The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XLII-2/W15, 2019

27th CIPA International Symposium “Documenting the past for a better future”, 1–5 September 2019, Ávila, Spain

VIRTUAL RECONSTRUCTION IN BIM TECHNOLOGY AND DIGITAL INVENTORIES

OF HERITAGE
L. Agustín 1, M. Quintilla 1

1 University of Zaragoza, Predepartamental Architecture Unit, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain - (lagustin@unizar.es, mquintilla@unizar.es)

Commission II, WG II/8

KEY WORDS: Cultural heritage, Web platforms, HBIM, Information systems, 3D models, Inventories

ABSTRACT:

The documentation of the architectural heritage requires the storage of large amounts of information that must be stored and
processed in very different formats, since it comes from experts from different areas of knowledge. This heterogeneity of
information makes communication difficult among professionals who participate in documentation work, such as restorers,
architects, engineers, archaeologists or historians, with the transfer of information being one of the biggest problems to be solved,
through the creation of a methodology that favors the diffusion and accessibility to the materials coming from the investigation. The
aim of the study is to create a protocol or methodology, to create a graphic database that allows the inventory of the architectural
heritage in Aragon. The solution implies the development of a geometric model that allows to include and relate information related
to it. The format is a HBIM model capable of incorporating information on a stratified support, with visualization, documentation
and management capabilities that allow a complete view of the building to be cataloged, incorporating useful information for its
conservation, restoration, protection and dissemination, as well as interoperability between tools and other systems throughout the
entire life cycle of the object. In this research, we will work with the virtual platform Petrobim, a tool composed of a database and a
viewer, whose purpose is the management and query of information linked to a 3D model, throughout the entire cycle building life.

1. INTRODUCTION problems mentioned, since it allows a permanent update,

flexibility, ability to introduce any type of support, selective
1.1 General introduction distribution, interaction with the user and lower costs of
production. The knowledge must be able to be stored, processed
The graphic documentation of the architectural heritage and analyzed on a common support that allows to contain all
constitutes one of the most powerful tools for the preservation the available materials of a patrimonial element.
and diffusion of its cultural and material values. All of them
must be duly registered to be preserved, which is achieved with A new approach to the cataloging of architectural heritage is
an adequate graphic documentation, basis for research, proposed, thanks to the use of technologies that allow storing
protection, conservation and dissemination (Gómez, 2013). The information in the same model as the HBIM (Historic Building
documentation of architectural heritage requires the storage of Information Modeling). BIM technology allows to manage and
large amounts of information that must be stored and processed store large amounts of information in different formats:
in very different formats, as it comes from experts from alphanumeric information of technical and scientific data, raster
different areas of knowledge. This heterogeneity of information and vector format of plans, maps, images, drawings, etc. That is
makes communication difficult among professionals who why, for the complete documentation of the patrimony and to
participate in documentation work, such as restorers, architects, be able to have exhaustive and useful inventories for all the
engineers, archaeologists or historians, with the transfer of contemplated uses, it provides the required functionalities.
information being one of the biggest problems to be solved,
through the creation of a methodology that favors the diffusion 1.2 State of the art
and accessibility to the materials coming from the investigation.
Another disadvantage of traditional work method is the limited The activities related to the documentation of heritage require
transmission of information between different entities, not only collaboration between different disciplines and technologies,
among researchers or administrations, nor does it favor making it necessary to share the information in an orderly
dissemination among the general public (Finat et al, 2010). manner and which in turn is available at any time (Fassi et al.,
2015). Currently, the web is the place of consultation for all
Traditionally, the information contained in the architectural those who seek knowledge or content. By representing the
catalogs had a 2D format, composed of plans, photographs and model with different levels of detail (LoD), it allows to provide
texts. But with the evolution of representation systems, their a fluid visualization and an efficient access to the data, also
progress has been linked to computer development. There are reducing the latency time and the compression (Scopigno et al.
so many advantages obtained that currently the restoration of 2017). The BIM information systems are capable of integrating
heritage assets implies the mandatory realization of a 3D model, all types of information and documentation, as can be seen in
which will allow to dump data from the investigation. This numerous examples (Oreni et al., 2014, Nieto et al., 2016) but
leads to new challenges, such as the storage of information and its ability to interconnect with the web, and in this way resolve
its accessibility in a simple and intuitive way thanks to the use the needs for interoperability and accessibility, gives it greater
of a 3D web platform. The electronic dissemination of qualities for its use in the management and dissemination of
information is considered a solution that responds to most of the heritage.

This contribution has been peer-reviewed.

https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W15-25-2019 | © Authors 2019. CC BY 4.0 License. 25
 The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XLII-2/W15, 2019
27th CIPA International Symposium “Documenting the past for a better future”, 1–5 September 2019, Ávila, Spain

In recent years, research has focused on how to share 3D Time ontology allows to represent different temporal phases.
models through the web, creating online information systems. These characteristics give the platform great versatility to be
One of the first programs developed for the online visualization used for multiple purposes, such as conservation, restoration or
of heritage is NUBES, an open source web platform for storing, dissemination, since it allows adapting as the information is
manipulating, consulting and managing data on heritage displayed according to the user (Iadanza et al., 2019).
buildings, focused on its subsequent restoration (Stefani et al.
2014). The polygonal model of the building is divided into In this aspect this technology is interesting for the creation of
smaller sub-elements, organized under a semantic structure. To architectural catalogs that having an information organized
each element it is incorporated two-dimensional layers with under the same 3D model, allows through a management
information and insertion points on the specific 3D model to system, to manage the diversity of contents and functionalities
link to complementary information. generated by the different specialists involved in conservation,
protection, restoration and dissemination of heritage.
BIM3DSG is an integrated system that allows you to import a
complex 3D model to a web platform. Through it, it allows to 1.3 Objectives
access all the information stored in a BIM model, totally or
partially, through the constitution of entities defined by the The aim of the study is to create a protocol or methodology, to
user, allowing to choose their visualization among seven levels create a graphic database that allows the inventory of the
of detail. In addition, the system offers the possibility of adding architectural heritage in Aragon. The present article tries to
information and files associated with the different objects that solve this situation, by means of the sample of a case of study:
make up the model, such as images, videos, documents or CAD the Joint of the City council and Lonja de Alcañiz (Teruel),
files. Being a web platform, there are no additional costs and declared Good of Cultural Interest. The solution implies the
allows mobility and viewing on mobile devices. One of the key development of a geometric model that allows to include and
aspects is that all the functionalities are available to work relate information related to it. The format is a HBIM model
online. The application could be used during the restoration capable of incorporating information on a stratified support,
work of the Duomo in Milan (Rechichi et al., 2016) or for the with visualization, documentation and management capabilities
conservation of the mosaics of San Marco in Venice (Fassi et that allow a complete view of the building to be cataloged,
al., 2017). incorporating useful information for its conservation,
restoration, protection and dissemination, as well as
The use of semantic models in web platforms focused on the interoperability between tools and other systems throughout the
dissemination of heritage allow a more effective use of entire life cycle of the object. In this research, we will work
resources and greater speed of visualization (Apollonio et al., with the virtual platform Petrobim, for the management of
2011). That is why the latest research in the field of HBIM web archaeological-architectural heritage in conservation and
platforms focuses on the use of open Semantic Web restoration processes.
technologies, to solve interoperability problems between 3D
models and associated software. Through the use of semantic You want to check if the platform is suitable for the
web standards, such as IFC / OWL (standard for BIM modeling management of information aimed at obtaining a heritage
in a semantic web language), it is possible to share the catalog, for this it is considered that the basic characteristics
information stored in a HBIM model to be accessible for that must be fulfilled are (Myers, 2016):
consultation through a web platform. At the same time, the
agreed standards for the cataloging and ordering of the built • Let it be a high resolution 3D graphic model, divided
heritage information guarantee the compatibility between the under a semantic structure. The model must be able to
databases and facilitate the registration and exchange of incorporate any type of information and format that
information. In the context of cultural heritage, the main can be distributed selectively.
ontology used for the management of documentation is • It must be a geo-referenced database.
CIDOC-CRM "CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model", which is • It should generate a flexible database that allows the
compatible with other vocabularies such as the Art and introduction of data according to any demand of the
Architecture (AAT) tesaruro prepared by the Getty Institute. different disciplines or activities derived from the
study and protection of heritage, with the possibility
We find examples, such as BIMexplorer tool, a web platform of including all types of media.
whose purpose is the visualization of results and the realization • The dissemination platform must be open source,
of semantic queries to the model, to non-expert users. Complete standardized and accessible through a web
interoperability of data from a standard HBIM is guaranteed environment.
through the use of the IFC / RDF format (Quattrini et al. 2017). • The information must be standardized, integrating
Another case is the INCEPTION project, which focuses on the international standards of inventory and
integration of semantic attributes with 3D models created under documentation of heritage to perform a useful
a semantic structure, to manage patrimonial information. To management of all data generated and implemented
this end, a web platform has been created that allows accessing by all disciplines intervening in the heritage.
the information stored in a semantic HBIM model and
interacting with it, allowing additional information and 2. PETROBIM
documentation to be added to the entire building or geometric
element, and to perform spatial and multi-criteria queries. In PetroBIM is a tool composed of a database and a viewer, whose
addition, a glossary has been integrated into the platform that purpose is the management and consultation of information
uses the AAT treasury of the Getty Institute, to cover all the linked to a 3D model, throughout the life cycle of the building.
nomenclatures of the heritage that BIM programs do not It allows the exchange of historical heritage information
possess. This use of ontologies is what favors the exchange of regarding conservation and restoration projects, among the
information. It should be added that the use of the W3C OWL- different collaborators through a geometric model that

This contribution has been peer-reviewed.

https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W15-25-2019 | © Authors 2019. CC BY 4.0 License. 26
 The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XLII-2/W15, 2019
27th CIPA International Symposium “Documenting the past for a better future”, 1–5 September 2019, Ávila, Spain

integrates all types of information and is capable of carrying out • Constructive materials: The module is conceived for
operations in real time (Armisén et al., 2016). the introduction of information from previous study
phases (archaeologists, historians) and define
2.1 Components information regarding construction materials and their
attributes (physical properties, finish, porosity,
The platform is composed of three elements: a geometric density ...), in order to be able to be subsequently
model, server and viewer, accessible through an internet used for both restoration and dissemination.
browser or as a desktop application: • Alteration: The pathologies or degrees of alteration
• Geometric model: The 3D model must be imported in present in the model are defined (efflorescence,
.fbx format to the platform. This can be generated by sandification, patinas ...) that allow determining the
any type of modeling software and the level of detail state of deterioration and its future intervention. The
desired depending on its final use. It makes it possible module has a database with the terms defined by
to link all kinds of attributes linked to the model, ICOMOS and the Ministry of Culture of Spain
which will be accessible through different modules. (COREMANS).
• Server: Both the 3D model and the associated • Constructive phases: It allows to assign to the model
metadata are stored on a remote server (cloud), temporary or constructive attributes for the realization
responsible for carrying out connection operations of graphic or numerical queries that can be visualized
between the data consulted and the viewer. by means of animations (Eg: temporary or
• Viewer: It is formed by the 3D visualization system constructive sequences).
and the consultation and edition panel. • Humidity: Specific module for pathologies related to
humidity, with monitoring and analysis capacity.
2.2 Operability Including the possibility of defining attributes to a
certain parameter as a function of time.
The 3D model integrates all types of data (attributes), thanks to • Deformation: Definition of topographic-structural
a database that incorporates preloaded information regarding attributes for the supervision of structural problems.
materials, pathologies, historical phases ... characteristic of
• Intervention: Based on the information available in
restoration and conservation projects, but leaving the possibility
the previous modules, allows the drafting of
of introducing new concepts. The input of data to the different
restoration projects by assigning a certain action in
elements in which the model has been divided according to the
response to a pathology.
desired level of detail, is done through the menu "Commands
• Maintenance: Module oriented to the tasks of
and Modules". The system makes it possible to temporarily
management and maintenance throughout the life
delimit the information by creating "campaigns", allowing the
cycle of the well documented once the restoration-
information to be entered individually and in this way to make
conservation process is finished.
comparative consultations between campaigns. At any time you
can perform simple or multiple searches in several modules
3. CASE STUDY: TOWN HALL AND LONJA OF
simultaneously, whose results can be exported in .png and .dxf
ALCAÑIZ (TERUEL)
formats.
As in any virtual study of heritage, it is necessary the practical
The program has numerous tools to operate with the model, application on a real model, where you can experience the
especially, it facilitates the navigation and realization of graphic research carried out, in this case it will be applied to the
and numerical consultations, applying selective filters since buildings that currently form the Town Hall Complex and the
when working in a network, the information is updated in real Lonja of Alcañiz (Teruel).
time and is accessible and centralized. CAD tools allow
measurements of distances, areas or volume on the 3D model or The set "Town Hall and Lonja" of Alcañiz was declared
on any search result, and drawing tools allow you to create lines historic-artistic monument, by decree of the Ministry of Public
or surfaces on it. The equipment and sensors tool stands out, Instruction and Fine Arts of June 3, 1931, (published in the
fundamental for the humidity and deformation modules, where Gaceta de Madrid of June 4, 1931). Currently, Asset of Cultural
the position in the model of the data-loggers and associated Interest, Monument category. Published in the Official Gazette
sensors is determined. You can incorporate parameters, as well of Aragón of April 16, 2004 (Thomson, 2015).
as an .xls file with data obtained over time. The way to operate
the different tools is through different specific modules for
conservation and restoration work.

2.3 Description of modules

Next, the different available modules for the introduction of

data to the web platform are described:
• 3D Modeling: Responsible for supplying the
geometric model to the server and the rest of the work
modules. The 3D model in .fbx format is incorporated
into the platform already defined according to the
level of detail required in each project.
• Constructive elements: The 3D model divided
according to a semantic structure makes it possible to
differentiate the constructive elements, according to Figure 1. Exterior from the Town Hall of Alcañiz (Teruel)
an ontology.

This contribution has been peer-reviewed.

https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W15-25-2019 | © Authors 2019. CC BY 4.0 License. 27
 The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XLII-2/W15, 2019
27th CIPA International Symposium “Documenting the past for a better future”, 1–5 September 2019, Ávila, Spain

The set of both buildings takes a monumental and structurally from the investigation of any of the agents involved will be
compositional unit despite the difference of artistic styles (Fig. downloaded. It will allow to organize in the model information
1), the Lonja of clearly Gothic and the Town Hall of of the constructive systems, physical characteristics of the
Renaissance style, based on the archaeological works of Fco. elements, the historical evolution and detected pathologies, at
Javier Gutiérrez and his archaeological tastings there is a the same time that there will be a graphic representation faithful
certain temporal unity in the foundations of both buildings, to the reality of the real form of the historical building (Fig. 2).
moreover, there are samples of what could have been a The model will allow interoperability between the disciplines
beginning of foundations that would locate the arcades of the involved in the Heritage, avoiding duplication of information
auction of Alcañiz, with an orthogonal layout to the facade of and being accessible at all times to all involved.
the town hall, theoretically older, but would give explanation to
the angle of XXº that form both facades, with a conception of 3.1 The survey and the model construction
space influenced by the geometry of the perspective,
characteristic of many public spaces of Renaissance style The team to carry out the research work is multidisciplinary,
against geometry perpendicularity totally assumed in the Gothic consisting of an archaeologist, a historian, a company that
style. carries out a geophysical study, by means of geo-radar, a
surveying company and part of the members of the GIA group
The building of the Lonja, in front of the conception of the (Group of Research in Architecture) of which the speakers are
great gothic lonjas of the Crown of Aragon (Palma, Valencia, part.
Barcelona or Perpignan) (Thomson, 2015) it is not a closed
building but an open loggia, like the Italian lodges of the time, 3.1.1 Data collection
which would reinforce the idea of being Gothic despite being
moved or built outside of its Gothic period, consisting of two The objective is to obtain a dense cloud of points that collects
floors one low where it would generate a large open space built the geometry of both buildings, from the points that will
with 3 large pointed arches and an upper floor, where there is a characterize the cloud you will get 6 coordinates, the first 3 of
gallery that connects with the Town Hall building. The Town position X, Y, Z and 3 more to characterize the color
Hall, of clear Italian influence with its faceted façade on three coordinates R, G, B. To obtain these clouds of points two
floors, in the style of the classical Aragonese palaces, with a campaigns were carried out in two consecutive weeks and
ground floor, with patio and service quarters, a monumental photogrammetry and laser scanner techniques were used.
staircase, following the Aragonese compositional tradition, a For the photogrammetry, collections of proximity photos were
noble or main floor and culminated with a plant generating a used using terrestrial photogrammetry criteria, made with a
gallery, with continuous arcades that links with the building of Nikon F-810 camera and a wide angle of 17 mm. (104º) and 24
the Lonja. mm. (83º), collections of photographs using terrestrial
photogrammetry criteria were also used, for which a Dronn
Phantom 3 was used, with a 12 megapixel camera and
automatic stabilizer, as well as GPS that geolocates each one of
the photographs taken. With the different sets of photographs
and using the software Photoscan, the first clouds of points have
been made, which aligning and combining has allowed us to
have a first mesh and approximation to the geometry of the
building.

Figure 3. Point cloud obtained by photogrammetry and drone of

the Town Hall of Alcañiz (Teruel)
Figure 2. Photogrammetric texture of the facades and gallery of
the Town Hall of Alcañiz (Teruel)
In order to accurately position the point clouds and eliminate
the uncertainty of the dimensional error, which can cause the
The work is structured in two phases: the capture of data from use of photogrammetry, the architectural unit was scanned with
the outside of the current state of the building for the creation of a laser scanner of the Faro brand, model Focus 150, with the
the 3D model, and its subsequent incorporation into the different point clouds lined up and formed a cloud that
Petrobim web platform. In the BIM model, all types of data overlapped with the one obtained through photogrammetry in

This contribution has been peer-reviewed.

https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W15-25-2019 | © Authors 2019. CC BY 4.0 License. 28
 The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XLII-2/W15, 2019
27th CIPA International Symposium “Documenting the past for a better future”, 1–5 September 2019, Ávila, Spain

Autodesk's Recap software (Fig. 3). Once the data capture and
generation of the model has been done, the next step is the
incorporation of the model to the platform for online viewing.

3.1.2 Construction of the semantic model

The platform allows the incorporation of any type of geometric

model, whether it comes from modeling software such as 3D
Studio Max, Rhinoceros ..., or a mesh from a dense cloud of
points. Despite these options, from the beginning it is
appreciated that the program is designed to work with the first
option. When importing the model already divided into
components, it facilitates its selection and assignment of
features, such as constructive or material elements. However,
for the case study, we decided to import a mesh model, since
there was not enough time to model in detail. Once the 3D
model of the building is obtained, the first step in the workflow
is the division of the model under a semantic structure, which Figure 5. Resultados del informe arqueológico elaborado por
allows to organize the information in an orderly manner and at Albarium S.L. Conservación y Restauración
the end of the process to be able to access it easily for
consultation. To do this, a taxonomy is assigned to each In the first place, we proceeded to assign the constructive
construction element according to its level of hierarchical characteristics to the different parts in which the mesh was
organization. For this, the model obtained from Photoscan was previously divided, in order to begin to introduce the
imported into the open source software Cloud Compare, for the information referring to each constructive element. In this way,
processing of the mesh, allowing to orient and segment the the different building materials, available in the database, were
model into components, to be later exported in .fbx format to introduced, being able to choose between a long predefined list,
Petrobim (Fig. 4). and assigning characteristics such as color, composition,
texture, porosity, resistance or humidity. Once the materials
were defined, the pathologies exposed in the archaeological
reports were assigned, all of them collected in the internal
database according to the material and defined according to the
terms defined by ICOMOS and COREMANS. This device
allows you to define the degrees of alteration and enter
photographs of the current state. Based on the information
available in the previous modules, the actions to be executed
according to each construction element were defined, thus
obtaining the affected area and the cost according to the
measurement. This intervention module is of great importance
to take real control of the costs of execution of the restoration
work. Then, in the maintenance module, the maintenance
conditions established in the restoration project were
introduced, being able to assign periodicity and notification
when appropriate to the assigned personnel.

After the process of entering data to the web platform, the

ability to analyze the system was verified, by searching for
related information between the different modules. The results
are displayed on the screen in a simple and easy to understand
way, based on the visualization by means of different colors of
the results on the model (Fig.6).
Figure 4. Web platform Petrobim with the model mesh and 4. DISCUSSION
viewer of the material module of the facade of the masonry
factory The management of all the information generated during the
process of conservation and restoration of a building is
complicated, since it involves numerous professionals and
3.2 Operability of the tool
different formats. Petrobim has been developed to respond to
Once the model was generated and segmented to work properly these problems, through the creation of a web platform that
in Petrobim, the information coming from the archaeological unifies all agents and all types of documentation. It has great
report was introduced prior to the subsequent restoration benefits, such as being a web platform accessible from any
project. The objective was to know if the platform had the device and place, easy to use and is specific for conservation
adequate capacities to store all the information that had been and restoration work throughout the life cycle. It has different
generated during the process of intervention in the property by modules aimed at introducing all the necessary data in a
the different professionals involved (Fig. 5). restoration project and it is a constantly updated program, since
new modules are incorporated as new utilities are needed.

This contribution has been peer-reviewed.

https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W15-25-2019 | © Authors 2019. CC BY 4.0 License. 29
 The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XLII-2/W15, 2019
27th CIPA International Symposium “Documenting the past for a better future”, 1–5 September 2019, Ávila, Spain

In our case of study we found some limitations, since we did restoration of heritage throughout its life cycle, facilitating
not have time to elaborate a model with a great level of detail, accessibility to the different disciplines and carrying out
only being able to work with a textured mesh. When importing selective queries of information to the database.
the model to the platform we found some problems to select the
segments in which we had divided the mesh and assign them The latest research on heritage documentation focuses on
the constructive elements. The program is more oriented to developing information systems capable of storing and
work with models from 3D studio max or Rhinoceros, although managing information in real time, accessible through web
it allows the introduction of meshes. Another point to note is platforms and created under standard technologies that allow
the database of construction elements. Unlike the other interoperability between different databases, prioritizing
modules, in this case the base is scarce. It is considered features as ease of use by non-expert users and the visualization
interesting that it could incorporate vocabulary like the of the model. In turn, they are characterized by using a 3D
thesaurus of Art and Architecture (AAT) elaborated by the model built according to a semantic structure on which the
Getty Institute, although it allows to create new constructive information stored in a database is recorded on its surface and
elements, in this way it would facilitate the interoperability with accessible for consultation. The system allows professionals to
other platforms and between users. In addition, sometimes it is insert information in real time in 2D and 3D formats. The next
necessary to incorporate a more exhaustive description, missing phase of the study will focus on the use of a system similar to
a field that allows to incorporate this information. that of GIS tools, incorporating geographic tools, analysis and
administration, for the cataloging of Aragonese architectural
heritage.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

To thank the colleagues of the Architectural Graphic

Expression Area, Angélica Fernández and Miguel Sancho for
their work during the process of data collection and
development of the model. This work has been possible thanks
to the collaboration agreement signed between the University of
Zaragoza and Petrobim. Project funded by the Government of
Aragon (T37_17R: Architecture Research Group (GIA)) and
co-financed with Feder 2014-2020 "Building Europe from
Figure 6. Web platform Petrobim. Results of the search for Aragon".
constructive elements
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This contribution has been peer-reviewed.

https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W15-25-2019 | © Authors 2019. CC BY 4.0 License. 30
 The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XLII-2/W15, 2019
27th CIPA International Symposium “Documenting the past for a better future”, 1–5 September 2019, Ávila, Spain

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This contribution has been peer-reviewed.

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