Evolution of Programming & Languages

1. Which of the following is considered the first programming language?

o A) C
o B) Assembly
o C) Fortran
o D) Ada

Answer: B) Assembly

2. What does the term "machine language" refer to?

o A) High-level programming languages
o B) Binary code that a computer's CPU can execute directly
o C) Scripting languages
o D) Compiled languages

Answer: B) Binary code that a computer's CPU can execute directly

3. Which programming language was developed in the 1950s and is known for its use
in scientific and engineering applications?
o A) COBOL
o B) Lisp
o C) Fortran
o D) BASIC

Answer: C) Fortran

4. What does the acronym "COBOL" stand for?

o A) Common Business-Oriented Language
o B) Comprehensive Object-Based Language
o C) Common Object Business Language
o D) Computer Business Language

Answer: A) Common Business-Oriented Language

5. Which of the following languages introduced the concept of "garbage collection"?

o A) C
o B) Fortran
o C) Lisp
o D) Java

Answer: C) Lisp

6. In what year was the C programming language developed?

o A) 1969
o B) 1972
 o C) 1983
o D) 1991

Answer: B) 1972

7. Which of the following is a significant feature of object-oriented programming

languages?
o A) Procedural Abstraction
o B) Data Abstraction
o C) Sequence Control
o D) Stack Memory Management

Answer: B) Data Abstraction

8. Which programming paradigm focuses on the use of functions and avoids changing-
state and mutable data?
o A) Procedural Programming
o B) Object-Oriented Programming
o C) Functional Programming
o D) Logic Programming

Answer: C) Functional Programming

9. Which programming language is widely known for its role in web development and
is often used on the client side?
o A) PHP
o B) Java
o C) JavaScript
o D) Ruby

Answer: C) JavaScript

10. What is the main purpose of a compiler in programming?

o A) To execute the program directly
o B) To translate source code into machine code
o C) To interpret scripts at runtime
o D) To debug code

Answer: B) To translate source code into machine code

Problem Solving Through Programming

1. What is the first step in the problem-solving process in programming?

o A) Writing code
o B) Testing the solution
o C) Defining the problem
 o D) Analyzing results

Answer: C) Defining the problem

2. Which of the following is NOT a common strategy for problem-solving in

programming?
o A) Divide and conquer
o B) Trial and error
o C) Random guessing
o D) Pattern recognition

Answer: C) Random guessing

3. What does "pseudocode" help programmers to do?

o A) Execute the code
o B) Write actual code in a specific programming language
o C) Plan and design algorithms without worrying about syntax
o D) Optimize code performance

Answer: C) Plan and design algorithms without worrying about syntax

4. Which of the following best describes an algorithm?

o A) A set of instructions for solving a specific problem
o B) A programming language
o C) A bug in the code
o D) A type of data structure

Answer: A) A set of instructions for solving a specific problem

5. In programming, what does 'debugging' refer to?

o A) Writing new code
o B) Finding and fixing errors in the code
o C) Optimizing the performance of code
o D) Compiling the code

Answer: B) Finding and fixing errors in the code

6. What is a flowchart used for in problem-solving?

o A) To write the code directly
o B) To visualize the steps of an algorithm
o C) To test the code
o D) To manage software versions

Answer: B) To visualize the steps of an algorithm

7. Which data structure is most suitable for implementing a LIFO (Last In, First Out)
approach?
o A) Queue
o B) Stack
o C) Array
o D) Linked List

Answer: B) Stack

8. What is the purpose of a function in programming?

o A) To execute the entire program
o B) To group a set of related statements for reuse and organization
o C) To manage memory
o D) To define global variables

Answer: B) To group a set of related statements for reuse and organization

9. Which of the following programming constructs allows for making decisions in

code?
o A) Loop
o B) Function
o C) Conditional statement
o D) Variable

Answer: C) Conditional statement

10. What is the primary benefit of using algorithms in problem-solving?

o A) They can be directly executed by the computer
o B) They provide a systematic method for solving problems
o C) They eliminate the need for testing code
o D) They reduce the number of variables needed

Answer: B) They provide a systematic method for solving problems

Algorithm and Pseudocode

1. What is an algorithm?
o A) A programming language syntax
o B) A step-by-step procedure for solving a problem
o C) A type of software application
o D) A debugging tool

Answer: B) A step-by-step procedure for solving a problem

2. Which of the following is a characteristic of a good algorithm?

o A) It should be long and complex.
 o B) It should have a clear stopping point.
o C) It should be written in a specific programming language.
o D) It should only work for one specific case.

Answer: B) It should have a clear stopping point.

3. What does pseudocode allow programmers to do?

o A) Write code that can be executed directly
o B) Plan an algorithm without adhering to a specific syntax
o C) Debug existing code
o D) Optimize performance of algorithms

Answer: B) Plan an algorithm without adhering to a specific syntax

4. In pseudocode, which of the following represents a decision-making process?

o A) IF-THEN-ELSE
o B) FOR loop
o C) PRINT statement
o D) FUNCTION definition

Answer: A) IF-THEN-ELSE

5. Which of the following is an example of a loop structure in pseudocode?

o A) IF condition THEN
o B) WHILE condition DO
o C) FUNCTION name(parameters)
o D) RETURN value

Answer: B) WHILE condition DO

6. What is the purpose of the 'RETURN' statement in an algorithm or pseudocode?

o A) To stop the execution of the program
o B) To provide the final result from a function
o C) To initialize variables
o D) To repeat a section of code

Answer: B) To provide the final result from a function

7. Which of the following best describes the term "flowchart"?

o A) A specific type of pseudocode
o B) A visual representation of an algorithm
o C) A type of programming language
o D) A debugging tool

Answer: B) A visual representation of an algorithm

8. What is the primary benefit of using pseudocode in algorithm design?
o A) It can be executed directly by a computer.
o B) It helps focus on the logic without worrying about syntax.
o C) It is the only way to write algorithms.
o D) It is faster than writing actual code.

Answer: B) It helps focus on the logic without worrying about syntax.

9. Which of the following represents a method of analyzing an algorithm's efficiency?

o A) Syntax checking
o B) Flowchart creation
o C) Big O notation
o D) Variable declaration

Answer: C) Big O notation

10. In pseudocode, how would you typically indicate the start of a loop?
o A) BEGIN LOOP
o B) FOR each item IN list DO
o C) LOOP START
o D) START LOOP

Answer: B) FOR each item IN list DO

Structure of C Program

1. Which of the following is the correct syntax for including a standard library in a C
program?
o A) #include <library.h>
o B) import library;
o C) include library.h;
o D) #include "library.h"

Answer: D) #include "library.h"

2. What is the purpose of the main() function in a C program?

o A) To define global variables
o B) To execute the program
o C) To include header files
o D) To declare functions

Answer: B) To execute the program

3. In C, which of the following is the correct way to declare a variable?

o A) int num;
o B) variable num: int;
 o C) num int;
o D) int: num;

Answer: A) int num;

4. What symbol is used to indicate the end of a statement in C?

o A) .
o B) ;
o C) :
o D) ,

Answer: B) ;

5. Which of the following is the correct way to define a function in C?

o A) function void myFunction() { }
o B) void myFunction() { }
o C) myFunction() void { }
o D) void: myFunction() { }

Answer: B) void myFunction() { }

6. In C, what keyword is used to define a constant?

o A) const
o B) static
o C) define
o D) final

Answer: A) const

7. What is the purpose of the return statement in a function?

o A) To print output
o B) To end a program
o C) To return a value to the caller
o D) To declare a variable

Answer: C) To return a value to the caller

8. Which of the following correctly initializes an array in C?

o A) int arr[5] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
o B) int arr(5) = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
o C) arr[5] int = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
o D) int arr[] = new int[5]{1, 2, 3, 4, 5};

Answer: A) int arr[5] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};

9. What does the #define directive do in a C program?

 o A) It declares a variable
o B) It creates a macro or constant
o C) It includes a header file
o D) It defines a function

Answer: B) It creates a macro or constant

10. Which of the following statements is used for input in C?

o A) scan;
o B) read;
o C) scanf();
o D) input();

Answer: C) scanf();

I/O Functions, Variables, Constants, and Keywords in C

1. Which function is used to output formatted text to the console in C?

o A) print()
o B) output()
o C) printf()
o D) display()

Answer: C) printf()

2. What is the correct way to declare a constant integer in C?

o A) const int PI = 3.14;
o B) int const PI = 3.14;
o C) const PI = 3.14;
o D) #define PI 3.14

Answer: D) #define PI 3.14

3. Which of the following statements is used to read a string input in C?

o A) gets()
o B) read()
o C) input()
o D) scanf()

Answer: A) gets()

4. What is the output of the following code?

c
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int x = 5;
 printf("%d", x++);

o A) 5
o B) 6
o C) 7
o D) Compilation error

Answer: A) 5

5. Which of the following is NOT a valid variable name in C?

o A) _temp
o B) temp1
o C) 1stTemp
o D) temp_name

Answer: C) 1stTemp

6. What keyword is used to indicate that a variable cannot change its value after
initialization?
o A) final
o B) static
o C) const
o D) immutable

Answer: C) const

7. Which function is used to read a single character from standard input?

o A) readchar()
o B) getch()
o C) getchar()
o D) inputchar()

Answer: C) getchar()

8. Which of the following is a valid declaration of a float variable?

o A) float num;
o B) float num = "3.14";
o C) float num : 3.14;
o D) float num = 3,14;

Answer: A) float num;

9. What is the purpose of the return keyword in a function?

o A) To end the program
o B) To return a value to the calling function
o C) To declare a variable
 o D) To include header files

Answer: B) To return a value to the calling function

10. Which of the following is a reserved keyword in C?

o A) variable
o B) for
o C) func
o D) doWhile

Answer: B) for

Values, Names, Scope, Binding, and Storage Classes in C

1. What is the primary purpose of a variable name in C?

o A) To store data permanently
o B) To represent a memory location
o C) To perform calculations
o D) To format output

Answer: B) To represent a memory location

2. Which of the following storage classes has the widest scope and lifetime throughout
the program?
o A) auto
o B) register
o C) static
o D) extern

Answer: D) extern

3. What is the scope of a variable declared inside a function?

o A) Global scope
o B) Local scope
o C) File scope
o D) Block scope

Answer: B) Local scope

4. What keyword is used to declare a variable that retains its value even after the
function exits?
o A) auto
o B) static
o C) extern
o D) const
 Answer: B) static

5. Which storage class limits the visibility of a variable to the block in which it is
defined?
o A) extern
o B) static
o C) auto
o D) register

Answer: C) auto

6. What is the default storage class for a variable declared inside a function without an
explicit storage class?
o A) extern
o B) static
o C) auto
o D) register

Answer: C) auto

7. Which of the following is true about 'static' variables?

o A) They are automatically initialized.
o B) Their scope is global.
o C) They retain their value between function calls.
o D) They cannot be declared inside functions.

Answer: C) They retain their value between function calls.

8. What is the binding of a variable in C?

o A) The method of variable initialization
o B) The association of a variable with its value and type
o C) The scope of the variable
o D) The lifetime of the variable

Answer: B) The association of a variable with its value and type

9. What is the main purpose of using 'register' storage class?

o A) To keep variables in the memory permanently
o B) To suggest that a variable should be stored in a CPU register for faster access
o C) To make the variable accessible across multiple files
o D) To maintain the variable's state between function calls

Answer: B) To suggest that a variable should be stored in a CPU register for faster
access

10. Which of the following correctly describes the concept of variable scope?
 o A) It defines the type of data the variable can hold.
o B) It determines the lifespan of the variable.
o C) It defines the region of the program where the variable can be accessed.
o D) It specifies how much memory the variable will use.

Answer: C) It defines the region of the program where the variable can be accessed.

Numeric and Non-Numeric Data Types in C

1. Which of the following is a numeric data type in C?

o A) char
o B) int
o C) float
o D) All of the above

Answer: D) All of the above

2. What is the range of the int data type in C (typically on a 32-bit system)?
o A) -32,768 to 32,767
o B) -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647
o C) 0 to 65,535
o D) -1.7 billion to 1.7 billion

Answer: B) -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647

3. Which of the following is a non-numeric data type in C?

o A) float
o B) char
o C) double
o D) int

Answer: B) char

4. What data type is used to store a decimal value in C?

o A) int
o B) char
o C) float
o D) void

Answer: C) float

5. Which of the following is true about the double data type in C?

o A) It occupies less memory than float.
o B) It is used for storing integer values.
o C) It provides higher precision for floating-point numbers.
 o D) It cannot represent decimal values.

Answer: C) It provides higher precision for floating-point numbers.

6. What is the default value of an uninitialized int variable in C?

o A) 0
o B) Undefined
o C) NULL
o D) 1

Answer: B) Undefined

7. Which data type can store a wide character in C?

o A) char
o B) wchar_t
o C) int
o D) float

Answer: B) wchar_t

8. What is the purpose of the sizeof operator in C?

o A) To determine the size of a variable's value
o B) To count the number of elements in an array
o C) To determine the size in bytes of a data type or variable
o D) To allocate memory for a variable

Answer: C) To determine the size in bytes of a data type or variable

9. Which data type is best suited for representing boolean values in C?

o A) int
o B) char
o C) bool
o D) Both A and B

Answer: D) Both A and B (Note: The bool type is available in C99 and later; otherwise,
int is often used for boolean values.)

10. What will the following code output?

c
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printf("%d", sizeof(char));

o A) 1
o B) 2
o C) 4
 o D) Depends on the system

Answer: A) 1

Lvalues and Rvalues in C

1. What is an lvalue in C?
o A) A value that can appear on the left side of an assignment
o B) A constant value that cannot change
o C) A temporary value that cannot be referenced
o D) A type of function

Answer: A) A value that can appear on the left side of an assignment

2. What is an rvalue in C?
o A) A value that can appear on the right side of an assignment
o B) A variable that can be modified
o C) A type of data structure
o D) A reference to a variable

Answer: A) A value that can appear on the right side of an assignment

3. Which of the following is an example of an lvalue?

o A) 42
o B) x + y
o C) int a;
o D) a + 10

Answer: C) int a;

4. Which of the following is an example of an rvalue?

o A) x
o B) y + 1
o C) 100
o D) Both B and C

Answer: D) Both B and C

5. What happens if you try to assign a value to an rvalue?

o A) It compiles without errors.
o B) It results in a compilation error.
o C) It creates a temporary variable.
o D) It has no effect.
 Answer: B) It results in a compilation error.

6. In the expression x = 5 + y, which part is the lvalue?

o A) 5
o B) y
o C) x
o D) 5 + y

Answer: C) x

7. Can an rvalue be assigned to a pointer?

o A) Yes, always.
o B) No, never.
o C) Only if the rvalue is a variable.
o D) Only if the rvalue is a constant.

Answer: A) Yes, always.

8. Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding lvalues and rvalues?

o A) An lvalue can always be converted to an rvalue.
o B) An rvalue can always be converted to an lvalue.
o C) Both lvalues and rvalues can be assigned to each other.
o D) Lvalues can only be constants.

Answer: A) An lvalue can always be converted to an rvalue.

9. In the context of function arguments, which of the following would be considered an

rvalue?
o A) An array
o B) A literal value like 3.14
o C) A variable
o D) A pointer

Answer: B) A literal value like 3.14

10. Which of the following is NOT an example of an lvalue?

o A) A variable
o B) An array element
o C) A function call that returns a reference
o D) A literal integer

Answer: D) A literal integer

Operators in C Language
1. Which operator is used for addition in C?
o A) -
o B) *
o C) /
o D) +

Answer: D) +

2. What will be the output of the following code?

c
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int a = 10, b = 5;
printf("%d", a % b);

o A) 2
o B) 5
o C) 0
o D) 10

Answer: B) 0

3. Which of the following operators has the highest precedence in C?

o A) +
o B) *
o C) -
o D) /

Answer: B) *

4. What is the result of the expression 3 + 4 * 2 in C?

o A) 14
o B) 11
o C) 10
o D) 8

Answer: B) 11

5. What is the output of the following code?

c
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int x = 5;
int y = x++;
printf("%d", y);

o A) 5
 o B) 6
o C) 4
o D) 0

Answer: A) 5

6. Which operator is used for logical AND in C?

o A) &
o B) &&
o C) ||
o D) !

Answer: B) &&

7. What does the sizeof operator return?

o A) The size of a variable in bits
o B) The size of a variable in bytes
o C) The maximum value a variable can hold
o D) The number of elements in an array

Answer: B) The size of a variable in bytes

8. Which operator is used to access a member of a structure?

o A) .
o B) ->
o C) ::
o D) Both A and B

Answer: D) Both A and B

9. What will be the output of the following code?

c
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int a = 10;
int b = 20;
printf("%d", (a > b) ? a : b);

o A) 10
o B) 20
o C) 0
o D) 1

Answer: B) 20

10. Which of the following is NOT a relational operator in C?

o A) ==
 o B) <=
o C) :=
o D) >

Answer: C) :=

 What is the result of the following code snippet?

c
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int a = 5;
a++;
printf("%d", a);

 A) 5
 B) 6
 C) 4
 D) 7

Answer: B) 6

 Which operator is used to decrement a variable by 1 in C?

 A) --
 B) -=
 C) ++
 D) -=1

Answer: A) --

 What does the following expression evaluate to?

c
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int x = 10;
int y = 20;
int z = (x++, y);
printf("%d", z);

 A) 10
 B) 20
 C) 30
 D) 0

Answer: B) 20

 What is the purpose of the arrow operator (->) in C?

  A) To dereference a pointer to a structure
 B) To define a pointer
 C) To increment a value
 D) To compare two values

Answer: A) To dereference a pointer to a structure

 What will the following code output?

c
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struct Point {
int x;
int y;
};
struct Point p = {1, 2};
struct Point *ptr = &p;
printf("%d", ptr->y);

 A) 1
 B) 2
 C) 0
 D) Compilation error

Answer: B) 2

 Which of the following is a correct way to assign the value of one variable to another?

 A) a = b;
 B) a := b;
 C) a <-> b;
 D) a -> b;

Answer: A) a = b;

 What will be the result of the following code?

c
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int a = 3;
int b = 4;
int c = a++ + ++b;
printf("%d", c);

 A) 6
 B) 7
 C) 8
  D) 11

Answer: C) 8

 Which operator can combine multiple expressions into a single statement?

 A) ;
 B) :
 C) ,
 D) &

Answer: C) ,

 What is the result of the following code?

c
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int a = 5;
a += 2; // Equivalent to a = a + 2;
printf("%d", a);

 A) 5
 B) 6
 C) 7
 D) 8

Answer: C) 7

 In the expression x = (a++, b), what will x be assigned?

 A) The value of a
 B) The value of b
 C) The sum of a and b
 D) The result of a++

Answer: B) The value of b