KINDERGARTEN MONTESSORI SCHOOL

SAGOLBAND TAKYEL KOLOM LEIKAI

Imphal West – 795113

SESSION 2023 – 24
BIOLOGY INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
On
Study of Human Skeletal System.
In partial fulfilment of the requirement for the ALL INDIA
SENIOR SECONDARY CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION
(AISSCE), 2023 – 24

Submitted by: Submitted to:

Name: Jamesbond Kongkham Miss Ngangbam Ningthoulembi
Grade: 11th Grade (Science) PGT Biology
Roll No: 20
Acknowledgemet
I would like to express my special
thanks of gratitude to our respected
Principal, Sir Dhaneshor who gave me
this golden opportunity to do this
wonderful project on the topic
“To study of Human Skeletal
System”

I would like to extend my gratitude to

Miss Ngangbam Ningthoulembi, PGT
Biology, KMS for her constant
guidance and providing a very nice
platform to learn.

I would also like to thank my parents

and friends who helped me a lot in
finalizing this project within the limited
time frame.
CERTIFICATE
This is to Certify that Jamesbond
Kongkham of 11th GRADE of
KINDERGARTEN MONTESSORI
SCHOOL bearing Roll No.20 has
successfully completed the Biology
Investigatory project on the topic
“To study of Human Skeletal
System”
under the guidance of subject teacher
Ngangbam Ningthoulembi , as
prescribed by the CBSE Board for the
Academic Year 2023-24.

Teacher-In-charge External examiner

Principal School Rubber

Stamp

INDEX
Sr Particular Page
No. s No.

1. Introduction 1

2. Diagram 2

3. Description 3

4. Function and Parts 4-15

5. Conclusion 16

INTRODUCTION
Bones provide a rigid framework, known as
the skeleton, that support and protect the
soft organs of the body. The skeleton
supports the body against the pull of gravity.
The large bones of the lower limbs support
the trunk when standing. The skeleton also
protects the soft body parts. It gives your
body its shape, allows movement, makes
blood cells, provides protection for your
organs and stores minerals. The skeletal
system is also called the musculoskeletal
system.

DIAGRAM
DISCRIPTION
The skeletal system also helps to protect
our internal organs and other delicate
body organs, including the brain, heart,
lungs and spinal cord by acting as a
buffer. Our cranium (skull) protects our
brain and eyes, the ribs protect our heart
and lungs and our vertebrae (spine,
backbones) protect our spinal cord. The
skeletal system mainly provides a structural
framework and supports the body. It is made
up of 206 bones in an adult human. It
comprises bones, cartilage, ligaments and
tendons that connects bones and bones to
muscles. The human skeletal system
provides definite shape to the body and
protection to internal organs.

FUNCTION
  Bones provide shape to the body.
 Bones act as a protection to internal organs like brain, heart, lungs etc..
 Provides support to the body and anchors muscles.
 Bones serve as storage space for minerals like calcium and phosphate
 Bones helps in facilitating body movements.
 Bones serve as the birthplace for red blood cells.

Axial Skeleton
Human skeletal has two major divisions:

 Axial skeleton
 Appendicular skeleton

Axial skeleton

The axial skeleton is made up of 80 bones and it constitutes the middle axis. It

includes the following regions:

 Skull
 Hyoid
 Auditory ossicles
 Vertebral column
 Ribs
 Sternum

Appendicular skeleton
Out of the 206 bones present in the adult human body, a total of 126 named bones

form the appendicular skeleton. The appendicular skeleton consists of the pelvic and

pectoral girdles and the bones of the hands, feet, lower and upper extremity,

shoulder girdle, and pelvic bones.

Skull
The human skull consists of cranium and facial bones. The function of the cranium is

to protect the brain. It is formed of 8 plate-shaped bones joined together at meeting

points called sutures. Along with cranium, the remaining 14 bones form the facial

bones. Mandible is the only movable bone in the human skull.

The main function of the skull is to render protection and support. It does so along

with the surrounding meninges. Protection is provided to the different parts of the

brain – Cerebellum, Cerebrum and brainstem in addition to the orbits of the eyes.

Structural support is provided for attachments of the muscles of the face and scalp.

Additionally, it protects different vessels and nerves innervating the facial muscles,

brain and other related parts. The skull hardens and fuses as it develops to

safeguard its internal contents.

Hyoid
It is a U-shaped bone located in the anterior neck. It is an intermediary between the

skull and post cranial skeleton. The hyoid bone aids tongue movement and

swallowing. It has no articulation with other bones.

Auditory Ossicles
Auditory ossicles namely malleus, incus, stapes are three bones in the middle ear

that are the smallest bones in the human body. The functions of ossicles are to

transmit sound from the air to the cochlea .

Ribs

Ribs are the long curved bones which constitute the rib cage. The ribs consist of 24

bones in 12 pairs which form the protective cage of the thorax. The ribs protect the

thoracic internal organs. They articulate posteriorly with the vertebral column and

terminates anteriorly as cartilage.

Sternum
Sternum or the breastbone is a long bone placed at the central part of the chest. The

sternum and ribs make up the rib cage. The sternum is attached to the first seven

ribs and also to the Clavicle or collarbone .

Vertebral Column
The vertebral column is also a part of the axial skeletal system. The vertebral column

is a set of approximately 33 bones called vertebrae which are separated by

intervertebral discs. It is divided into 5 categories. They are Cervical, Thoracic,

Lumbar, Sacrum, Coccyx.

Functions of the Vertebral

column
 The vertebral column protects the spinal cord.
 Provides stiffening to the body.
 Provides structural support by balancing the bodyweight
 Provides attachment to pectoral and pelvic girdles and other muscles.

Cervical Vertebrae:The cervical is the most delicate and the

thinnest bones of the vertebral column. The cervical vertebrae are formed of 7

vertebrae. The seven cervical vertebrae are arranged along the length of the neck.

They are named according to its position from the skull to the chest. The superior C1

or first cervical vertebrae to C7 or the seventh cervical vertebrae constitute the

cervical vertebrae. The C1 vertebrae are named as Atlas whose function is to hold

up the skull. Also, C2 is named as Axis since it serves as the axis for the skull and

atlas to rotate while turning head from one side to another.

Thoracic Vertebrae

It is placed at the mid-back of the human body. The main function is to hold the rib

cage and to protect the heart and lungs. The twelve thoracic vertebrae are named T1

to T12. Thoracic vertebrae are the unique one other than the remaining vertebrae as

it supports the ribs.

Lumbar Vertebrae

These are the largest in the vertebral column and comprises of 5 vertebrae bones

between the rib cage and pelvis. The lumbar vertebrae are named from L1 to L5. L1

is closest to the thoracic vertebrae whereas L5 is adjacent to the pelvis. The lumbar

vertebrae functions as the load-bearing structure.

Sacral Vertebrae

The sacral vertebrae consist of 5 vertebrae bones which fuse together to form

Sacrum. The sacrum is a long wedge-shaped vertebra at the inferior end of the

spine. It is a very strong bone which supports the weight of the upper body as it

spread across the pelvis into the legs.

Coccyx Vertebrae

The coccyx vertebrae are formed by the fusion of three to five rudimentary bones to

form a small triangular bone at the bottom of the vertebral column. The coccyx

vertebrae are also referred to as the tail bone. The coccyx serves as an attachment

site for ligaments, tendons and muscles. The coccyx may be fractured when a

person falls abruptly.

Appendicular Skeleton
The appendicular skeleton is the part of the human skeletal system that supports the

appendages. It consists of 186 bones including the bones of the limbs as well as

supporting the pelvic and pectoral girdles.

The appendicular skeleton is divided into 6 regions.

1. Shoulder girdle
2. Arms and forearms
3. Hands
4. Pelvis
5. Thighs and legs
6. Feet and ankles

Shoulder Girdle
The shoulder girdle or the pectoral girdle is a set of 4 bones which connects to the

arm on each side. The pectoral girdle is part of the appendicular skeleton which are

for the upper limbs. In human beings, the pectoral girdle consists of the scapula and

the clavicle.
Arms and Forearms
The arm and forearm are constituted of 6 bones. The large bones of the arm include:

 Humerus – Humerus runs from the shoulder socket and joins the radius and
ulna at the elbow.
 Radius – Radius is a forearm which runs from the elbow to the thumb side of
the wrist.
 Ulna – Ulna, a forearm which runs from the elbow to the ‘pinky’ side of the
elbow.

Hands
The hands consist of 54 bones which provide support and flexibility to the soft

tissues. The bones of hands are categorised into three:

1. Carpals – Carpals are a set of 8 irregularly shaped bones located in the wrist
area.
2. Metacarpals – Metacarpals are bones which are related to each digit, there
are 5 metacarpal bones.
3. Phalanges – Phalanges are the bones of the fingers. There are 3 phalanges
in each finger, except, for the thumb which has two phalanges only.

Pelvic Girdle
The pelvic girdle is located in the lower part of the trunk. It a ring-like bony structure.

The pelvic girdle consists of two bones sacrum and the coccyx. The pelvic girdle is

formed of paired hip bones each made up of ilium, ischium and pubis.
Functions of Pelvic Girdle
 It transfers the weight of the body from the axial skeleton to the appendicular
components, especially during the movement.
 Provides attachment from a number of muscles and ligaments enabling
movement.

The majority of women have a gynaecoid pelvis and males have an android pelvis.

The differences in the structure creates a great pelvic outlet enabling the process of

childbirth.

Thighs and Legs

The bones of the legs and thighs are part of the appendicular skeletal system which

supports the muscles of the lower limbs. These muscles help in walking, running,

standing and jumping. These bones should be strong enough in order to support the

body’s weight.

 The Femur or thigh bone is the largest and heaviest bone in the human body.
At the proximal end of Femur, there is a rounded prominence which is called
as the Head of the Femur.
 The Tibia and Fibula are the two long bones in the lower leg. They are two
separate bones but are closely linked at the knee and the ankle.
 The top of Tibia connects to the knee joint and bottom connects to the ankle
joint. Although Tibia carries all the body weight, it needs the support of Fibula.
Feet and Ankles
The foot is a firm platform which supports the weight of the body. It is formed of

many bones such as the tarsals, metatarsals and phalanges.

 Tarsals: A set of 8 irregular bones situated proximally in the foot in the ankle
area.
 Metatarsals: A set of 5 bones each one for a digit. These bones connect
tarsals with the phalanges.
 Phalanges: Each toe has 3 phalanges namely the proximal, intermediate and
distal.

Tendons

Tendons joint bones to skeletal muscles. They are made up of connective tissues.

Ligaments

Ligaments join two bones together. They are also a type of connective tissue.

Cartilage

Cartilage provides protection of bones at the joints from wear and tear. They are firm

yet softer and flexible than bones.

It forms a structural framework of many parts of the body, e.g. ear, nose, ribs,

bronchial tubes, etc.

Diseases related to Skeletal
System
1. Osteoporosis: Osteoporosis is a bone-related disease in which the bone
density is reduced and increases the risk of bone fracture.
2. Paget’s Disease: It is a chronic bone disease which causes the affected
bones to large and misshapen.
3. Arthritis: It is the inflammation caused to the joints causing difficulty and pain
in movements and limiting the same.
 CONCLUSION
In summary, our exploration of the skeletal system has unveiled its vital role in providing
structural support, protecting organs, and facilitating movement. Understanding the diverse
types of bones, bone formation, and the importance of minerals like calcium has
underscored the significance of a balanced lifestyle.

The interconnectedness of the skeletal system with other bodily systems emphasizes the
need for collaboration to maintain optimal health. The adaptability and self-repair
capabilities of bones highlight their resilience and complexity.

As we conclude, it's clear that a deeper comprehension of the skeletal system contributes
not only to our knowledge of human anatomy but also underscores the importance of
healthy lifestyle choices for the longevity and vitality of this fundamental framework.