Capt. R. K.

Sharma Q&A

SET-I
1. What is New Gyro?

Ans. New gyro smaller rotor higher rpm and integrated latitude and speed error
correction with GPS. Fluid suspended and due to minimal friction it can retain its
heading up to 3 minutes after power loss. Compact. Transmission by electrical signals
and not by phantom assembly etc to repeaters

2. Master overboard in pacific, action?

Ans. 1. Commence the Anderson turn by putting the rudder hard over to the side
master has fallen overboard.

2. Release MOB Buoy from bridge mark position on GPS.

3. Raise alarm for MOB. Ask 3/O to come on the bridge and 2/O to proceed to
Rescue boat preparation, as master is overboard so as his second in command I will assume
responsibility of the vessel.

4. Carry out rescue operations, recover master.

5. Inform owners and seek medical assistance from shore.

6. Follow instructions from owners.

3. What r the lights shown by vsl dragging anchor?

Ans. NUC lights.

4. What is bore tide?

Ans. It can be seen in confined channels, such as in Haldia. The incoming tide comes in
the form of a wave.

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 Capt. R. K. Sharma Q&A

SET-II
1. Ice accretion onboard hazard causes and how to prevent? (Wants
you to quantify sea and air temp.)

Ans. Causes- 1. Snowfall, major cause of ice accumulation of ice can form a thick
layer of ice onboard.
2. Sea Sprays, with wind or as green seas will freeze onboard and form solid ice.
3. Rime, super cooled droplets of water which remain suspended in water turns
solid immediately when comes into contact with very cold metallic objects such as
ship structures
Hazards- 1. Loss of stability due to rise in KG and reduction of GM.
2. Damage to deck equipments.
3. Injury to crew.
Prevention- 1. Preventing areas where ice accretion can be expected.
2. Spraying anti freeze mixture on board.
3. Not allowing excessive ice accretion onboard by removing the ice manually with
shovels or mattocks.
4. Hot sea water can be sprayed to melt down the ice, but when doing so it must
be kept in mind that the sea water may turn into Hoarfrost due to sublimation
5. Ice accretion on wheelhouse windows to be minimised by using electrical
heated glass in conjunction with fresh water spray.

2. Wind rose info.

Ans. I) total no of observations

II) Total no of variable winds in the observation

III) Total no of calms i.e. during which no wind was present.

3. No. Of receivers and transmitters in AIS?

Ans. 1 VHF Transmitter, 2 VHF STDMA Receivers, 1 VHF DSC Receiver and 1 Standard
Marine Communication Link.

4. Range of LRIT?

Ans. Flag State- Worldwide

Coastal State- Ships within 1000 NM from coast provided vessel is not in territorial
water of other country.
PSC- Ship’s intending to call the port provided the vessel is not in coastal waters of
other country.

5. Climatological and Weather routing?

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 Capt. R. K. Sharma Q&A

Ans. Weather routing is done by using the current weather prediction for the area
obtained using weather facsimile and other means.

Climatological Routing is done using constant weather data observed over a long period
of time from various publications such as Routing charts, OPW NP 136, ASD NP 1-74.

6. TSS, plot the course from 1 point to another.

Ans. Things to remember while plotting courses.

1. Ensure entry into TSS is made at small angle.

2. Courses laid down well clear of Traffic separation Zone or Traffic

separation Line.

3. Course to be laid down in the general direction flow for that lane.

4. If required to cross the TSS the course should be laid down perpendicular
to general direction flow for that lane.

5. No courses to be laid down in the inshore traffic zone unless it is required

to call a point within inshore traffic zone. However contingency plans can be drawn
within inshore traffic zone.

6. Warning notice “No anchoring in TSS or in areas near termination” to be

posted.

7. Own Vessel on the Starboard Qtr of the target vessel, bearing constant, No R
adar, Clear visibility. Action?

Ans. Bearing Constant and if range is decreasing then ROC exists, and as in this case I
might be overtaking, I will consider myself as overtaking vessel as per Rule 13(c) and
keep clear of the other vessel and overtake her from her stbd side.

Target Vessel

Own Vessel

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 Capt. R. K. Sharma Q&A

8. Own Vessel on the Port Qtr/Beam of the target vessel,

ROC exists, Restricted Visibility.Action.

Ans.

I Target Vessel

Own Vessel

II

I. In this case if I am on the port beam best action would be reduce speed and let the
other vessel pass ahead.
II. In this case I will take action as per Rule 19 (d) (i) and give bold alteration to Stbd
i.e. 60°.

9. What do you understand by Routeing?

Ans. Ship routing is art of planning the ship’s route considering various factors such as
Distance, Ocean Currents, waves, Ice, Fog etc. For purpose of safety of life at sea,
environmental protection and making the voyage more economical. Two types of Ship
routing Climatological and Weather Routing.

10. What are Synoptic charts?

Ans. Synopsis Chart represents actual analysis of the weather observed.

11. What are Surface prognosis Charts? What all information u get from dis?
Difference B/w Surface Analysis & Prognosis Charts?
How are they helpful in Routeing?

Ans. Surface prognosis chart is prediction of the weather based on current weather
for next 12, 24, 36 and 48 hours. It provides info of all pressure systems, isobars, wind
directions, fronts and frontal depressions. Synopsis Chart is actual analysis of the
weather observed, whereas prognosis charts is prediction of the weather. Routing is
done by utilising Prognosis charts as they provide prediction of weather which could be
encountered during the intended passage.

12. What are wave charts? How do they help in Routeing?

Ans. Wave charts represents isopleths i.e. line joining all the places having same value of
wave heights in meter. It is quite useful in routing as the Ship performance curve is

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 Capt. R. K. Sharma Q&A

utilised here to see the behaviour of ship in the waves that can be encountered during
the voyage.

13. What is Frontal Depressions? What is TRS? Difference between them? Which
1 is more dangerous?

Ans. Frontal depression is a depression formed at a front i.e. where two different air
masses meet. TRS is basically an area of very low pressure surrounded by high
pressure. Difference between the two is,

Sl.No TRS TLD

1. It forms between 5°-20° N/S latitude
It forms between 23.5°-60° N/S latitude
2. It moves East to West It moves West to East
3. It forms in areas of constant windsIt forms in areas of differing winds
4. Wind speed is up to 150 knots Wind speed reaches max up to 55 knots
5. Wind speed decreases with height Wind speed increases with height
6. Isobars form perfectly closed circles
Isobars are irregular
7. It involves only a single air masses
It involves two air masses
8. Temperature is generally constant Temperature is variable due to diff air
masses involved
9. Energy is obtained by latent heat Energy is obtained by the frontal lifting
evolved due to condensation of air
10. Dia is 50-800 NM Dia is 1000-2000 NM

TRS is more dangerous than a frontal depression simply because of the high wind
speed involved in TRS.

15. How to avoid TRS & Frontal Depression?

Ans. By obtaining early warning for both via weather facsimile, EGC, Navtex or VHF.

16. What is Line Squall? Wx associated with Cold Front?

Ans. Line squall is a term associated with Cold front which is followed by a long line of low
based Cumulonimbus Cloud. Weather associated with cold front,
Pressure- Sudden increase, Wind Speed- Squalls, Wind Direction- Veers by 90°,
Temperature- Quick Fall, Clouds- Low base Cumulonimbus Cloud, Weather- Heavy rain and
thundering, Visibility- Poor.

17. Draw the diagram of Tropical Depression in NH? And Occlusion?

Ans. TRS in NH

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 Capt. R. K. Sharma Q&A

Occlusion

18. Why TRS is not found in South Atlantic Ocean?

Ans. The reasons for no TRS in South Atlantic are

1. No islands in South Atlantic mean no convection current to liberate latent heat.
2. Absence of ITCZ in South Atlantic to provide turbulence of air necessary for formation
of TRS.
3. Most importantly the sea water temperature should be at least 26° which is not
present in South Atlantic.

19. What is the Principle of Gyro?

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 Capt. R. K. Sharma Q&A

Ans. Gyroscopic Precession and Inertia.

20. What are the Errors and Limitations of Gyro?

Ans. 1. Damping error

2. Speed and course error
3. Ballistic deflection error,
Limitation of Gyro is that above 60° latitude it has problem in settling to north as it
depends on speed of earth rotation to settle on north but speed of earth which is 902 Cos
lat will reduce as you go higher up, and above 85° it becomes totally erratic.

21. How will u go about taking the morning Sight?

Ans. 1. First we need to choose suitable stars which can be found using the Star
finder.

2. For morning twilight find out LMT Nautical Twilight apply LIT to get GMT
and ZT to get SMT.

3. Now apply run to last known position to get DR Lat and Long from current
SMT to the SMT obtained.

4. Now from almanac get GHA Aries and apply longitude to get LHA Aries.
From DR Lat and LHA Aries go to star finder and using the correct template closest to
DR Lat choose 3-4 stars.

5. Now for morning sight start with the stars on eastern horizon as they will
disappear from horizon first, take the altitude and azimuth note down the time for
all the stars.

6. Use 3 stars for plotting purpose. Apply run to the obtained PL using
Intercept to nearest hour. Point of intersection of the PL’s would be your position.

22. How will u determine which all stars are suitable for observation?

Ans. Criteria for choosing the stars should be as follows

i) Angular separation should be as close as possible to 90°.

ii) Chosen stars magnitude should be low i.e. they should be bright.

iii) Altitude should be between 20°-70°.

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23. How do u use Star finder?

Ans. Star finder is used to choose suitable stars for celestial observations and for
identifying stars.

1. For morning twilight find out LMT Nautical Twilight and for evening twilight
find out LMT Civil Twilight apply LIT to get GMT and ZT to get SMT.

2. Now apply run to last known position to get DR Lat and Long from current
SMT to the SMT obtained.

3. Now from almanac get GHA Aries and apply longitude to get LHA Aries.
From DR Lat and LHA Aries go to star finder and using the correct template closest to DR Lat
choose 3-4 stars.

4. Criteria for choosing the stars should be as follows

i) Angular separation should be as close as possible to 90°.

ii) Chosen stars magnitude should be low i.e. they should be bright.

iii) Altitude should be between 20°-70°.

For identifying stars just get the azimuth of star and calculate LHA Aries and latitude is
known so use suitable template and put the pointer on LHA Aries and using the azimuth find
the star.

24. How do u determine the brightness of the star?

Ans. Lower the stellar magnitude, brighter the star.

25. Strongest currents?

Ans. Kuroshio Current, Aghulas Current, Mozambique Current and Gulf Stream.

26. Natural Scale on chart?

Ans. It is the ratio of the distance between two points on chart to actual distance on land
between the two points.

27. Requirements for ETA

Ans. Ships other than tankers should have an ETB which should contain:

1. Drawing of the layout of forward and aft towing arrangement.

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2. List of spares and equipments to be used for towing.

3. Communication Procedures.
4. Towing connections and procedures.

Requirement for the ETB was of 3 such booklets with each copy placed at a specific
location (Bridge, Ships office & Forecastle) with one copy in Company office which could
be utilised by them in case of emergency.

Tankers, constructed before 01st July 2002,

1. Aft ETA should be capable of being deployed within 15 minutes.

2. Fwd ETA should be capable of being deployed within 60 minutes.
3. It should be possible to pick up the towing pennant manually without use of ship’s
power.
4. All the equipments to be clearly marked and to be visible in night.
5. All the equipment should be properly maintained.

Tankers, constructed after 01st July 2002,

1. ETA should be capable of rapid deployment.

2. At least one ETA shall be pre rigged for rapid deployment without use of ships main
power.
3. The strength of the ETA should be sufficient considering the size of the ship.

SET-III
1. Safe speed?

2. Situation simple overtaking?

3. R.V Situations

4. Quote: RAM, CBD, sailing v/l, fishing v/l

5. Brightest star?

Ans. Sun (-26.74) is the brightest star. Then Sirius (-1.46) followed by Canopus (-0.72)

6. Weather routing?

Ans. Weather routing is done by using the current weather prediction for the area obtained
using weather facsimile and other means.

7. Routing charts?

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 Capt. R. K. Sharma Q&A

Ans. Routing Charts, provide weather prevailing in a region based on observations over a
long period of time. Contents of routing charts are Wind Rose, Currents, Dew Point
Temperature, load line zones, Seawater temperature, Isobars, Ice limits, Fog information,
Routes and distances between major Ports around the worlds. Presently there are 84 charts
covering 7 ocean regions for 12 months making it total of 84.

8. TRS avoiding action and signs?

Ans. Signs of approaching TRS

1. Swells travelling radially outwards

2. Falling Pressure

3. Visibility exceptional

4. Dark clouds on the horizon with thundering

5. Peculiar red copper colour of sky during evening

6. Cirrus clouds leading towards the centre

7. Increasing wind speed

8. Storm warnings.

Actions to Avoid TRS, in northern hemisphere

1. Take bearing of storm centre using Buys Ballots Law. Face the true wind
and storm centre will be 8-12 points on the right. If pressure has fallen 5 mb below
normal after allowing for semi diurnal variation take 12 points, if it is 20 mb below
normal allow 20 points as the TRS is in near vicinity.

2. Determine which semicircle you are in. Wind will veer in RHSC and back in
LHSC. Due care must be exercised while determining wind direction.

3. Once the position is confirmed, take action

- In Dangerous semicircle i.e. RHSC: keeping the wind on stbd bow 1 point for
slow vessels (speed less than 12 knots) and 4 points for vessel fast vessels (speed more
than 12 knots) altering as the wind is Veering.

- In Navigable semicircle i.e. LHSC keeping the wind 4 points on Stbd quarter,
alter course as the wind is backing.

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 Capt. R. K. Sharma Q&A

In both the above cases vessel to proceed in the same way until the pressure comes
back to normal.

In southern hemisphere,

1. Take bearing of storm centre using Buys Ballots Law. Face the true wind
and storm centre will be 8-12 points on the left. If pressure has fallen 5 mb below
normal after allowing for semi diurnal variation take 12 points, if it is 20 mb below
normal allow 20 points as the TRS is in near vicinity.

2. Determine which semicircle you are in. Wind will veer in RHSC and back in
LHSC. Due care must be exercised while determining wind direction.

3. Once the position is confirmed, take action

- In Dangerous semicircle i.e. LHSC: keeping the wind on port bow 1 point for
slow vessels (speed less than 12 knots) and 4 points for vessel fast vessels (speed more
than 12 knots) altering as the wind is Backing.

- In Navigable semicircle i.e. RHSC keeping the wind 4 points on Port quarter,
alter course as the wind is veering.

In both the above cases vessel to proceed in the same way until the pressure comes
back to normal.

9. Steering failure n heading shoals. Action?

Ans. It is an emergency situation.

1. Raise Alarm, muster crew. Inform Master and engine room.
2. Stop engines, find out what kind of steering failure is it.
3. Inform al the vessels in the vicinity and VTS
4. Call for anchor stations, drop anchor to stop the vessel from running into shoal.
5. NFU mode or emergency steering can be used depending on the type of emergency.

10. Abnormal waves.

Ans. It is a phenomenon which is experience off the SE coast of Africa, waves of up to 20 m

height very high crest and deep trough instead of a normal sinusoidal wave can be
experienced. The reason for this is that the Aghulas a very strong current prevailing in this
area comes against sea and swells combined with passage cold front.

11. Strongest current in world?

Ans. Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC).

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 Capt. R. K. Sharma Q&A

SET-IV
1. Define RAM and towing vsl RAM?

Ans. RAM- Vessel due to nature of her work she is involved in is severely restricted in her
ability to deviate from the course she is following and unable to manoeuvre as required by
these rules.
Towing vessel RAM- A towing vessel due to her tow is unable to deviate to deviate from
the course she is following.

2. You are on towing vessel RAM, other PD vsl on your stbd side not taking
action, Crossing. Situation. Action?

PDV Tgt Vsl

RAM

Towing

Own vessel
1. Take series of bearings and determine if ROC exists.
2. Clearly if ROC exist as per 18(a) it is the responsibility of PDV to keep clear.
3. If she is not taking action sound 5 or more rapid short blasts.
4. If she is still not taking action then stop the vessel and let the PDV pass ahead as this is
my best option being a towing vessel Ram I can’t alter my course.

3. How GPS WORK, Difference b/w GPS and DGPS, how they calculate
error, how range measured?

Ans. Working of GPS- It determines position by calculating the range of the user from
the various satellites, position of these satellites is known to the GPS contained in the
Almanac data in Navigational message. The equation now obtained from the satellites
and is resolved with equations obtained from other satellites.

DGPS is a GPS in which the position fix is agumentated by differential data, provided to
GPS receiver via various DGPS stations in form of correction. The error is calculated in
terms of Range or Lat/Long a DGPS station knows its position and position of satellites
so it calculates the position or range and compares it with correct position or range the

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difference in the two values would be the correction which is sent to all the GPS
receivers within the range.

The range is calculated by measuring the time difference utilising the identical sets of
C/A code generated within the user and the satellite and multiplying it with speed of
light.

4. Why star/ sun sight PL is perpendicular to bearing and terrestrial

PL is same as bearing?

Ans. In a star/sun sight we get the TZD which is the distance between the observer and the
GP of the body, which means we get a Position circle around the GP of body and the PL
which is a small part of position circle is perpendicular to Azimuth of GP of body and in case
of terrestrial bearing we directly get a Position line because it is not distance from the
terrestrial object i.e. it’s not a position circle.

5. What is the centre of start sight position circle, how u take amplitude, is sun at ratio
nal horizon or visual horizon at that time?

Ans. Centre of Star sight position circle is the GP of the Star. Amplitude of sun is taken by
taking the bearing of sun when it is half a limb above the horizon i.e. 0°18´ above horizon.
And then true bearing is calculated using the formula Sin Amp= Sin Dec/Cos Lat. Giving us
the Compass error.
Sun centre is at the rational horizon at the time of observation.

6. Situation: Can u cross TSS, and then you are crossing TSS, and
crossing situation developed, your action?

Ans. Yes we can cross TSS clearly mentioned in Rule 10(c), but shall avoid doing
so and when obliged to do so shall do so at an heading as nearly as practicable to
90°. If crossing situation follow Rule 15, clearly mentioned in Rule 10(a) that all
other rules are applicable in TSS adopted by the organization.

7. R.V.crossing situation with radar, trgt vsl at 4 nm on your stbd side,

and then you hear a fog signal your stbd bow, your action?

Ans. When I hear a fog signal on my stbd side, it means it is within 2 NM range, it is
possible that the RADAR is not able to pick up the target, so therefore my action would
be
1. Reduce speed to minimum at which I can keep my course and speed as per
Rule 19(e).
2. Post extra lookout forward. Meanwhile try to adjust RADAR settings so as
to get the target painted on RADAR.
3. Determine ROC with sound signals increasing or decreasing.

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4. If ROC still exists then take all way off by stopping or reversing the engine
again as per Rule 19(e) and navigate with extreme caution until danger of
navigation is over.

8. What all rule are applicable in RV?

Ans. Rule 1-10, 19, 20-31, 32, 33 & 35.

9. Can u do weather routing on ship, how to do it? What information u need for it?

Ans. We can do weather routing onboard. We can do weather routing by data from various
publications (Climatological routing) or from weather reports obtained from various
sources (weather routing).
Data required for weather routing-
1. Currents prevailing in the area
2. Weather prevailing in the area
3. Movement of fronts, frontal depression, low pressure areas.
4. Distance between the ports
5. Waves prevailing in the area
6. Ice movement
7. Fog

8. What is frontolysis?

Ans. Frontolysis is the process of decaying of frontal depression.

SET-V
1. Started with ROR situations.

2. Lights displayed by diffenerent types of vsls-

he will tell you a situation like P/D vessel towing a/s.
Now tell me the light s displayed by both of them?

Ans. Vessel Towing A/s- 2 Masthead light, second masthead light as per length,
side lights and Sternlight.
Vessel being towed- Sidelights at the forward end and Sternlight.

3. Direction of ocean currents in North Atlantic, North Pacific

and Arabian Sea in different seasons.

Ans. North Atlantic- Clockwise Circulation

North Pacific- Clockwise Circulation

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Arabian Sea- Anticlockwise during NE monsoon (Nov-Jan) and Clockwise rest of the
year.

4. Why does current direction changes with seasons?

Ans. Due to change in direction of wind from NE monsoon to SW monsoon.

5. What are Growlers, Bergy bits and their size?

Ans. Growler and Bergy bits are a type of iceberg, Growler: Ht- Under 1m and Length- 6-15
m,
Bergy Bit: Ht- 1-6 m and Length- 15-60 m.

6. Man overboard in TSS, restricted visibility and there is no VTIS. Action?

Ans. MOB in TSS it will be difficult to execute Anderson turn, so my plan would be to go out
of TSS and the drop rescue boat and pick up the MOB,
1. Put helm towards the side person has fallen overboard.
2. Release MOB buoy and mark the position on GPS.
3. Raise alarm and control the steering, take the vessel out of TSS.
4. Inform all the vessels in vicinity by means of urgency message (PAN PANx3.......)
5. Handover to master and attend to rescue boat preparations being the head of rescue
team
6. Lower the rescue boat and proceed to rescue the person while communicating with the
ship.
7. Rescue the person and give him medical attention necessary.
8. Biggest issue in R.V would be locating the person, therefore in such a situation it is
necessary to co-ordinate with the ship, and bridge can give me directions for
proceeding towards MOB location.

7. Are paper charts mandatory now?

Ans. Not mandatory but they can be accepted as a backup for ENC, and with RCDS the
paper charts should be the primary means of navigation.

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 Capt. R. K. Sharma Q&A

SET-VI
1. Lights displayed by vessel dragging
anchor?

Ans. NUC lights.

2. Own v/l CBD, P/D v/l 4 points on stbd bow. 4nm, constant bearing,
range decreasing.

Ans.
PDV

4 NM/ 4 Points

CBD

Own Vessel

As per rule 18(d)(i) and 8(f)(i) the PDV should have taken action well in
advance. But since she is already too close and ROC exists, own vessel which is
proceeding as per Rule 18(d)(ii) and clarification no.7 should take action in
accordance to 8(f)(iii), in this case my action would be to reduce speed and let the
other vessel pass ahead as altering course is not an option as my vessel is CBD.

3. Same situation in R.V?

Ans. Reduce speed.

4. Same situation in RV range

now 2 NM?

Ans. Take all her way off by stopping or

reversing the engine.

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5. Own v/l PD, 4 points on stbd bow PD v/l, RV, range 2nm, CPA nil?

Ans.

Tgt V/L

Own V/L
Reduce speed to minimum at which she can be kept on her
course as per rule 19 (e) as it is a close quarter situation.

6. Region B, Preferred channel to starboard card was placed ahead of my ship

. Action?

Ans. Alter course to stbd so as to keep the buoy on port side.

7. As a C/O how will you determine which stars are suitable for
observation?

Ans. Criteria for choosing the stars should be as follows

i) Angular separation should be as close as possible to 90°.

ii) Chosen stars magnitude should be low i.e. they should be bright.

iii)Altitude should be between 20°-70°.

8. Magnitude of star?

Ans. It is the indication of brightness of the star, lower the stellar magnitude, brighter the
star.

9. Cold Fronts and wx?

Ans. Weather associated with cold front, Pressure- Sudden increase, Wind Speed- Squalls,
Wind Direction- Veers by 90°, Temperature- Quick Fall, Clouds- Low base Cumulonimbus
Cloud, Weather- Heavy rain and thundering, Visibility- Poor.

10. Line squall?

Ans. Line squall is a term associated with Cold front which is followed by a long line of low
based Cumulonimbus Cloud.

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11. Occlusion?

Ans. It is the first step in the frontolysis, the cold air mass is soon able to undercut the warm
air mass and lift it off completely from ground level and the front is then said to be
occluded.

12. Difference between Climatological & Weather routing?

Ans. Weather routing is done by using the current weather prediction for the area
obtained using weather facsimile and other means.

Climatological Routing is done using constant weather data observed over a long period of
time from various publications such as Routing charts, OPW NP 136, ASD NP 1-74.

13. Synoptic Charts?

Ans. It represents the actual situation present at that moment.

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 Capt. R. K. Sharma Q&A

14. Surface Anaylsis Chart shown and told to identify TRS, wind s
peed?
Ans.

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 Capt. R. K. Sharma Q&A

SET- VII

Normal Visibility
1. Situation.

PDV
Tgt v/l

CBD

Own v/l

Action. 1. Take series of consecutive bearing, determine if ROC exists.

2. If ROC exists then sound 5 or more rapid short blasts.

3. If she is still not taking action the reduce speed and let her pass ahead, as per Rule 8 (f) (iii) and
as per rule 18 (d) (ii) a vessel CBD should have her engines ready and the same echoed in
Clarification No. 7.

2. Situation.

CBD Tgt v/l

PDV

Own V/l

Action. 1. Take series of consecutive bearing, determine if ROC exists.

2. If ROC exist then sound 1 short blast and alter course to stbd pass her stern rule 15 is applicable
here.

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 Capt. R. K. Sharma Q&A

Restricted Visibility
1. Situation.

PDV Tgt V/l

PDV

Own V/l

2. Situation.

PDV Own V/l

PDV

Tgt V/l

Action. 1. Take Radar bearing and ranges, use RADAR plotting to determine ROC exists.

2. If ROC exists I will take action as per Rule 19 (d) (i) in both cases, a bold alteration to Stbd.

3. In case RADAR is in-operational, only way to determine ROC is to by hearing fog signals
forward of beam and with intensity increasing ROC exists.
4. In all such cases rule 19 (e) is applicable as this will be a close quarter situation so reduce
speed to minimum to keep her on course and if ROC still exists take all way off by stopping
or reversing means of propulsion.

3. Situation

PDV

Own

PDV Tgt

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 Capt. R. K. Sharma Q&A

Action. 1. Take Radar bearing and ranges, use RADAR plotting to determine ROC exists.

2. If ROC exists I will take action as per Rule 19 (d) (ii) in this case, a bold alteration to port.

In case RADAR is in-operational, only way to determine ROC is to by hearing fog signals abaft
beam and with intensity increasing ROC exists.
In all such cases rule is silent with a close quarter situation abaft the beam so best action is
to give hard over alteration to port and take the vessel on port quarter and proceed in the
same way until the intensity of sound signal reduces i.e. danger of collision is over.

4. Cold and warm front definition and weather associated?

Ans. Cold Front- When the temperature of an area is colder than before after the passage
of front the front is known as cold front. Weather associated with cold front,
Pressure- Sudden increase, Wind Speed- Squalls, Wind Direction- Veers by 90°,
Temperature- Quick Fall, Clouds- Low base Cumulonimbus Cloud, Weather- Heavy rain and
thundering, Visibility- Poor.
Warm Front- When the temperature of an area is warmer than before after the passage of
front the front is known as warm front. Weather associated with warm front,
Pressure- Sudden fall, Wind Speed- Steady, Wind Direction- Veers by 90°, Temperature-
Quick rise, Clouds- Nimbostratus, Weather- No rain, Visibility- Poor due to fog or mist.

5. Weather Facsimile chart, drawn one position and asked to determine direction of
wind?

Ans. The wind will always be blowing from HP to LP due to gradient force, while being
deflected to right in NH and left in SH due to coriolis force. Always try to locate areas of HP
and LP on the chart.

6. Use of wave charts in passage planning?

Ans. Wave charts represents isopleths i.e. line joining all the places having same value of
wave heights in meter. It is quite useful in routing as the Ship performance curve is utilised
here to see the behaviour of ship in the waves that can be encountered during the voyage.

7. AIS- Antennas, frequency and Transmission power?

Ans. Antennas- 1 VHF Transmitter, 2 VHF STDMA Receivers, 1 VHF DSC Receiver and 1
Standard Marine Communication Link.
Frequency- Two VF channels 87B- 161.975 Mhz and 88B- 162.025 MHz
Transmission Power- Class A: 12.5 Watts, Class B: 2 Watts.

8. GPS and DGPS?

Ans. DGPS is a GPS in which the position fix is agumentated by differential data, provided
to GPS receiver via various DGPS stations in form of correction. The error is calculated in
terms of Range or Lat/Long a DGPS station knows its position and position of satellites so it

Prepared By- Abhishek jha

 Capt. R. K. Sharma Q&A

calculates the position or range and compares it with correct position or range the
difference in the two values would be the correction which is sent to all the GPS receivers
within the range.

9. Does GPS show correct time?

Ans. GPS has about 1s UTC correction.

10. Which time you will use Chronometer or GPS time?

Ans.

Prepared By- Abhishek jha