .......................................
......................................
......................................
.......................................
largest .......................................

[2]

[Total: 2]

2 Xylem is a specialised plant tissue.

State two functions of xylem tissue.

1 ...............................................................................................................................................

2 ............................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 2]

Page 26 of 492
3 The boxes on the left show parts of a plant cell.

The boxes on the right show the functions of the parts.

Draw lines to link each part with its function. Draw four lines.

part
function

contains the genetic material

cell wall

filled with sap and supports the plant cell

chloroplast

made of cellulose and strengthens the plant cell

nucleus

site of photosynthesis

vacuole

site of respiration

[4]

[Total: 4]

4 A parasite is an organism that obtains its nutrients from another living organism (the host).

Page 27 of 492
The diagram below shows the parasitic plant dodder, Cuscuta epithymum, growing on the host
plant, gorse, Ulex sp. The flower and stems belong to the dodder. This plant does not have leaves
or roots, and obtains its nutrients and water from the gorse.

dodder flower

dodder stem

gorse

(a) Suggest how dodder obtains minerals from the gorse.

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

Page 28 of 492
(b) The structure that dodder uses to make contact with the gorse is called haustorium. The width
of the haustorium is marked by the line MN on the diagram below.

stem of
gorse

M N

stem of
dodder

×50

Measure the length of MN.

..............................................mm [1]

Page 29 of 492
 (c) Calculate the actual width of the haustorium (MN).

Show your working.

actual width........................... mm [2]

[Total: 4]
5 The photograph of a strawberry plant growing in a glasshouse. It photosynthesises and produces
fruit.

State the name of the structure in plant cells which contains chlorophyll.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

6 State two structures that are found in plant cells but not in animal cells.

1 ...............................................................................................................................................

2 ............................................................................................................................................... [2]

Page 30 of 492
1 Which row matches the cell membrane and cell wall of a palisade cell to their functions?

cell membrane cell wall

A active transport active transport

B active transport support
C support active transport
D support support

2 In a plant, what is formed by a group of xylem vessels?

A a cell
B a tissue
C an organ
D an organ system

3 The diagram shows a palisade mesophyll cell.

Which structure is not found in an animal cell?

4 What is the correct order of increasing size of the following structures, from smallest to largest?

A chromosome → liver → white blood cell

B chromosome → white blood cell → liver

C liver → chromosome → white blood cell

D white blood cell → liver → chromosome

Page 31 of 492
5 The shaded area of the diagram represents structures found in both plant and animal cells.

Which cell structure is from the shaded area?

A cell membrane
B cell wall
C chloroplast
D large vacuole

6 A palisade cell and a nerve cell are observed under a light microscope.

Only the palisade cell has a

A cell membrane.
B cytoplasm.
C nucleus.
D vacuole.

Page 32 of 492
7 The diagram shows a palisade mesophyll cell from a green leaf.

In which labelled part does photosynthesis occur and where is starch stored?

8 Which row describes a root hair cell?

allows water to increases the surface loses water

pass into the plant area of the root by transpiration

A ✓ ✓ ✓
B ✓ ✓ C
C ✓ C ✓
D C ✓ ✓

Page 33 of 492
9 Three cell structures are listed.

1 cell wall
2 cytoplasm
3 nucleus

Which structures are found in palisade cells and in liver cells?

A 1 and 2 B 1 only C 2 and 3 D 3 only

10 The diagram shows two plant cells, P and Q.

cell P cell Q

How does cell P differ from cell Q?

A It has no cell wall.

B It has no chloroplasts.
C It has no nucleus.
D It has no vacuole.

11 The diagram shows different types of cells.

Which structure do all these cells have?

A cell membrane
B cell wall
C chloroplast
D nucleus

Page 34 of 492
12 The diagram shows a male gamete.

Which term describes the level of organisation of this gamete?

A cell
B organ
C organism
D tissue

13 The diagram shows a student’s drawing of two guard cells.

Which label line is not correct?

A chloroplast

B cell membrane

C vacuole

D cell wall

14 How does a liver cell differ from a palisade cell?

A A liver cell has a membrane.

B A liver cell has a vacuole.
C A liver cell has no cell wall.
D A liver cell has no cytoplasm.

Page 35 of 492
1 The diagram shows a plant cell after it has been in a solution of glucose for fifteen minutes.

Draw label lines on the diagram to link each label to the correct structure. [3]

[Total: 3]

2 State the name of the structure, in a gamete, that contains chromosomes.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

3 The diagram is of an animal cell.

Label three structures on the cell shown in the diagram, using label lines and the names of the
structures. [3]

[Total: 3]

Page 36 of 492
4 The diagram below shows a cell from a leaf .

Use the letters from the diagram to complete the table below.

Write one letter only in each box to identify the function. You may use each letter once, more than
once or not at all.

letter from
function
diagram

controls movement of substances into and out of the cell

exerts a pressure to help maintain the shape of the cell

produces sugars using light as a source of energy

withstands the internal pressure of the cell

controls all the activities of the cell

[5]

[Total: 5]

Page 37 of 492
5 Plant and animal cells contain many cell structures with important functions.

Complete the sentences using the words or phrases from the list.

Each word or phrase may be used once, more than once or not at all.

chloroplast cytoplasm membrane microscope

nucleus protein synthesis photosynthesis

respiration test-tube vacuole wall

Cells are very small. To magnify cells a piece of laboratory equipment called a

............................................ is used.

All cells have a cell ............................................ that controls what goes into and out of the

cell. The structure that contains the genetic information and controls all of a cell’s activities

is called the ............................................ .

In a plant cell, the cell ............................................ maintains the cell shape and the

............................................ is full of a solution of sugars, called cell sap.

Plant cells carry out the process of ............................................ to release energy. [6]
[Total: 6]

Page 38 of 492
6 Egg cells and sperm cells are specialised cells.

State the name of the specialised cell that is responsible for each of these functions:

conduction and support in plants ...................................................................................

movement of mucus in the trachea ...................................................................................

photosynthesis ...................................................................................

transport of oxygen in mammals ................................................................................... [4]

[Total: 4]

7 The diagram below shows a cell found in leaves.

State the names of structures F, G and H.

Write your answers on the diagram. [3]

[Total: 3]

Page 39 of 492
1 At which level of organisation is a root?

A organ
B organ system
C organism
D tissue

2 The diagram shows a liver cell.

Which features are present in this cell and also in most plant cells?

A cell membrane and cytoplasm

B cell membrane and sap vacuole

C cell wall and cytoplasm

D cell wall and sap vacuole

Page 40 of 492
3 Which structure is present in a root hair cell but not in a liver cell?

A cell wall
B chloroplast
C glycogen granule
D nucleus

4 Which description of the heart is correct?

A The heart is an organ, containing several systems, which forms part of the circulatory tissue.
B The heart is an organ, containing several tissues, which forms part of the circulatory system.
C The heart is a system, containing several organs, which forms part of the circulatory tissue.
D The heart is a system, containing several tissues, which forms part of the circulatory organ.

5 The diagram shows four cells.

1 2

Which two cells contain cellulose and a vacuole?

A 1a B 1 and 4 C 2 and 3 D 2 and 4

6 The diagram shows two guard cells from a leaf.

Which labelled part would also be found in liver cells?

A
B

Page 41 of 492
7 The diagram shows part of a leaf in cross-section.

Structures X and Y are both part of the same

A cell.
B organ.
C tissue.
D vessel.

8 The diagram shows a plant cell.

Which features show that it is a plant cell?

A It has a cell wall and a vacuole.

B It has a nucleus and cytoplasm.
C It has a nucleus but no chloroplasts.
D It has chloroplasts but no vacuole.

Page 42 of 492
9 The diagram shows a specialised cell cut in half.

What does this diagram indicate about the structure of this cell?

A The cell has a cell wall.

B The cell is concave on each side.
C The cell is long and thin.
D The cell is red and carries oxygen.

10 Which diagram shows chloroplasts in their correct position in a plant cell?

A B C

Page 43 of 492
 11 Which is not an organ?

A blood
B heart
C tooth
D vein

12 The cell shown in the diagram has been magnified 3000 times. The diagram is 21 mm wide.

What is the actual diameter of the cell?

A 21 mm
21
mm
B 3000

C 21 x 3000 mm
3000
D mm
21

13 Xylem is an example of

A a cell.
B a tissue.
C an organ.
D an organ system.

Page 44 of 492
14 Plant cells are often green but animal cells are not usually green.

Which structure in plant cells makes them green?

A cell wall
B chloroplast
C cytoplasm
D vacuole

15 The diagram shows the structure of a palisade cell.

2
4

1 5

Which features are also found in a liver cell?

A 1a B 2 and 5 C 3 and 4 D 4 and 5

Page 45 of 492
 Unit 3

Movement in and
out of cells

Page 46 of 492
NIS - Sherouk Campus
IGCSE Division

1 What helps to support plants?

A pressure inwards on the cell vacuoles

B pressure inwards on the chloroplasts
C pressure outwards on the cell walls
D pressure outwards on the nuclei
[1]

[Total: 1]

2 What would increase the rate of diffusion of oxygen into an animal cell?

A decreasing the concentration gradient between the inside of the cell and the outside
B decreasing the temperature of the cell and its surroundings
C increasing the distance that the oxygen molecules have to travel
D increasing the surface area of the cell membrane
[1]

[Total: 1]

3 Three equally sized pieces of potato were put into different concentrations of sucrose solution.
One piece of potato was put into distilled water.
-3 -3 -3
The concentrations of sucrose solution were 0.2 g dm , 0.4 g dm and 0.6 g dm .

The graph shows the change in mass of the potato pieces over a period of 60 minutes.

Which piece of potato was put into distilled water?

2
A
change in mass of 1 B
the potato pieces / g
0 C
0 time / minutes 60
–1 D
[1]

[Total: 1]

Page 47 of 492
4 The diagram shows water and sugar molecules on either side of a partially permeable membrane.

partially permeable membrane

key
sugar molecule
X Y
water molecule

What happens during osmosis?

A More sugar molecules pass through the membrane from X to Y than from Y to X.
B More sugar molecules pass through the membrane from Y to X than from X to Y.
C More water molecules pass through the membrane from X to Y than from Y to X.
D More water molecules pass through the membrane from Y to X than from X to Y.
[1]

[Total: 1]

5 Which diagram shows the changes in appearance of a plant cell when it remains in a concentrated
sugar solution for thirty minutes?

[1]

Page 48 of 492
 [Total: 1]

6 The data shows the results of an investigation on osmosis using sticks of potato.

concentration of length of potato

length of potato
sugar solution stick after
3 stick at start / mm
/ mol per dm 24 hours / mm

0.6 60 54

Which statements explain this change in length?

movement of water cause of movement

The sugar solution has a higher water

A into the potato cells
potential than the potato cells.
The sugar solution has a lower water
B into the potato cells
potential than the potato cells.
The sugar solution has a higher water
C out of the potato cells
potential than the potato cells.
The sugar solution has a lower water
D out of the potato cells
potential than the potato cells.

[1]

[Total: 1]

7 A red blood cell is placed in a concentrated sugar solution.

What happens and why?

A The cell bursts as sugar molecules diffuse into it.

B The cell bursts because the concentrated sugar solution enters it.
C The cell shrinks because sugar molecules leave it.
D The cell shrinks because water leaves it.
[1]

[Total: 1]

Page 49 of 492
8 A strong solution of salt accidentally flooded a field of young rice plants.

The graph shows the effect on two varieties of rice in the field.

100 variety X

80

60
percentage
plants alive
40

20
variety Y
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
time after flooding / days

What causes the effect shown by the graph?

A Water enters the root cells of X.

B Water enters the root cells of Y.
C Water leaves the root cells of X.
D Water leaves the root cells of Y.
[1]

[Total: 1]

9 Some red blood cells were placed in distilled water and others were placed in three salt solutions
of different concentrations.

Which diagram shows the appearance of a cell after being in the distilled water for a short time?

A B C D

[1]

[Total: 1]

Page 50 of 492
10 A potato is cut into four pieces. The four pieces are weighed and then each one is placed in a
different sugar solution.

After four hours, the pieces are taken out of the solutions, dried and re-weighed. The masses of
the pieces at the start and after four hours are shown in the table below.

Which solution is the most dilute?

mass at start (g) mass after four hours (g)

A 24 22
B 25 34
C 28 23
D 32 35

[1]

[Total: 1]

Page 51 of 492
NIS - Sherouk Campus
IGCSE Division

1 A group of students investigated the effect of soaking small onion bulbs in different concentrations
of sodium chloride solution. They peeled off the outer papery leaves of the onion bulbs and divided
the onions into 6 batches, each with 10 onions.

The onions were surface dried with paper towels and weighed. The mean mass of the onions in
each batch was calculated. The onions were then left in sodium chloride solutions for three hours.

After three hours the students surface dried the onions and weighed them again. Their results are
given in the table below.

mean mass of onions / g

concentration of sodium chloride percentage
–3 after soaking for
solution / g dm before soaking change in mass
3 hours

0 147 173 +17.7

25 153 165 +7.8

50 176 172 −2.3

100 154 149 −3.2

150 149 142 −4.7

200 183 175

(a)
(i) Calculate the percentage change in mass of the onions that were in the most
concentrated solution of sodium chloride. Show your working. Write your answer in the
table above.

[2]

(ii) Explain why the students calculated the percentage change in mass of the onions.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [2]

Page 52 of 492
 (b) The students plotted a graph of the results as shown in the graph below.

20

15
percentage change in mass

10

0
0 50 100 150 200
–5

–10
concentration of sodium chloride solution / g dm–3

(i) Complete the graph using your answer to (a)(i). [1]

(ii) Use the graph to estimate the concentration of the sodium chloride solution that has
the same water potential as the onions.

................................................................................................................................ [2]

[Total: 7]

2 A biologist made a slide of some epidermal cells from a scale leaf of an onion bulb.

The biologist added a few drops of concentrated salt solution to the cells on the slide and took a
photograph of the cells, as shown in the diagram below.

Page 53 of 492
(a)
(i) With reference to the photograph above, describe the effect on the plant cells of adding
a concentrated salt solution.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [3]

(ii) Use the term water potential to explain the effect you have described.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [3]

[Total: 6]

Page 54 of 492
3 More than 40 years ago, botanists studied the leaves of broad bean plants and discovered that
guard cells control the opening and closing of stomata. They found that stomata were open when
the guard cells were turgid.

The table shows some of their measurements.

closed stomata open stomata

ion concentration in guard cells / pmol 0.3 2.5

3
guard cell volume / µm 4000.0 6500.0

turgor pressure in the guard cells / MPa 2.0 4.8

width of stomatal opening / µm 0.0 8.0

Describe and explain how the change in ion concentration causes the guard cell volume to change.

Use the information in the table in your answer.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [5]

[Total: 5]

Page 55 of 492
4 Some substances move into cells by the process of diffusion.

Substances can also move by osmosis and active transport.

The table shows some of the features of diffusion, osmosis and active transport.

Complete the table by placing one tick (✓) in each row to show the features of diffusion,
osmosis and active transport.

One has been done for you.

active
feature diffusion osmosis
transport

involves movement of water

✓
only

always involves movement

across a partially permeable
membrane

movement is from a higher

solute concentration to a
lower solute concentration

requires energy from

respiration

involves the movement of

both gases and solutes

[4]

[Total: 4]

Page 56 of 492
5 The table shows some comparisons between a human and a mouse.

feature human mouse

body mass / kg 60.0 0.025

kidney mass / g 320.0 0.310

3
water intake / dm per day 1.5 0.005
3
water reabsorption / dm per day 179.0 0.168

salt filtration rate / g per day 580.0 0.556

salt reabsorption / g per day 575.0 0.551

The table shows that salts are reabsorbed in the kidneys of both humans and mice.

Describe how salts are reabsorbed against a concentration gradient.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [4]

[Total: 4]

Page 57 of 492
6 Complete the table below to show which statements are true for diffusion and which are true for
osmosis. Use a tick (✓) if it is true or a cross (✗) if it is false.

Complete all eight boxes.

statement diffusion osmosis

must involve a partially permeable membrane

involves the movement of gases and solutes

is a result of the random movement of particles

requires energy from respiration

[4]

[Total: 4]

Page 58 of 492
NIS - Sherouk Campus
IGCSE Division

1 Active transport is the movement of

A molecules from a region of their higher concentration to a region of their lower concentration.
B particles from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration using
energy from respiration.
C urine by relaxation of a sphincter muscle in the bladder.
D water through a partially permeable membrane from a more dilute to a more concentrated
solution.

2 The diagram shows an experiment to demonstrate the movement of molecules.

inverted thistle
red ink solution funnel

beaker of water

permeable membrane attached to funnel

After one hour, the water in the beaker turned red.

What is the most likely reason for this colour change?

A Molecules of red ink move through the membrane by diffusion.

B Molecules of red ink move through the membrane by osmosis.
C Molecules of water move through the membrane by diffusion.
D Molecules of water move through the membrane by osmosis.

Page 59 of 492
3 The diagram shows water and sugar molecules on either side of a partially permeable
membrane.

partially permeable membrane

key
sugar molecule
X Y
water molecule

What happens during osmosis?

A More sugar molecules pass through the membrane from X to Y than from Y to X.
B More sugar molecules pass through the membrane from Y to X than from X to Y.
C More water molecules pass through the membrane from X to Y than from Y to X.
D More water molecules pass through the membrane from Y to X than from X to Y.

4 A jar of air was placed upside down on top of a jar containing a brown gas as shown.

air

air and
brown gas

brown gas

at start after one hour

Which process has taken place?

A diffusion both upwards and downwards

B diffusion downwards only
C diffusion upwards only
D diffusion and osmosis

Page 60 of 492
5 Which statement describes how young plants are supported?

A the pressure of water inside the cells pressing outwards on the cell membranes
B the pressure of water inside the cells pressing outwards on the cell walls
C the pressure of water passing from the roots through the phloem
D the pressure of water passing from the roots through the xylem

6 The diagram shows a test-tube containing clear jelly. A drop of blue ink is injected into the middle
of the jelly.

clear jelly
drop of blue ink

The blue colour of the ink spreads throughout the jelly.

By which process does the blue ink spread through the jelly?

A active transport
B catalysis
C diffusion
D osmosis

7 Which diagram shows the changes in appearance of a plant cell when it remains in a
concentrated sugar solution for thirty minutes?

Page 61 of 492
 C

8 The diagram shows a fish in a pond.

Why does oxygen diffuse from the air into the water before reaching the fish?

A Oxygen is more concentrated in the air than in the water.

B Oxygen is more concentrated in the water than in the air.
C Oxygen is needed by the fish for aerobic respiration.
D Oxygen is needed by the fish for anaerobic respiration.

atrium
bronchioles
ileum

Page 62 of 492
9
shows aThe diagram
plant cell. shows a plant cell.

What is the appearance of this cell after it has been placed in pure water for 30 minutes?

A B

C D

10 A student cuts eout four pieces of carrot root of equal size. The pieces are treated as shown in th
diagram, and then left for two hours.

After two hours, which piece of carrot will be the smallest?

A B C D

sugar water sugar water

solution solution

boiled carrot boiled carrot fresh carrot fresh carrot

Page 63 of 492
1 Diagram 1 shows a plant cell after it has been in a solution of glucose for fifteen minutes.

diagram 1

The plant cell in diagram 1 was then placed in distilled water.

Diagram 2 shows the appearance of the cell after fifteen minutes in distilled water.

diagram 2

Explain why the plant cell changed when it was placed in distilled water.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [3]

Page 64 of 492
 [Total: 3]

2 Plant roots absorb mineral ions by active transport.

Define the term active transport.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 3]

Page 65 of 492
3 A plant was not watered for one week.

Look at a series of photographs of the plant during the week.

Explain how the lack of water has affected the support of the leaves of the plant shown in the
photographs.

Use the term turgor pressure in your answer.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 3]

Page 66 of 492
4 All living organisms excrete waste products.

The photomicrograph is of Naegleria fowleri, a single-celled protoctist that lives in watery

environments.

Suggest how N. fowleri excretes carbon dioxide.

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

Page 67 of 492
5 A leaf cell was put into a solution. The water potential of the solution was lower than the water
potential of the contents of the cell.

The diagram is a sketch of the cell after three hours in the solution.

The leaf cell was transferred into pure water.

Sketch the expected appearance of the cell after it had been in the pure water for three hours.

Draw one arrow on your sketch to show the direction of water movement.

Page 68 of 492
 Unit 4

Enzymes

Page 69 of 492
1 What is the optimum pH for stomach enzymes?

A pH 2 B pH 7 C pH 9 D pH 12
[1]

[Total: 1]

2 During digestion, what is the function of an enzyme?

A to break down fats into droplets

B to break down food into small pieces
C to break down large molecules into small molecules
D to kill bacteria in food
[1]

[Total: 1]

3 Four test-tubes were set up as shown in the table.

In which test-tube would starch be broken down the fastest?

3
2 cm starch 3 3
1 cm of 1 cm of boiled temperature
suspension
amylase added amylase added / °C
added

A ✓ ✓ ✗ 5

B ✓ ✓ ✗ 35

C ✓ ✗ ✓ 5

D ✓ ✗ ✓ 35

key

✓ = present

✗ = absent

[1]

[Total: 1]

Page 70 of 492
4 Which statement about enzymes is correct?

A Enzymes become part of the product.

B Lowering the pH always slows down the reaction rate.
C Raising the temperature always increases the reaction rate.
D The specificity of an enzyme depends on the shape of its active site.
[1]

[Total: 1]

5 Why does excessive heat decrease enzyme activity?

A It changes the shape of the active site.

B It changes the shape of the substrate and product molecules.
C It increases the force of collisions between substrate and product molecules.
D It increases the kinetic energy of the substrate molecules.
[1]

[Total: 1]

6 Which statement about enzymes is correct?

A Enzymes are carbohydrates.

B Enzymes are catalysts.
C Enzymes are living organisms.
D Enzymes are the same shape as the substrate.
[1]

[Total: 1]

Page 71 of 492
7 The diagram represents an enzyme-controlled reaction.

What represents an enzyme?

A D

[1]

[Total: 1]

8 The diagrams show an experiment on enzyme activity.

The test-tubes contain hydrogen peroxide and the enzyme catalase.

In which test-tube is the enzyme inactive?

A B C D

mixture of mixture of mixture of

catalase boiled catalase
and catalase and boiled
hydrogen and hydrogen
peroxide hydrogen peroxide
peroxide
at 4 °C at 37 °C at 37 °C at 37 °C
[1]

[Total: 1]

Page 72 of 492
9 The first diagram represents a chemical reaction.

reactants product

Which diagram, below, represents the enzyme for this reaction?

A B C D

[1]

[Total: 1]

10 The diagram shows an enzyme with its substrate and product molecules.

Q
P

Which form an enzyme-substrate complex?

A P and Q B Q and R C R and S D S and P

[1]

[Total: 1]

Page 73 of 492
1 Alcohol dehydrogenase is an enzyme that breaks down alcohol in the body.

The graph shows the activity of alcohol dehydrogenase at different pH values.

Suggest one other factor that could affect the activity of the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

Page 74 of 492
2 Alcohol dehydrogenase is an enzyme that breaks down alcohol in the body.

The graph shows the activity of alcohol dehydrogenase at different pH values.

State the pH value with the highest enzyme activity in the graph.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

Page 75 of 492
3 Alcohol dehydrogenase is an enzyme that breaks down alcohol in the body.

The graph shows the activity of alcohol dehydrogenase at different pH values.

State the pH value with the lowest enzyme activity in the graph.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

4 Enzymes are biological catalysts.

Define the term catalyst.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]

Page 76 of 492
5 Pectinase is an enzyme.

The box on the left shows the beginning of a sentence.

The boxes on the right show some endings of sentences.

Draw three lines from the word ‘Enzymes’ to make three correct sentences.

are living organisms.

are proteins.

can only be used once.

Enzymes

have a complementary shape to their substrate.

increase the rate of chemical reactions.

in the stomach are most active at pH 8.

[3]

[Total: 3]

Page 77 of 492
6 Biological washing powders contain enzymes that break down food stains.

Some students compared how effective biological and non-biological washing powders are at
removing stains at temperatures between 10 °C and 60 °C.

• Pieces of stained cloth were washed using two different washing powders.

• The degree of stain removal was measured by using a light meter to record the percentage of
light reflected from the cloth.

• A light meter gave a value of 100% when the cloth was completely clean.

• Any stain left on the cloth reduced the percentage of light reflected.

The results of the students’ investigation are shown in the graph.

The students suggested that the enzymes in the biological washing powder were denatured at high
temperatures.

Explain why enzyme molecules do not function when they are denatured.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [2]

Page 78 of 492
7 Catalase is an enzyme that catalyses the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen.

The effect of temperature on catalase activity was investigated.

The results are shown in the graph.

State the temperature at which catalase is most active in the graph.

........................... °C [1]

[Total: 1]

Page 79 of 492
8 The graph shows how the rate of reaction of a digestive enzyme changes with pH.

State one factor other than pH that will affect enzyme activity.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

Page 80 of 492
9 The graph shows how the rate of reaction of a digestive enzyme changes with pH.

Describe the effect of the increase in pH on the rate of reaction shown in the graph.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]

10 Microorganisms in the soil release enzymes to digest dead leaves.

Explain how enzymes catalyse chemical reactions.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 3]

Page 81 of 492
11 The enzyme catalase is found in lettuce leaves.

A student investigated the activity of this enzyme by grinding some lettuce leaves and adding them
to a solution of hydrogen peroxide. The volume of oxygen produced was measured until the reaction
stopped.

The student's results are shown in the graph below.

7
× × × × × ×
6 × ×
×
5 ×
volume of oxygen 4 ×
collected / cm3

3
×
2

0×
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
time/ s

(a) (i) Describe the results shown in the graph. You will gain credit if you use the data in your
answer.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [3]

Page 82 of 492
(ii) Explain the action of enzymes during a reaction.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [3]

[Total: 6]

Page 83 of 492
1 Which graph shows the effect of temperature on the activity of an enzyme?

A B

enzyme enzyme
activity activity

0 5 100 0 5 100
temperature / °C temperature / °C

enzyme enzyme
activity activity

0 5 100 0 5 100
temperature / °C temperature / °C

2 The diagram represents enzyme action.

+ +

W X Y

What are parts W, X and Y in this chemical reaction?

enzyme product substrate

A W Y
B X Y
C X W
D Y X

Page 84 of 492
3 The diagram represents a chemical reaction.

reactants product

Which diagram represents the enzyme for this reaction?

A B C

4 The table shows the conditions in four test-tubes containing equal amounts of starch and salivary
amylase.

In which test-tube is the starch broken down fastest?

temperature
pH
/ °C
A 2 27
B 2 37
C 7 27
D 7 37

5 What is true of all enzymes?

they are most effective

they are sugars
at pH7

A  
B  
C  
D  

Page 85 of 492
6 The diagram shows the effect of an enzyme working in the human digestive system.

enzyme at pH 1.5
and temperature 37 °C

protein amino acids

What would reduce the rate of production of amino acids?

A removing the amino acids as they are formed

B increasing the amount of protein

C raising the temperature to 40 °C

D raising the pH to 7.5

7 Which group of compounds ensures that metabolic reactions take place effectively?

A carbohydrates
B enzymes
C fatty acids
D hormones

8 The diagram shows an experiment on the digestion of the protein in egg albumen by protease.

The protease was taken from a human stomach.

In which test-tube will the protein be digested most quickly?

A B C D

water-bath
at 37 °C

egg albumen egg albumen egg albumen egg albumen

+ + + +
protease dilute dilute dilute
hydrochloric hydrochloric hydrochloric
acid acid acid
+ +
protease boiled protease

Page 86 of 492
 9 Which effect does a gradual decrease in pH from 13 to 1 have on the action of amylase?

A slows it down only

B slows it down then speeds it up
C speeds it up only
D speeds it up then slows it down

10 An enzyme in potato cells causes oxygen to be produced from hydrogen peroxide.

Cubes of potato were incubated with hydrogen peroxide at different temperatures.

The numbers of bubbles of oxygen released per minute were counted at each temperature.

The table shows the results.

The results suggest the optimum temperature for the enzyme is between which two values?

A 15 °C and 35 °C

B 35 °C and 45 °C

C 35 °C and 55 °C

D 45 °C and 55 °C

11 Which graph shows the effect of temperature between 20 °C and 35 °C on the activity of a human
digestive enzyme?

A B

rate of rate of
reaction reaction

20
0 20
0
temperature / °C temperature / °C

C D

rate of rate of
reaction reaction

20
0 20
0
temperature / °C temperature / °C
Page 87 of 492
12 Lactase is a human enzyme that catalyses the breakdown of lactose in milk.

At which temperature does lactase work fastest?

A 0 °C B 18 °C C 37 °C D 100 °C

13 The graph shows the effect of pH on a particular enzyme-controlled reaction.

rate of
reaction

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
pH

When is the enzyme not active?

A at pH 1 and pH 13
B at pH 3 and pH 11
C at pH 5 and pH 9
D at pH 7

14 What happens to most enzymes above 60 °C?

A They are denatured.
B They are destroyed by white blood cells.
C They are digested.
D They are made more active.

Page 88 of 492
15 An experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of pH on enzyme action. The graph shows
the results.

y-axis

x-axis

What are the labels for the x-axis and the y-axis?

16 The enzyme catalase, found in potato, speeds up the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide. The
reaction releases a froth of oxygen bubbles.

The diagram shows an experiment to find the effect of changes in pH on the rate of this reaction.

froth of oxygen bubbles

piece of potato
dilute hydrogen peroxide solution

The table shows the time taken for the froth of bubbles to reach the top of the test-tube at
different pH values.

Which pH is nearest to the optimum (best) for this enzyme?

A pH 4 B pH 5 C pH 6 D pH 7

Page 89 of 492
1 Microorganisms in the soil release enzymes to digest dead leaves.

Explain how enzymes catalyse chemical reactions.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 3]

2 Chemical digestion is the breakdown of large, insoluble molecules into smaller, soluble molecules.
Digestive enzymes such as lipase are used in this process.

Define the term enzyme.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]

Page 90 of 492
3 The reactions of chemical digestion are catalysed by enzymes.

The diagram shows the stages of an enzyme-catalysed reaction.

State the names of A to D in the diagram.

A ..............................................................................................................................................

B ..............................................................................................................................................

C ..............................................................................................................................................

D .............................................................................................................................................. [4]

[Total: 4]

Page 91 of 492
4 Catalase is an enzyme that catalyses the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen.

The effect of temperature on catalase activity was investigated.

The results are shown in the graph.

State the temperature at which catalase is most active in the graph.

........................... °C [1]

[Total: 1]

Page 92 of 492
5 The graph shows how the rate of reaction of a digestive enzyme changes with pH.

State one factor other than pH that will affect enzyme activity.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

Page 93 of 492
 Unit 5

Biological
Molecules

Page 94 of 492
1 Enzymes are proteins.

Circle the elements that all enzymes contain.

calcium carbon hydrogen iodine

iron magnesium nitrogen oxygen [2]

[Total: 2]

2 Protein can be broken down into amino acids.

List four chemical elements that are always found in protein.

1 ...............................................................................................................................................

2 ...............................................................................................................................................

3 ...............................................................................................................................................

4 ............................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 2]

Page 95 of 492
3 Nervous coordination uses specialised cells called neurones.

The diagram shows three neurones.

Some neurones are wrapped in a layer of fat and protein.

List four chemical elements that are found in all proteins.

1 ...............................................................................................................................................

2 ...............................................................................................................................................

3 ...............................................................................................................................................

4 ............................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 2]

Page 96 of 492
4 Proteins are large molecules.

The boxes on the left show the names of some large molecules.

The boxes on the right show the smaller molecules they are made from.

Draw four lines to match the large molecule with the smaller molecule it is made from.

large molecule smaller molecule

cellulose

amino acids

fat

fatty acids and glycerol

glycogen and starch

glucose

protein

[4]

[Total: 4]

5 The diagram shows a molecule of fat.

(a) List the chemical elements present in fat.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

Page 97 of 492
 (b) State the smaller units that fats are made from.

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 3]

6 Enzymes are proteins.

State the chemical elements that enzymes are made from.

.................................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]

Page 98 of 492
7 This question is about biological molecules.

Choose words or phrases from the list to complete the sentences.

Each word or phrase may be used once, more than once, or not at all.

calcium carbon carbon dioxide carbohydrate

cellulose chloroplasts fat glycerol

glycogen iron methane nitrogen

oxygen protein starch

Fats are composed of the elements .............................................. , hydrogen and

.............................................. only. All proteins contain these three elements and the

element ............................................. .

Glucose is a type of ............................................... .

Animals store excess glucose as .............................................. in the liver.

Plants store excess glucose as .............................................. . Plants also convert glucose

to .............................................. which is used to make cell walls. [7]

Page 99 of 492
 [Total: 7]

8 The table shows the results of some food tests.

Which row shows a food containing both protein and starch?

Benedict’s iodine
biuret test ethanol
solution solution

A blue blue clear blue-black

B blue purple clear blue-black
C red blue cloudy brown
D red purple cloudy brown

[1]

[Total: 1]

9 A student set up a test-tube containing starch, water and amylase.

How could the student test whether the amylase had digested all the starch?

A Add Biuret solution.

B Add dilute hydrochloric acid.
C Add iodine solution.
D Weigh the test-tubes and contents before and after the experiment.
[1]

[Total: 1]

10 Water is a good solvent.

What does this mean?

A It dissolves well in many other substances.

B It flows easily through vessels.
C It is permeable to gases.
D Many substances dissolve well in it.
[1]

[Total: 1]

Page 100 of 492

11 Which solutions are used for testing for protein, reducing sugar and starch?

test for reducing

test for protein test for starch
sugar

A Benedict’s iodine biuret

B biuret Benedict’s iodine

C biuret iodine Benedict’s

D iodine biuret Benedict’s

[1]

[Total: 1]

12 Which substance contains nitrogen?

A fat
B glucose
C protein
D starch
[1]

[Total: 1]

Page 101 of 492

13 The table shows whether starch was still present after four different experiments.

experiment result

starch + water at 20 °C ✓

starch + amylase at 20 °C ✗

starch + amylase at 30 °C ✗

starch + boiled amylase at 30 °C ✓

key

✓ = starch present

✗ = starch absent

What broke down the starch?

A amylase
B boiled amylase
C heat
D water
[1]

[Total: 1]

Page 102 of 492

14 The diagram shows a protease molecule catalysing the break down of a protein molecule.

What are the parts labelled P, Q, R and S?

enzyme product substrate active site

A P Q R S
B R S P Q
C S P Q R
D S R Q P

[1]

[Total: 1]

Page 103 of 492

 Unit 6

Human Nutrition

Page 104 of 492

1 Which food is a good source of vitamin C?

A boiled rice
B canned fish
C cooked meat
D fresh fruit
[1]

[Total: 1]

2 Which of these is digested protease?

A key
B amino acid
glucose
C
chemical bond
D
[1]

[Total: 1]

3 Which statement about microorganisms is correct?

A Bacteria are killed by hydrochloric acid in the duodenum.

B Bacteria can become resistant to antibiotics.
C Bacterial infection and viruses are treated with antibiotics.
D Bacteria produce sugars that cause tooth decay.
[1]

[Total: 1]

Page 105 of 492

4 The diagram shows a human tooth.

Which statement best describes the function of this tooth?

A It bites into food.

B It cuts food.
C It grinds food.
D It tears food.
[1]

[Total: 1]

5 The graph shows the effect of pH on the activity of a human digestive enzyme.

rate of
reaction

0 1 2 3 4
pH

What is the enzyme?

A amylase
B maltase
C pepsin
D trypsin
[1]

[Total: 1]

Page 106 of 492

6 The diagram shows some of the organs of the human body.

P
S
Q

In which organs does the digestion of proteins take place?

A P and Q B P and R C Q and R D Q and S

[1]

[Total: 1]

7 The diagram shows part of the alimentary canal and associated organs.

T
W

Which structures secrete enzymes that digest proteins?

A T and U B U and V C V and W D W and T

[1]

[Total: 1]

Page 107 of 492

8 This question is about enzymes.

Choose words from the list to complete the sentences.

Each word may be used once, more than once, or not at all.

amino acids amylase bacteria biological

fatty acids glucose humidity lipase

living protease salivary temperature

All enzymes are proteins. Proteins are made of ............................................... .

An enzyme acts as a ............................................... catalyst.

In order to work rapidly, enzymes need the correct ............................................... and pH.

An example of an enzyme that works in the acidic conditions in the stomach is

............................................... .

Acidic conditions will kill many of the ............................................... present in food.

Salivary ............................................... stops working in acidic conditions.

Fats are broken down by ............................................... .

Page 108 of 492

9 The diagrams below show sections of a villus.

The diagram on the left shows a longitudinal section of a villus.

The diagram on the right shows a cross-section of the same villus at V - W.

The diagrams are not drawn to the same scale.

V W

microvilli
S
cell T

(a) (i) Name structures P, Q and R.

P .............................................................................................................................

Q.............................................................................................................................

R ............................................................................................................................. [3]

Page 109 of 492

(ii) Cell T is an example of the cells that form the surface of the villi.

Explain why there are many microvilli on cell T.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [2]

(iii) Some of the cells on the surface of the villi secrete mucus for protection.

Suggest what the villi need to be protected against.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [2]

[Total: 7]

Page 110 of 492

10 The diagram shows the alimentary canal and associated organs.

State the letter from the diagram that identifies the part where:

alcohol is broken down ..............................................

egestion occurs ..............................................

hydrochloric acid is produced ..............................................

mechanical digestion occurs ..............................................

salivary amylase is produced ..............................................

the most absorption occurs. .............................................. [6]

[Total: 6]

Page 111 of 492

11 The diagram is of the alimentary canal and associated organs.

The boxes on the left show the letters on the diagram.

The boxes in the middle show some of the names of the parts in the diagram.

The boxes on the right show the functions of the parts.

Draw lines to link each part with its correct letter and function.

Page 112 of 492

letter on name of
function
diagram the part

A anus contains hydrochloric acid to kill bacteria

B mouth production of amylase, protease and lipase

C pancreas production of saliva

salivary
D site of egestion
glands

E stomach site of ingestion

[6]

[Total: 6]

12 State the function of the canine teeth in humans.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

13 State the type of organism that causes cholera.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

14 State the type of digestion that breaks up large pieces of food.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

Page 113 of 492

15 Describe one way of preventing dental decay.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

16 The diagram shows the alimentary canal and associated organs.

State the names of the parts labelled B and H in the diagram.

B ..............................................................................................................................................

H .............................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]

Page 114 of 492

17 Many types of enzymes are involved in digestion.

State the names of two digestive enzymes in the human alimentary canal.

1 ...............................................................................................................................................

2 ............................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 2]

18 The boxes show some examples of diseases.

Place ticks (✓) in the boxes to show all the diseases that are caused by malnutrition.

cholera

HIV

lung cancer

obesity

scurvy

[2]

[Total: 2]

19 The anus is part of the large intestine.

State the names of two other parts of the large intestine.

1 ...............................................................................................................................................

2 ............................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 2]

Page 115 of 492

20 Describe how the protein in food is digested in the alimentary canal.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [4]

[Total: 4]

21 Explain how a woman’s dietary needs will change when she is pregnant.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [4]

[Total: 4]

Page 116 of 492

1 Sheep are herbivores. They do not have canine teeth, or teeth in the front upper jaw.

The other types of teeth in sheep are similar to humans.

The photograph shows an x-ray of the teeth in the skull of a sheep.

The boxes on the left show a letter from the photograph.

The boxes in the middle show the name of a type of tooth shown in the photograph.

The boxes on the right show the function of each type of tooth.

Draw one line to link each letter from the photograph to its correct name.

Draw one line to link each name to its correct function.

Draw a total of six lines.

letter from
name function
photograph

Q incisor

biting off pieces of food

R molar

grinding food

S premolar

[5]

[Total: 5]

Page 117 of 492

2 The four boxes on the left contain definitions of processes carried out by the alimentary canal.

The six boxes on the right contain the names of processes.

Draw a straight line to join each definition to the matching process.

Draw only four lines.

defintion process

absorption

The breakdown of large, insoluble molecules into

assimilation
small, soluble molecules.

The movement of digested food molecules into the

cells of the body where they are used, becoming chemical digestion
part of the cells.

The passing out of food that has not been digested

egestion
or absorbed, as faeces, through the anus.

The taking of food substances, e.g. food and drink,

mechanical digestion
into the body through the mouth.

ingestion

[4]

[Total: 4]

3 State the type of organism that causes cholera.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

4 State the names of two substances, other than insulin, that are secreted by the pancreas.

1 ...............................................................................................................................................

2 ............................................................................................................................................... [2]

Page 118 of 492

5 The diagram shows the alimentary canal and associated organs.

State the names of the parts labelled B and H in the diagram.

B ..............................................................................................................................................

H .............................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]

Page 119 of 492

6 The diagram shows the alimentary canal and associated organs.

State the names of the three parts of the large intestine.

1 ...............................................................................................................................................

2 ...............................................................................................................................................

3 ............................................................................................................................................... [3]

[Total: 3]

Page 120 of 492

7 The table shows the energy used by an adult male over 24 hours.

activity energy used/ kJ

sleeping 2400
awake, but physically inactive 3000
awake and active 6600

Calculate the percentage of energy used by the adult male while sleeping.

.............................................. % [1]

[Total: 1]

Page 121 of 492

8 The boxes on the left contain the names of components of the diet.

The boxes on the right contain the functions of these components in the body.

Draw one straight line to link each component of the diet to its correct function.

Draw four lines.

component of the diet function

calcium ions bone formation

fat growth of muscles

protein insulation

vitamin D

[4]

[Total: 4]

Page 122 of 492

9 The graph shows the average percentage composition of some common foods.

State the type of food in the graph that contains the most fat.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

Page 123 of 492

10 The table shows the energy used by an adult male over 24 hours.

energy used
activity
/ kJ

sleeping 2400
awake, but physically inactive 3000
awake and active 6600

Calculate the total energy used by the adult male in 24 hours.

........................... kJ [1]

[Total: 1]

11 State the name of one component of gastric juice and describe its functions.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 3]

Page 124 of 492

12 The cholera bacterium can survive in the small intestine and the large intestine. The bacterium
releases a toxin that interacts with receptors on the surface of cells.

The diagram shows the effect of the toxin. The arrows indicate the direction of movement.

The toxin stimulates the secretion of ion X out of the intestinal cell.

Describe the effects on the body of the secretion of ion X into the lumen of the intestine.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [4]

[Total: 4]

Page 125 of 492

13 All organisms must maintain a balance between water gain and water loss.

State three ways in which the human body may lose water.

1 ...............................................................................................................................................

2 ...............................................................................................................................................

3 ............................................................................................................................................... [3]

[Total: 3]

14 Complete the sentences about food and digestion using words from the list.

Each word may be used once, more than once, or not at all.

absorbed antibodies bacteria duodenum

egested enzymes fat stomach water

The ................................. secretes hydrochloric acid. One function of this acid in the body is to

kill .................................. in the food. Most food that is eaten has to be digested before it can

be ................................ by the body. Most chemical digestion is carried out by special proteins

called ................................... . One component of the diet that does not need to be digested

is ................................... .

[5]

[Total: 5]

15 Fats are an important part of a balanced diet.

State the name of three other components of a balanced diet.

1 ..............................................................................................................................................

2 ..............................................................................................................................................

3 .............................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 3]

Page 126 of 492

16 During digestion enzymes act on different types of food to produce simpler substances that can be
absorbed.

Complete the table below by inserting the missing information.

enzyme acting on the food simpler substances produced

food type
type

protein protease

amylase

fatty acids and glycerol

[5]

[Total: 5]

Page 127 of 492

17 Some animals produce milk to feed their offspring.

The table below shows the mass of the substances found in 100 g of milk from two animals.

mass in 100 g of milk / g

substance
human milk water buffalo milk

protein 1.10 4.50

fat 4.50 8.00

carbohydrate 7.50 4.90

calcium 0.03 2.00

water 86.87 80.60

State how young animals use the substances listed in the table.

protein ......................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

fat .............................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

carbohydrate ............................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

calcium .....................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

water ........................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [5]

[Total: 5]

Page 128 of 492

18 The diagram shows a diagram of the alimentary canal.

Identify the structures in the diagram and use the letters to complete the table.

An example has been done for you.

letter from
name of structure
diagram

salivary gland P

anus

large intestine

mouth

pancreas

stomach

[5]

[Total: 5]

Page 129 of 492

19 The diagram is of the alimentary canal.

The table shows some of the processes that occur in the alimentary canal.

Use the letters in the diagram to identify where the processes occur.

Write your answers in the table.

process letter

ingestion

mechanical digestion

secretion of protease

absorption of nutrients

egestion

[5]

[Total: 5]

Page 130 of 492

20 Which description of the cholera pathogen is correct?

A The bacterium prevents the kidney from absorbing water, so water is secreted into the small
intestine, causing diarrhoea.
B The bacterium produces a toxin that causes the secretion of chloride ions into the small
intestine, drawing in water by osmosis.
C The virus prevents the kidney from absorbing water, so water is secreted into the small
intestine, causing diarrhoea.
D The virus produces a toxin that causes the secretion of chloride ions into the small intestine,
drawing in water by osmosis.
[1]

[Total: 1]

21 Which components make up most of the dry mass of a balanced diet?

A calcium compounds, carbohydrates and fats

B carbohydrates, fats and proteins
C fats, proteins and vitamins
D proteins, vitamins and calcium compounds
[1]

[Total: 1]

22 When solution X is tested with iodine solution, a blue-black colour is observed.

A different solution, Y, is added to a new sample of solution X and the mixture is shaken and left
for 30 minutes at 40 °C. When tested with iodine solution, an orange-brown colour is observed.

What are solutions X and Y?

X Y

A maltose amylase
B maltose lipase
C starch amylase
D starch lipase

[1]

[Total: 1]

Page 131 of 492

23 Which 50 g portion of food contains the most protein?

A banana
B cabbage
C fish
D potato
[1]

[Total: 1]

24 Why is iron needed by the body?

A to form strong bones

B to make haemoglobin
C to provide energy
D to repair cells
[1]

[Total: 1]

Page 132 of 492

 Unit 7

Plant Nutrition

Page 133 of 492

1 In a photosynthesis experiment, a plant is left in bright sunlight for several hours. A leaf is then
removed from the plant and tested for starch, using iodine solution.

The diagram shows the leaf from the plant that was used in the experiment.

white area

green area

Which diagram shows the result of the experiment?

A B C D
key
iodine solution
turns blue / black
iodine solution
stays brown

2 Which substance, needed for protein synthesis, is carried into a leaf from the stem?

A carbon dioxide
B nitrate
C oxygen
D starch

3 Which two substances are the products of photosynthesis?

A carbon dioxide and glucose

B carbon dioxide and water
C oxygen and carbon dioxide
D oxygen and glucose

Page 134 of 492

4 Four test-tubes are set up as shown in the diagram and left in full sunlight.

After several hours, which test-tube contains the most dissolved oxygen?

A B C D

pond
pond weed
weed
water
water water
water
snail snail

5 Plants manufacture their own supplies of carbohydrate.

What are the raw materials and the waste product of this process?

raw materials waste product

A carbon dioxide and chlorophyll oxygen

B carbon dioxide and water oxygen
C oxygen and chlorophyll carbon dioxide
D oxygen and water carbon dioxide

6 A plant with variegated leaves has the starch removed from its leaves by placing it in a dark
cupboard for 48 hours.

Black paper is then fixed on one leaf as shown and the plant is exposed to light.

After 24 hours, which part of the leaf contains starch?

green region white region

A
D

black paper on
both sides of leaf

Page 135 of 492

7 A plant with striped leaves similar to the one below was kept in bright light for six hours.

white stripe

green stripe

A leaf was taken from the plant and the chlorophyll removed. It was then tested for starch using
iodine solution.

Which diagram shows the result of the test?

A B C D
yellow-brown white blue-black yellow-brown

blue-black blue-black green green

8 Apparatus was set up as shown.

air to
pump

sodium limewater limewater

hydroxide plant black
solution flask X paper flask Y

Sodium hydroxide removes carbon dioxide from the air. Limewater goes cloudy if carbon dioxide
is bubbled through it.

What happens to the limewater in flasks X and Y when the pump is switched on?

flask X flask Y

A goes cloudy goes cloudy

B goes cloudy stays clear
C stays clear goes cloudy
D stays clear stays clear
Page 136 of 492
11 What is formed first in a leaf as a result of photosynthesis?

A chlorophyll
B glucose
C starch
D water

12 From which part of a leaf does most water evaporate during transpiration?

A the cuticle
B the guard cells
C the spongy mesophyll cells
D the xylem vessels

13 Which substances are transported in the phloem?

A amino acids and starch

B amino acids and sucrose
C protein and starch
D starch and sucrose

14 Which product of photosynthesis moves out of a green leaf through its stomata?

A carbon dioxide
B glucose
C oxygen
D water

15 What is carried by the xylem?

A chlorophyll
B mineral ions
C starch
D sugars

16 Which two substances are needed for photosynthesis?

A carbon dioxide and glucose

B carbon dioxide and water
C oxygen and glucose
D oxygen and water

Page 137 of 492

19 The diagram shows a palisade cell.

In which region is starch stored?

20 The diagram shows the apparatus used in an investigation to measure the rate of oxygen
production during photosynthesis.

measuring
gas cylinder

bright beaker
light

glass funnel

aquatic plant
water

The investigation was repeated several times and the average amount of gas collected was
calculated.

Which two factors must be kept constant during this investigation?

A the amount of water in the beaker and the height of the measuring cylinder
B the size of aquatic plant and the amount of gas in the measuring cylinder
C the size of aquatic plant and the duration of exposure to light
D the size of the beaker and the funnel

Page 138 of 492

 1

1 The boxes on the left describe processes carried out by cells.

The boxes on the right contain the names of the cells that carry out these processes.

Draw one straight line from each box on the left to a box on the right to link the process to the cell
type.

Draw six lines.

An example has been done for you.

[6]

[Total: 6]

Page 139 of 492

2 The apparatus shown in the diagram was used to investigate the effects of different conditions on
the rate of photosynthesis in an aquatic plant.

A student investigated the effects of light and carbon dioxide on the rate of photosynthesis.

The number of bubbles of oxygen produced in one minute was counted in four different conditions.

The table shows the results.

conditions
number of
test carbon dioxide bubbles of
light source added to oxygen per
the water minute

1 present no 2

2 absent no 0

3 present yes 20

4 absent yes 0

The investigation was carried out at 15 °C. It was repeated at 25 °C.

Suggest and explain the effect this had on the results of test 2 and test 3.

test 2 ........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

test 3 ........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [4]

[Total: 4]

Page 140 of 492

3 Researchers in Michigan investigated the rate of photosynthesis in leaves of big-tooth aspen trees,
Populusgrandidentata, by placing some of the growing leaves inside transparent boxes.

The researchers measured the uptake of carbon dioxide by the leaves over a range of temperatures
from 10–40 °C. They carried out their measurements at two different concentrations of carbon
dioxide:

H – 325 ppm carbon dioxide which is close to the concentration in the atmosphere;

J – 1935 ppm carbon dioxide which is a very high concentration.

The results are shown in the graph below.

30

25 J

20
uptake of
15
carbon dioxide
/ mg m–2 min–1
10
H
5

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
temperature / °C

(a) Explain why the rate of photosynthesis in the leaves in batch J:

(i) increases with an increase in temperature from 15 °C to 35 °C

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [2]

Page 141 of 492

(ii) decreases at temperatures above 35 °C.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [2]

[Total: 4]

Page 142 of 492

4 A student carried out an investigation to find the effect of carbon dioxide concentration on the rate
of photosynthesis of an aquatic plant.
The student counted the number of bubbles produced by the cut end of the stem of an aquatic
plant.

dilute sodium
hydrogencarbonate
solution
thermometer
movable lamp

stop watch

water-bath
pond plant
0 15
ruler cm

Fig. 2.1

25

Y
20
rate of
photosynthesis 15
/ number of
bubbles X
10
per minute
5

0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50
carbon dioxide concentration / %

Suggest and explain the reasons for the shape of the graph in region Y.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

Page 143 of 492

 ..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [4]

[Total: 4]

5 State the word equation for photosynthesis.

.................................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]

6 State two ways a plant uses water other than for transpiration.

1 ...............................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

2 ...............................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]

Page 144 of 492

7 The photograph shows a variegated leaf which uses photosynthesis to make carbohydrates.

A variegated leaf has green parts that contain chlorophyll and white parts that do not contain
chlorophyll.

The carbohydrate produced by photosynthesis can be stored as starch in the leaf.

A plant with variegated leaves used up its store of starch because it was placed in the dark.

Explain why the plant used up its store of starch when it was placed in the dark.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]

8 Cells in the mesophyll layers of a leaf carry out photosynthesis.

State the names of two leaf layers that light must pass through to reach the spongy mesophyll
cells.

1 ...............................................................................................................................................

2 ............................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 2]

Page 145 of 492

 8

9 Plants carry out photosynthesis.

State the names of two substances produced by photosynthesis.

1 ...............................................................................................................................................

2 ............................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 2]

Page 146 of 492

1 When sunlight shines on a green water plant as shown, the plant gives off a gas which
collects at X.

sunlight sunlight

water
green water plant

What is this gas?

A air
B carbon dioxide
C nitrogen
D oxygen
[1]

[Total: 1]

2 Which two substances are the raw materials for photosynthesis?

A carbon dioxide and oxygen

B carbon dioxide and water
C starch and oxygen
D starch and water
[1]

[Total: 1]

Page 147 of 492

3 The diagram shows a cross-section of a leaf.

State the name of the tissue in the leaf that does not contain chlorophyll.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

4 State the name of the mineral ion the plant needs to make chlorophyll.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

5 State the name of the process that occurs in the presence of chlorophyll.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

6 Scientists grew some tomato plants with their roots in a solution that contained all the mineral
nutrients that plants require. After a while, the plants were divided into two groups.

• Group A continued to receive the solution containing all the nutrients.

• Group B received a solution that did not contain any magnesium.

Page 148 of 492

After 12 days, measurements were made on the leaves and the results are shown in the graphs
below.

3.5 120

3.0 100
rate of movement of 2.5 sucrose concentration
sucrose out of the leaves in the leaves 80
/ arbitrary units 2.0 / arbitrary units
60
1.5
40
1.0

0.5 20

0.0 0
A B A B
group group

(a) (i) Describe the effect of magnesium deficiency on the transport of sucrose out of the
leaves and the sucrose concentration in the leaves.

transport of sucrose out of the leaves ...................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

concentration of sucrose in the leaves ..................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [4]

Page 149 of 492

 (ii) The plants in Group B remained in the magnesium-deficient solution for longer than 12
days. At the end of this time they showed symptoms of magnesium deficiency.

Describe and explain the symptoms that the plants would show.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [3]

[Total: 7]

7 The table lists some processes carried out by living organisms.

Place a tick (✓) in a box to show the type of process that occurs in animals, occurs in plants, or
occurs in both.

An example has been done for you.

name of process occurs in occurs in

animals plants

absorption ✓ ✓

diffusion

egestion

photosynthesis

respiration

sexual reproduction

transpiration

[6]

[Total: 6]

Page 150 of 492

8 Researchers in Michigan investigated the rate of photosynthesis in leaves of big-tooth aspen trees,
Populusgrandidentata, by placing some of the growing leaves inside transparent boxes.

The researchers measured the uptake of carbon dioxide by the leaves over a range of temperatures
from 10–40 °C. They carried out their measurements at two different concentrations of carbon
dioxide:

H – 325 ppm carbon dioxide which is close to the concentration in the atmosphere;

J – 1935 ppm carbon dioxide which is a very high concentration.

The results are shown in the graph below.

30

25 J

20
uptake of
15
carbon dioxide
/ mg m–2 min–1
10
H
5

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
temperature / °C

Use the results in the graph to suggest and explain the likely effect on plant growth of an increase
in carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere as a result of the combustion of fossil fuels.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [5]

Page 151 of 492

9 The diagram below is a photomicrograph of a leaf of the tea plant, Camellia sinensis.

Name A to E.

A ...............................................................................................................................................

B ...............................................................................................................................................

C ...............................................................................................................................................

D ...............................................................................................................................................

E................................................................................................................................................ [5]

[Total: 5]

Page 152 of 492

10 Two glasshouses were used in an investigation. One glasshouse contained composting units and
the other did not. Each glasshouse contained the same number and type of crop plants.
The concentration of carbon dioxide in both glasshouses was measured at midday.
The results are shown in the graph below.

700

600 × ×
×
×
500
×
carbon dioxide 400 × ×
concentration ×
× with composting units
/ parts per million ×
300 × no composting units
×
×
200 ×

100

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
time / days

(a) (i) State why a glasshouse without composting units was used in the investigation.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [2]

(ii) Describe the results shown in the graph.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [3]

[Total: 5]

Page 153 of 492

11 A gardener investigated plant growth.

She used a tray of tomato seedlings. The tomato seedlings were all approximately 3 cm tall.

She placed the tray in a box with a source of light at the side.

Diagram A shows the apparatus.

diagram A

After 48 hours the gardener observed that the tomato seedlings had curved stems.

She rotated the tray so that the curved tomato seedlings were facing away from the source of light
as shown in diagram B.

diagram B

Explain why the tomato seedlings need light.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [4]

Page 154 of 492

12 Researchers investigated the effects of using a fertiliser on the number of leaves grown by plants.

The fertiliser contained nitrate and magnesium ions.

Plants in group 1 were grown in soil with fertiliser.

Plants in group 2 were grown in soil without fertiliser.

The results are shown in the graph.

A student wrote a series of statements to explain why an increase in nitrate and magnesium
ions increased the number of leaves. Not all of the statements are correct.

A – Magnesium is required for the synthesis of chlorophyll.

B – Nitrate ions are a component of carbohydrates.

C – Chlorophyll is required for photosynthesis.

D – Proteins are needed for growth.

E – Plants make their own food by the process of respiration.

F – Respiration produces glucose.

State the letters of the correct statements.

.................................................................................................................................................. [3]

Page 155 of 492

13 In an investigation, the carbon dioxide concentration in the air above a crop of maize plants was
measured for 24 hours.

There was no wind blowing during the 24 hours of the investigation.

The results of this investigation are shown in the graph below.

Explain why the concentration of carbon dioxide decreases between 04:00 and 09:00.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

Page 156 of 492

 ..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 3]

14 A group of students used an aquatic plant to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of
photosynthesis.

The diagram below shows the apparatus the students used.

The students counted the number of bubbles of gas the aquatic plant produced, in two minutes, at
different temperatures.

The graph below shows their results.

Page 157 of 492

 14

(a) (i) Use the graph to find the number of bubbles of gas produced by the aquatic plant, in
two minutes, at 15 °C and at 25 °C.

15 °C ...........................

25 °C ........................... [1]

(ii) Use your answer to (i) to calculate the percentage increase in the number of bubbles
of gas produced by the aquatic plant at 15 °C and at 25 °C.

Show your working.

........................... % [2]

[Total: 3]

Page 158 of 492

15 A group of students used an aquatic plant to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of
photosynthesis.

The diagram below shows the apparatus the students used.

The students counted the number of bubbles of gas the aquatic plant produced, in two minutes, at
different temperatures.

The graph below shows their results.

Page 159 of 492

Describe the results shown in the graph.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 3]

Page 160 of 492

 Unit 8

Plant Transport

Page 161 of 492

1 All living organisms need water. Most plants obtain water from the soil.

State the pathway taken by water as it enters and passes through a plant.

Use words from the list to fill in the spaces.

mesophyll cells root cortex cells root hair cells xylem vessels

enters .............................. → .............................. → .............................. → .............................. [2]

[Total: 2]

Page 162 of 492

2 Some students set up the apparatus shown in the diagram to compare transpiration in two sets of
leaves.

Set A was kept in a transparent bag and set B was left in the open air.

All other conditions were kept constant.

The mass of the leaves in each set was measured at the start of the investigation and after five
hours.

string line paper clip

clamp stand

transparent bag

set A

set B

The students needed two additional pieces of apparatus to take measurements so that they could
calculate the rate of transpiration from their results.

State the two additional pieces of apparatus the students needed to take the measurements.

1 ...............................................................................................................................................

2 ............................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 2]

Page 163 of 492

3 Xylem is a specialised plant tissue.

State two functions of xylem tissue.

1 ...............................................................................................................................................

2 ............................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 2]

4 Explain why some parts of a plant can act as both a source and a sink.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]

Page 164 of 492

5 The photomicrograph shows a cross-section of part of a leaf.

Structure C in the photomicrograph is part of the transport system in the leaf.

State the names of two tissues that structure C contains.

1 ...............................................................................................................................................

2 ............................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 2]

Page 165 of 492

6 The graph shows how temperature affects water loss in a plant with many leaves.

Half of the leaves were removed from the plant.

Predict the effect on water loss in this plant and sketch a line on the graph to show your
prediction.
[2]

[Total: 2]

Page 166 of 492

7 In an investigation, the uptake of water into a plant and the loss of water from the same plant were
measured.

Measurements were taken over an 18-hour period.

The results are shown in the graph.

Describe how changes in temperature and changes in humidity affect the rate of water loss in a
plant.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [2]

Page 167 of 492

8 The photograph shows part of a cross-section of the stem of a young sunflower plant.

Draw a circle around one vascular bundle on the photograph.

Label the xylem in the vascular bundle with the letter X. [2]

[Total: 2]

Page 168 of 492

9 When water is in short supply, plants can wilt as shown in the diagram below.

Wilting may look harmful, but it is often a strategy for survival.

Suggest the advantages to a plant of wilting.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]

Page 169 of 492

10 Aphids are insects that feed on the phloem sap in plants.

The diagram below shows an aphid with its mouth parts inserted into the stem of a plant.

The mouth parts of the aphid reach the phloem tissue of the stem.

State the name of the foods the aphid could suck out of the phloem tissue.

1 ...............................................................................................................................................

2 ............................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 2]

Page 170 of 492

11 The diagram below shows a healthy plant during an investigation into transpiration.

It was kept in the same environment, apart from the light changing, during 24 hours.

The mass of the plant and pot was measured at the start, after 12 hours in the light and after a
further 12 hours in the dark.

plastic plastic plastic

bag bag bag

2.50 kg 2.30 kg 2.25 kg

at the start after 12 hours in the after a further 12 hours

light in the dark

State two environmental factors, other than light, that would change the rate of transpiration in the
plant shown in the diagram above.

1 ...............................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

2 ...............................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]

Page 171 of 492

12 The diagram below shows a healthy plant during an investigation into transpiration.

It was kept in the same environment, apart from the light changing, during 24 hours.

The mass of the plant and pot was measured at the start, after 12 hours in the light and after a
further 12 hours in the dark.

plastic plastic plastic

bag bag bag

2.50 kg 2.30 kg 2.25 kg

at the start after 12 hours in the after a further 12 hours

light in the dark

Describe the results of the investigation shown in the diagram above.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]

Page 172 of 492

13 The diagram below shows a healthy plant during an investigation into transpiration.

It was kept in the same environment, apart from the light changing, during 24 hours.

The mass of the plant and pot was measured at the start, after 12 hours in the light and after a
further 12 hours in the dark.

plastic plastic plastic

bag bag bag

2.50 kg 2.30 kg 2.25 kg

at the start after 12 hours in the after a further 12 hours

light in the dark

Suggest and explain why the plant pot was enclosed in a plastic bag for this investigation.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]

14 Xylem vessels transport water into the leaf.

State two other functions of xylem vessels.

1 ................................................................................................................................................

2 ................................................................................................................................................ [2]

[Total: 2]

Page 173 of 492

15 The diagram shows apparatus that can be used to measure water loss in a plant.

The apparatus shown in the diagram was used in an investigation.

The results of this investigation are shown in the graph.

Readings were taken at hourly intervals during the day between 9:00 and 16:00.

Use the information in the graph to state:

the maximum rate of water loss from 100 g of leaves ...................................... g per hour

the time at which the temperature was highest .................................................................

the maximum temperature reached during the investigation ....................................... °C [3]

[Total: 3]

Page 174 of 492

16 The diagram shows apparatus that can be used to measure water loss in a plant.

The apparatus shown in the diagram was used in an investigation.

The results of this investigation are shown in the graph.

Readings were taken at hourly intervals during the day between 9:00 and 16:00.

Describe the relationship between temperature and the rate of water loss from leaves shown in the
graph.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 3]

Page 175 of 492

 15

17 Some of the water that enters a plant is used for transpiration.

Define the term transpiration.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 3]

Page 176 of 492

18 Some students set up the apparatus shown in the diagram to compare transpiration in two sets of
leaves.

Set A was kept in a transparent bag and set B was left in the open air.

All other conditions were kept constant.

The mass of the leaves in each set was measured at the start of the investigation and after five
hours.

string line paper clip

clamp stand

transparent bag

set A

set B

Predict the results for this investigation.

Explain the reason for your prediction.

prediction .................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

explanation ...............................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 3]

Page 177 of 492

13 The diagram shows part of the trunk of a small tree with a ring of bark removed. Removing the
ring of bark takes away phloem but leaves the xylem intact.

upper
branch

ring of bark xylem

removed here
phloem

lower
branch

What effect will removing the bark have on the two branches?

14 The table shows some characteristics of four different plants.

The plants are growing in the same environmental conditions.

Which plant will have the highest rate of transpiration?

Page 178 of 492

15 A decrease in which factor normally causes transpiration rate to increase?

A humidity
B light intensity
C stomatal opening
D temperature

16 What is the path of water through a plant?

A cortex cells → xylem → stomata → roots

B root hair → xylem → mesophyll cells → stomata

C roots → cortex cells → stomata → phloem

D roots → root hair → stomata → xylem

17 In which order does water pass through these tissues in a plant?

A mesophyll → xylem → root cortex

B root cortex → mesophyll → xylem

C root cortex → xylem → mesophyll

D xylem → mesophyll → root cortex

18 The diagram shows two shoots at the start of an experiment on transpiration.

shoot X shoot Y

spring balance

30 g 30 g

oil

water

Page 179 of 492

What are the likely readings on the spring balances after three days?

shoot X shoot Y

A 30 g 30 g
B 30 g 25 g
C 25 g 30 g
D 25 g 25 g

19 Which statements about plant transpiration are correct?

plants transpire most when plants transpire least when

A air is dry temperature is high

B light intensity is high air is humid
C light intensity is low temperature is low
D temperature is cold light intensity is high

20 The table shows the rate of water flow through a tree over a 12 hour period.

What conclusion can be drawn from the table?

A Between 7:00 and 17:00 hours the rate of flow continuously increases.
B The greatest increase in rate of flow in a two-hour period is between 11:00 and 13:00 hours.
C Water does not flow up through a tree at night.
D Water flow is affected by humidity.

Page 180 of 492

21 Which words correctly complete the following sentence?

‘Transpiration is the ……1…… of water at the surface of the ……2…… cells followed by the
……3…… of water vapour from the plant ……4…… .’

22 What could increase the rate of water uptake by a shoot?

A covering the shoot with a black plastic bag

B covering the shoot with a clear plastic bag
C removing the leaves from the shoot
D shining a bright light onto the shoot

23 The diagram shows how water is lost from a leaf.

water vapour

By which process is the water lost?

A osmosis
B photosynthesis
C translocation
D transpiration

Page 181 of 492

24 The diagram shows a cross-section through a plant stem.

Q shows the part that is stained red when the stem is placed in water containing a red dye.

What is found at Q?

A guard cells
B palisade cells
C phloem
D xylem

25 The graph shows how the rate of transpiration is affected by X.

rate of
transpiration

What is X?

A humidity
B light intensity
C soil moisture
D temperature

Page 182 of 492

1 The diagram shows apparatus that can be used to measure water loss in a plant.

Suggest a reason why the pot of damp soil was placed inside a sealed plastic bag.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

2 Plants absorb mineral ions from the soil.

State the name of the tissue that transports mineral ions in plants.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

3 State two substances that are transported only in the phloem.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

4 Water is an important substance for plants.

State the name of the vessels that transport water in plants.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

Page 183 of 492

5 Water is an important substance for plants.

State the name of the cells where water enters a plant.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

6 The graph shows how temperature affects water loss in a plant with many leaves.

Describe the effect of humidity on the rate of transpiration.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

Page 184 of 492

7 In an investigation, the uptake of water into a plant and the loss of water from the same plant were
measured.

Measurements were taken over an 18-hour period.

The results are shown in the graph.

Use the information in the graph to state the rate of water uptake at 12:00 (midday).

..................................... g per hour [1]

[Total: 1]

Page 185 of 492

8 Plants carry out translocation and transpiration to move substances.

Complete the table below to give a comparison between translocation and transpiration.

point of comparison translocation transpiration

example of substance moved

direction of movement of from ................................... from ....................................

substance

to ....................................... to ........................................

tissue where process takes place

[6]

[Total: 6]

9 The table below shows the results of an investigation into the relationship between the total surface
area of the leaves on a plant and the volume of water lost from the plant.

2 3
total surface area of leaves / m volume of water lost from plant per day / dm

0.05 4.5

0.10 6.5

0.15 8.0

0.20 10.0

0.25 12.5

Page 186 of 492

(a) (i) Plot a graph of the data in the table above on the grid below. Draw a straight line of
best-fit.

[4]

(ii) Describe the trend shown by the results.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [2]

[Total: 6]

Page 187 of 492

10 Complete the definition of the term transpiration.

Transpiration is the loss of water vapour from plant leaves by ...............................................

of water at the surfaces of the ............................................... cells followed by diffusion of

water vapour through the ............................................... . [3]

[Total: 3]

11 A plant is in bright sunlight and has plenty of water.

Gases move into and out of its leaves.

Complete the table to show the net direction of movement for the named gases.

Place a tick (✓) in each correct box.

name of gas moves into leaves moves out of leaves

carbon dioxide

oxygen

water vapour

[3]

[Total: 3]

Page 188 of 492

12 The diagram is a drawing of a cross-section of a root.

Identify and label the structures on the diagram using label lines and the labels:

• root hair

• phloem

• xylem. [3]

[Total: 3]

Page 189 of 492

13 The diagram shows drawings of sections through a root, a stem and part of a leaf in a dicotyledonous
plant.

Identify and label with the letter W, the position of the water transport tissue in each of the root, the
stem and the leaf, on the diagram. [3]

[Total: 3]

Page 190 of 492

14 Water is required for the process of photosynthesis.

Describe where and how water enters a plant.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 3]

Page 191 of 492

1 Which graph shows most clearly what will happen to the rate of transpiration as humidity
increases?

A B

rate of rate of
transpiration transpiration

humidity humidity

C D

rate of rate of
transpiration transpiration

humidity humidity

2 The diagram shows a potted plant and the same plant 24 hours later.

24 hours

What causes the change in the appearance of the plant?

A Water loss is greater than water uptake.

B Water moves from the leaves to the stem.
C Water uptake is equal to water loss.
D Water uptake is greater than water loss.

Page 192 of 492

3 By which process is water lost from a leaf?

A active transport
B diffusion
C osmosis
D photosynthesis

4 The lower end of a plant stem is placed in water coloured with red dye. After three hours, the
stem is cut as shown in the diagram.

Which labelled region is stained red?

5 What is transported in the phloem and what is the direction of transport?

A starch, up and down

B starch, up only
C sucrose, down and up
D sucrose, down only

6 In which order does water pass through the cells of a plant, as the water travels from the roots to
a leaf?

A mesophyll cells → root hair → root cortex → xylem

B root cortex → root hair → xylem → mesophyll cells

C root hair → mesophyll cells → root cortex → xylem

D root hair → root cortex → xylem → mesophyll cells

Page 193 of 492

7 The diagram shows a plant shoot and the same shoot six hours later.

plant shoot same shoot six hours later

Which change in environmental conditions could cause this change in the shoot?

A a decrease in available water

B a decrease in light intensity
C a decrease in wind speed
D an increase in humidity

8 A celery stalk is placed in a beaker of blue dye. Once the dye reaches the leaves, the stalk is
taken out and cut in half.

celery stalk

cut

blue dye

Which diagram shows the appearance of the cut end of the stalk?

A B C D

blue dye blue dye blue dye

Page 194 of 492

9 The diagram shows a cross-section through a plant root.

Q shows the part that is stained red when the root is placed in water containing a red dye.

What is found at Q?

A guard cells
B palisade cells
C phloem
D xylem

10 Which processes produce a continuous space for the flow of water in xylem vessels?

11 Some liquid is collected from the xylem in the stem of a plant.

What is present in the liquid?

A cellulose
B inorganic ions
C starch
D sugar

12 What is a function of phloem?

A translocation
B transpiration
C storage of food
D support
Page 195 of 492
 Unit 9

Transport in
mammals

Page 196 of 492

1 The boxes on the left describe processes carried out by cells.

The boxes on the right contain the names of the cells that carry out these processes.

Draw one straight line from each box on the left to a box on the right to link the process to the cell
type.

Draw six lines.

An example has been done for you.

[6]

[Total: 6]

Page 197 of 492

2 The boxes on the left contain the names of structures in the body.

The boxes on the right contain the names of processes carried out by the body.

Draw one straight line from each structure to the process in which it is involved.

Draw six lines.

[6]

[Total: 6]

Page 198 of 492

3 The table shows some statements about arteries, capillaries and veins.

Place ticks (✓) in the boxes to show which statements are correct for arteries, capillaries and veins.

One has been done for you.

statements aretries capillaries veins

carry blood away from the heart ✓

supply cells with nutrients and

remove waste products

return blood to the heart

have a thick wall containing muscle

and elastic tissue

have a thin wall containing muscle

and elastic tissue

have a very thin wall with no muscle

or elastic tissue

[5]

[Total: 5]

Page 199 of 492

4 Many health specialists think that the risk of coronary heart disease can be reduced by doing regular
exercise.

A long-term study of a large group of women was used to test this hypothesis. The women were
between 35 and 45 years old at the start of the study. Every two years the same group of women
were asked how much they were exercising.

After 28 years the researchers analysed their data:

• They calculated the average time spent exercising per week by each woman.

• They put the women into categories determined by how much exercise they had done.

• For each category, they calculated the number of women who died from coronary heart disease
(CHD).

The results are shown in the graph.

Page 200 of 492

Health professionals wanted to use the results of this study to encourage the whole population to
take more exercise.

Discuss the arguments for and against health professionals using this study in this way.

Use the information about how the study was designed and the results in the graph in your
arguments.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [5]

[Total: 5]

Page 201 of 492

5 The photomicrograph is of a blood clot.

Describe how a blood clot forms.

Use the letters in the photomicrograph in your answer.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [5]

[Total: 5]

Page 202 of 492

6 A diagram of a mammalian heart and associated blood vessels is shown.

The table contains statements about the structures visible in the diagram.
Complete the table by:
• stating the name of each structure

• identifying the structure with the corresponding letter from the diagram.

statement name of structure letter from diagram

chamber that creates the highest

blood pressure

blood vessel containing blood with

the highest concentration of oxygen

structure that prevents blood going

from ventricle to atrium

structure that prevents backflow of

blood from artery to ventricle

chamber that receives blood from

vena cava

[5]

[Total: 5]
Page 203 of 492
7 The diagram shows a section through a human heart.

deoxygenated oxygenated
deoxygenated blood to the lungs blood to the body
blood from the body oxygenated
blood from the lungs

State how the part labelled Z in the diagram can be used to monitor the activity of the heart.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

Page 204 of 492

8 The diagram shows a section through a human heart.

deoxygenated oxygenated
deoxygenated blood to the lungs blood to the body
blood from the body oxygenated
blood from the lungs

State the name of the blood vessel labelled Y in the diagram.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

9 Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a blockage of one of the blood vessels of the heart.

State the name of the blood vessel that becomes blocked in CHD.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

10 Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a blockage of one of the blood vessels of the heart.

List two risk factors for coronary heart disease.

1 ...............................................................................................................................................

2 ............................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 2]

Page 205 of 492

11 The diagram is of a human heart.

Identify the letter or letters of all the blood vessels from the diagram, that:

are arteries .......................

is the pulmonary vein ....................... . [2]

[Total: 2]

12 The activity of the heart can be monitored by measuring the pulse rate.

State two other ways of monitoring the activity of the heart.

1 ...............................................................................................................................................

2 ............................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 2]

Page 206 of 492

13 The activity of the heart can be monitored by measuring the pulse rate.

Two students measured their pulse rates before, during and after exercise.

The results are shown in the graph.

State two other methods that can be used to monitor the activity of the heart.

1 ...............................................................................................................................................

2 ............................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 2]

Page 207 of 492

(h) Fig. 2.4 shows a section of a stem as seen under a light microscope.

A B

Fig. 2.4

Page 208 of 492

Make a large drawing of the section of the stem contained in the square on Fig. 2.4 to show
the different structures and layers.

Do not draw any individual cells.

[4]

Page 209 of 492

(i) (i) The diameter of the stem in Fig. 2.4 is shown by the line AB.

Measure the length of AB on Fig. 2.4.

measured length of line AB ................................................... mm [1]

(ii) The actual diameter of the stem is 7.5 mm.

The magnification of Fig. 2.4 can be calculated using the following equation:

length of AB
magnification =
actual diameter of stem

Calculate the magnification of Fig. 2.4 using the information above and your answer
to (i).

Show your working.

Give your answer to the nearest whole number.

magnification .......................................................... [1]

Page 210 of 492

11 Where does haemoglobin become oxyhaemoglobin?

A heart
B kidneys
C liver
D lungs

12 What is the correct sequence for blood being pumped from the heart to the lungs?

A left atrium → left ventricle → pulmonary artery

B left atrium → left ventricle → pulmonary vein

C right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary artery

D right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary vein

13 Which structures in plants and in humans normally carry amino acids?

14 Why is the circulatory system of mammals described as a double circulation?

A Blood flows firstly through arteries and then through veins.

B Blood flows through the heart twice on one complete circuit of the body.
C In the heart, blood flows firstly through atria and then through ventricles.
D The atria and the ventricles contract alternately.

15 Which substance is transported by haemoglobin?

A nitrogen
B oxygen
C urea
D water

Page 211 of 492

16 The diagram shows human blood as seen through a light microscope.

A person’s blood is unable to clot.

Which component of the blood is not functioning properly?

17 In which list do all three blood vessels carry oxygenated blood?

A aorta, pulmonary artery, renal artery

B aorta, pulmonary vein, renal artery
C vena cava, pulmonary artery, renal vein
D vena cava, pulmonary vein, renal vein

18 In a person with a low platelet level, which process is slower than normal?

A antibody formation
B blood clotting
C oxygen carriage
D phagocytosis

19 Which blood vessel contains valves?

A arteriole
B capillary
C renal artery
D renal vein

Page 212 of 492

20 When blood is flowing through a vena cava, which main blood vessel will it flow through next?

A hepatic portal vein

B hepatic vein
C pulmonary artery
D pulmonary vein

21 How does insulin move from the pancreas, where it is produced, to the cell where it acts?

A along nerves
B in the blood
C through the digestive system
D through the pancreatic duct

22 Which heart valves are open and which are closed when blood passes out of the right ventricle
towards the lungs?

A bicuspid (mitral) valve closed, tricuspid valve open

B bicuspid (mitral) valve open, semi-lunar valve closed
C tricuspid valve closed, semi-lunar valve open
D tricuspid valve open, bicuspid (mitral) valve open

Page 213 of 492

1 The diagram is of a human heart.

Use label lines and labels to identify these structures on the diagram:

• atrium

• septum

• ventricle

• valve [4]

[Total: 4]

Page 214 of 492

2 The activity of the heart can be monitored by measuring the pulse rate.

Two students measured their pulse rates before, during and after exercise.

The results are shown in the graph.

Describe the changes in the pulse rates shown in the graph for student A and student B.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [4]

[Total: 4]

Page 215 of 492

3 The photomicrograph shows blood.

(a) Label one red blood cell on the photomicrograph with a label line and the letter X.

[1]

(b) State the name of one other type of blood cell shown in the photomicrograph.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) State the names of two other components of blood.

1 ......................................................................................................................................

2 ...................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 4]

Page 216 of 492

4 Describe how the structures of the circulatory system maintain a one-way flow of blood.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [4]

[Total: 4]

Page 217 of 492

5 A scientist measured the average resting heart rate of seven different species of animal. They also
estimated the average life expectancy of each species.

This is a graph of the scientist’s data.

500 mouse

450 hamster

400

350

average
resting 300
heart
rate
/ beats per
minute 250

200

150
fox

100 wolf

tiger

50 horse orca

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
average life expectancy / years

Page 218 of 492

 Complete the sentences to describe the results in the graph.

The animal with the highest average resting heart rate is the ........................................ .

The animal with the longest average life expectancy is the ........................................ .

The general trend is that as the average life expectancy increases, the average resting heart rate

........................................ . [3]

[Total: 3]

6 Coronary heart disease (CHD) is caused by a blockage of blood vessels in the heart.

State three risk factors for developing CHD.

1 ...............................................................................................................................................

2 ...............................................................................................................................................

3 ............................................................................................................................................... [3]

[Total: 3]

Page 219 of 492

7 The activity of the heart can be monitored by measuring the pulse rate.

Two students measured their pulse rates before, during and after exercise.

The results are shown in the graph.

Calculate the percentage change in the pulse rate between 0 and 15 minutes for student A.

Give your answer to the nearest whole number.

Space for working.

..........................% [3]

[Total: 3]

Page 220 of 492

8 The diagram shows the circulatory system.

State the names of the blood vessels labelled A, C and E in the diagram.

A ...............................................................................................................................................

C ...............................................................................................................................................

E ............................................................................................................................................... [3]

[Total: 3]

9 Describe three ways the structure of arteries differs from the structure of veins.

1 ...............................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

2 ...............................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

3 ...............................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [3]

Page 221 of 492

2 Fig. 2.1 is a photograph of a cross-section of a vascular bundle in a leaf.
Line AB shows the length of the vascular bundle.

$ [\OHP
YHVVHO

SKORHP
WXEH

Fig. 2.1

(a) (i) Make a large drawing to show the different regions of the vascular bundle shown in
Fig. 2.1.
Do not draw any individual cells.
Identify and label on your drawing the position of the xylem vessel as shown in Fig. 2.1.

[5]

Page 222 of 492

 (ii) Measure the length of line AB as shown on Fig. 2.1. Include the unit.

Length of AB ...............................................................

Mark on your drawing a line in the same position as AB.

Measure the line you have drawn.

Length of line on drawing ...............................................................

length of line on drawing

magnification =
length of AB

Calculate the magnification of your drawing using the information above and your
answers.

Show your working.

magnification ...............................................................
[3]

(iii) State one way visible in Fig. 2.1 in which the xylem vessel is different from the phloem
tube.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(b) The walls of xylem vessels are supported by a chemical called lignin, which can be stained by
a red dye. This makes the xylem vessel walls easily seen when using a microscope.

Use this information to plan how you could find the position of the vascular bundles in a stem.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[4]

[Total: 13]

Page 223 of 492

1 Which substances are dissolved in human blood plasma?

A carbon dioxide, haemoglobin and glucose

B carbon dioxide, oxygen and haemoglobin
C glucose, hormones and urea
D oxygen, urea and starch

2 Which chamber of the heart has the thickest muscle wall?

A left atrium
B left ventricle
C right atrium
D right ventricle

3 The diagram shows the human heart and some of the blood vessels connected to it.

W Z

Before blood in W reaches Z it must

A gain glucose.
B give up heat to the skin.
C pass through capillaries.
D travel to the head.

Page 224 of 492

4 Which blood vessel has a high carbon dioxide concentration, a low oxygen concentration and a
high blood pressure?

A aorta
B pulmonary artery
C pulmonary vein
D vena cava

5 The diagram shows a section through the heart.

Which part pumps blood to the aorta?

A B

D C

6 The diagram shows a section through a blood vessel in the leg.

Which type of blood vessel is shown, and in which direction does the blood flow?

Page 225 of 492

7 Which statement is correct for most veins in the human body?

A They carry blood at high pressure.

B They have a pulse.
C They have valves.
D They take blood away from the heart.

8 The diagram shows a vertical section through a human heart.

What are X and Y?

X Y

A left atrium right ventricle

B left ventricle right atrium
C right atrium left ventricle
D right ventricle left atrium

Page 226 of 492

9 The diagrams show some components of the blood of a mammal.

Which component causes the blood to start clotting?

A B C D

10 The diagrams show four different stages in one heart beat.

P Q

key
direction in which
blood is moving
R S

What is the correct order for the stages after stage P?

A Q→R→S

B R→Q→S

C R→S→Q

D S→R→Q

Page 227 of 492

 Unit 10

Immunity,
disease & drugs

Page 228 of 492

1 The table shows three ways the body can defend itself and some examples of the three methods.

Place ticks (✓) in the boxes to show the correct type of defence mechanism for each example.

example of defence mechanism cells chemical mechanical

antibody production

hairs in the nose

mucus

phagocytosis

skin

stomach acid

[3]

[Total: 3]

2 The diagram shows a pie chart showing the number of people infected with four different
transmissible diseases in one country in 2018.

Use the information in the pie chart to calculate the total number of people infected with these four
diseases.

................................................ people infected [1]

Page 229 of 492

3 The diagram shows a pie chart showing the number of people infected with four different
transmissible diseases in one country in 2018.

State the name of the disease with the smallest number of infections in the pie chart.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

4 Measles is an example of a transmissible disease that is caused by a virus.

Complete the definition of transmissible disease.

A transmissible disease is a disease in which the .............................................. can be passed from

one .............................................. to another. [2]

[Total: 2]

Page 230 of 492

5 The list shows some examples of ways that disease-causing organisms can be transmitted.

air animals blood

contaminated surfaces food

Complete the table to show which are examples of direct contact and which are examples of indirect
contact.

Each example can be used once, more than once or not at all.

direct contact indirect contact

[2]

[Total: 2]

Page 231 of 492

6 The sentences describe how pathogens can be transmitted.

Complete the sentences using words from the list.

Each word may be used once, more than once or not at all.

AIDS blood disease

food HIV inherited

Pathogens for a transmissible ............................................... may be transmitted through

direct contact, for example through ............................................... or other body fluids.

They can also be transmitted indirectly through contaminated surfaces,

............................................... , animals, or from the air. [3]

[Total: 3]

7 The body has defences against infections caused by pathogens.

State three body defences that prevent pathogens from entering the body.

1 ...............................................................................................................................................

2 ...............................................................................................................................................

3 ............................................................................................................................................... [3]

[Total: 3]

Page 232 of 492

8 The human body has several defences against pathogens.

These can be mechanical barriers, chemical barriers or responses by cells.

The boxes on the left are examples of body defences.

The boxes on the right are the different types of defence.

Draw one line to link each example to the correct type of defence.

Draw four lines.

example type of defence

antibody production

chemical

hairs in the nose

mechanical

phagocytosis

response by cells

stomach acid

[4]

Page 233 of 492

9 State two ways in which the body can defend itself against pathogens.

1 ...............................................................................................................................................

2 ............................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 2]

10 Cholera is an example of a transmissible disease.

Define the term transmissible disease.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]

11 What is a pathogen?

A a bacterium
B a disease-causing organism
C a disease that is transmissible
D a white blood cell that engulfs bacteria
[1]

[Total: 1]

12 Which body defence is a chemical barrier?

A antibody production
B hairs in the nose
C mucus lining the airways
D skin
[1]

[Total: 1]

Page 234 of 492

13 Which are both chemical barriers to the transmission of pathogens?

A mucus and stomach acid

B mucus and white blood cells
C skin and hairs in the nose
D skin and stomach acid
[1]

[Total: 1]

14 The diagram below shows a mosquito feeding on human blood.

Using information from the diagram, suggest how the mosquito is adapted for feeding on human
blood.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

Page 235 of 492

15 Eating food contaminated by bacteria can cause illness.

This type of illness is called food poisoning.

The graph below shows the number of cases of food poisoning per 100 000 people in the population
in one country.

Describe the trend in the number of cases of food poisoning between 2003 and 2011 in the graph.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 3]

Page 236 of 492

1 The table shows the year in which three different types of antibiotics were first used and the
year that antibiotic resistance was first detected.

year resistance first

antibiotic year of first use
detected

A 1952 1988

B 1962 1973

C 2000 2003

Compare the data for the three antibiotics in the table.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 3]

2 HIV is a pathogen that can cause AIDS.

State why antibiotics are not effective against HIV.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

3 Antibiotics are a type of drug.

State the type of infection antibiotics are used to treat.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

Page 237 of 492

4 Define the term drug.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]

5 Some bacteria are pathogens.

Bacteria were grown in a Petri dish on agar jelly which contained nutrients. The bacteria covered
the whole surface of the agar jelly.

Three paper discs were placed on the agar jelly. Each paper disc contained a different antibiotic.
The bacteria were left to grow for 24 hours at 35 °C.

The diagram shows the growth of the bacteria on the agar jelly at the start and after 24 hours.

Suggest why there are clear areas around some of the paper discs after 24 hours.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

Page 238 of 492

6 State the name of the group of drugs that are used to treat bacterial infections.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

7 HIV is a sexually transmitted infection (STI).

State why antibiotics cannot be used to treat HIV infections.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]

8 The table below contains a list of chemicals that are useful to humans.

Complete the table by stating one way in which each chemical is useful.

chemical use of the chemical

antibiotic

fertiliser

herbicide

insecticide

pectinase

[5]

[Total: 5]

Page 239 of 492

9 The graph shows the number of deaths from MRSA infection per 100 000 people in a population
of over-65-year-olds from 2005 to 2012.

13

12

number of deaths
11
from MRSA infection
in over-65-year-olds
per 100 000 people 10

8
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
year

What is a possible explanation for the changes shown in the graph?

A a decrease in the size of the population of over-65-year-olds

B antibiotics do not affect viruses
C more effective antibiotics are being used to treat infected people
D over-65-year-olds are immune to MRSA infection
[1]

[Total: 1]

10 Penicillin is an antibiotic that kills bacteria by preventing them from forming cell walls.

Why does penicillin not affect viruses?

A Viruses become resistant to penicillin.

B Viruses do not contain cytoplasm.
C Viruses do not have cell walls.
D Viruses reproduce very rapidly.
[1]

[Total: 1]

Page 240 of 492

 Unit 11

Respiration &
Breathing

Page 241 of 492

1 State the name of the process that moves oxygen into red blood cells.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

2 The diagram shows the human gas exchange system.

State the name of structure A in the diagram.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

3 Oxygen concentration is higher in inspired air than in expired air.

State one other way the composition of inspired air differs from the composition of expired air.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

Page 242 of 492

4 Carbon dioxide is excreted through the lungs.

There are differences between the composition of inspired and expired air.

The table shows four of the gases that make up air and the percentage of each gas that is in inspired
and expired air.

percentage in percentage in
gas
inspired air expired air

carbon dioxide 0.04 4.00

oxygen 21.00 16.00

Z variable increased

nitrogen 78.00 78.00

State the name of gas Z shown in the table.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

Page 243 of 492

5 The diagram shows the human gas exchange system.

Identify using a label line and a label on the diagram:

• a lung
• the diaphragm.
[2]

[Total: 2]

Page 244 of 492

6 Diagram 1 is of the human gas exchange system.

diagram 1

Diagram 2 is a magnified image of the exchange surface shown in region B in diagram 1.

diagram 2

The gas exchange surface shown in diagram 2 is permeable to make gas exchange efficient.

List two other features of gas exchange surfaces.

1 ...............................................................................................................................................

2 ............................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 2]

Page 245 of 492

7 Carbon dioxide is an example of a greenhouse gas.

State the name of the chemical used to test for the presence of carbon dioxide and state the result
of a positive test.

chemical ...................................................................................................................................

positive result ........................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 2]

8 State two ways in which the composition of inspired air differs from expired air.

1 ...............................................................................................................................................

2 ............................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 2]

9 A large surface area is a feature of gas exchange surfaces.

State twoother features of gas exchange surfaces.

1 ...............................................................................................................................................

2 ............................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 2]

Page 246 of 492

10 A class of students measured their breathing rates during different activities.

Average breathing rates for the class were calculated.

Student A compared her own breathing rates to the average breathing rates of the class.

The bar chart shows the results.

Compare student A’s results with the class averages.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]

Page 247 of 492

11 A class of students measured their breathing rates during different activities.

Average breathing rates for the class were calculated.

Student A compared her own breathing rates to the average breathing rates of the class.

The bar chart shows the results.

Calculate the percentage increase in breathing rate between resting and running for
student A.

Give your answer to the nearest whole number.

.....................................% [2]

[Total: 2]

Page 248 of 492

12 Two groups of students, A and B, investigated how running affected their pulse rates.

There were three students, 1, 2 and 3, in each group.

They measured their pulse rates when at rest, then all ran the same distance and immediately
measured their pulse rates again.

The results are shown in the graph.

Predict and describe the changes that would occur in the students’ breathing during the investigation.

Page 249 of 492

 ..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]

13 An athlete measured his breathing rate during 12 minutes of exercise.

The results are shown in the graph.

Calculate the percentage change in the breathing rate between 0 and 10 minutes.

Give your answer to the nearest whole number.

Show your working.

........................... % [2]

[Total: 2]

Page 250 of 492

14 List two features of human gas exchange surfaces.

1 ...............................................................................................................................................

2 ............................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 2]

15 The diagram shows yeast being used to produce alcohol.

A mixture of yeast and fruit juice is placed in a jar. Fruit juice contains sugar.

A valve lets gas out of the jar but stops gas from entering the jar.

State the name of the process that the yeast uses to make alcohol.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

Page 251 of 492

16 The diagram shows yeast being used to produce alcohol.

A mixture of yeast and fruit juice is placed in a jar. Fruit juice contains sugar.

A valve lets gas out of the jar but stops gas from entering the jar.

State the name of the gas produced when yeast makes alcohol.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

Page 252 of 492

17 The diagram shows yeast being used to produce alcohol.

A mixture of yeast and fruit juice is placed in a jar. Fruit juice contains sugar.

A valve lets gas out of the jar but stops gas from entering the jar.

State the name of the gas that must be stopped from entering the jar when alcohol is being made.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

18 State the name of the group of chemicals that yeast uses to catalyse the breakdown of glucose
molecules.

Choose your answer from the list.

antibiotics antibodies enzymes hormones

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

19 Oxygen moves from the blood into body cells.

Carbon dioxide moves from body cells into the blood.

State the name of the process in a cell that uses oxygen and releases carbon dioxide.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

Page 253 of 492

20 The table shows the energy used by an adult male over 24 hours.

activity energy used/ kJ

sleeping 2400
awake, but physically inactive 3000
awake and active 6600

State the name of the process that releases energy to maintain a constant body temperature while
the adult male is sleeping.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

Page 254 of 492

21 A student investigated respiration in yeast. An equal mass of yeast was added to different
types of sugar solution.

The student measured the volume of carbon dioxide released by the yeast using four different
sugar solutions with the same concentrations.

The four different sugar solutions used were:

• dextrose

• lactose

• maltose

• sucrose.

The graph shows the results.

State the name of the sugar solution that produced the most carbon dioxide.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

Page 255 of 492

22 A student investigated respiration in yeast. An equal mass of yeast was added to different
types of sugar solution.

The student measured the volume of carbon dioxide released by the yeast using four different
sugar solutions with the same concentrations.

The four different sugar solutions used were:

• dextrose

• lactose

• maltose

• sucrose.

The graph shows the results.

The temperature during the investigation was maintained at 20 °C.

Predict the effect on the volume of carbon dioxide produced if the investigation was repeated
at 30 °C.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

Page 256 of 492

23 A student investigated respiration in yeast. An equal mass of yeast was added to different
types of sugar solution.

The student measured the volume of carbon dioxide released by the yeast using four different
sugar solutions with the same concentrations.

The four different sugar solutions used were:

• dextrose

• lactose

• maltose

• sucrose.

The graph shows the results.

State the volume of carbon dioxide produced by yeast with the dextrose solution at
80 minutes.
3
............................................................................................................................................cm [1]

[Total: 1]

Page 257 of 492

24 Muscle cells can carry out both aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

State the product of anaerobic respiration in a human muscle cell during vigorous exercise.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

Page 258 of 492

25 The diagram shows the apparatus used by some students during an investigation.

The apparatus is drawn as seen from above.

Some arthropods were placed in the container.

A drop of red dye was inserted into the capillary tube.

The drop of red dye in the capillary tube gradually moved towards the arthropods.

The investigation shown in the diagram was repeated at different temperatures.

Page 259 of 492

 The bar chart shows the results.

State the trend shown in the bar chart.

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

26 Anaerobic respiration occurs when exercising vigorously.

State one advantage of using aerobic rather than anaerobic respiration in humans.

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

27 State the word equation for anaerobic respiration in yeast.

.................................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]

Page 260 of 492

28 State the word equation for anaerobic respiration in humans.

.................................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]

29 Describe the process that produces the carbon dioxide that is excreted by the lungs.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]

30 State two ways humans use anaerobic respiration in yeast to make useful products.

1 ...............................................................................................................................................

2 ............................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 2]

Page 261 of 492

1 What helps oxygen to be absorbed rapidly into the blood in the lungs?

A Air breathed in has less oxygen than air breathed out.

B Alveoli have thick walls and a large surface area.
C Alveoli have thin walls and a large surface area.
D The concentration of oxygen in the blood is higher than in the alveoli.
[1]

[Total: 1]

2 When the external intercostal muscles contract, how do the pressure and the volume inside the
lungs change?

pressure volume

A decreases decreases
B decreases increases
C increases decreases
D increases increases

[1]

[Total: 1]

Page 262 of 492

3 The diagram shows how ethanol can be produced from a sugar solution containing yeast.

After five hours the mixture produced bubbles.

air lock

sugar solution
containing yeast

bubbles

What is the main gas in the bubbles?

A air
B carbon dioxide
C methane
D oxygen
[1]

[Total: 1]

4 What is produced by anaerobic respiration in yeast?

lactic acid carbon dioxide

A ✓ ✓

B ✓ ✗

C ✗ ✓

D ✗ ✗

[1]

[Total: 1]

Page 263 of 492

5 The table lists some processes carried out by living organisms.

Place a tick (✓) in a box to show the type of process that occurs in animals, occurs in plants, or
occurs in both.

An example has been done for you.

name of process occurs in occurs in

animals plants

absorption ✓ ✓

diffusion

egestion

photosynthesis

respiration

sexual reproduction

transpiration

[6]

[Total: 6]

Page 264 of 492

6 Complete the sentences about aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

Use words or phrases from the list.

Each word or phrase may be used once, more than once, or not at all.

carbon dioxide carbon monoxide energy

fatty acids glycerol guard lactic acid

mesophyll muscle nitrogen oxygen

Anaerobic respiration is different to aerobic respiration because ...........................................

is not needed to break down glucose molecules.

The amount of ........................................ released from each glucose molecule is much

smaller in anaerobic respiration.

Anaerobic respiration in humans takes place in ................................. cells during vigorous

exercise. It produces ..................................... from glucose.

A different form of anaerobic respiration takes place in yeast cells. Here the glucose is

broken down into alcohol and ................................... .

[5]

[Total: 5]

Page 265 of 492

7 Describe the similarities and differences between anaerobic respiration in yeast and aerobic
respiration in humans.

similarities ................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

differences ................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [4]

[Total: 4]

8 Aerobic and anaerobic respiration both release energy.

Describe the other similarities and differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration in
muscles.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [4]

[Total: 4]

Page 266 of 492

9 The diagram below shows the gas exchange system.

Complete the labelling of the diagram using the words from the list.

bronchiole diaphragm intercostal muscle trachea [4]

[Total: 4]

Page 267 of 492

10 The diagram shows the human gas exchange system.

Oxygen molecules pass through structure A on their way to the red blood cells.

State the names of three other structures in the gas exchange system that oxygen molecules must
pass through on their way to the red blood cells.

1 ...............................................................................................................................................

2 ...............................................................................................................................................

3 ............................................................................................................................................... [3]

[Total: 3]

Page 268 of 492

11 The diagram is of the human gas exchange system.

Complete the diagram by labelling these structures in the spaces provided:

• alveoli

• bronchus

• bronchiole

• diaphragm

• trachea. [3]

[Total: 3]

Page 269 of 492

 10

(c) Fig. 2.1 shows a photomicrograph of a cross section of an artery from a mammal.

X Y

Fig. 2.1

(i) Make a large diagram of this cross section to show the layers forming the wall of the
artery.

[3]
© UCLES 2016 0610/62/O/N/16

Page 270 of 492

 11

(ii) Measure the diameter of the lumen of the artery between points X and Y on Fig. 2.1.
Include the unit.

Diameter of the lumen on Fig. 2.1 .....................................................................................

Draw a line in the same position on your drawing and measure the diameter of the lumen
on your drawing.

Diameter of the lumen on your drawing ............................................................................

diameter of the lumen on your drawing

magnification =
diameter of the lumen on Fig. 2.1

Calculate the magnification of your drawing using the equation given and your answers.

Show your working.

magnification ...............................................................
[3]

[Total: 19]

© UCLES 2016 0610/62/O/N/16

Page 271 of 492

 Unit 12

Homeostasis &
Excretion

Page 272 of 492

1 The diagram is of part of the human excretory system and associated blood vessels.

State the names of parts P, Q and R in the diagram.

P ...............................................................................................................................................

Q ..............................................................................................................................................

R .............................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 3]

2 Protein can be broken down into amino acids.

State the name of the organ in the human body that breaks down excess amino acids.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

Page 273 of 492

3 The volume and concentration of urine produced is affected by changes in water consumption,
temperature and exercise levels.

The table shows three different conditions.

Complete the table by writing increases or decreases in the boxes to show the effect of each
condition on the volume and concentration of urine produced.

condition volume of urine concentratiion of urine

increase in water consumption

increase in temperature

increase in exercise level

[3]

[Total: 3]

Page 274 of 492

4 The box on the left shows the beginning of a sentence.

The boxes on the right show some sentence endings.

Draw two straight lines from ‘Excretion’ to the boxes on the right to make two correct sentences.

is the movement of digested food molecules into cells.

is the passing out of undigested food from an organism.

Excretion is the removal of excess substances from an organism.

is the removal of toxic materials from an organism.

is the taking in of materials for energy and growth.

[2]

[Total: 2]

5 The kidney filters the blood and produces a liquid called urine.

State three substances that are found in the urine of a healthy person.

1 ...............................................................................................................................................

2 ...............................................................................................................................................

3 ............................................................................................................................................... [3]

[Total: 3]

6 Urea is excreted.

State the name of the substance that urea is made from.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

Page 275 of 492

7 Urine produced by the kidneys contains three excretory substances: urea, water and mineral salts.

The table shows the average mass of urea, water and mineral salts in 100 g of blood plasma and
in 100 g of urine.

average mass / g
substance
in 100 g of blood plasma in 100 g of urine

water 90.00 95.00

urea 0.03 2.00
mineral salts 0.69 1.35

Calculate the percentage increase in the average mass of mineral salts between blood plasma and
urine.

Give your answer to two decimal places.

Space for working.

.............................................. % [3]

[Total: 3]

8 Urea is excreted.

State where in the body urea is made.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

Page 276 of 492

9 The diagram shows some of the structures involved in excretion.

Complete the diagram by labelling the structures in the spaces provided.

Choose structures from the list:

bladder bronchus heart liver lung

pancreas trachea ureter urethra [5]

[Total: 5]

Page 277 of 492

10 All organisms must maintain a balance between water gain and water loss.

State three ways in which the human body may lose water.

1 ...............................................................................................................................................

2 ...............................................................................................................................................

3 ............................................................................................................................................... [3]

[Total: 3]

11 The table shows the year in which three different types of antibiotics were first used and the
year that antibiotic resistance was first detected.

year resistance first

antibiotic year of first use
detected

A 1952 1988

B 1962 1973

C 2000 2003

Compare the data for the three antibiotics in the table.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 3]

12 HIV is a pathogen that can cause AIDS.

State why antibiotics are not effective against HIV.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

Page 278 of 492

15 Exercise levels, environmental temperature and changes in water intake can affect the volume and
concentration of urine produced.

Complete the sentences by underlining the correct words in bold.

The first sentence has been done for you.

More exercise causes the volume of urine to increase / decrease / stay the same and the

concentration of urine toincrease / decrease / stay the same.

A greater intake of water causes the volume of urine to increase / decrease/ stay the same

and the concentration of urine to increase / decrease / stay the same.

A higher environmental temperature causes the volume of urine to increase / decrease

/ stay the same and the concentration of urine to increase/ decrease / stay the same. [2]

[Total: 2]

Page 279 of 492

16 Complete the sentences about maintenance of body temperature using the words and phrases
from the list.

Each word or phrase may be used once, more than once or not at all.

blood brain condenses evaporates

neurones receptors skin

sweat temperature water content

Control of body temperature is coordinated by the ............................................... .

There are temperature ............................................... that sense the temperature of the

............................................... .

When the temperature gets too hot, glands release ............................................... onto

the surface of the skin and the water in it ............................................... reducing body

temperature. [5]

[Total: 5]

Page 280 of 492

1 Complete the sentences using words from the list.

amino acids anus bladder fatty acids glucose

rectum uterus ureter urethra

You may use the words once, more than once or not at all.

Urea is a waste product made from the breakdown of excess ............................................... .

Urea passes through the kidney and forms part of the urine.

Urine leaves the kidney in the .............................................. .

This tube takes the urine to the ............................................... where the urine is stored until it leaves

the body.

It leaves the body through the ............................................... .

[4]

[Total: 4]

2 Excretion is the removal of toxic substances or substances in excess, from the body.

Excess water is excreted from the lungs and the kidneys.

State the name of one other substance that is excreted from

the lungs ..................................................................................................................................

the kidneys. .............................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]

3 The volume and concentration of urine varies with changing conditions.

The table below shows three changing conditions.

Write increase or decrease in each of the boxes in the table to show how each change affects the
volume and the concentration of urine.

changing condition volume of urine concentration of urine

increase in water intake

increase in temperature

increase in exercise

[3]

Page 281 of 492

4 The kidneys excrete excess water in urine.

The main component of urine is water.

State two other substances that are excreted by healthy kidneys.

1 ...............................................................................................................................................

2 ............................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 2]

5 A scientist investigated the effect of drinking sugar solutions, of different concentrations, on the
volume of urine produced.
3
• 1.5 dm of sugar solution A was consumed by a healthy adult.

• Urine was collected at thirty minute intervals for 150 minutes.

• The volume of urine produced every thirty minutes was added to the previous total volume.

• This procedure was repeated with sugar solutions B and C.

The results are shown in the graph below.

List two factors that will affect the volume and concentration of urine produced.

1 ...............................................................................................................................................

2 ............................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 2]

Page 282 of 492

6 A scientist investigated the effect of drinking sugar solutions, of different concentrations, on the
volume of urine produced.
3
• 1.5 dm of sugar solution A was consumed by a healthy adult.

• Urine was collected at thirty minute intervals for 150 minutes.

• The volume of urine produced every thirty minutes was added to the previous total volume.

• This procedure was repeated with sugar solutions B and C.

The results are shown in the graph below.

Suggest which of the three solutions, A, B or C, contained the most sugar.

Give a reason for your suggestion.

solution .....................................................................................................................................

reason ......................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]

Page 283 of 492

7 A scientist investigated the effect of drinking sugar solutions, of different concentrations, on the
volume of urine produced.
3
• 1.5 dm of sugar solution A was consumed by a healthy adult.

• Urine was collected at thirty minute intervals for 150 minutes.

• The volume of urine produced every thirty minutes was added to the previous total volume.

• This procedure was repeated with sugar solutions B and C.

The results are shown in the graph below.

Complete the table below using the information in the graph.

3
description of measurement volume / dm

total volume of urine produced 60 minutes after

drinking solution C

volume of urine produced between 30 minutes and

60 minutes after drinking solution B

total volume of urine produced 150 minutes after

drinking solution A

[3]

[Total: 3]

Page 284 of 492

8 The table shows information about urea.

Which row is correct?

substance that organ that organ that

urea is made from makes urea excretes urea

A amino acids kidney bladder

B amino acids liver kidney
C fatty acids kidney bladder
D fatty acids liver kidney

[1]

[Total: 1]

9 What is the most important function of sweating?

A to remove excess heat from the body

B to remove excess salts from the body
C to remove excess urea from the body
D to remove excess water from the body
[1]

[Total: 1]

Page 285 of 492

10 The diagram shows some organs in the human body.

In which part are amino acids broken down to form urea?

D
A

[1]

[Total: 1]

11 Which substance remains in the blood as it passes through the kidney?

A protein
B salts
C urea
D water
[1]

[Total: 1]

12 What is a function of the kidneys of a healthy person?

A break down toxins

B eliminate all salts
C reabsorb all glucose
D retain all water
[1]

[Total: 1]

Page 286 of 492

18 Complete the sentences about temperature control in humans by writing the missing words in the
gaps.

If body temperature increases above normal, .............................................. in the

.............................................. detect the rise in temperature and impulses are sent to the skin.

Glands in the skin produce a liquid called .............................................. . The main

component of this liquid is water.

The water in the liquid .............................................. from the surface of the skin using heat

energy from the body. This lowers the body temperature.

The maintenance of a constant body temperature is an example of

.............................................. . [5]

[Total: 5]

19 Marmots and lynx are mammals that can live in a variety of environments.

The percentage of fat in the bodies of these two species was measured.
Measurements were taken from marmots and lynx living in Alaska and in Virginia. Alaska is a cold
environment and Virginia is a warm environment.

The results are shown in the table.

Page 287 of 492

 percentage of fat in the body difference in the
species percentage of fat in the
in Alaska in Virginia body

marmot 36 5 31

lynx 15 11

(a) Complete the table by calculating the difference in the percentage of fat in the body for the
lynx.

Write your answer in the table. [1]

(b) Describe the results shown in the table.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

(c) Explain the difference in the percentage of fat in the body between the mammals living in
Alaska and Virginia.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 5]

Page 288 of 492

2 (a) A group of students investigated the effect of two different exercises on the heart rate of ten
male and ten female students.

Before the first exercise, the pulse rate at rest was measured and the group then jumped on
the same spot for two minutes without moving their arms. Every two seconds an investigator
shouted jump.

After two minutes the pulse rate was measured and the students were allowed ten minutes to
rest.

Before the second exercise, the pulse rate at rest was measured again and the group was
asked to do a different exercise.

The students jumped on the same spot for two minutes lifting their arms above their head
as they jumped up and dropping their arms as they came down. Every two seconds an
investigator shouted ‘jump’.

Table 2.1 shows the results of this investigation.

Table 2.1

average pulse rate / beats per minute

activity
male students female students all students
resting 68 74 71
after jumping 96 92
after jumping and 128 140
moving arms

(i) Complete Table 2.1 by writing in the average pulse rate for all students after both forms
of exercise. [2]

(ii) Describe two variables in this investigation that have been controlled.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(iii) Explain why the students had to rest before carrying out the second exercise.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(iv) State one variable that cannot be controlled during the exercise and describe the effect
on the results of the investigation.

variable ..............................................................................................................................

effect on results .................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
© UCLES 2016 0610/62/O/N/16

Page 289 of 492

(b) (i) Plot a bar chart of the data in Table 2.1, for both the male students and the female
students, on the grid.

[4]

(ii) State one similarity and one difference the effect of exercise has on males and females.

similarity ............................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

difference ...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

Page 290 of 492

 Unit 13

Coordination &
Response

Page 291 of 492

1 The diagram represents a simple reflex arc.

spinal cord
P

finger
Q muscle
pin

What is the sequence of nerve cells through which an impulse passes during a reflex action?

Page 292 of 492

2 The diagram shows a neurone.

X Y

Which structures could be found at X and Y?

3 What will be the effect of strenuous exercise on the volume of water lost through the skin and the
kidneys?

Page 293 of 492

7 What is an example of gravitropism?

A a chemical messenger produced by a plant

B a painful sensation in response to a stimulus
C the growth of a plant root towards the centre of the Earth
D the growth of a plant shoot towards light

8 Which organ produces a hormone?

A heart
B lung
C ovary
D spinal cord

9 The diagram shows the structures involved in a reflex action.

S
R

P
Q

hot pan

What is the sequence in which impulses pass through these structures?

A P→S→R→Q

B Q→R→S→P

C Q→P→R→S

D S→P→Q→R

Page 294 of 492

10 Which part of the human eye is sensitive to light?

A iris
B lens
C optic nerve
D retina

11 The diagram shows an experiment to investigate the response of a plant stem to gravity.

result after
two days in dark

in dark

What is a suitable control for this experiment?

A B

rotated
light
slowly

in dark

C D

light

in dark

Page 295 of 492

1 State the names of two hormones involved in the development of secondary sexual characteristics
in humans.

1 ...............................................................................................................................................

2 ............................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 2]

2 State the name of the organ that secretes the hormone insulin.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

3 One effect of the release of the hormone adrenaline is to increase blood glucose concentration.
This allows more aerobic respiration to occur.

State the name of the gland that releases adrenaline.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

4 One effect of the release of the hormone adrenaline is to increase blood glucose concentration.This
allows more aerobic respiration to occur.

State how adrenaline is transported to its target organs.

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

5 One effect of the release of the hormone adrenaline is to increase blood glucose concentration.
This allows more aerobic respiration to occur.

Place ticks (✓) in the correct boxes to show other effects of the release of adrenaline on the body.

change in the genotype

decreased breathing rate

development of lung cancer

increased pulse rate

widened pupils

[2]

Page 296 of 492

6 The diagram shows three different types of neurone.

These cells are used in some reflex actions.

Describe one feature of a reflex action.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

Page 297 of 492

7 Exercise levels, environmental temperature and changes in water intake can affect the volume and
concentration of urine produced.

Complete the sentences by underlining the correct words in bold.

The first sentence has been done for you.

More exercise causes the volume of urine to increase / decrease / stay the same and the

concentration of urine toincrease / decrease / stay the same.

A greater intake of water causes the volume of urine to increase / decrease/ stay the same

and the concentration of urine to increase / decrease / stay the same.

A higher environmental temperature causes the volume of urine to increase / decrease

/ stay the same and the concentration of urine to increase/ decrease / stay the same. [2]

[Total: 2]

Page 298 of 492

8 The diagram shows three different types of neurone.

These cells are used in some reflex actions.

State the names of cells H and K in the diagram.

H ..............................................................................................................................................

K .............................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]

Page 299 of 492

9 The diagram shows three different types of neurone.

These cells are used in some reflex actions.

State one example of a reflex action.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

Page 300 of 492

10 The diagram shows part of the human nervous system.

Describe the main function of the nervous system.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

Page 301 of 492

11 The diagram shows part of the human nervous system.

State the two parts of the central nervous system.

1 ...............................................................................................................................................

2 ............................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 2]

Page 302 of 492

12 Plant shoots and roots respond to stimuli.

The photograph is of a plant that has been grown in the dark.

The plant has been grown with the pot in this position and is showing a tropic response to this
stimulus.

Describe how the roots would respond to the same stimulus.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

Page 303 of 492

13 Plant shoots and roots respond to stimuli.

The photograph is of a plant that has been grown in the dark.

The plant has been grown with the pot in this position and is showing a tropic response to this
stimulus.

State the name of the tropic response shown in the photograph.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

Page 304 of 492

14 Complete the sentences about maintenance of body temperature using the words and phrases
from the list.

Each word or phrase may be used once, more than once or not at all.

blood brain condenses evaporates

neurones receptors skin

sweat temperature water content

Control of body temperature is coordinated by the ............................................... .

There are temperature ............................................... that sense the temperature of the

............................................... .

When the temperature gets too hot, glands release ............................................... onto

the surface of the skin and the water in it ............................................... reducing body

temperature. [5]

[Total: 5]

Page 305 of 492

15 The skin is an important organ involved in temperature regulation in mammals.

The diagram shows a cross-section of mammalian skin.

State the names of structures A, B, C and D on the diagram.

A ..............................................................................................................................................

B ..............................................................................................................................................

C ..............................................................................................................................................

D .............................................................................................................................................. [4]

[Total: 4]

16 Define the term homeostasis.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]

Page 306 of 492

17 A scientist investigated how the growth of plant shoots was affected by the direction of light.

A light source was placed on one side of a shoot and the scientist recorded the appearance of the
shoot after a few days.

The diagram shows his results.

Explain the advantage to a plant of the response shown in the diagram.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]

18 A scientist investigated how the growth of plant shoots was affected by the direction of light.

A light source was placed on one side of a shoot and the scientist recorded the appearance of the
shoot after a few days.

The diagram shows his results.

Describe the results shown in the diagram.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

Page 307 of 492

19 A scientist investigated how the growth of plant shoots was affected by the direction of light.

A light source was placed on one side of a shoot and the scientist recorded the appearance of the
shoot after a few days.

The diagram shows his results.

State the name of the response to light shown in the diagram.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

Page 308 of 492

20 Complete the sentences about temperature control in humans by writing the missing words in the
gaps.

If body temperature increases above normal, .............................................. in the

.............................................. detect the rise in temperature and impulses are sent to the skin.

Glands in the skin produce a liquid called .............................................. . The main

component of this liquid is water.

The water in the liquid .............................................. from the surface of the skin using heat

energy from the body. This lowers the body temperature.

The maintenance of a constant body temperature is an example of

.............................................. . [5]

[Total: 5]

Page 309 of 492

21 The diagram shows a section through the eye.

State the function of the optic nerve.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

Page 310 of 492

1 State the name of the organ that produces adrenaline.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

2 A gardener investigated plant growth.

She used a tray of tomato seedlings. The tomato seedlings were all approximately 3 cm tall.

She placed the tray in a box with a source of light at the side.

Diagram A shows the apparatus.

diagram A

After 48 hours the gardener observed that the tomato seedlings had curved stems.

She rotated the tray so that the curved tomato seedlings were facing away from the source of light
as shown in diagram B.

diagram B

Predict what will happen to the tomato seedlings in diagram B.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

Page 311 of 492

3 Puberty leads to the development of secondary sexual characteristics.

It is controlled by hormones released from endocrine glands.

The diagram below is part of the human endocrine system.

One of the structures shown on the diagram produces a hormone that controls puberty in boys.

Label this structure with a label line. Include the name of the structure in your label. [2]

[Total: 2]

Page 312 of 492

4 The nervous system contains sense organs that detect changes in the external environment.

List three stimuli that are detected by sense organs.

1 ..............................................................................................................................................

2 ..............................................................................................................................................

3 .............................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 3]

5 The table contains three descriptions of nervous system terms.

Complete the table by stating the name of the terms described.

description of term name of the term

neurone that is connected to a muscle

electrical signal that passes along a neurone

junction between two neurones

[3]

[Total: 3]

Page 313 of 492

6 A gardener investigated plant growth.

She used a tray of tomato seedlings. The tomato seedlings were all approximately 3 cm tall.

She placed the tray in a box with a source of light at the side.

Diagram A shows the apparatus.

diagram A

After 48 hours the gardener observed that the tomato seedlings had curved stems.

She rotated the tray so that the curved tomato seedlings were facing away from the source of light
as shown in diagram B.

diagram B

Describe how the roots of the tomato seedlings would respond to light.

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

Page 314 of 492

7 The photograph is of a human eye.

The person has been in a dark room.

Explain the response of the pupil if the light is now switched on.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]

Page 315 of 492

8 A gardener investigated plant growth.

She used a tray of tomato seedlings. The tomato seedlings were all approximately 3 cm tall.

She placed the tray in a box with a source of light at the side.

Diagram A shows the apparatus.

diagram A

After 48 hours the gardener observed that the tomato seedlings had curved stems.

She rotated the tray so that the curved tomato seedlings were facing away from the source of light
as shown in diagram B.

diagram B

State the name of the response to light shown by the tomato seedlings.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

9 State two effects on the body of the hormone adrenaline.

1 ...............................................................................................................................................

2 ............................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 2]

Page 316 of 492

10 Puberty leads to the development of secondary sexual characteristics.

It is controlled by hormones released from endocrine glands.

State the name of the hormone that leads to the development of secondary sexual characteristics
in girls.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

11 Adrenaline is a hormone involved in ‘fight or flight’ situations.

Describe two effects of adrenaline on the body.

1 ..............................................................................................................................................

2 .............................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]

12 The menstrual cycle is controlled by hormones.

Complete the sentence to define the term hormone.

A ...................................... substance produced by a ....................................... , carried by

the ...................................... , which alters the activity of one or more specific target organs.
[3]

[Total: 3]

13 Marmots and lynx are mammals that can live in a variety of environments.

The percentage of fat in the bodies of these two species was measured.
Measurements were taken from marmots and lynx living in Alaska and in Virginia. Alaska is a cold
environment and Virginia is a warm environment.

The results are shown in the table.

percentage of fat in the body difference in the

species percentage of fat in the
in Alaska in Virginia body

marmot 36 5 31

lynx 15 11

(a) Complete the table by calculating the difference in the percentage of fat in the body for the
lynx.

Write your answer in the table. [1]

Page 317 of 492

 (b) Describe the results shown in the table.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

(c) Explain the difference in the percentage of fat in the body between the mammals living in
Alaska and Virginia.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 5]

14
(a) Diagram A shows a seed that has germinated.

It is growing on damp cotton wool in the dark in a vertical position.

diagram A

The seedling was then rotated to a horizontal position and kept in the dark as shown in
diagram B.

diagram B

Page 318 of 492

 (i) Complete diagram B by drawing the expected appearance of the root and the shoot
after five days in the dark. [2]

(ii) State the name of the response shown in diagram B.

................................................................................................................................ [1]

[Total: 3]

15 A student begins to lose control of her bicycle while travelling down a hill at speed.

The concentration of which substance will begin to increase rapidly in her blood?

A adrenaline
B insulin
C oestrogen
D testosterone
[1]

[Total: 1]

16 What shows the order in which these structures are involved in a reflex action?

A effector motor neurone relay neurone sensory neurone receptor

B effector sensory neurone motor neurone relay neurone receptor
C receptor sensory neurone relay neurone motor neurone effector
D receptor motor neurone sensory neurone relay neurone effector
[1]

[Total: 1]

Page 319 of 492

17 The diagram shows the skin.

Which labelled area contains fatty tissue?

A
B

[1]

[Total: 1]

18 How many different kinds of cone receptor and rod receptor are there in the human retina?

types of types of
cone receptor rod receptor

A 1 1
B 1 3
C 3 1
D 3 3

[1]

[Total: 1]

Page 320 of 492

19 The diagram shows a synapse.

What do the dots at X represent?

A neurotransmitter
B receptor molecule
C synaptic cleft
D vesicle
[1]

[Total: 1]

Page 321 of 492

20 The table shows a list of activities.

Tick the boxes that would result in a release of adrenaline.

bungee jumping

sitting an exam

going for a gentle walk

reading a textbook

drinking water

hearing a sudden noise

painting a picture

[3]

[Total: 3]

Page 322 of 492

21 The diagram shows a section through an eye.

Which structure controls how much light enters the pupil?

D
C

[1]

[Total: 1]

Page 323 of 492

22 The diagram shows an experiment to investigate the response of a plant stem to gravity.

result after
two days in dark

in dark

What is a suitable control for this experiment?

A B

rotated light
slowly

in dark

C D

light

in dark
[1]

[Total: 1]

Page 324 of 492

 (h) Table 1.1 shows the volume of oxygen produced when the student carried out the experiment
for three different food plants.

Table 1.1

food plant volume of oxygen produced / cm3

A 9.2
B 0.8
C 6.7

Plot a graph of the data from Table 1.1 on the grid.

[4]

(i) Describe how the student could test food prepared from these plants for the presence of
reducing sugars.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[3]

[Total: 31]

© UCLES 2016 0610/63/O/N/16 [Turn over

Page 325 of 492
2 Fig. 2.1 shows red onion cells, viewed through a microscope, that have been immersed in a strong
salt solution.

In a red onion cell the dark red pigment is located in the vacuole of the cell.

M N

magnification ×50

Fig. 2.1

(a) (i) Make a large drawing of three of the cells shown in Fig. 2.1.

On one of the cells label the vacuole.

[5]

© UCLES 2016 0610/63/O/N/16

Page 326 of 492

 Fig. 2.2 shows red onion cells, viewed through a microscope, that have been immersed
in a weak salt solution.

magnification ×50

Fig. 2.2

(ii) Measure the observed maximum length of the vacuole shown by the line MN on Fig. 2.1.

......................................................... mm

Measure the observed maximum length of the vacuole shown by the line PQ on Fig. 2.2.

......................................................... mm

Calculate the percentage increase in the length of the vacuole.

Show your working and give your answer to the nearest whole number.

................................................................
[3]

(b) State one visible similarity between the cells in Fig. 2.1 and the cells in Fig. 2.2.

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[1]

[Total: 9]

© UCLES 2016 0610/63/O/N/16

Page 327 of 492

 Unit 14

Plant
Reproduction

Page 328 of 492

1 The diagram shows a mature maize plant. Maize plants have separate male and female flowers.

Maize plants are pollinated by the wind.

Use the information in the diagram to describe how the position of the male and female flowers
can increase the chance of pollination taking place.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

Page 329 of 492

2 Pollination occurs when pollen is transferred from one flower to another.

The diagram is part of a flower.

State the name of the part labelled E in the diagram.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

3 A student wrote an incorrect statement about fertilisation in plants.

Fertilisation is the fusion of zygote nuclei.

Circle the incorrect word. [1]

[Total: 1]

Page 330 of 492

4 Pollination occurs when pollen is transferred from one flower to another.

The diagram is of part of a flower.

Draw a label line and the letter X on the flower in the diagram to show where fertilisation
occurs.
[1]

[Total: 1]

5 A student gathered 70 maize seeds from plants growing in a field.

The seeds were placed in dishes containing damp cotton wool.

After five days only 64 seeds had germinated.

Suggest a reason why some of the seeds did not germinate.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

Page 331 of 492

6 Some insects can reproduce by sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction. In both types of
reproduction chromosomes are passed from the parent or parents, to the offspring.

The diagram below shows a drawing of a parent insect and seven of her offspring: M, N, P, R, S,
T and U.

Two of the offspring were produced by asexual reproduction.

Suggest the letters representing these two offspring.

1 ...........................

2 ........................... [1]

[Total: 1]

7 Ovaries are part of the female reproductive system. Ovaries secrete hormones and also release
the female gamete.

Name the female gamete.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

Page 332 of 492

8 The diagram shows a section of a flower that has both male and female parts.

Parts of the flower are labelled with the letters L to S.

Describe a function of each of the parts labelled L, N and Q.

L ...............................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

N ..............................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

Q ..............................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 3]

Page 333 of 492

9 The diagram shows a section of a flower that has both male and female parts.

Parts of the flower are labelled with the letters L to S.

State the names of parts M, P, R and S.

M ..............................................................................................................................................

P ...............................................................................................................................................

R ..............................................................................................................................................

S ............................................................................................................................................... [4]

[Total: 4]

Page 334 of 492

10 The diagram shows a mature maize plant. Maize plants have separate male and female flowers.

Maize plants are pollinated by the wind.

Describe two ways pollen from an insect-pollinated flower differs from pollen from a wind-pollinated
flower.

1 ...............................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

2 ...............................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]

Page 335 of 492

11 Pollination occurs when pollen is transferred from one flower to another.

The diagram is part of a flower.

State the letter from the diagram that identifies the structure which:

attracts insect pollinators ...............................................

produces pollen ...............................................

receives the pollen during pollination. ............................................... [3]

[Total: 3]

Page 336 of 492

12 Pollination occurs when pollen is transferred from one flower to another.

The diagram is part of a flower.

The flower shown in the diagram represents an insect-pollinated flower.

Describe two ways the pollen from an insect-pollinated flower differs from the pollen from a
wind-pollinated flower.

1 ...............................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

2 ...............................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]

Page 337 of 492

13 The photograph shows part of a flower.

Some of the outer structures have been removed to show the internal parts.

Label these structures on the photograph with a label line and the name:

• anther

• petal

• stigma. [3]

[Total: 3]

14 A gardener grew tomato seedlings from tomato seeds.

State three conditions that are required for the germination of seeds.

1 ...............................................................................................................................................

2 ...............................................................................................................................................

3 ............................................................................................................................................... [3]

[Total: 3]

15 A student investigated the conditions required for germination.

Page 338 of 492

Seeds were placed on cotton wool in Petri dishes and exposed to different conditions.

The conditions used are shown in the table.

temperature condition of
Petri dish access to light
/ °C cotton wool

A 20 damp yes

B 3 damp yes

C 20 dry yes

D 20 damp no

Seeds in two of the Petri dishes did not germinate.

(a) Predict in which Petri dishes the seeds did not germinate.

Give reasons for your answer.

Petri dishes .....................................................................................................................

reasons ...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [3]

(b) In another investigation, the germination ratio of the seeds was calculated.

60 cress seeds were used in the investigation.

20 seeds germinated and 40 seeds did not germinate.

Calculate the ratio of the seeds that germinated to the seeds that did not germinate.

ratio ....................................................... : ............................................................... [1]

[Total: 4]

Page 339 of 492

16 The diagrams, A, B, C and D, show some examples of reproduction.

State the letter or letters that identify examples of asexual reproduction.

Give a reason for your answer using evidence from the diagrams.

letter(s) .....................................................................................................................................

reason ......................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 3]

Page 340 of 492

1 The diagrams, A, B, C and D, show some examples of reproduction.

State the letter or letters that identify examples of asexual reproduction.

Give a reason for your answer using evidence from the diagrams.

letter(s) .....................................................................................................................................

reason ......................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 3]

Page 341 of 492

2 The diagram shows a plant.

This plant reproduces asexually by producing plantlets on side shoots.

The box on the left contains the term asexual reproduction. The boxes on the right show some
sentence endings.

Draw two straight lines from the asexual reproduction box to the boxes on the right to make two
correct sentences.

needs male and female

gametes.

needs two parents.

only needs one parent.

Asexual reproduction

produces offspring that are a

different species.

produces offspring that are

genetically different to the
parents.

produces offspring that are

genetically identical to the
parent.

Page 342 of 492

3 Pollen grains from wind-pollinated flowers and insect-pollinated flowers are different.

State two ways in which a pollen grain from a wind-pollinated flower is different to a pollen grain
from an insect-pollinated flower.

1 ...............................................................................................................................................

2 ............................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 2]

4 The photograph is of a zedonk.

A zedonk is the offspring of a male zebra and a female donkey.

The zedonk was produced by sexual reproduction.

Define the term sexual reproduction.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 3]

Page 343 of 492

5 The boxes on the left contain the names of flower parts.

The boxes on the right contain descriptions of the functions of the flower parts.

Drawonestraight line from each box on the left to one box on the right to link the flower part to its
function.

Draw five lines.

[5]

[Total: 5]

Page 344 of 492

6 A student gathered 70 maize seeds from plants growing in a field.

The seeds were placed in dishes containing damp cotton wool.

After five days only 64 seeds had germinated.

Suggest a reason why some of the seeds did not germinate.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

Page 345 of 492

7 Some students investigated the conditions needed for the germination of maize seeds. They used
maize seeds from a packet of seeds they had purchased in a shop.

Three dishes were used, each containing cotton wool and the same number of maize seeds, as
shown in the diagram.

The table shows the conditions provided for each dish.

dish
conditions
A B C

treatment of cotton wool damp dry damp

temperature / °C 20 20 3

light or dark light light dark

The seeds were left for five days and then observed.

The results are shown in the table.

dish results

A all seeds germinated

B no seeds germinated

C no seeds germinated

Explain why the seeds in dishes B and C did not germinate.

dish B .......................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

dish C .......................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]

Page 346 of 492

8 A student gathered 70 maize seeds from plants growing in a field. The seeds were placed in dishes
containing damp cotton wool.

After five days only 64 seeds had germinated.

Calculate the percentage of seeds that germinated.

Show your working.

Give your answer to the nearest whole number.

........................... % [2]

[Total: 2]

9 The diagram shows the sequence of events that occur in sexual reproduction.

State the name of cell T in the diagram.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

Page 347 of 492

10 The diagram below shows sections of two flowers, K and L, from the same species.

A student said, “Flowers K and L are pollinated by insects.”

Describe two structures in flowers K and L that support this statement.

Use features that are visible in the diagram above.

1 ...............................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

2 ...............................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]

Page 348 of 492

11 The diagram below shows sections of two flowers, K and L, from the same species.

State the names of the parts in the diagram that:

produce ovules .........................................................................................................................

protect the bud of the flower. .................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 2]

12 The diagram below shows sections of two flowers, K and L, from the same species.

On the diagram above, draw an arrow to represent the transfer of pollen from flower K to flower L
during pollination. [2]

[Total: 2]

Page 349 of 492

13 The diagram below shows sections of two flowers, K and L, from the same species.

On flower L in the diagram above, identify and label an ovule and a petal. [2]

[Total: 2]

Page 350 of 492

14 Two photomicrographs of pollen are shown below.

Describe, using your knowledge and the information in the photomicrographs, how pollen from an
insect-pollinated flower is different to pollen from a wind-pollinated flower.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 3]

15 Sexual reproduction in plants results in seeds being formed.

State three conditions needed for the germination of seeds.

1 ...............................................................................................................................................

2 ...............................................................................................................................................

3 ............................................................................................................................................... [3]

[Total: 3]

Page 351 of 492

16 Define the term pollination.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]

17 The diagram below shows a flower that reproduces using wind-pollination.

Describe two ways in which the flower in the diagram is adapted for wind-pollination.

1 ...............................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

2 ...............................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]

Page 352 of 492

 6

2 Fig. 2.1 shows a photomicrograph of a bronchus, surrounded by alveoli and other tissues, in the
lung.

A B

bronchus lumen

bronchus wall
alveoli

Fig. 2.1

(a) (i) Make a large drawing of the bronchus shown in Fig. 2.1.

Do not include any of the alveoli or other tissues in your drawing. Do not label your
drawing.

[4]
© UCLES 2018 0610/62/F/M/18

Page 353 of 492

 8

(b) A student investigated the effect of exercise on breathing rate.

The breathing rates of five people were measured at rest and after running for different
periods of time. The people rested between each period of running.

The results are shown in Table 2.1.

Table 2.1

breathing rate / breaths per minute

running
time person
/ minutes average
one two three four five

0 20 24 22 26 28 24

2 32 31 28 32 32 31

4 39 41 38 42 40

6 46 52 52 46 44 48

8 48 50 52 46 44 48

10 49 51 51 46 43 48

(i) Complete Table 2.1 by calculating the average breathing rate for four minutes of running.

Space for working.

[1]

(ii) The student thought that the result for person two at six minutes was an anomaly.

Suggest what the student should do to determine if the result is anomalous.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

© UCLES 2018 0610/62/F/M/18

Page 354 of 492

 9

(iii) Plot a graph, on the grid, to show the relationship between running time and the average
breathing rate. Draw a line of best fit.

[4]

(iv) Use your graph to estimate the average breathing rate for one minute of the running.

Show on the graph how you obtained your answer.

............................................................[2]

(v) Use your graph to describe the relationship between running time and the average
breathing rate.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[3]

[Turn over
Page 355 of 492
 Unit 15

Reproduction in
Human

Page 356 of 492

1 The testes are organs that produce a hormone that controls the development of secondary sexual
characteristics in males.

Underline the name of this hormone.

adrenaline insulin oestrogen testosterone [1]

[Total: 1]

Page 357 of 492

2 The diagram is of the male reproductive system in humans.

The boxes on the left show the letters in the diagram that identify parts of the male reproductive
system.

The boxes on the right show the functions of some of the parts.

Draw four straight lines to match each letter to its correct function.

letter in diagram function

produces sperm

sac which contains the testes

secretes fluid for sperm to swim in

tube which carries the sperm to the urethra

tube which carries urine and sperm

[4]

[Total: 4]

Page 358 of 492

3 Sperm are the male gametes in humans

State the name of the female gamete in humans.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

4 Sperm are the male gametes in humans.

State the name of the cell that is formed at fertilisation.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

5 Sperm are the male gametes in humans.

State the usual site of fertilisation in humans.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

Page 359 of 492

6 The diagram is a front view of the male reproductive system in humans.

The boxes on the left show the letters identifying the parts in the diagram.

The boxes on the right show the functions of some of the parts of the male reproductive system.

Draw lines to link each letter to its function. Draw four lines.

letter from diagram function

gland that secretes fluid for sperm to swim in

produces sperm

sac that holds the testes

tube carrying semen and urine

tube carrying sperm to urethra

[4]

[Total: 4]

Page 360 of 492

7 The table shows some of the events (D to J) that occur between fertilisation and birth.

The events are not in the correct order.

D a baby is born

E complexity of the fetus increases more than size

F a zygote is formed

G embryo implants into the wall of the uterus

H size of the fetus increases more than complexity

J the zygote divides by mitosis to produce two cells

Put the events into the correct sequence by ordering the letters.

One has been done for you.

[3]

[Total: 3]

Page 361 of 492

8 The diagram shows the stages during the development of a human embryo and fetus.

Put a tick (✓) in the box that describes a human embryo.

a ball of cells

a cell with energy stores and a jelly coating

a cell with a flagellum

is made of cells that have a cell wall

[1]

[Total: 1]

Page 362 of 492

9 The table shows some of the events that occur in the menstrual cycle.

A follicle is fully developed

B gamete is released into the oviduct

C lining of the uterus is removed from the body

D lining of the uterus reaches a maximum thickness

E lining of the uterus gets thicker

State the name of the hormone that stimulates event A to occur.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

10 Describe what happens to the lining of the uterus during a typical menstrual cycle between:

days 1 to 5 ...............................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

days 8 to 14 .............................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]

11 State the name of the hormone that causes the development of secondary sexual characteristics
in boys.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

12 Describe what happens in the ovary on day 14 in a typical menstrual cycle.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

Page 363 of 492

13 Menstruation is the monthly loss of the lining of the uterus.

The age, in years, when the first menstruation occurred was recorded for one area.

The table shows the results.

age, in years, when the first

number of females
menstruation occurred

8 3

9 15

10 62

11 212

12 298

13 251

14 173

15 18

16 11

17 1

State the number of females that had their first menstruation at 15 years of age.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

14 State two physical changes that occur in males and in females during puberty.

1 ...............................................................................................................................................

2 ............................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 2]

Page 364 of 492

15 Menstruation is the monthly loss of the lining of the uterus.

The age, in years, when the first menstruation occurred was recorded for one area.

The table shows the results.

age, in years, when the first

number of females
menstruation occurred

8 3

9 15

10 62

11 212

12 298

13 251

14 173

15 18

16 11

17 1

State the most common age of first menstruation.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

Page 365 of 492

16 The two graphs show:

• the relative blood concentrations of two hormones, A and B, released by the ovaries during the
menstrual cycle

• the thickness of the lining of the uterus.

State the days in the two graphs when the lining of the uterus is lost from the body.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

Page 366 of 492

17 The average menstrual cycle is 28 days.

State the day in an average menstrual cycle when:

ovulation occurs .......................................................................................................................

the uterus lining starts to shed .................................................................................................

the uterus lining is at its thinnest .............................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 3]

18 The diagram shows part of the female human reproductive system.

State the names of the structures labelled X, Y and Z on the diagram.

X ...............................................................................................................................................

Y ...............................................................................................................................................

Z ............................................................................................................................................... [3]

[Total: 3]

Page 367 of 492

19 The average menstrual cycle is 28 days.

Describe one change, other than ovulation, that occurs in the ovary during the menstrual cycle.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

20 HIV is a pathogen that can cause AIDS.

The table shows the adult population size of a country and the estimated number of people infected
with HIV/AIDS in that country in 2016.

Data for six countries are shown.

estimated number of adults infected

country adult population size
with HIV/AIDS

A 808 824 220 000

B 248 490 8 200

C 221 000 221

D 3 250 000 130 000

E 5 111 111 46 000

F 1 333 333 48 000

State which country in the table had the greatest number of adults infected with HIV/AIDS.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

Page 368 of 492

21 The box on the left shows the beginning of a sentence.

The boxes on the right show some endings of sentences.

Draw three lines from the word oestrogen to make complete three correct sentences.

is a hormone.

is produced in the ovaries.

makes breasts grow.

oestrogen

makes hair grow on the chest.

travels down the oviduct.

widens the pupils.

[3]

Page 369 of 492

22 Complete the sentences using the words and phrases from the list.

Each word or phrase may be used once, more than once or not at all.

afterbirth amniotic sac amniotic fluid cervix

oviduct penis umbilical cord uterus wall vagina

Birth begins when the strong muscles of the .............................................. start to contract.

This causes the .............................................. to dilate. The .............................................. can break

at this stage. The muscles start to push the baby out. The baby moves through the

.............................................. . The .............................................. is tied and cut. Finally the

.............................................. is delivered. [6]

[Total: 6]

Page 370 of 492

23 The diagram shows a fetus during development.

Complete the table by stating:

• the missing letters from the diagram

• the missing name of the structure

• one function for structures C, A and F during pregnancy or birth.

letter on diagram name of the structure one function

C amniotic fluid

dilates during birth

A placenta

umbilical cord

Page 371 of 492

 F

uterus wall contracts during birth

[6]

[Total: 6]

24 Describe one effect on the fetus of the mother smoking tobacco during pregnancy.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

Page 372 of 492

1 The term sexual reproduction is in the box on the left.

The boxes on the right show some sentence endings.

Draw straight lines from sexual reproduction to the boxes on the right to make correct sentences.

[3]

[Total: 3]

Page 373 of 492

2 Describe the changes that occur in the fertilised egg cell up to the point of implantation.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 3]

3 Compare the growth and development of the fetus in the early stages of pregnancy with its growth
and development in the late stages of pregnancy.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]

4 State why women are often advised to avoid alcohol consumption during pregnancy.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

Page 374 of 492

5 The photograph is of a zedonk.

A zedonk is the offspring of a male zebra and a female donkey.

The zedonk was produced by sexual reproduction.

Define the term sexual reproduction.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 3]

6 Complete the sentences by stating the part of the human body that produces male gametes and
the part that produces female gametes.

Male gametes are produced by the .........................................................................................

Female gametes are produced by the ..................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 2]

Page 375 of 492

7 The diagram represents the early stages in the development of a female embryo.

State the names of the cells labelled P, Q and S in the diagram.

P ...............................................................................................................................................

Q ..............................................................................................................................................

S ............................................................................................................................................... [3]

[Total: 3]

Page 376 of 492

8 The diagram represents the early stages in the development of a female embryo.

State the name of the organ in the body in which the female embryo develops.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

Page 377 of 492

9 The diagram represents the early stages in the development of a female embryo.

State the names of processes R and T in the diagram.

R ..............................................................................................................................................

T ............................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 2]

Page 378 of 492

10 The diagram is of a fetus in the uterus.

The table shows one of the names and the functions of some of the labelled parts shown in the
diagram.

Complete the table using the information in the diagram.

name of part letter in the diagram function

amniotic sac contains amniotic fluid

dilates during birth

carries materials between mother and fetus

[5]

[Total: 5]

Page 379 of 492

11 The diagram shows a fetus during the final stage of pregnancy.

The boxes on the left show a letter from the diagram.

The boxes in the middle show the name of a part shown in the diagram.

The boxes on the right show the function of each part.

Draw one line to link each letter from the diagram to its correct name.

Draw one line to link each name to its correct function.

Draw a total of six lines.

letter on
name function
diagram

exchange of nutrients or
Q amniotic fluid
gases

protects the fetus from

R placenta
damage

receives sperm during sexual

S vagina
intercourse

[4]

[Total: 4]

Page 380 of 492

12 The diagram shows a fetus during the final stage of pregnancy.

The table shows some of the events (A to F) that occur during birth.

A passage through the vagina

B breaking of the amniotic sac

C delivery of the afterbirth

D dilation of the cervix

E contraction of the muscle in the uterus wall

F tying and cutting the umbilical cord

Put the events into the correct sequence by ordering the letters.

One has been done for you.

[3]

[Total: 3]

Page 381 of 492

13 Some actions can damage the health of a fetus during pregnancy.

State two actions a woman should avoid during pregnancy.

1 ..............................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

2 ..............................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]

14 State one adaptive feature of an egg cell and one adaptive feature of a sperm.

egg cell ...................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

sperm ......................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]

Page 382 of 492

 4

The student’s observations for the starch and reducing sugar tests in step 10 are shown in Fig. 1.2.

dialysis tubing bag 1 contents:

test-tube 1
dialysis tubing contents starch test colour was brown
bag 1 contents reducing sugar test colour was brick-red

test-tube 1 contents:
starch test colour was brown
reducing sugar test colour was orange

dialysis tubing bag 1 containing

amylase and starch suspension
at the start of the investigation

dialysis tubing bag 2 contents:

test-tube 2
dialysis tubing contents starch test colour was blue-black
bag 2 contents reducing sugar test colour was blue

test-tube 2 contents:
starch test colour was brown
reducing sugar test colour was blue

dialysis tubing bag 2 containing

water and starch suspension
at the start of the investigation

Fig. 1.2

© UCLES 2019 0610/62/O/N/19

Page 383 of 492

 (d) (i) Prepare a table and record the results of the starch and reducing sugar tests from
Fig. 1.2 in the space provided.

[3]

(ii) State three conclusions for the results shown in Fig. 1.2.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(e) State two variables that were kept constant during this investigation.

1 ................................................................................................................................................

2 ................................................................................................................................................
[2]

© UCLES 2019 0610/62/O/N/19 [Turn over

Page 384 of 492
 8

2 An investigation was performed to determine the effect of light intensity on leaf size in one species
of plant.

Plants were grown in three different light intensities. The maximum width of each leaf was
recorded. The results were recorded in Table 2.1 and an average value was calculated.

The results for three leaves grown in high light intensity are shown in Fig. 2.1. The horizontal line
on each leaf indicates its maximum width.

6
7
8

Fig. 2.1

(a) (i) Measure the widths of leaves 6, 7 and 8 in Fig. 2.1 and record these values in Table 2.1.
[1]

Table 2.1

maximum width of leaves / mm

leaf
low light intensity medium light intensity high light intensity
1 15 43 27
2 12 45 32
3 13 48 26
4 13 44 28
5 15 47 27
6 14 43
7 12 12
8 15 46
average 14 41

© UCLES 2019 0610/62/O/N/19

Page 385 of 492

 9

(ii) Calculate the average width of the leaves grown in a high light intensity in Table 2.1.
Record this value in Table 2.1.

[1]

(iii) Plot a bar chart on the grid of the average leaf width for leaves grown in low, medium
and high light intensity using the data in Table 2.1.

[3]

(iv) Circle one measurement in Table 2.1 that could be considered to be anomalous.

Give a reason for your choice.

reason ...............................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) (i) State the variable that was changed in this investigation (the independent variable).

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) State the variable that was measured in this investigation (the dependent variable).

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

© UCLES 2019 0610/62/O/N/19 [Turn over

Page 386 of 492
 10

(c) Fig. 2.2 is a photomicrograph of a cross-section of a root.

xylem

A B

Fig. 2.2

(i) Make a large drawing of the cross-section of the root in Fig. 2.2 to show the different
areas of the root.

Do not draw individual cells.

[4]
© UCLES 2019 0610/62/O/N/19

Page 387 of 492

 Unit 16

Inheritance and
Variation

Page 388 of 492

1 PCBs are toxic to many organisms because they bind to a protein molecule known as AHR.

The Atlantic tomcod, Microgadus tomcod, is a fish that lives in the Hudson River and other rivers
nearby.

90% of the tomcod population in the Hudson River is resistant to the effects of PCBs. This is because
these fish have a different type of AHR compared with other tomcod populations.

(a) (i) Suggest how this resistance came about.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [5]

(ii) Scientists predict that the proportion of fish resistant to PCBs will decrease if the
concentration of PCBs in the river decreases.

Suggest reasons why the proportion of fish with the altered AHR protein might decrease.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [2]

[Total: 7]

Page 389 of 492

2 The diagram shows the results of crossing a plant with red flowers with a plant with white flowers.

Both of the parent plants were homozygous for flower colour.

All of their offspring had red flowers.

The gene controlling flower colour in this plant species has two alleles:

• R is dominant and represents the allele for red flowers

• r is recessive and represents the allele for white flowers.

Another plant with red flowers was crossed with a plant with white flowers.

Some of the offspring plants from this cross had red flowers and some of the offspring plants had
white flowers.

Page 390 of 492

Complete the genetic diagram to show the results of this cross.

offspring genotypes ..................................................................................................................

offspring phenotypes ................................................................................................................ [5]

[Total: 5]

Page 391 of 492

3 The diagram shows a fruit fly with normal wings and a fruit fly with vestigial wings.

A gene determines whether fruit flies have normal wings or vestigial wings.

There are two alleles for this gene:

• A is dominant and represents the allele for normal wings

• a is recessive and represents the allele for vestigial wings.

A homozygous dominant fruit fly was crossed with a heterozygous fruit fly.

Page 392 of 492

Complete the genetic diagram to predict the probability of the offspring having vestigial wings.

[5]

[Total: 5]

Page 393 of 492

4 The boxes on the left contain some genetic terms and the boxes on the right contain definitions of
these genetic terms.

Draw one straight line to join each term with its correct definition. Draw only six lines.

[5]

[Total: 5]

Page 394 of 492

5 The photograph shows a cat with an inherited condition that means the cat has extra toes.

The allele that causes this condition is dominant to the allele for the normal condition.

The diagram shows the inheritance of this condition in a family of cats.

Complete the table by stating the genotypes of the numbered individuals.

Use B for the dominant allele and b for the recessive allele.

number of individual in the diagram genotype of individual

14

[4]

[Total: 4]

Page 395 of 492

6 A rabbit with brown fur is mated with a rabbit with black fur.

Complete the genetic diagram to show the possible fur colours that could occur from this mating.

[4]

[Total: 4]

Page 396 of 492

7 Dairy cattle are kept for milk production. Approximately half of all calves born are male.

Sex is determined in cattle in exactly the same way as it is in humans.

Explain why 50% of all cattle are born male.

You may draw a genetic diagram to help your explanation.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [4]

[Total: 4]

8 The diagram is a Punnett square used to show the inheritance of sex in humans.

Page 397 of 492

(a) (i) Complete the Punnett square in the diagram.

male parent chromosomes

X Y

X
.................... ....................
female parent
chromoromes .

.................... .................... ...................

[2]

(b) Circle the percentage chance of a baby being male.

0 25 50 75 100 [1]

[Total: 3]

Page 398 of 492

1 The diagram is a Punnett square used to show the inheritance of sex in humans.

(a) (i) Complete the Punnett square in the diagram.

male parent chromosomes

X Y

X
.................... ....................
female parent
chromoromes .

.................... .................... ...................

[2]

(b) Circle the percentage chance of a baby being male.

0 25 50 75 100 [1]

[Total: 3]

Page 399 of 492

2 The length of hair in cats is controlled by a single gene.

• The allele for short hair is dominant – H

• The allele for long hair is recessive – h

The photograph is of two cats.

cat A cat B

State the genotype of a pure-breeding short-haired cat.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

Page 400 of 492

3 The length of hair in cats is controlled by a single gene.

• The allele for short hair is dominant – H

• The allele for long hair is recessive – h

The photograph is of two cats.

cat A cat B

Two cats with the genotypes HH and hh were bred together.

Predict the percentage of offspring that are heterozygous.

.....................................% [1]

[Total: 1]

Page 401 of 492

4 The length of hair in cats is controlled by a single gene.

• The allele for short hair is dominant – H

• The allele for long hair is recessive – h

The photograph is of two cats.

cat A cat B

The table shows some of the genetic and physical features of the cats in the photograph.

Complete the table.

cat A cat B

phenotype long hair .................................................................

genotype ................................................................. HH or ......................................................

[3]

[Total: 3]

5 Egg cells and sperm cells contain genetic material.

State the name of the molecule that genetic material is made from.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

Page 402 of 492

6 The photomicrograph shows the chromosomes present in the body cells of a human.

State the number of chromosomes present in human body cells.

....................................................... [1]

[Total: 1]

Page 403 of 492

7 The table contains the definitions of terms used in genetics.

Complete the table by writing the term for each definition.

definition term

A thread-like structure of DNA, carrying genetic

information in the form of genes.

A length of DNA that codes for a protein.

The observable features of an organism.

The transmission of genetic information from generation

to generation.

[4]

[Total: 4]

Page 404 of 492

8 Photomicrograph A shows the chromosomes present in the body cells of a human.

photomicrograph A

Sometimes a genetic change occurs which results in a condition called Down’s syndrome.

Photomicrograph B shows the chromosomes from a body cell of a person with Down’s syndrome.

photomicrograph B

Describe the genetic change that produces Down’s syndrome using the information in
photomicrograph A and photomicrograph B.

..................................................................................................................................................

Page 405 of 492

 ..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

9 The photomicrograph shows the chromosomes present in the body cells of a human.

The individual in the photomicrograph is female.

Describe the evidence from the photomicrograph that supports this statement.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

Page 406 of 492

10 A student wrote a definition of variation as:

'the similarities between individuals of the same kingdom'.

Identify the two incorrect words in the student’s definition.

1 ...............................................................................................................................................

2 ............................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 2]

11 The statements describe features of continuous or discontinuous variation.

Identify the type of variation each statement describes.

Write the letter C for continuous variation or D for discontinuous variation in the spaces

provided.

Height is an example of this type of variation. ......................................

There are no intermediate phenotypes with this type of variation. ......................................
This type of variation results in a limited number of phenotypes. ......................................

[2]

[Total: 2]

12 Define the term variation.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]

Page 407 of 492

13 Hand span is the maximum distance between the tip of the thumb and the tip of the fifth finger as
shown in the diagram.

Scientists investigated variation in the hand spans of adults.

The results are shown in the graph.

State which hand span range is the most frequent.

.............................................. cm [1]

[Total: 1]

Page 408 of 492

14 Hand span is the maximum distance between the tip of the thumb and the tip of the fifth finger as
shown in the diagram.

Scientists investigated variation in the hand spans of adults.

The results are shown in the graph.

There are different types of variation.

State the type of variation shown in the graph and describe the evidence for your choice.

type of variation ........................................................................................................................

evidence ...................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]

Page 409 of 492

15 Complete the definition of the term adaptive feature by filling in the gaps with the correct words.

An adaptive feature is an ................................................... feature that helps an organism to

.............................................. and reproduce in its ............................................................ .

[3]

[Total: 3]

16 Some crop plants have been selectively bred to be drought resistant.

The sentences show stages in the process of selective breeding.

They are not in the correct order.

1 A farmer identifies crop plants that survive in drought conditions.

2 Offspring that survive drought conditions are selected and bred again.

3 The drought resistant plants are bred together and seeds collected.

4 The farmer repeats the process over many generations.

5 The seeds are germinated and grown in drought conditions.

Write the statement numbers in the boxes to show the correct order of the stages in selective
breeding.

[3]

[Total: 3]

Page 410 of 492

17 The photograph shows a goat with white fur.

Fur colour is inherited in goats.

• The allele for white fur is represented by A.

• The allele for black fur is represented by a.

• Each goat is identified by the numbers 1 to 8 in the diagram.

The diagram shows the inheritance of fur colour in a herd of goats.

State the name of the type of variation shown by fur colour in these goats.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

Page 411 of 492

18 The photograph shows a goat with white fur.

Fur colour is inherited in goats.

• The allele for white fur is represented by A.

• The allele for black fur is represented by a.

• Each goat is identified by the numbers 1 to 8 in the diagram.

The diagram shows the inheritance of fur colour in a herd of goats.

Describe the process a farmer could use to breed a herd of white goats.

Page 412 of 492

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 3]

Page 413 of 492

 Unit 16

Inheritance and
Variation

Page 414 of 492

1 PCBs are toxic to many organisms because they bind to a protein molecule known as AHR.

The Atlantic tomcod, Microgadus tomcod, is a fish that lives in the Hudson River and other rivers
nearby.

90% of the tomcod population in the Hudson River is resistant to the effects of PCBs. This is because
these fish have a different type of AHR compared with other tomcod populations.

(a) (i) Suggest how this resistance came about.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [5]

(ii) Scientists predict that the proportion of fish resistant to PCBs will decrease if the
concentration of PCBs in the river decreases.

Suggest reasons why the proportion of fish with the altered AHR protein might decrease.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [2]

[Total: 7]

Page 415 of 492

2 The diagram shows the results of crossing a plant with red flowers with a plant with white flowers.

Both of the parent plants were homozygous for flower colour.

All of their offspring had red flowers.

The gene controlling flower colour in this plant species has two alleles:

• R is dominant and represents the allele for red flowers

• r is recessive and represents the allele for white flowers.

Another plant with red flowers was crossed with a plant with white flowers.

Some of the offspring plants from this cross had red flowers and some of the offspring plants had
white flowers.

Page 416 of 492

Complete the genetic diagram to show the results of this cross.

offspring genotypes ..................................................................................................................

offspring phenotypes ................................................................................................................ [5]

[Total: 5]

Page 417 of 492

3 The diagram shows a fruit fly with normal wings and a fruit fly with vestigial wings.

A gene determines whether fruit flies have normal wings or vestigial wings.

There are two alleles for this gene:

• A is dominant and represents the allele for normal wings

• a is recessive and represents the allele for vestigial wings.

A homozygous dominant fruit fly was crossed with a heterozygous fruit fly.

Page 418 of 492

Complete the genetic diagram to predict the probability of the offspring having vestigial wings.

[5]

[Total: 5]

Page 419 of 492

4 The boxes on the left contain some genetic terms and the boxes on the right contain definitions of
these genetic terms.

Draw one straight line to join each term with its correct definition. Draw only six lines.

[5]

[Total: 5]

Page 420 of 492

5 The photograph shows a cat with an inherited condition that means the cat has extra toes.

The allele that causes this condition is dominant to the allele for the normal condition.

The diagram shows the inheritance of this condition in a family of cats.

Complete the table by stating the genotypes of the numbered individuals.

Use B for the dominant allele and b for the recessive allele.

number of individual in the diagram genotype of individual

14

[4]

[Total: 4]

Page 421 of 492

6 A rabbit with brown fur is mated with a rabbit with black fur.

Complete the genetic diagram to show the possible fur colours that could occur from this mating.

[4]

[Total: 4]

Page 422 of 492

7 Dairy cattle are kept for milk production. Approximately half of all calves born are male.

Sex is determined in cattle in exactly the same way as it is in humans.

Explain why 50% of all cattle are born male.

You may draw a genetic diagram to help your explanation.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [4]

[Total: 4]

8 The diagram is a Punnett square used to show the inheritance of sex in humans.

Page 423 of 492

(a) (i) Complete the Punnett square in the diagram.

male parent chromosomes

X Y

X
.................... ....................
female parent
chromoromes .

.................... .................... ...................

[2]

(b) Circle the percentage chance of a baby being male.

0 25 50 75 100 [1]

[Total: 3]

Page 424 of 492

1 The diagram is a Punnett square used to show the inheritance of sex in humans.

(a) (i) Complete the Punnett square in the diagram.

male parent chromosomes

X Y

X
.................... ....................
female parent
chromoromes .

.................... .................... ...................

[2]

(b) Circle the percentage chance of a baby being male.

0 25 50 75 100 [1]

[Total: 3]

Page 425 of 492

2 The length of hair in cats is controlled by a single gene.

• The allele for short hair is dominant – H

• The allele for long hair is recessive – h

The photograph is of two cats.

cat A cat B

State the genotype of a pure-breeding short-haired cat.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

Page 426 of 492

3 The length of hair in cats is controlled by a single gene.

• The allele for short hair is dominant – H

• The allele for long hair is recessive – h

The photograph is of two cats.

cat A cat B

Two cats with the genotypes HH and hh were bred together.

Predict the percentage of offspring that are heterozygous.

.....................................% [1]

[Total: 1]

Page 427 of 492

4 The length of hair in cats is controlled by a single gene.

• The allele for short hair is dominant – H

• The allele for long hair is recessive – h

The photograph is of two cats.

cat A cat B

The table shows some of the genetic and physical features of the cats in the photograph.

Complete the table.

cat A cat B

phenotype long hair .................................................................

genotype ................................................................. HH or ......................................................

[3]

[Total: 3]

5 Egg cells and sperm cells contain genetic material.

State the name of the molecule that genetic material is made from.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

Page 428 of 492

6 The photomicrograph shows the chromosomes present in the body cells of a human.

State the number of chromosomes present in human body cells.

....................................................... [1]

[Total: 1]

Page 429 of 492

7 The table contains the definitions of terms used in genetics.

Complete the table by writing the term for each definition.

definition term

A thread-like structure of DNA, carrying genetic

information in the form of genes.

A length of DNA that codes for a protein.

The observable features of an organism.

The transmission of genetic information from generation

to generation.

[4]

[Total: 4]

Page 430 of 492

8 Photomicrograph A shows the chromosomes present in the body cells of a human.

photomicrograph A

Sometimes a genetic change occurs which results in a condition called Down’s syndrome.

Photomicrograph B shows the chromosomes from a body cell of a person with Down’s syndrome.

photomicrograph B

Describe the genetic change that produces Down’s syndrome using the information in
photomicrograph A and photomicrograph B.

..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

Page 431 of 492 [Total: 1]

9 The photomicrograph shows the chromosomes present in the body cells of a human.

The individual in the photomicrograph is female.

Describe the evidence from the photomicrograph that supports this statement.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

Page 432 of 492

10 A student wrote a definition of variation as:

'the similarities between individuals of the same kingdom'.

Identify the two incorrect words in the student’s definition.

1 ...............................................................................................................................................

2 ............................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 2]

11 The statements describe features of continuous or discontinuous variation.

Identify the type of variation each statement describes.

Write the letter C for continuous variation or D for discontinuous variation in the spaces

provided.

Height is an example of this type of variation. ......................................

There are no intermediate phenotypes with this type of variation. ......................................
This type of variation results in a limited number of phenotypes. ......................................

[2]

[Total: 2]

12 Define the term variation.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]

Page 433 of 492

13 Hand span is the maximum distance between the tip of the thumb and the tip of the fifth finger as
shown in the diagram.

Scientists investigated variation in the hand spans of adults.

The results are shown in the graph.

State which hand span range is the most frequent.

.............................................. cm [1]

[Total: 1]

Page 434 of 492

14 Hand span is the maximum distance between the tip of the thumb and the tip of the fifth finger as
shown in the diagram.

Scientists investigated variation in the hand spans of adults.

The results are shown in the graph.

There are different types of variation.

State the type of variation shown in the graph and describe the evidence for your choice.

type of variation ........................................................................................................................

evidence ...................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]

Page 435 of 492

15 Complete the definition of the term adaptive feature by filling in the gaps with the correct words.

An adaptive feature is an ................................................... feature that helps an organism to

.............................................. and reproduce in its ............................................................ .

[3]

[Total: 3]

16 Some crop plants have been selectively bred to be drought resistant.

The sentences show stages in the process of selective breeding.

They are not in the correct order.

1 A farmer identifies crop plants that survive in drought conditions.

2 Offspring that survive drought conditions are selected and bred again.

3 The drought resistant plants are bred together and seeds collected.

4 The farmer repeats the process over many generations.

5 The seeds are germinated and grown in drought conditions.

Write the statement numbers in the boxes to show the correct order of the stages in selective
breeding.

[3]

[Total: 3]

Page 436 of 492

17 The photograph shows a goat with white fur.

Fur colour is inherited in goats.

• The allele for white fur is represented by A.

• The allele for black fur is represented by a.

• Each goat is identified by the numbers 1 to 8 in the diagram.

The diagram shows the inheritance of fur colour in a herd of goats.

State the name of the type of variation shown by fur colour in these goats.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

Page 437 of 492

18 The photograph shows a goat with white fur.

Fur colour is inherited in goats.

• The allele for white fur is represented by A.

• The allele for black fur is represented by a.

• Each goat is identified by the numbers 1 to 8 in the diagram.

The diagram shows the inheritance of fur colour in a herd of goats.

Describe the process a farmer could use to breed a herd of white goats.

Page 438 of 492

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 3]

Page 439 of 492

 Unit 17

Ecology &
Human Influence

Page 440 of 492

1 Diagram A shows some organisms collected from underneath a rotting log.

diagram A

Diagram B can be used to identify these organisms.

diagram B

Page 441 of 492

 Some students used diagram B to identify and count the numbers of each soil organism.

Their results are shown in the table.

herbivores carnivores

names of ground rove

millipedes potworms slugs soil mites springtails centipedes
organisms beetles beetles

number of
3 3 1 7 7 2 2 3
organisms

total
number of 21 7
organisms

Use the information in the table to draw a pyramid of numbers in diagram C.

Write the names of the two types of organism in the spaces at the side.

The row for the rotting log (the producer) has been done for you.

diagram C

[3]

[Total: 3]

Page 442 of 492

2 Diagram A shows some organisms collected from underneath a rotting log.

diagram A

Diagram B can be used to identify these organisms.

diagram B

Page 443 of 492

 Some students used diagram B to identify and count the numbers of each soil organism.

Some of their results are shown in the table.

herbivores carnivores

names of ground rove

millipedes potworms slugs soil mites springtails centipedes
organisms beetles beetles

number of
.......... 3 1 .......... 7 2 .......... ..........
organisms

total
number of 21 7
organisms

Complete the table by identifying and counting the four remaining named organisms in diagram A.

Write your answers in the four spaces in the table. [2]

[Total: 2]

3 Define the terms herbivore and carnivore.

herbivore ..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

carnivore ..................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]

Page 444 of 492

4 The diagram shows a food web.

The table shows some of the terms used to describe the organisms in the diagram.

Place tick(s) (✓) in all the boxes in the table that correctly describe each organism.

producer consumer herbivore carnivore

coyote

jack rabbit

rattlesnake

yucca plant

[4]

[Total: 4]

Page 445 of 492

5 The diagram shows a food web.

State the name of the organism in the diagram that is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

Page 446 of 492

6 The diagram shows a food web.

A new organism that eats cactus plants was introduced to the food web in the diagram.

Predict and explain the effect this would have on the chuckwalla population.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]

Page 447 of 492

7 The diagram shows a food web.

A scientist found that chuckwallas were also eaten by coyotes.

Draw an arrow on the diagram to show this information. [1]

[Total: 1]

8 Plants are involved in nutrient cycles in ecosystems.

Describe the role of plants in the carbon cycle and the water cycle.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [4]

[Total: 4]

Page 448 of 492

9 The diagram shows a food web.

Decomposers are not shown in the food web in the diagram.

Complete the definition of the term decomposer.

A decomposer is an organism that gets its ............................................ from dead or waste

............................................ material. [2]

[Total: 2]

Page 449 of 492

10 The diagram shows a food web.

State the name of one organism in the diagram which obtains its energy from eating three
different organisms.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

Page 450 of 492

11 The diagram shows a food web.

Complete the table using the information in the diagram.

One has been done for you.

number shown in
the diagram

producers 2

herbivores

primary consumers

carnivores

[3]

[Total: 3]

Page 451 of 492

12 Plants are an important part of the water cycle.

The diagram shows the water cycle.

The table shows the letters from the diagram, and descriptions of the stages in the water cycle.

Complete the table by writing the name of each stage in the correct boxes.

letter from diagram name of stage description of stage

loss of water vapour from

S
plant leaves

heat from the Sun causes

T liquid water to change into
water vapour

water vapour in the air

U changes to liquid water in the
clouds

the liquid water falls to the

V
ground

[4]

[Total: 4]

13 The diagram shows a food chain.

Page 452 of 492

The table shows the number of organisms in this food chain and some of the information needed
to draw a pyramid of numbers.

width of bar in pyramid

organism number of organisms
/ mm

bird 2

caterpillar 20 80

cabbage 1 4

(a) (i) Complete the table by calculating the missing value and writing it in the table. [1]

(ii) Complete the pyramid of numbers on the grid for the food chain shown in the diagram
using the information in the table. The bar for the cabbage has been done for you.

Label the organisms on the pyramid of numbers.

[3]

[Total: 4]

Page 453 of 492

14 The diagram shows a food web.

A disease killed most of the snakes in the food web in the diagram.

Complete the sentences by underlining the correct words in bold.

The first one has been done for you.

The population of snakes increases / decreases / stays the same .

The population of spiders increases / decreases / stays the same because there

is less predation / food / competition .

The population of caterpillars increases / decreases / stays the same because

there is more predation / food / competition . [2]

[Total: 2]

Page 454 of 492

1 Deforested land may be used for growing monocultures of crop plants.

Describe the negative impacts to an ecosystem of large-scale monocultures of crop plants.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]

2 Replanting trees in deforested areas can help to conserve endangered species.

Describe two other ways that endangered species can be conserved.

1 ...............................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

2 ...............................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]

Page 455 of 492

3 The photograph shows an area of land where the trees have been cut down.

List three undesirable effects of deforestation.

1 ...............................................................................................................................................

2 ...............................................................................................................................................

3 ............................................................................................................................................... [3]

[Total: 3]

4 Farmers use fertilisers on crops to improve crop growth. These fertilisers can cause pollution when
washed into rivers.

State the names of two other substances used to improve crop yield that can cause pollution.

1 ...............................................................................................................................................

2 ............................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 2]

Page 456 of 492

5 Many butterfly species are endangered.

The graph shows the size of the area in which five species of butterfly were found in 1992 and
2017.

State the name of one species that was found in a larger area in 2017 than in 1992.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

Page 457 of 492

6 Many butterfly species are endangered.

The photograph shows the size of the area in which five species of butterfly were found in 1992
and 2017.

Use the information in the graph to suggest the name of the butterfly species that is the most
endangered.

Give a reason for your choice.

name ........................................................................................................................................

reason ......................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]

Page 458 of 492

7 Many species of crustaceans live in seas and oceans.

Some of these species have become endangered.

Describe reasons why some marine crustacean species have become endangered.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 3]

8 State the names of two greenhouse gases that are produced as a consequence of farming.

1 ...............................................................................................................................................

2 ............................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 2]

Page 459 of 492

9 Complete the sentences about human influences on ecosystems.

Use words from the list.

Each word may be used once, more than once, or not at all.

deforestation fertilisers herbicides

insecticides livestock monoculture

pectinases pollinate pollute

When one type of crop of the same species is grown on a large scale it is called a

............................................ .

Chemical ............................................ add mineral ions to the soil to increase the yield of crops.

Weeds can be killed by ............................................ .

Crop damage by insects can be reduced by the use of ............................................ . One

disadvantage is that this kills useful insects which ............................................ flowers. [5]

[Total: 5]

Page 460 of 492

10 The photograph is of a butterfly.

Describe how endangered species such as butterflies can be conserved.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [4]

[Total: 4]

Page 461 of 492

11 Recycling rates in one country were monitored every ten years.

The percentages of different types of recycled materials were recorded.

The graph shows the results.

Calculate the increase in the percentage of glass recycled between 1960 and 1990.

.............................................. % [1]

[Total: 1]

Page 462 of 492

12 Recycling rates in one country were monitored every ten years.

The percentages of different types of recycled materials were recorded.

The graph shows the results.

Complete the sentences using the data shown in the graph.

The general trend shows that between 1970 and 2000 the percentage of materials

recycled has ........................................... . The most commonly recycled material is

............................................... .

In 1970 ............................................... was not recycled.

The percentage of ............................................... recycled did not change between 2000

and 2010. [4]

Page 463 of 492

13 Define the term sustainable resource.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]

Page 464 of 492

14 The photograph is of a fish farm. Fish are kept in small cages in the sea and are fed.

This is an example of intensive livestock production.

Describe the negative impacts of intensive livestock production.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 3]

Page 465 of 492

15 Sea turtles are reptiles which lay eggs.

The sex of the sea turtle offspring is affected by the temperature at which the eggs are kept.

Scientists investigated the effect of temperature on the sex of sea turtle offspring.

The graph shows the results.

Describe the data shown in the graph.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 3]

Page 466 of 492

16 Circle two examples of sustainable resources from the list.

coal fish stocks natural gas crude oil forests [1]

[Total: 1]

Page 467 of 492

1 The graph shows the world’s human population between the years 1000–2000.

Describe the data shown in the graph.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 3]

Page 468 of 492

2 The diagram shows the pyramid of numbers for a food chain in a forest.

State the name of the organism in the diagram that has the largest number of individuals in the
pyramid of numbers.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

3 Populations in individual countries can decrease rapidly.

Suggest two reasons why.

1 ...............................................................................................................................................

2 ............................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 2]

Page 469 of 492

4 The diagram shows the pyramid of numbers for a food chain in a lake.

Most of the trout from the lake in the diagram were caught by fishermen.

State and explain what effect this might have on the populations of frogs and insects.

frogs .........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

insects ......................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [4]

[Total: 4]

Page 470 of 492

5 The diagram shows the pyramid of numbers for a food chain in a forest.

State the name of the secondary consumer in the diagram.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

6 The diagram shows the pyramid of numbers for a food chain in a forest.

State the principal source of energy input in a food chain.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

Page 471 of 492

7 Bacteria and fungi obtain energy from dead organic material.

Put a tick (✓) in the box that describes bacteria and fungi.

carnivores

decomposers

herbivores

producers

[1]

[Total: 1]

Page 472 of 492

8 The diagram shows the pyramid of numbers for a food chain in a forest.

The diagram shows the pyramid of numbers for a food chain in a lake.

The pyramids of numbers for the food chain in a forest and for the food chain in a lake are different
shapes. Explain why they are different.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

Page 473 of 492

9 Since 1800 the population of humans in the world has increased dramatically.

State three ways in which this increase in the human population has affected marine ecosystems.

1 ...............................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

2 ...............................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

3 ...............................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 3]

10 Rabbits are herbivores.

Define the term herbivore.

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]

Page 474 of 492

11 The graph shows the world’s human population between the years 1000–2000.

One explanation for the trend shown in the data after 1900 is the introduction of vaccinations.

Discuss other reasons that explain the trend seen after 1900 in the graph.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 3]

12 Combustion of fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.

State the name of two other processes that release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.

1 ...............................................................................................................................................

2 ............................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 2]

Page 475 of 492

13 Combustion of fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.

State the name of one process that removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

14 The boxes on the left contain the names of processes from the carbon cycle.

The boxes on the right contain some descriptions of processes.

Draw one straight line from each process to link the process to its description.

An example has been done for you.

[5]

Page 476 of 492

15 The diagram shows a food chain that is found in the sea.

State the name of the producer in this food chain.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

16 The diagram shows a food chain that is found in the sea.

State the name of the secondary consumer in this food chain.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

17 Which is likely to decrease as an animal population increases?

A consumers
B food shortage
C pollution
D producers
[1]

Page 477 of 492

18 The diagram shows a food web.

owls

small birds snakes

small mammals

beetle larvae grasshoppers

grass

Which two organisms in this web are both carnivores?

A beetle larvae and grasshoppers

B beetle larvae and snakes
C owls and grasshoppers
D owls and small birds
[1]

[Total: 1]

Page 478 of 492

19 The diagram shows part of the carbon cycle.

carbon organic compounds

dioxide in plants

organic compounds
in animals Z

deposits of coal,
petroleum and
natural gas

What is the process labelled Z?

A decomposition
B fossilisation
C photosynthesis
D respiration
[1]

[Total: 1]

Page 479 of 492

20 The diagram shows part of the carbon cycle.

carbon organic compounds

dioxide in plants

organic compounds
in animals Z

deposits of coal,
petroleum and
natural gas

What is the process labelled Z?

A decomposition
B fossilisation
C photosynthesis
D respiration
[1]

[Total: 1]

Page 480 of 492

21 The diagram represents the carbon cycle.

carbon dioxide
in air

decomposing
animals material fossil fuels
in soil

green plants

Which process is represented by arrow X?

A combustion
B feeding
C photosynthesis
D respiration
[1]

[Total: 1]

Page 481 of 492

 Unit 18

Biotechnology &
Genetic
Engineering

Page 482 of 492

1 Define the term genetic engineering.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]

2 State one example of genetic engineering.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

Page 483 of 492

3 Pectinase is an enzyme that is used in the production of apple juice.

A student investigated how pH affected the volume of apple juice produced when using pectinase.

The student chopped an apple into small pieces.

The pieces of apple were put into solutions with different pH values.

Pectinase was added to each solution.

After two hours the mixture was filtered and the volume of apple juice obtained was recorded.

The table shows the results.

volume of apple
pH 3
juice obtained / cm

1.0 23.2

2.0 24.2

3.0 23.5

4.0 25.7

5.0 27.6

6.0 27.4

7.0 24.0

8.0 22.0

State one factor, other than pH, that would affect the activity of pectinase.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

Page 484 of 492

4 Pectinase is an enzyme that is used in the production of apple juice.

A student investigated how pH affected the volume of apple juice produced when using pectinase.

The student chopped an apple into small pieces.

The pieces of apple were put into solutions with different pH values.

Pectinase was added to each solution.

After two hours the mixture was filtered and the volume of apple juice obtained was recorded.

The table shows the results.

volume of apple
pH 3
juice obtained / cm

1.0 23.2

2.0 24.2

3.0 23.5

4.0 25.7

5.0 27.6

6.0 27.4

7.0 24.0

8.0 22.0

State the pH at which pectinase is most active.

Give a reason for your answer.

pH ............................................................................................................................................

reason ......................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]

5 State one use of enzymes in biotechnology other than fruit juice production.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

Page 485 of 492

6 Complete the sentences about genetic engineering.

Use words from the list.

Each word may be used once, more than once, or not at all.

adding bacteria crops family insects

minerals organism removing viruses

vitamin weeds

In genetic engineering the genetic material of an .............................................. is changed

by .............................................. , changing or inserting individual genes.

An example of this is inserting a human gene into .............................................. so that they

produce human insulin.

Crop plants have genes inserted into them to make them resistant to herbicides.

Herbicides kill .............................................. .

Page 486 of 492

 Crop plants can also be genetically engineered by inserting a gene so that they produce a

.............................................. which is a nutrient needed by humans in very small amounts. [5]

[Total: 5]

7 Bacteria are often used in biotechnology.

Complete the sentences using words from the list to explain why bacteria are used.

Each word may be used once, more than once or not at all.

complex genetic identical non-identical

physical rapid slow simple

Bacteria are useful in biotechnology and ............................................... engineering due to

their ............................................... reproduction rate and their ability to make

............................................... molecules. [3]

[Total: 3]

8 State two ways in which the products of anaerobic respiration in yeast can be used by humans.

1 ..............................................................................................................................................

2 .............................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]

Page 487 of 492

9 A student’s shirt has food stains on it.

The food stain contains proteins and fats.

The shirt is washed in a biological washing powder.

Explain why a biological washing powder is effective at removing the stain.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]

10 Hygienic conditions are required in an apple juice factory.

Describe three precautions workers should take to ensure that good food hygiene is maintained
in the apple juice factory.

1 ...............................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

2 ...............................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

3 ...............................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 3]

11 A factory uses biotechnology to process apples.

Some of the apple juice is mixed with yeast and used to make ethanol.

State the type of respiration in yeast that produces ethanol.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

Page 488 of 492

12 A factory uses biotechnology to process apples.

Some of the apple juice is mixed with yeast and used to make ethanol.

The diagram shows apparatus used to find the best (optimum) temperature for making ethanol.

The same apparatus was used at different temperatures.

The rate of ethanol production was compared by counting the number of bubbles of gas produced
by the yeast and apple juice mixture per minute.

The results of the investigation are shown in the graph.

State the optimum temperature for the reaction shown in the graph.

........................... °C [1]

[Total: 1]

Page 489 of 492

13 A factory uses biotechnology to process apples.

Some of the apple juice is mixed with yeast and used to make ethanol.

The diagram shows apparatus used to find the best (optimum) temperature for making ethanol.

The same apparatus was used at different temperatures.

The rate of ethanol production was compared by counting the number of bubbles of gas produced
by the yeast and apple juice mixture per minute.

State the name of the gas produced by the yeast in the diagram.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

14 The enzyme pectinase is used in industry for the production of apple juice.

Explain why pectinase is used when making apple juice.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 3]

Page 490 of 492

15 Yeast cells can respire anaerobically.

Biotechnology makes use of this.

State two ways that the products of anaerobic respiration in yeast are used by humans.

1 ...............................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

2 ...............................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]

16 The diagram shows a bacterial cell that will be used to produce human insulin.

bacterial cell

bacterial
DNA
Q

What is inserted into gap Q?

A a gene from a healthy human

B cells from a human pancreas
C DNA from another bacterium
D molecules of human insulin
[1]

[Total: 1]

17 Why are bacteria useful in biotechnology and genetic engineering?

A Bacteria do not have cell vacuoles.

B Bacteria do not have mitochondria.
C Bacteria have cell walls.
D Bacteria share their genetic code with all other organisms.
[1]

[Total: 1]

Page 491 of 492

18 Ligase enzymes are used in genetic engineering to

A cut open plasmid DNA.

B insert plasmids into bacteria.
C isolate the DNA making up a human gene.
D join human DNA to plasmid DNA.
[1]

[Total: 1]

19 With which kingdoms do bacteria share the same genetic code?

A animal, plant, fungus and protoctist

B animal, plant and fungus only
C animal and plant only
D animal only
[1]

[Total: 1]

20 Why is yeast used in breadmaking?

A to produce alcohol
B to produce carbon dioxide
C to use up oxygen
D to use up sugar
[1]

[Total: 1]

21 A food stain on a table cloth is where meat cooked in oil has been spilt.

It is washed in a biological washing powder.

Which combination of enzymes should be in the washing powder to remove the stain?

A amylase and lipase

B lipase and protease
C pectinase and amylase
D protease and pectinase
[1]

[Total: 1]

Page 492 of 492