AQA 2016 C1.

1: Atomic structure and

the periodic table
C1.1.1 BBC Bitesize –Structure o
What is an atom?
BBC Bitesize –Introductio
Royal Society of Chemistr
What is the smallest piece of anything?
What is that made from!?
Atoms, elements and compounds 10/04/201

K+U LOs PLTs

Self Managers

Identify atoms, Effective Participators

elements and
compounds
Interpret Success Criteria
chemical formulae Identify the type and
number of atoms in a
substance from it’s
chemical formulae.
Write chemical formulae
to match molecular
models/diagrams.
All substances are made of atoms

These are the first 20 elements in the

periodic table of elements. How many can
you name from the symbol?
 Matter
All substances are made of atoms.

When 2 or more atoms

combine, a molecule is
produced.
Chlorine
There are about 100 different atoms found molecule
naturally on Earth.
So how is it that we can make more than
100 substances?
Compounds can be represented using a
formulae which shows the proportions of Carbon dioxide
each element involved. E.g. CO2 molecule
 Elements and compounds
Elements and compounds are substances.
All substances are made up of atoms.
Elements Compounds

REASONING – use the information on this slide to

write a draft definition for an element and a
compound (pairs)
 Elements
An element is a substance made up of
only ONE type of atom.
e.g. The element gold is only made up of gold (Au) atoms.

A A A A
A gold atom
A
u Gold (the element)
u
A
u
A
u
A
u
A
u u u u

As there are only about 100 different types of atom, there

are only about 100 different elements.
 Compounds
A compound is…..
a substance made up of 2 or more
different types of atom bonded
together

E.g. CO2
 Atoms, elements, compounds and
molecules quiz!
Move to the correct area – A, B, C or D.

Prove the
 Atom, molecule or element?

NH3

A.

B. Element
C. Molecule
D. Element + Molecule
E. Compound + Molecule
 Atom, molecule or element?

O2

A. Atom
B. Molecule
C. Element + Molecule
D. Element
 Atom, molecule or element?

A. Atom + element
B. Molecule
C. Element + Molecule
D. Compound
 Atom, molecule or element?

Cl2

A. Atom
B. Molecule
C. Element + Molecule
D. Compound + Molecule
 Atom, molecule or element?

H2SO4

A. Compound + Molecule
B. Molecule
C. Element + Molecule
D. Atom
 Atom, molecule or element?

O3

A. Compound + Molecule
B. Molecule
C. Element + Molecule
D. Atom
Atoms, elements and compounds 10/04/201

K+U LOs PLTs

Self Managers

Identify atoms, Effective Participators

elements and
compounds
Interpret Success Criteria
chemical formulae Identify the type and
number of atoms in a
substance from it’s
chemical formulae.
Write chemical formulae
to match molecular
models/diagrams.
 Molymod Key:

Oxygen

Hydrogen

Neon

Carbon
 Make this

O
O
 Make these

3 Ne
Ne Ne

Ne
 Make….

O2
O O
 Make….

4H2
H H H H

H H
H H
 Make…

CO2
O O
C
 Make …

H2O
H O H
 Make…

3H2O
 H O H
H
H
O
H O
H
 Make …

CH4 + 2O2
 H
H C H
H O
O O
O
 Make …

2H2O + CO2
 O O
C

H O H H O H
 Chemical substances can be represented
using chemical formulae

H H
Water has 2 hydrogen atoms
O and 1 oxygen atom. Its
chemical formula is H2O.
In your own words, write down what is meant by a small
number and a large Chlorine
number ingas
chemical formulae
is made up of 2
Chlorine atoms. It has the
C C chemical formula Cl2
l l

C C 2
l l
 Copy the diagrams and write the
chemical formula
A: H C
l

B:
O C O

C:
H H
H C H H C H

H H
 Write the chemical formulae
2 Hydrogens, 1 Sulfur, 4 Oxygens
1 Calcium, 1 Carbon, 3 oxygens
1 Magnesium, 2 Chlorines

Ext: Two molecules containing…. 2 Hydrogens, 1

oxygen
Word & Symbol Equations

Identify the correct PLTS

chemical symbol Teamwor
from the periodic k
table
Produce symbol
equations for
molecules
Write word and symbol equations
REACTANTS  PRODUCTS

Calcium + Oxygen  Calcium oxide

Ca + O2  CaO
 Write the word and symbol equation
for this reaction…
I set some of you on fire with methane
bubbles!

When I lit the bubbles, the methane

reacted with oxygen in the air to form
carbon dioxide and water.

Reactants  Products


Write the word and symbol equation
for this reaction…

When heated, magnesium reacts with

oxygen to form magnesium oxide.


+

+
 Balancing Equations

Methane + oxygen  carbon dioxide + water

CH4 + O2  CO2 + 2 H2O

H
H C H + O O  O C O + H
O
H

O O H H
O

8x
 Balancing symbol equations
When the number of atoms don’t match up on both sides, the
equation needs balancing.

RULES:
You can only put numbers IN FRONT of the formulas
You MUST NOT change formulas (e.g. H2O to H3O)

METHOD:
Find an element that doesn’t balance and pencil in a number.
IF it now balances – YAY!
However, it may have just caused another imbalance. If so, just
pencil in another number.
Keep chasing unbalanced elements until you sort it out.
 Balancing Equations – Individuals/pairs
(whiteboards before books!)
Copy and balance these equations

CuO + HBr  CuBr2 + H2O

Mg + O2  MgO

NaOH + HCl  NaCl + H2O

2FeCl + Cl2  FeCl3

NaOH + H2SO4  Na2SO4 + H2 O

 Golden rules
Write 5 golden
rules for
balancing
equations
C1.1.2 BBC Bitesize
–Mixtures and compo
unds
Separating mixtures 10/04/201

K+U LOs PLTS

Self Managers

Define ‘mixture’ Effective Participators

Describe different
methods of separating
substances in a mixture

BBC Bitesize
–Mixtures and compo
unds
Are any of these mixtures? Justify your
answer
Define ‘mixture’ in your own words
Both of these are mixtures. The first is a mixture of
elements, the second is a mixture of compounds.
Substances in mixtures are not chemically combined.
The chemical properties of each substance in the
mixture are unchanged. Mixtures can be
separated.
Separate a mixture of sand and salt
Equipment you may use:
Bunsen burner
Heat proof mat
Beakers
Conical flasks
Funnel
Tongs
Retort stand, boss and clamp
Filter paper
Spatula
Water (50cm3 maximum)
Stirring rod
Evaporating basin (crystallising dish)
 Write up
Filtration:
Write a description/method of how you used filtration to
separate the sand from the salt (+ water). Include a labelled
diagram drawn with a pencil and ruler.

Crystallisation:
Write a description/method of how you used crystallisation to
separate the salt from the water. Explain what happens to the
water. Using a pencil, draw a labelled diagram to show how you
used the equipment.

Why do this? – No ISA – you have to be

able to recall these practicals. Not just
use them for a day and then forget
 How could we have kept the water as
well?

Distillati
on:
Separating mixtures (ii) 10/04/201

K+U LOs PLTS

Self Managers

Define ‘mixture’ Effective Participators

Describe different
methods of separating
substances in a mixture

BBC Bitesize
–Mixtures and compo
unds
 Fractional distillation is useful when your
mixture contains lots of substances with different boiling
points
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PYMW http://www.footprints-science.co.uk/index.
Uz7TC3A&nohtml5=False php?module=2&type=Fractional%20distill
ation&section=Section1&info=6
 Separating colours
Food colouring is often made up of more than
one colour. How can you find out how many
colours are in black food colouring?
Paper chromatography is a way
of separating and analysing mixtures
Cut a strip of filter paper
Draw a line in pencil
Add dots of the substance
you are going to separate
Hang filter paper so it just
touches the solvent
(water)
This will separate out the
mixture. It is called a
chromatogram.
Make your own chromatogram (you can share beakers of water…)
 Results on the chromatograms
These are the
chromatograms from an ink
sample (N) compared with
the inks of 4 different pens
(A,B,C and D).

1) Which pen was used to

write the sample
2) Explain how you know.

N A B C D
 PPQs

June 2012 FT
June 2012 FT
C1.1.3 Nobel Prizes and Laureate
Atomic Structure Timeline
History of the atom 10/04/201

K+U LOs PLTS

Self Managers

Describe how and Effective Participators

why the atomic model

has changed over time
 Atomic timeline
J.J. Thomsom Include:
Dates
Rutherford and Marsden Names
Diagrams
Niels Bohr Descriptions of how new evidence
has led to changes in the atomic
James Chadwick model
 Before 1914….
Plum pudding model
 LO: Describe the work of Rutherford
ORACY:
Produce summary notes
describing Rutherford’s work.
It must contain at least 2
diagrams and must explain
how he proved that atoms
have a nucleus
Alpha particles are positive, most passed through the foil but some were reflected.
Atoms must contain a nucleus that is smaller than the atom (most alpha particles got through)
The nucleus must be positive (to reflect some)
Everyone accepted his nuclear model of the atom

P238-239
Prove the learning
 C1.1.4

Teach with C1.1.5 – not worth separating.

C1.1.5 BBC Bitesize –Atomic
structure
BBC Bitesize
–How mass and atomi
c numbers explain ato
mic structure
Atomic
Number and Mass Nu
mber
Energy Levels and Ele
ctron Configuration
Drawing electron confi
guration diagrams
Atoms 10/04/2016

K+U LOs PLTs

Be able to: Reflective Learners
Describe the structure Effective Participators
of an atom

Calculate the number of

protons, electrons and
neutrons in atoms, ions and
isotopes
Apply to human atom activity

Structure of an atom
Atoms have a tiny nucleus surrounded by
electrons. Most of an atom is empty space…

Nucleus Nucleus
(protons and neutrons)

Electron

Electrons
Atomic structure (1.02)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lP57gEWcisY
Most of an atom is empty space

If you imagine an atom being the size of Wembley stadium,

the nucleus would be about the size of a football on the
centre spot.
The electrons would be two peas flying around the whole
stadium. The rest of it: emptiness.
 Analysing

Now let’s pretend that the helium atom on the right is the
size of the Earth.
What’s wrong with this picture?
 So this neutron walks into a bar and asks
“how much for a drink?”
And the bar man replied “for you, no
charge!”
A proton walks into a bar and confesses “I
think I fancy electrons”
The bar man replies “are you positive?”

An electron walks into a bar and says “I hate

my life. I’m so small and
insignificant”
The bar man replies “don’t be so
 MASS NUMBER
4 number of protons + number of
neutrons

He SYMBOL
2
PROTON NUMBER
number of protons (same as electrons)
 Calculating the number of protons,
neutrons and electrons.
How many protons? 7 Li
3 – Number of protons = atomic number
How many electrons? 3
3 – Number of electrons = number of protons (atomic number).
It must be the same as the positive and negative charges must
balance.
How many neutrons?
4 - The nucleus is made up of P+N (mass no. = 7). If we take
away the P’s (atomic no. = 3) we are left with N.
Mass number – atomic number = number of neutrons
 Practice Questions
Number of protons in Aluminium:
Number of neutrons in Carbon:
Number of electrons in Carbon:
Number of electrons in Oxygen:
Number of protons in Oxygen: https://
Number of neutrons in Sulfur: www.youtube.com/watch?v
Number of electrons in Lithium: =hhbqIJZ8wCM
the atom in 2 minutes…
Number of electrons in Chlorine:
Number of protons and neutrons in Chlorine:
Number of protons and electrons in Lithium:
Write 3 more questions of your own. Get a partner to
answer them – give them feedback.

Prove the
Using the periodic table

E.g. 14 N

7
 Isotopes
Here are 3 isotopes of hydrogen.

What is an isotope?
Do they have similar chemical properties?
Do they have similar physical properties?
Why do atoms have no overall charge?
Atoms (even different isotopes) have no
overall charge because….
 Paired discussion
Why might chlorine have a relative atomic
mass number (Ar) of 35.5?

35.
5
17
Cl
 This is the mean
relative atomic
mass of the
different isotopes
35.
5
17
Cl
of chlorine.

35
17 Cl 37
17 Cl

~75% ~25%
 C1.1.6

With c1.2.1 – groups/periods Q at end of

electronic structure worksheet
C1.2.1 BBC Bitesize
– Groups and periods in the periodic
How
the elements are laid out in the perio
ble
Mendeleev and the Periodic Table
Electronic Structure 10/04/2016

K+U LOs PLTs

Be able to: Self Managers
Effective Participators
Describe the
electronic structure
of the first 20 atoms
on the Periodic table
Success Criteria
Draw the electronic structures
of the first 20 atoms on the
Periodic table
 Which Shells Do Electrons go into?
Opposites attract.
Protons are + and electrons are – charged.
Electrons will occupy the lowest energy levels
first (the shells nearest the nucleus) unless these
shells are already full.

1st Shell: Fills this first

2nd Shell: Fill this next

3rd Shell: And so on

 Drawing Electronic Structures

The electrons in 1st Shell

an atom occupy Capacity
energy levels. =2
These are also 2nd Shell
called shells. Capacity
The lowest =8
energy level 3rd Shell
Capacity
(innermost shell) =8
fills with 4th Shell
electrons first. Capacity
=2
 Drawing electronic structures
Each shell has a maximum number of
electrons that it can hold.
x
x x 1st Shell: 2
x x 2nd Shell: 8
x 3rd Shell: 8
4th Shell:
x x x x 2
Ar
HH
N
Ca
x x ee x x You need to be able to
x draw the electronic
x x structure for the first
x x 20 elements!
x
 How do we draw the electronic
structure for…..
Oxygen 16 O

You need to ask 8

yourself…
How many electrons are
there in total?
What period is it in? (how
many shells does it have?)
What group is it in? (how
How
many do wearewrite
electrons there the
in electronic structure?
the outer shell?)

2,6
 How do we draw the electronic
structure for…..
12 C
Carbon
6

How do we write the electronic structure?

2,4
 How do we draw the electronic
structure for…..
24Mg
Magnesium
12

How do we write the electronic structure?

2,8,2
Worksheet

Prove the
 TASK

Draw electronic structures for the following elements

For each one you need to ask
Sodium (Na)
yourself…
Calcium (Ca)
Nitrogen (N) How many electrons are there in
Chlorine (Cl) total?
What period is it in? (how many shells
does it have?)
What group is it in? (how many
electrons are there in the outer shell?)

Prove the
 Plenary

Which element am I?
I am made up of 7 electrons.
Answer: Nitrogen
I am made up of 12 electrons
Answer: Magnesium
I have 2 electrons in my first
shell and 3 electrons in my
second shell.
Answer: I am Boron
I have 2 electrons in my first shell, 8 in
my second shell and 7 in my third shell.
Answer: I am Chlorine
I have two shells. In my second
shell I have 6 electrons.
I am oxygen
I have 3 shells. In my outer
shell I have 3 electrons.
Answer: I am Aluminium
I am a group 7 element
in the second period.
Answer: I am Fluorine
 I have the electron
configuration of 2, 8, 8,1
Answer: I am potassium
 I have the electron
configuration of 2,8,7
I am Chlorine
C1.2.2 Dynamic Periodic Table
Royal
Society of Chemistry –Periodic
The Periodic Table of Videos
Changes to the periodic table 05/09/2012

K+U LOs PLTs

Self Managers

Describe steps in Effective Participators

the development of
the modern periodic
table.
 Early Versions of the Periodic Table
In the early 1800s, the only thing scientists
could measure about atoms was relative
atomic mass.

Q: What is relative atomic mass?

 The history of the periodic table
Dalton Newlands Mendeleev

6.00-10.05 http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=Vim
eo+John+Dalton+Periodic+Table&Form=V
QFRVP#view=detail&mid=2A6CA4EC4E
25.18 -27.50 CF58D47D112A6CA4EC4ECF58D47D11

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fPnwBI
TSmgU
 John Dalton (1808)
Dalton ordered 36
elements
Dalton gave each
element a symbol
The symbols were not
that easy to
memorise, as with
previous models.

Each element was represented by a symbol, therefore

pictorial representations showed the number of each
element in a compound
Dalton’s symbols where discarded when Jöns Berzelius
formulated a new set of symbols, still used today.

… he made a list and gave the elements fancy (but pointless) symbols
 John Newlands

Born: 26 November
1837, London, England
Died: 29 July 1898
(aged 60) London,
England
Nationality: British
Fields: Analytical
chemistry
Notable awards:
Davy Medal (1887)
 Law of Octaves
He saw a pattern. Every 8th element
had similar properties so he started
a new row. This left him with
columns or ‘groups’ of similar
properties.
Dimitri Mendeleev (1869 – 1871)

Ordered by atomic weight

New row when/if an element’s
characteristics was repeated.

Mendeleev's table succeeded, as:

he left gaps in his the table if he thought an
element had not been discovered.
He sometimes broke the order of atomic weight if
an elements characteristics didn’t fit the pattern.
 Isotopes
If you put all the elements in order of atomic mass,
hydrogen could fit in 3 different places depending
on the isotope you use.

The modern periodic table is in order of atomic

number NOT atomic mass
Why do atoms have no overall charge?
Atoms (even different isotopes) have no
overall charge because….
C1.2.3 Noble gases – the g
ases in group 18
Metals and non-metals 10/04/2016

K+U LOs PLTs

Self Managers

Compare the Effective Participators

physical and chemical

properties of metals
and non-metals
 List properties of…
Metals Non-metals
 What are ions?
Here is a sodium atom and a sodium ion

Here is a chlorine atom and a chloride

ion
 Ions are charged particles
When metal atoms and non-metal atoms bond
together they form charged particles called ions.

They have a different number of electrons to

protons so they have either a positive or negative
charge. Metals always form positive
ions.

Complete electron arrangements in atoms

and ions worksheet from hard copy C2 folder
C1.2.4
 Starter:
Questions:
1. Draw the electronic structure of Magnesium
2. How many neutrons are there in Aluminium?
3. How many electrons are there in sodium?
4. What group is Boron in?
5. What period is potassium in?
6. How many electron shells in Fluorine?
7. How many electrons in the outer shell of Chlorine?
8. Describe the properties/reactivity of Barium
9. Describe the properties of cobalt
10. Draw the electronic structure of a calcium ion
Noble gases 10/04/2016

K+U LOs PLTs

Self Managers

Describe the Effective Participators

trends in group 0
Explain the trends
in group 0
 Noble gases

Can you describe their properties?

How could you test them?
What do they look like?
Smell like?
 Noble gases
Earth’s atmosphere contains tiny amounts of Noble Gases
Group 0 in Periodic table – full outer shells

All noble gases are monatomic, colourless, odourless and

unreactive. This makes them difficult to isolate and identify

They’re useful because they’re unreactive

 Uses of noble gases

Although noble gases are

unreactive, they are still very
useful elements.

Many uses of noble gases depend

on their ability to prevent other,
undesirable, reactions taking place.
 Uses of helium
It is used for inflating
balloons and airships.
It is safer than it’s
only alternative,
hydrogen, because its
low reactivity means
that it does not catch
fire!
It is a component of breathing
gas (with oxygen) for deep-sea
divers, because it is unreactive,
insoluble and prevents divers
getting ‘the bends’.
 Uses of neon

Neon is used in neon

lights, because it gives a
bright light when an
electric current is passed
through it.
 Uses of argon

Use in normal light bulbs, because it is unreactive

and prevents the tungsten filament from burning.

When you pass a current through the

metal filament, the metal becomes
white hot.
However, because argon is inert
(unreactive), no chemical reaction
takes place.
This stops the filament from burning
away and makes light bulbs last
longer.
Very low density – filling
balloons
Bright light when electric current
passed through it - advertising
Very unreactive – environment in
light bulbs
Lighthouse bulbs
(not for killing Superman)
Electron tubes and
lasers
Very radioactive -
radiotherapy
 Noble gases
https://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lid8BsbqTD
Q
https://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=jdzBRmLsUM
8

Tasks:
D: List properties and uses of noble gases
C: Describe why noble gases are useful – give examples
B: C grade +… describe the trends in group 0
A/A*: C and B grade +… explain the trends in group 0
C1.2.5
BBC Bitesize
–Alkali metals and their reactions
to air and water
Group
1 as an example of Groups in the
periodic table
Alkali metals in water, accurate!
Group 1 metals 05/09/2012

K+U LOs PLTs

Self Managers

Describe what a Effective Participators

‘group’ is and
explain why
elements are
arranged in groups. Success Criteria
Define the terms group and
period.
 Groups and periods
Vertical
columns are
called
GROUPS

Horizontal rows are called PERIODS

Groups – gro’ UP!

Periods – PER – Periods Equals Rows.
Demo/whiteboards

Watch and be ready to take notes!

Watch the demo

If you have a question or something to say, share it.
Let the person talk! (Don’t interrupt.)
Listen. If it has to be said then say it to the class!

Why are elements grouped together?

What do the atoms in a group have in common?
Why might elements in the same group react in the
same way as each other?do the same things
as each other?
Describing the trend in reactivity of
group 1 elements

All the elements in group 1……

As you go down group 1, the elements get….

I know this because….

Prove the
 5 Minute Task
Explain what these atoms have in common

Lithium 2,1
Sodium 2,8,1
Potassium 2,8,8,1
Elements with the same
chemical properties are grouped
together.
Elements in the same group all
react in the same way because…
PREDICT the reaction of caesium and
water

http://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=QSZ-3wSceP
M
 You need to
be able to
explain WHY
they get more
reactive…

The outer electrons

have weaker
attraction to
nucleus because…
Atom is bigger
More shielding
C1.2.6 BBC Bitesize
–Reactivity of group 1 and 7 ele
Halogens
 Group 7 – the halogens
The elements in group 7 of the periodic table, on
the right, are called the halogens.

F fluori
ne
Cl chlorin
e
Br bromi
ne
I iodi
ne
At astati
ne
 How do halogen molecules exist?
All halogen atoms require one more electron to
obtain a full outer shell and become stable.

Each atom can achieve this by sharing one

electron with another atom to form a single
covalent bond.

F + F  F F

This means that all halogens exist as diatomic

molecules:F2, Cl2, Br2 and I2.
 Halogens – what do they look like?
Chlorine Bromine

Iodine
 Halogen vapours
Bromine and iodine are not gaseous, but have low
boiling points. This means that they produce
vapour at relatively low temperature. They are
volatile.

Bromine produces When iodine is heated gently,

some red-brown it changes directly from a
vapour, seen here solid to a gas without first
above the liquid This is called a liquid.
becoming
bromine in the jar. sublimation.
State and colour at room temperature
What is the state and colour of each of the following Group VII
elements at room temperature?

Chlorine _____________
Bromine _____________
Iodine _____________

Melting points and boiling points

What happens to the melting + boiling points of the Halogens as you
go down Group VII?
_______________________________________________________
___________________
Explain why reactivity decreases down
the group.
Discuss it first
Draft an answer as a group
Share with the class
Write it up
 Halogens continued…

Answer these questions in your

book
What colour is chlorine, bromine and iodine

Halogens go around in pairs – what word

describes molecules made up of 2 atoms?

Draw a dot and cross diagram showing the

bonding in a molecule of Fluorine (F2)
 Halogen displacement reactions

Bearing in mind that reactivity decreases down group 7. Draw this table
and predict which halogens will displace other halogens from a salt
 Displacement reactions: summary

salt (aq)
potassium potassium potassium
chloride bromide iodide
halogen

chlorine Yes Yes

bromine no reaction Yes

iodine no reaction no reaction

What does this displacement reaction
look like?
https://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=rBhMWpyO7
Ts
Halogens PPQs
C1.3.1-2 GCSE Science Rev
The Transition Meta
 Transition metals

Transition
metals
https://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=56DyU-46OK
Are found in the middle of the periodic
Usually have high
table melting points

Are usually good

conductors of Are usually
heat and Examples are dense
potassium, aluminium
electricity (heavy)
and sodium
Are all Are usually
magnetic Transition metals… ductile (can be
stretched into
Are all solids at True or false? wires)
room Have lots of uses
temperature Are found in groups 1
(including being
(apart from and 2 of the periodic
used as catalysts to
mercury) table help speed up
Are usually malleable reactions)
Usually have low (can be bent into
melting points shapes)
Are usually good
Examples are iron, insulators of heat
Are usually silver and titanium and electricity
strong
Are found in the middle of the periodic
Usually have high
table melting points

Are usually good

conductors of Are usually
heat and Examples are dense
potassium, aluminium
electricity (heavy)
and sodium
Are all Are usually
magnetic Transition metals… ductile (can be
stretched into
Are all solids at True or false? wires)
room Have lots of uses
temperature Are found in groups 1
(including being
(apart from and 2 of the periodic
used as catalysts to
mercury) table help speed up
Are usually malleable reactions)
Usually have low (can be bent into
melting points shapes)
Are usually good
Examples are iron, insulators of heat
Are usually silver and titanium and electricity
strong
These elements can form different ions. Compounds of these
ions are different colours.