WRITING TASK 1

(CAM 14-TEST 2)
The given bar chart and table provide information about the value of one nation’s exports by
comparing 5 specific industries between the year 2016 and 2015.
Overall, both 2 graphs witnessed an upward trend in most categories over the given period,
except for gems and jewellery. Notably, petroleum products and engineered goods
experienced the highest figures of the above-mentioned sectors.
To begin with, in 2015, while 60 billion dollars was earned by petroleum, with a 3% increase
in its value in the following year, the similar pattern was true for engineered goods which
saw a 8.5% rise in its proportion in 2016, commencing (=starting) at roughly 58 billion
dollars. Meanwhile, the figures for gems and jewellery tended to decline from approximately
43 billion dollars to just above 40 billion dollars, indicating a 5.18% reduction in its values.
Regarding the remaining categories, agricultural products earned nearly 30 billion dollars in
the first examined year, which then remained unchanged in 2016 with only 0.81% increase in
percentage. In addition, textiles appeared to exhibit the greatest growth in earnings, with
15.24% rise between 2 given years, starting at 27 billion dollars.
(20/4/2023)

The given diagram provides information about the process of recycling aluminium cans.
In general, there are several stages involved in the process, beginning with the disposal of
trash in appropriate bins and concluding with the production of reusing aluminium cans.
Looking at the diagram for details, the process begins when used cans are thrown into a
suitable bin for aluminium trash only before being collected by a garbage truck. As soon as the
collection stage is finished, the cans are then cleaned and sorting in order to keep the quality
cans and get rid of damaged ones. Subsequentlt, the sorted cans are subjected to the shredding
and compressing stage in which the cans’ surfaces are rubbed with special equipment to make
them more shining before being pressed, preparing for the next step.
In the subsequent stage, the products then undergo the heating step involving a significantly
high temperature so as to melt them into substances. Once the liquid is produced, it is then
being transferred into a specialized machine in which an aluminium roll with 2.5mm to 6mm
thick will be manufactured, followed by that the rolls are transformed into recycle cans occurs.
Finally, the 74% recycled commodities will be transported into various British shops, getting
ready for consumption.
(17/02/2022)

The given maps provide information about the design of a particular school site in the year
2004 and some alterations taking place in the next 20 years.
Overall, the mentioned area will undergo considerable changes with the supplement of various
schooling features as well as the transformation of a side road into a different direction,
offering further quantities of students.
Looking at the maps for details, regarding the front area, in 2004, the forest was located at the
center of the site between the main road to the left-hand side and another green area
dominated the right. A side road which was situated behind the center forest and terminated
next to the forest at the rear is now transformed into a straight one, ending at the east side.
While the second forest is demolished for the supplement of the second sport field to the south
and another car park at the right corner, no changes are made to both the minor road and the
middle forest.
Turning to the remaining features, although both a car park and a main entrance constructed at
the left corner of the side experience no touch at present, two school buildings are reduced in
their sizes and connected by a path used to link the main entrance and the first sport field at
the corner of the side road. Moreover, the sport field built in 2004 no longer exists at the
present time, instead, the third school is added to its original place.
------------

The given maps provide information about the layout of the small Islip town now and some
alterations taking place there in the future.
Overall, the mentioned area will undergo considerable changes, evolving from a tiny town to a
contemporary metropolis with more homes and public facilities. Moreover, the most notable
alteration is the transformation into a ring road, allowing people to further amenities.
Looking at the maps for details, at present, the region is seperated into 2 parts by a main road
running from the west to the east. However, in the future, the main road will be demolished
and both 2 side roads connecting to it will be converted into a dual carriageway, forming a
new ring road covering the Islip town. Moreover, there will be no changes to a school and few
houses constructed on the southern side of the area.
Turning to the remaining features, two rows of shops is now located on either side of the main
road, but the eastern one will be pulled down to make way for a bus station, a shopping center,
a car park, and a new housing area, with the addition of a pedestrian area adjacent to it. In
addition, a park on the southeast side of the town will be reduced in size to give more spaces
for further houses, making the Islip town a densely populated area.
(04/05/2024)
The charts below show the percentage of workers in three sectors across four countries in
1980 and 2010.Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features and
make comparisons where relevant.

The given tables give information about the rate of employees working in 3 fields across 4
particular nations in the years 1980 and 2010.
Overall, industry exhibited the greatest increase over the given period, whereas the opposite
trend was true for agriculture. Moreover, China was the only country achieving the highest
proportions of people working in agriculture in both years.
In the first examined year, roughly 60% of German employees worked in Industry,
compared to 10% lower than that of Services and only 5% of Agriculture. In addition, both the
USA and Japan shared an identical figure in Agriculture and Industry, at nearly 10% and a
half respectively, whereas the rate of Agriculture workers in China reached the peak of
precisely 70%, as opposed to 40% of those working in Industry. Furthermore, while exactly
half of China workers and American ones served in Services, nearly 40% of workers in Japan
activated in the same sector.
In 2010, more German people worked in Industry, with the figure increased by 20%, in
comparison with a reduction of 10% in Services and 3% in Agriculture. Besides, while both
the figures for the USA and Japan witnessed a one in ten decrease in Services, the former’s
proportion in Industry was observed at 70% and that of the latter was 80%. Meanwhile, the
rate of Chinese workers in Agriculture and Services went down by 20% and 30% respectively,
whereas that of Industry employees remained unchanged, at 40%.

(18/04/2024)
The charts below give information about the number of hours that students study each day at
five different universities. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main
features, and make comparisons where relevant.
The given bar charts illustrate the amount of time students from five specific universities learn
daily during weekdays and weekends.

In general, the figures for weekdays were consistently higher than for weekends. Moreover,
students in university D are likely to spend the least time studying than the others.

Regarding the weekdays, students at university D spend only 9.6 hours a day participating in
lectures, which exhibits the lowest figure of all mentioned universities. Moreover,
while both universities B and E share an identical figure, with approximately 10 hours per day,
university C witnesses the highest record with 10.6 hours spent by students.

Turning to the weekends, only 5.6 hours are spent studying per day by students at university
D, compared to 6.2 hours at university E. Meanwhile, further students in university A devote
their weekend time with the figure recorded at 9 hours, which is 0.4 and 1.2 hours higher than
those from universities B and C, respectively.

(13/04/2024)
The chart below gives information about the journey to school by children aged 11 to 16 in the
UK in a year. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and
make comparisons where relevant.

The given bar chart illustrates the journeys to schools of 11 to 16 British students in one year
with five specific distances.

In general, students in the UK tend to opt for walking and cycling with distances below 2
miles. Moreover, buses are likely to be the most favorable option among students for longer
distances.
To begin with, 90% of students walk to school with the journey less then 1 mile, compared to
half of those using bicycles with the same distances. Moreover, walking is less common
among students travelling between 1 to 2 miles, with the figure recorded at 60%, roughly 15%
lower than that of bicycles. Meanwhile, fewer students decide to walk or cycle with 2-to-5-
mile-distance, with 25% for the former and double that for the latter.

Turning to the remaining ones, cars and buses are less favorable among students who travel
through the distance below 1 mile, with the figures accounting for less than 10%. While fewer
students use cars and buses for 1-to-2-mile journeys, accounting for 20% and one in ten
respectively, those who travel from 2 to 5 miles tend to opt for buses, with the figure
witnessed at 50%, compared to 25% lower than that of cars. For over-5-mile journeys, the rate
for buses reaches a peak of nearly 70%, whereas cars are less preferable, making up only over
20%.

(09/05/2024)
The given table and pie chart provide information about the quantity of both domestic and
international students in Australian universities in the years 2001 and 2010.

Overall, local students consistently engaged in the research more than international ones.
Moreover, the figures for international students participating in the research exhibited a
considerable increase over the given period.

Looking at the table for details, in the first examined year, roughly 34 thousand local students
enrolled in the research, nearly five times as much as that of international students. By 2010,
while the figure for local students had only witnessed a further 5000, the number of
international students had been recorded at approximately 15 thousand students, about a three-
fold increase from its initial figure. Meanwhile, the total number of research
students starting at 39 thousand has gone up by around 14 thousand, indicating the
expanding coverage of the research towards students.
Turning to the pie chart, the figures for local males and females shared an identical figure in
2001, at nearly 44%, but then both witnessed a slight decline, with 38% for the former and
35% for the latter. In addition, the opposite pattern was true for international students over a 9-
year period. Particularly, 13% of non-local students attended to the research in 2001, including
9% of men and 4% of women, but then its rate rose by 14% with respective figures seen at
12% and 15%.

(06/04/2024)

The given bar charts provide information about the rates of students aged 14-to-16 learning an
overseas language in a nation speaking English and 3 specific most studied languages over a
period of 23 years, starting from 1984.

Overall, it was noticed that more girls participated in learning another language than boys over
the given period. Moreover, the figures for French were consistently higher than the other,
whereas the opposite trend was true for Spanish.

Regarding the first bar chart, approximately a half of girls studied a foreign language in the
first examined year, compared to 20% less than that of boys. In the next 23 years, both
categories shared a decline pattern of nearly 5%, with the figures recorded at 40% for the
former and 35% for the latter.
Turning to the remaining chart, the figure for French exhibited the highest record in 1984,
at exactly 50%, after which it witnessed a considerable decrease by roughly a half in 2007. In
addition, only 20% of students learned German, compared to one-third of those studying
Spanish. While fewer students studied German in 2007, with 15% seen in its proportion, the
rate for Spanish learners tended to go up by 5%, at 10%.

(23/03/2024)

The given bar charts provide information about the average intake of protein and calories of the general
populace in several parts of the world.
In general, North America is the only area consuming both proteins and calories that surpass the ideal
intake. In addition, India exhibited the lowest figure in both categories.

Regarding the first bar chart, 80 units of protein are ingested by North American people, which contain 18
units of animal protein and nearly four times that of other protein. Moreover, the figure for Latin America is
recorded at roughly 45 units, with 13 units for animal protein and 32 units for other protein. Meanwhile, the
amount of protein consumed by both East Africa and India is lesser, with around 32 units for the former and
about 29 units for the latter.

Turning to the remaining chart, North American people consume nearly 3500 calories on average, exceeding
the ideal calories of just below 3000. While the number of calories in Latin America is above 2500, over 2000
calories are seen in the intake of East Africa, compared to precisely that amount in India.

The given line graph provides information about the amounts of waste released by 3 specific companies from
2000 to 2015.

In general, the figures for company A were constantly higher than the others over the given period. Moreover,
while both companies A and B witnessed a considerable decline in their amounts, the opposite trend was true
for company C.

To begin with, in the first examined year, 12 tonnes of waste were produced by company A, before going
down steadily by nearly 1 tonne in the next 5 years. In addition, the figures for companies B and C were
recorded at nearly 7 and 4 tonnes respectively in 2000, after which they saw a nearly 2 tonnes increase in their
amounts, with above 9 for the former and 6 for the latter.

From 2005 onwards, company A tended to produce less waste, with its figures declining by 3 tonnes and
standing at about 8 tonnes in 2015. While both companies B and C shared an opposite pattern, both figures
were identical in 2010, at nearly 7 tonnes. By 2015, the amount of the former had decreased to 3 tonnes,
whereas that of the latter had been recorded at above 9 tonnes.
The given line graph illustrates the percentage of 65-and-over-aged people settling in 3 specific countries over
a 100-year period, starting in 1940.

In general, the figures for all nations witness a considerable increase over the given period. Moreover, Japan is
expected to exhibit the most significant rise in its elderly population.

To begin with, in 1940, nearly one in ten Americans were aged 65 and over, compared to around 7% of
Swedish people and 5% of Japanese people. Moreover, the figures for both USA and Sweden rose gradually
in the next 50 years, reaching under 15% in 1990. Meanwhile, Japan remained under 5% until the early 2000s.

Looking at the future, Japan is expected to witness a sudden increase in its proportion from 2030 onwards,
with the figure climbing and ranking top of roughly 27% in 2040. By 2040, it is predicted that both USA and
Sweden will share an increasing pattern by nearly 1% each, with 24% for the former and nealy 25% for the
latter.
The given bar chart illustrates the proportion of domestic car ownership in a particular city in Europe over a
period of 30 years, starting from 1971.
In general, car ownership increased over the given period. Moreover, the figures for households possessing
one car exhibited a significant rise towards the end of the period.
To begin with, in 1971, nearly 50% of citizens had no cars, compared to about 35% of those obtaining one car
and under 20% of those having two cars. In the next 10 years, the rate of households possessing no cars
witnessed a decline by nearly one in ten, at above 40%. Meanwhile, both the figures for those having one car
and two cars shared an opposite pattern, with the former decreasing marginally to nearly 35% and the latter
rising to slightly lower than that, at around 33% in 1981.
From 1991 onwards, more dwellers decided to buy one car, with the figures reaching a peak of nearly a half in
1991 before going down to about 42% in 2001. In addition, no change was seen in the rates of households
possessing no car, sharing an identical figure with those having two cars in the last examined year, at roughly
30%.
The given maps illustrate some alterations taking place in a particular town between 1990 and today.
In general, there are moderate changes in the mentioned area with the unchanged structure of the roads.
Moreover, a noticeable improvement can be seen in the replacement of some sites, allowing the residents to
further amenities.
Looking at the maps for details, in 1990, on the southern side of the town was located a residential area with
some houses constructed separately to their right-hand side. However, at present, many apartment blocks are
added to the original place of the residential area, whereas the same change can be seen in the separated
houses. In addition, while a bank settled in the east of the town has been demolished to construct a new café,
no changes have been made to another bank opposite it via Smith Street which runs from the west to the east.
Turning to the remaining features, while a shopping mall in the north has been constructed to replace some
stores, including newsagent’s, grocer’s, baker’s, butcher’s and café, a childcare center next to it has remained
untouched. On the other side of the shopping mall via Smith Street is a library between a park and a town hall
to the right with no alterations towards them. While the area between the shopping mall and the park has been
designed for a pedestrian lane, two new roads have been constructed, providing further access from the
southern apartment blocks and the eastern café to the town hall.
The given table illustrates the amount of money gained from selling Fairtrade-labelled coffee and bananas in
five specific nations in Europe in both years 1999 and 2004.
In general, the sales of Fairtrade coffee and bananas in most countries increased over the given period.
Moreover, the UK exhibited the most noticeable rise in its amount of revenue from selling both coffee and
bananas.
Regarding coffee sales, in 1999, 3 million euros was recorded in Switzerland, which showed the highest figure
of 5 nations, followed by 1.5 million in the UK and 1.8 million in Denmark. Sweden obtained the least
revenue, with the figure recorded at only 0.8 million euros, compared to 1 million in Belgium. While the UK
saw a dramatic increase in its amount of money 5 years later, at 20 million, the other countries’ data went up
by nearly 0.2 to 3 million.
Turning to banana sales, the UK continued to exhibit the most significant rise, with the figure climbing from
15 in 1999 to reach a peak of 47 million euros after 5 years. While both Switzerland and Denmark shared an
increasing pattern over the same period, at 5.5 and 4 million respectively in 2004, a reduction was seen in the
sales of Belgium and Sweden, with the figures not exceeding 2 million in both years.
The given bar chart illustrates the quantity of waste produced in 6 specific nations over a period of 20 years,
starting from 1980.
In general, most countries witnessed an increase in the amount of waste production, except in Korea.
Moreover, the figures for the US were constantly higher than the other 5 nations over the given period.
To begin with, in 1980, 131 million tonnes of waste was recorded in the US, which showed the highest figure
of all nations, followed by 28 million in Japan and 4 million in Poland. In the next 20 years, a significant
increase was seen in the amount of waste produced in the US, with the figures climbing by 61 million and
reaching a peak of 192 million tonnes in 2000. Meanwhile, the same pattern was true for both Japan and
Poland, with 53 million for the former and 6.6 million for the latter in the last examined year.
Turning to the remaining countries, no figure was available for Korea in 1980, after which it was recorded at
31 million in 1990 and decreased by 22 million 10 years later. By contrast, only 0.6 million tonnes were seen
in Ireland with no data recorded in the next 10 years before rising to 5 million in 2000.

The given maps illustrate some alterations taking place in a particular floorplan of a library from 2001 to
2009.
Overall, the mentioned area underwent minor changes with notable features being the supplement of new
facilities and the enlargement of certain sites, providing further amenities to the customers.
Regarding the front of the ground floor, in 2001, the library was accessed via an entrance located in the
middle with stairs constructed to its right-hand side and a librarian’s desk right behind. The left wall was
occupied by bookshelves with two distinct genres, including self-help adjacent to the librarian’s desk and
history. In the next 8 years, while no changes were made to the front area, more genres were added to the
bookshelves, with fiction placed between history at the bottom left-hand corner and self-help, next to which
was located three new genres, including kitchen, economics and law ordered respectively.
Turning to the remaining features, there was another bookshelf containing the fiction genre at the rear of the
library in 2001, after which it was converted into larger area to incorporate new tables, with a children’s area
constructed in front of it. Meanwhile, at the center of the ground floor were two columns of four tables each,
which were then replaced by 4 bigger tables. While films and DVDs were added to the original place of the
newspaper and periodicals shelve, two new computers were supplemented nearby.

The given bar chart illustrates the proportion of total sales in a drug company in three distinct regions over 4
years, starting from 2002.
In general, the total sales of most regions increased gradually over the given period, except in America.
Moreover, Asia exhibited the most significant increase in its rate of total sales, which reached the rank top in
later years.
To begin with, in 2002, 41% of total sales was recorded in America, compared to 34% in Europe and a quarter
in Asia. In the next 2 years, a considerable decrease was seen in the proportion of total sales in America, with
the figure bottoming at 27%. Meanwhile, both Europe and Asia shared an increasing pattern, with a 4% rise
for the former and a one in ten increase for the latter.
From 2004 onwards, while America and Europe witnessed an opposite trend, both regions showed an identical
figure in the last examined year, at 30%. Interestingly, the total sales of the Asia company continued to climb,
with the figure reaching a peak of 40% in 2006.
The given line graph illustrates the proportion of the workforce in Australia in five distinct fields over 50
years, starting from 1962.
In general, there was an upward trend in the rate of the Australian workforce in the services sector, whereas
the opposite trend was true for manufacturing. Moreover, while the other three industries stabilized over the
given period, the figures for services were constantly the highest.
To begin with, in 1962, above half of the workforce in Australia served in services, compared to nearly half
lower than that in manufacturing and approximately one in ten in both agriculture and construction. In the
next 30 years, a considerable increase was seen in the rate of service workforce, with the figure reaching
nearly 70%, whereas fewer workers engaged in the manufacturing sector, with the figure decreasing by nearly
10%. While agriculture and construction shared an opposite pattern, both showed an identical twice in the
years nearly 1872 and after 1982, at around 9% each.
From 1992 onwards, services exhibited the greatest growth in the rate of workforce, reaching a peak of under
80% in 2012, whereas the rate of manufacturing continued to go down, hitting a low of one in ten in the same
year. The percentage for construction, however, increased gradually, sharing the same rate of manufacturing
in the last examined year. Interestingly, there was a slight decrease in the agricultural workforce, bottoming at
about 5% in 2012, identical to the stabilized figures for mining over the given period.
The given bar chart depicts the proportion of money allocated to roads and transport by the government of
four nations over a period of 15 years, starting from 1990.
In general, Portugal spent the most money on roads and transport over the whole period. Moreover, while
there was a downward trend for both Italy and Portugal, the UK and the USA witnessed a fluctuating pattern.
To begin with, in 1990, over half of the expenditure spent on roads and transport was recorded in Portugal,
compared to precisely a fifth in Italy. In the next 10 years, both nations shared a decreasing pattern, with the
figure for the former declining to nearly 18% and for the latter reaching a low of around 13%. However, while
Portugal continued to spend less money on roads and transport in 2005, with the rate accounting for just above
15%, a nearly 1% increase was seen in Italy.
Turning to the remaining countries, commencing at above one in ten in 1990, the percentage of government
spending on roads and transport in England peaked at nearly 13% five years later before plummeting to about
6% in 2000 and recovering by 1% five years later. By contrast, the USA showed slightly fluctuated, with the
rate recorded from nearly 14% to just under 15%.
The given pie chart depicts three different groups of workers in the year 2003 and the line graph gives
information about the unemployment levels in Australia from 1993 to 2003.
In general, most workers in Austrialian workforce were born in Australia. Moreover, there was a downward
trend in the unemployment rate of all categories.
Looking at the pie chart for details, in 2003, over thirds-fourth of the workforce was employees born in
Australia, exhibiting the highest figures of all three groups. Furthermore, the rate of individuals born in non-
English-speaking countries was accounted for only 14%, whereas the proportion of those born in nations
speaking English was slightly lower, at only one-in-ten.
Turning to the line graph, in 1993, workers born in NESC showed the highest rate of unemployment with the
figure recorded at under 8%, compared to nearly half of those born in Australia and about 3% born in ESC. In
the next four years, a fluctuating pattern was seen in the rate of NESC, with the figures reaching at roughly
3% in 2003. Meanwhile, both Australia and ESC shared an identical figure around 3% in 1995 before
witnessing a gradual decline, with respective figures recorded at 2% and nearly 1.5%.

The given line graph provides information about the production of three primary types of fuel in England from
1981 to 2000.
In general, there was a downward trend in the figures for coal, whereas the opposite was true for petroleum
and natural gas. Moreover, petroleum consistently exhibited the highest levels of production over the given
period.
To begin with, in 1981, nearly 90 tonnes were produced by petroleum, compared to precisely 80 tonnes of
coal and under 40 tonnes of natural gas. In the next ten years, the figures for petroleum increased considerably
by nearly 50 tonnes in 1986 before witnessing a considerable decline to a hundred five years later. Meanwhile,
the production of coal plummeted to around 30 tonnes in 1984, which then shared an identical figure with
natural gas in 1991, at nearly 50 tonnes.
From 1991 onwards, the production levels of petroleum increased significantly, with the figure reaching a
peak of roughly 150 tonnes in 1999. Similarly, natural gas showed the same pattern, with a nearly 50 tonnes
increase in its production in 2000, whereas coal produced less, at only under 40 tonnes in the last examined
year.
The given table illustrates the quanity of visitors going for international travel in 5 regions in the years 1990,
1995, 2000 and 2005.
In general, there was an upward trend in the number of tourists of all categories over the given period.
Moreover, the figures for Europe were consistently higher than the others.
To begin with, in 1990, a total of 448.9 million people from all regions paid a visit to other countries, with
Europe leading at 280.2 million visitors, followed by 80.5 Americans. In the next 15 years, more people tend
to visit overseas countries, with the total figure reaching a peak of 693.7 million. Similarly, Europe witnessed
an increasing trend, with a 120 million increase in the quantity of people opting for international journeys in
2005. Meanwhile, a slight decline was witnessed in American travellers over the last 5 years, at precisely
113.2 million.
Turning to the remaining categories, the Middle East showed the lowest record in the first examined year, at
only 9.8 million people, in comparison with 18.2 million Africans and 60.2 million in Asia and the Pacific. It
was noticeable that all regions saw an increasing trend in the next 15 years, with Asia and the Pacific
surpassing the others to become the third-ranked region for international travels.
The given line graph illustrates the monthly average daily maximum and minimum temperatures in two cities
of Australia, whereas the bar chart depicts the average days with rainfall.
In general, there was a fluctuating trend in the average temperatures of the two cities over the given period.
Moreover, Brisbane witnessed a higher number of rainy days than Canberra.
Regarding the line graph, in January, Brisbane exhibited the highest maximum temperature at nearly 27
degrees, followed by a slightly lower than that of Canberra. Similarly, the figure for the minimum temperature
of Brisband was higher than the other, at over 20 degrees and nearly 13 degrees, respectively. From January to
July, while most categories witnessed a considerable decline, a fluctuation was seen in the maximum
temperatures of Brisbane, reaching a peak of 30 degrees in February. In the last month, Brisband showed the
highest temperature, with the figures for both maximum and minimum temperature being approximately, at
nearly 29 degrees, whereas the disparity with Canberra was greater, at 20 and nearly 11 degrees respectively.
Turning to the bar chart, the average number of rainy days in Brisbane from November to May fluctuated
between 10 and 14 days, compared to nearly 7 and 8 days from June to October. By contrast, the figures for
Canberra were more stable, with around 7 days or 8 days from November to May, rising to 10 days between
June and August.
The given bar chart illustrates the number of three groups of visitors going to a specific museum over a period
of 15 years, starting from 1997.
In general, most people paying a visit to the mentioned museum were adults. Moreover, the figures for special
exhibition visitors were consistently lower than the others over the given period.
To begin with, in 1997, a total number of 448,100 people went to the museum, with adult group leading at
precisely 300,100 people. In the next 10 years, the total number of visitors witnessed a considerable increase
to 525,200, with a similar rise of nearly 100,400 among adults. However, fewer people attended the museum,
leading to a fall to 504,300 in the total number of goers and 380,000 in the quantity of adults.
Turning to the remaining groups, 120,000 visitors under 15 went to the museum in 1997, followed by only
28,000 special exhibition visitors which exhibited the lowest record. From 2002 onwards, both groups shared
an opposite trend, with the former declining considerably to 82,300 and the latter climbing to 42,000 in 2012.
The line graph compared three different metals in terms of their monthly changes in prices in the year 2014.
In general, the prices of most metals witnessed a downward trend over the given period. Moreover, Nickel
exhibited the most dramatical change in price, which came in first and was overtaken by the others to become
the least at the end of the timeline.
Regarding the first six months, in January, the proportion for Nickel was highest, with the figure recorded at
precisely 6%, after which it saw a considerable decline to only one in ten in March before hitting a low of -3%
in June. Similarly, starting at 2%, Copper experienced the similar trend but to less extent, with nearly -0.5%
recorded in 2016. Although showing an increase from 1% in the first month to 3% in February, the costs of
Zinc plummeted to -1% in the next 4 months.
Turning to the remaining months, despite a gradual recovery in the prices, Nickel took the least position with
only 1% change in price in December. In the meantime, the other metals tended to increase in their prices,
with Copper came in the second of nearly 1.5% and Zinc become took the first plact of 2% in the last
examined month.
The two maps provide information about the alterations taking place in a particular floor of a public library
over the period of 20 years.
In general, the mentioned area has undergone a minor change in its layout, with the most noticeable features
being the replacement of specific rooms and the addition of several facilities, offering further amenities for the
visitors.
Regarding the front side of the floor, 20 years ago, an entrance was situated in the middle between a reading
room supplied with newspapers and magazines and an enquiry desk that provided tickets or book returns for
customers. However, at present, although the entrance still remains its location at the center, both two rooms
adjacent to it have been replaced by a computer room and a café in the order. Meanwhile, two rounded tables
and chairs which used to be accessed through the main entrance are now demolished, making the library more
spacious.
Turning to the remaining features, CDs, videos, and computer games added to the entertainment area in the
top left-hand corner of the library are now diminished to make way for children’s fiction books and two sofas
for storytelling events. The area in front of it which was used to only serve adult fiction books has been
replaced with all reference books. On the other side, a new lecture room has been added to the original place
of a children’s books room, whereas an adult nonfiction books area nearby has been designed with an
information desk placed between adult fiction books and three self-service machines behind the café.

The bar chart provides information about how many American households gained money annually in terms of
different levels of income between 2007 and 2015.
In general, there was a slight upward trend in the number of households gaining annual income over the given
period. Moreover, it was noticeable that the figures for households receiving $50,000-$99,999 annually were
consistently lower than the other three levels.
Regarding the categories with higher levels of income, in 2007, the number of households whose income lay
between $100,00 or more came in first, with just under 30 million recorded, after which it witnessed a slight
decline to nearly 27 in the next 6 years before rising considerably to over a third, still remaining its first rank.
Although experiencing an increase from over a quarter in the first year to a peak of a third in 2011, the
number of households obtaining $25,000-$49,999 annually witnessed a minor decrease by only 1 million in
2015. Similarly, starting at precisely 25 million, the figures for those whose income recorded less than
$25,000 came in third of nearly 27 in the last year after reaching a high of around 28 in 2011.
Turning to the remaining ones, despite the lowest figure of under 15 million in 2017, further households
gained $75,00-$99,999 over the given timeline, accounting for precisely 15 in the last examined year. In the
meantime, no changes were witnessed in the figures of households with $50,000-$74,999, taking the second
least of over a fifth.
The line graph compares four different Asian nations in terms of their proportion of urban population from
1970 onwards.
In general, there was an upward in the figures for all nations over the given period. Moreover, more
Malaysians lived in the cities, surpassing Philipines to become the country with the greatest number of
dwellers.
Regarding Philipines and Malaysia, in 1970, the proportion of Philipines was highest with nearly 31%,
followed by a slightly lower than that of Malaysia. In 1990, the former welcomed more people, with the figure
reaching at a half, after which it decreased considerably to nearly 40% in 2010 before being anticipated to take
the second position of 60% in the last examined year. Meanwhile, despite being overtaken by Philipine in
1990 with under 50%, Malaysia showed a dramatic increase and is predicted to reach a peak of above 80%,
coming in first in 2040.
Turning to Indonesia and Thailand, nearly 18% of Indonesians inhabitated in the cities, compared to under a
fifth of Thailand citizens. Despite sharing an identical figure of roughly one-third in 2010, both countries are
expected to show a greater disparity, with the former going up to over 60%, compared to roughly 20% lower
than that of the latter.
The line graph compares 5 different activities in terms of how many participants engaged at one Melbourne
social centre in Australia from 2000 to 2020
In general, there was an upward trend in the number of participants engaging in table tennis and musical
performances, whereas the reverse was true for amateur dramatics. Moreover, the figures for the film club
were consistently higher than the others over the given timeline.
Regarding activities with greater participants, the number of members in the film club was highest in 2000,
with nearly 65 individuals, after which the figure remained stable with a slight increase of around 2 members
in the next 20 years. Starting at below 40 participants, material arts showed a minor fluctuation in its numbers
of members between 40 and 30, reaching at an identical figure of the starting point in 2020.
Turning to the remaining subjects, approximately 25 participants joined amateur dramatics in the first
examined year, followed by nearly 5 fewer than that of table tennis. Ten years later, although both amateur
dramatics and table tennis showed a similar figure of 20 members, the former then plummeted to below 10 in
2020, compared to a dramatic rise of the latter, taking the second rank of nearly 60. Meanwhile, more people
participated in musical performances, with the numbers going up from 0 in 2005 to 20 in the last year.
The bar chart compares five different countries in terms of the rate of unemployed people aged 15 to 24 and
the overall percentage of unemployment in the year 2005.
In general, the figures for unemployment people between 15 and 24 of all nations were consistently higher
than the overall unemployment rate. Moreover, Poland exhibited the highest unemployment percentage,
whereas the reverse was true for Denmark.
Regarding countries with greater levels of unemployment, the rate of Polanders aged 15 to 24 was highest at
nearly 37%, compared to nearly one in ten lower than that of the overall population who were out of jobs.
However, the disparity between the proportion of unemployed people between 15 and 24 and overall
unemployment in Italy was greater, with around 30% and a half of that, respectively.
Turning to the remaining nations, although Hungary and Germany shared an approximate percentage of 15-to-
24 people who were jobless at nearly one-fourth, the overall unemployment rate of the latter stood at a fifth,
nearly double that of the former. Meanwhile, Denmark took the lowest rank, with nearly 13% of residents
aged 15 to 24 out of jobs and approximately 8% of overall unemployment.
The line graph illustrates the proportion of math and other graduates who obtained full-time jobs between
2004 and 2012, whereas the table gives information about how much money both groups earned from their
average salaries over the given period.
In general, the rates of math graduates were more stable than the other, and also higher for the most part.
Moreover, although both categories exhibited the same average salaries in the first two years, math graduates
gained more money than others afterward.
Regarding the line graph, in 2004, the rate of math graduates getting full-time jobs was highest at precisely
80%, after which it witnessed a minor increase of nearly 5% in 2008 before hitting a low of around 78% in the
next 4 years. Meanwhile, starting at approximately 65% in the first year, the rate of other graduates went up
significantly, with the figure being identical to that of math graduates in 2008 before plummeting to under
70% in 2012.
Turning to the table, in the first 2 years, both groups showed similar figures at $41,000 in 2004 and $3,000
higher than that in 2006. Although math and other graduates earned more money in the next six years, the
former gained higher salaries with $56,000 in 2012, compared to only $51,000 achieved by the latter.
The diagram provides information about the layout of a modern landfill for waste disposed by households and
how the landfill is utilized.
In general, there are several layers involved in the construction of the landfill accompanied by specific pipes
and a drainage tank. Moreover, the process of decomposing waste depends on the addition of gases into a hole
via pipes.
Looking at the diagram for details, the construction stage begins when a huge hole situated beyond a layer of
natural rock is dug by people. As soon as this stage is finished, two new layers of clay and synthetic substance
are added respectively before a system of drainage pipes is installed in the hole. Subsequently, the drainage
tank is positioned below the pipes system, getting ready for the step of decomposing waste.
In the using stage, household waste is transported and poured directly into the landfill before being subjected
to the closure stage. Once the liquid of the waste flows into the drainage tank, the hole is then closed by a lid
made from clay. Finally, specific gases are transferred into the hole through long pipes connected to drainage
pipes below the solid waste, allowing the decomposition step to occur.
The line graph compares five different communication services in terms of the proportion of customers from
1998 to 2008.
In general, there was an upward trend in the figures for all services over the given timeline. Moreover, cellular
phone service exhibited the most significant increase, surpassing landline service to become the most
favourable at the end of the period.
Regarding services with greater customers, in 1998, the rate of individuals using landline service was highest,
at nearly 15%, around one in ten higher than that of users subscribing to cellular phone service. In the next
four years, both services shared a rising pattern, reaching an identical percentage of about a fifth. While the
former showed a minor increase of only 2% in 2008, the figure for the latter surged dramatically, hitting a
peak of above 60% to become the most popular service in the same year.
Turning to the remaining categories, nearly 4% of people around the world used internet service in the first
year, compared to no users of mobile and fixed broadbands. By 2008, more customers had opted for internet
service with the rate reaching approximately 20%. Similarly, both mobile and fixed broadbands witnessed the
same trend, but to a lesser extent, of under a tenth in the last examined year.
The maps provide information about some alterations taking place in a particular harbor in the year 2000 and
at present
In general, the mentioned area has undergone considerable changes, with noticeable features being the
addition of new facilities as well as the replacement of certain buildings, providing further amenities to foster
the local tourism
Regarding the southern side of the harbor, in 2000, a minor road connected directly to the main road running
from the north to the south terminated at a section for lifeboats, adjacent to the southest disused castle.
However, a small path has been erected branching off from the minor road to access a new hotel that replaced
the old castle. Meanwhile, a public beach settled to the left of the castle has been owned by the hotel to
become a private beach, whereas new cafés and shops have been constructed to the west of the lifeboat
section, allowing the visitors to enjoy entertainment facilities.
Turning to the remaining features, showers and toilets located northwest of the harbor remained unchanged
with similar buildings erected between two car parks settled west of the harbor. The two water areas with
private yachts to the north and fishing boats to the south have been reversed, whereas a new dock was added
to their right-hand side, accompanied by a remaining dock with a northern public beach.
The diagram provides information about the process of producing a biofuel named ethanol.
In general, there are multiple stages involved in the process, beginning with the absorption of energy into
plants and concluding with the release of carbon dioxide into the environment.
Looking at the diagram for details, the process begins when plants and trees grow by absorbing the energy of
both sunlight and carbon dioxide before being collected by harvesters. As soon as this stage is finished, the
crops are subjected to the pre-processing step in which they are sliced into smaller pieces by machines to
convert into cellulose. The products are then processed with different types of chemicals, preparing for the
next steps.
Once the chemical reactions are finished, cellulose is transformed into sugars before microbes are added to
produce a new biofuel called ethanol. In the subsequent stage, the ethanol is distributed for transport purposes,
which can be utilized by various means of transportation, including small-sized vehicles, massive ones, and
airplanes. Finally, the carbon dioxide released by the mentioned types of transport is continually absorbed by
plants, starting the cycle of the process.
The pie chart compares four different locations in terms of the number of young attendants, whereas the bar
chart illustrates how many young students are participating in three types of dance classes in an Australian
town.
In general, most young individuals go to private studios, whereas the reverse is true for college-based ones.
Moreover, more students under 11 enroll in ballet and tap dances, while those aged between 11 and 16
participate more in modern dance.
Regarding the pie chart, the rate of people attending private studios is the highest, at nearly half, double that of
those going to school halls after school time. Moreover, nearly a fifth of people pay a visit to community halls
and others, whereas the proportion of those visiting college-based studios accounts for only one in ten.
Turning to the bar chart, over 600 students under the age of 11 are learning ballet dance, compared to
precisely 300 students whose ages are between 11 and 16 doing so. However, the disparity between the two
groups of students learning tap dance is lesser, with roughly 500 students aged 11 and 16 and over 400
students under 11. However, more 11-to-16-year-old individuals enroll in modern dance with the number of
nearly 500, nearly 200 higher than those aged under 11.
The bar chart compares four different countries in terms of how many international applicants to the
universities of a European nation between 2004 and 2008.
In general, there was an upward trend in the figures for the USA, Japan, and Russia, whereas the reverse was
true for China. Moreover, America exhibited the most significant rise, surpassing China to become the
country with the most applicants.
Regarding countries with greater numbers, in 2004, the number of Chinese applicants was highest with above
25.000, nearly double that of American applicants. While the former declined by nearly 10.000 students in the
next 2 years, the latter witnessed a considerable increase, sharing an identical figure with the former in the
same year. By 2008, roughly 26.000 American applicants had applied to some European countries, taking the
highest position, whereas there were fewer applicants from China, reaching slightly higher than 15.000.
Turning to the remaining nations, in the first examined year, Japan came in third with approximately 7.000
students recorded, after which it experienced a gradual rise to precisely 10.000 four years later. Meanwhile,
Russia took the lowest rank, starting at only around 4.000 applicants and remaining the figures below 5.000
over the given period.

WRITING TASK 2
Some people believe that a crime is a result of social problems and poverty, others think that
crime is a result of bad person’s nature. Discuss both views and give your opinion
People hold different viewpoints regarding the root of offence. While some individuals argue
that the underlying cause is personal mischievious nature, I firmly opine that numerous social
issues as well as poverty are other reasons leading to the mentioned problem.
On the one hand, crime can result from individual’s nature which is considered as misled or
misbehaving. One evident source is the overindulgence of their parents. This can be explained
by the fact that some parents tend to provide their children with the most optimal amenities
without considering the drawbacks bringing about behind their notion. As a result, those
children will be likely to form mischevious behaviours or even become crimes at early ages,
especially petty crimes, which in turns negatively affects their mindset and their
transformation into adulthood. In addtion, initial tragic events can be another cause of
criminals with harmful nature. In other words, previously experiencing unexpected events
such as traffic accidents or being harmed by other offenders can have a strong impact on
people’s mentality, in a more serious way can result in several psychological problems,
including disorted mindset or the state of being hatred, thereby gradually creating a strong
purpose of revenging.
On the other hand, law-breakers can be people who suffer from social issues or poverty. One
viable reason is the rate of unemployment in society. To be more specific, employees who are
out of work for such a long period can experience a state of hopelessness in which they don’t
have any opportunities to earn for a living. Consequently, those people tend to engage in many
illegal organizations offering high pay rates, leading a higher rate of wrong-doers, especially
white-collar crimes. Moreover, poverty is another possible cause of crime. In this scenario, the
poor who are lack of finance and uninformed are easily subjected to some minor crimes due to
the profit or incentives other offenders suggesting, which in turns significantly increase the
rate of rule-breakers.
All in all, while I agree that the cause of crime is due to a person’s toxic mindset, I also
believe that both social issues and poverty are worth considering to be potential reasons.
***********
It is the responsibility of schools to teach children good behavior in addition to providing
formal education. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
One school of thought holds that educational institutions should be in charge of educating
their students in good manners besides academic lessons. From my perspective, I completely
agree with this idea.
Firstly, schools can allow students further access to some necessary skills to reinforce their
good behaviour. This can be explained by the fact that many schools tend to provide their
pupils further access to crucial skills for daily behaviours such as acting kindly to disabled
people or showing respect to older individuals. As a result, students are likely to be guided to
some good moral values, thereby making them good citizens for their nations. Taking
Vietnam as an example, some schools have already supplemented videos relating to precious
moral values throughout the Literature lessons. Consequently, further attention of students
will be attracted by the mentioned curriculum, which in turn provides them with more positive
attitudes towards the schoolwork.
Secondly, students can also be more well-behaved due to the supportive environment that
schools bring about. To be more precise, during some lessons at school, there is a likelihood
that students have more chances to cooperate with others in a group project. In this case, they
are likely to absorb different perspectives about a particular subject, which requires further
interactions and a state of union or harmony in order to finish their assignment. For instance,
some Vietnamese schools have operated several extracurricular activities such as sports
competitions or recycled fashion shows in which students’ unions are inclined to be boosted
strongly, helping them to integrate into larger groups and strengthening the bond among them.
In conclusion, I firmly opine that it is the schools that take responsibility for educating their
pupils to be well-behaved besides some academic lessons.
(09/05/2024)
Most countries aim to improve their standard of living through economic development, but
many important social values can be lost as a result.
Do the advantages of economic development outweigh the disadvantages?

Ad:
-provide further occupational prospect for the general populace->reduce social issue: poverty/
out of work
-allocate more money on healthcare->reduce the rate of illness/ fatal disease->improve HDI
rate of the nation
Dis:
-traditional values is being erode->the culture identity of the nation if negatively affected
-FE: Western culture->the Asian youth-fast food->blurity of traditional specialities->

One school of thought holds that the enhancement of living standards is aimed by some nations via the
development of the economy, which results in the disappearance of vital social values. From my perspective,
the mentioned scenario encompasses some merits surpassing its drawbacks.

On the one hand, economic development can be quite challenging to improve some nations’ living standards.
In other words, there will be a higher possibility of witnessing the erosion of some traditional
values. This can be explained by the fact that many countries tend to solely focus on the process of improving
the economy rather than paying equal attention to both the mentioned field and the culture. As a result, some
crucial traditional values are likely to be ignored or forgotten, resulting in the loss of their cultural identity.
For example, with worldwide integration, some Western cultures have been adopted in various Asian
countries in which many individuals, especially the youth, are inclined to prefer fast food rather than their own
traditional specialities, thereby reducing the ubiquity of their national culinary heritage.

On the other hand, I do believe that enhancing the economy can offer many countries further advantageous
aspects. One evident benefit is the reduction of some social issues. In this scenario, there will be a likelihood
that far more occupational opportunities are generated for the general populace. Consequently, an increase in
the residents’ income will allow them to fulfill their daily needs, which can play an important role in
tackling some urgent problems such as poverty or unemployment. Another advantage is the improvement of
the public health. To be more specific, if some nations put more effort into allocating further money to
healthcare, the residents will be prevented from dealing with some fatal diseases or harmful illnesses due to
advancements in medical facilities, which in turn significantly improves both the HDI rates and the quality of
individuals’ lives of the nations.

All in all, I firmly opine that the practice of developing the national economy yields some upsides that can
exceed its drawbacks.

Nowadays people use bicycles less as a form of transport.

Why is this the case? What can we do to encourage people to use bicycles more?
Case:
-Convenience vehicles (electric+petrol)->not involved any strengths->meet their requirements for long
distance
-FE: Vietnam (SG) -motocycle is a norm->allow to make a journey in long time (enough source t operate)
Solution:
-voluntary campagin (media outlets) ->propagate the negative impacts of harmful emission caused by motor
vehicles -> raise pp higher awareness
-increase the cost of fuel->discourage pp
One school of thought holds that the public populace today would prefer other types of transport rather than
bikes. From my perspective, there is one major reason behind this trend and various potential solutions to
increase the employment of bicycles.
Firstly, I do believe that the reduction in the use of bicycles results from the ubiquity of other more convenient
vehicles. In other words, with the appearance of motorcycles and cars, some individuals tend to employ those
vehicles without any strengths involved. As a result, the assistance of those types of transport can meet the
requirements of many residents, especially those desiring far longer distances, and improve their day-to-day
lives via various conveniences provided. For instance, in Vietnam, especially in Ho Chi Minh City, dwellers
are likely to opt for motorcycles since they allow people to make a journey for a long time without any rest
required as using bicycles, which in turn significantly increases the higher adoption of motor vehicles.
Secondly, I also think that there are several comprehensive solutions promoting higher use of bikes. One
evident solution is the organization of various campaigns through some media outlets. In this scenario, the
advocates can give a helping hand to propagate the risks of harmful emissions released by motor vehicles that
can negatively affect both public health and the environment. Consequently, there will be a likelihood that far
more individuals will raise higher awareness and realize the importance of bicycles in tackling those issues.
Moreover, an increase in fuel costs can also encourage people to adopt bikes. To be more precise, if the prices
of fuel which is of importance for the operation of motor vehicles go up considerably, some residents will be
decent from using cars or motorbikes running on petrol, thereby making them switch from their current
vehicles to other cheaper ones, particularly bicycles.
All in all, I firmly opine that there is one superior reason explaining the reduction in using bikes and there are
numerous approaches worth considering to boost the adoption the this vehicle.

Many countries have the same shops and products. Some consider it a positive development,
whereas others consider it negative. Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.
Pos:
-occupational prospect->increase income->improve living standard
-identical quality and quantity->reliability+preference=>increase revenue->economy
Cons:
Loss of culture identity: dominance of international products->ignore/forgotten-> EX: MC Donals
Whilst some people argue that the appearance of identical shops and products in some nations can yield some
advantageous aspects, I strongly believe that the given scenario can pose a threat to both the national culture
and the environment.
On the one hand, managing the same shops and manufacturing the same products can bring about numerous
upsides for society. One evident benefit is the increase in occupational prospects. This can be explained by the
fact that if multinational organizations have access to some nations, there will be a likelihood that further
retail stores will be opened, providing further jobs for individuals, especially those suffering from
unemployment. As a result, those residents are likely to obtain an increase in their income, thereby improving
their living standards. Additionally, the national economy can also be enhanced due to the operation of shops
with the same products. In this scenario, those same shops tend to offer customers products with identical
quality, which exhibits far more reliability and preference among prospective consumers, leading to an
improvement in shops’ revenue and the economy of some nations.
On the other hand, I do believe that the expansion of the same shops and products can generate various
drawbacks. One adverse aspect is the loss of cultural identity. To be more precise, if the dominance of
overseas culture becomes more ubiquitous in some nations, those countries are likely to erode or blur their
own culture and tradition, which in turn poses a risk to the sustainable improvement of some nations. Another
disadvantage is the negative impact on the environment. In this scenario, the more demand for the same stores
and products, the higher the amount of waste or harmful emissions produced during the manufacturing
process will be released into the environment, resulting in the destruction caused to the environment.
All in all, while many individuals think that operating the same shops and products can have positive impacts,
I firmly opine that the mentioned situation can affect negatively not only the cultures of some nations but also
the environment.

In many countries today the retirement age from work has been raised. Do the advantages
of raising the retirement age outweigh the disadvantages?
The retirement age of several countries in today’s world has indeed been increased. While considering the
numerous drawbacks of the mentioned trend, I would argue that there are far more benefits.
On the one hand, improving the age of retirement can have some negative impacts. One adverse aspect is the
further health problems of the elderly. This can be explained by the fact that when continuing to work in a
pressured environment, some seniors are likely to perform badly due to the reduction in their strength as well
as their sagacity. As a result, those old workers tend to deal with serious health issues, especially heart attacks,
posing a threat to their life expectancy. Another downside is the increase in social issues. In this scenario, if
firms still retain their old employees, some graduates will obtain fewer employment prospects which causes
further competition in the job market, thereby causing numerous social affairs such as unemployment or
poverty.
On the other hand, I still believe that there are far more advantages resulting from higher retirement age. One
evident benefit is fewer risks for the businesses. To be more precise, with initial hands-on experience, some
old clerks can identify the errors of the projects promptly, which results in a maximal reduction in financial
risks, thereby making far more contributions for the companies to take off. In addition, increasing retirement
age can lead to a reduction in isolation. In this case, unlike the current state in which old people are likely to
experience a state of loneliness due to their lack of connections with old friends or even families, some elderly
can now expand their relationships with surrounding co-workers, allowing them to stay positive and satisfy
their current lives.
All in all, I firmly opine that the practice of boosting the retirement age can yield far more perks than its own
drawbacks.

Government should make people responsible for looking after their own local environment.
To what extent do you agree or disagree?
NEG:
the ignorance and unreliability of individuals:
tend to underestimate the importance of protecting the environment-due to their belief
that their practices will not cause adverse harm to their surroundings->a reduction of
awareness-continue of manners-long-term
FE: India-consumed-dumped directly into the lakes or streets
POS:
-strict punishment-positive attidues:
Financial penalties/incarceration->fear-burden (deterrence)->avoid
FE: vietnam, companies/businesses/factories: contaminated surrounding environment
(compost/poisonous chemicals/toxic emissions)-heavy fines->
One school of thought holds that government should make individuals take responsibility for their local
natural surroundings. While considering the numerous downsides of the mentioned viewpoint, I believe that
there are several far more merits.
On the one hand, forcing the residents to be in charge of their areas can have a negative impact. In other
words, it is their ignorance and reliability that can prevent the process of protecting the environment. This can
be explained by the fact that many individuals are likely to underestimate the essence of saving their own
surroundings due to a ubiquitous belief that their practices will not cause adverse harm to those areas. As a
result, further unconscious manners especially littering tend to continue, leading to more serious levels of
pollution in the future. For instance, in India, the local people’s lack of awareness has resulted in the
destruction of their living spaces in which there is a multitude of domestic waste dumped directly into the
lakes nearby or even main streets, thereby posing a serious threat to not only their health but also their natural
environment.
On the other hand, the act of government in fostering people to protect their natural surroundings is of
paramount importance, especially in today’s fast-paced society. To be more specific, stricter punishments
from the government can result in far more positive attitudes towards environmental protection. In this
scenario, financial penalties or even incarceration may act as a deterrence for the popular to keep on practices
causing detriment to nature due to their fear of financial burden or being sent to jails, which in turn
significantly promotes the protection of the environment. A telling example of this is Vietnam where the
government has enacted plenty of principles giving heavy fines to some factories or businesses contaminating
the surrounding areas, resulting in higher awareness of individuals as well as the reduction of issues related to
pollution.
All in all, although the notion of making individuals responsible for their natural surroundings by the
government can yield some downsides, I firmly opine that it is worth considering due to its superior perks.

All large companies should provide sports and social facilities to the local community. To
what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement?
Vp1:
Financial burden for some companies:
Wages for employers+cost of manuafacturing->serious threat to the budget->deterrent-
improvement/enhancement
Lack of responsibility in preserving the facilities of some individuals:
Utilizing improperly+intentionally damage the equipment-the deterioration->causing
disadvantage to other people-not have much access to
Vp2: the local community support themselves
Higher awareness:
Spending their own money for construction- be in charge of_converving->guarantee the
quality
FE: vn, most local residents allocated money to erect social areas for exercising-have a
positive impact/ helping them to improve their overall well-being+strengthen
relationships with neighbours
=>Lac de->Giving out advantages and its own disadvantage+other more effective way
 HARD TESTS OF THE YEAR 2020
“Some people argue job satisfaction is more important than job security. Others believe a
permanent job is more important. Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.”
People hold different viewpoints about whether career satisfaction or job permanent is more
crucial. While some individuals argue that the latter is of greater importance, I do believe
that the former have a more integral part among workers.
*VP1: job permanent
-the sustainability of income: work regularly/ make contribution to the firmsreceive
comparable salariesensure to meet their daily requirements+ maintain living standards
-higher opportunities to get promotion: professional connectionssmooth
coordinationgain remarkable achievements+obtain higher positions
*VP2: job satisfaction-superior
-higher productivity: devote more time to workloadreduce the possibility of absence
improve the quality of the working processfostering the improvement of the whole
company
+Meanwhile, commiting to a single job under unsatisfaction state can lead to further mental
issues such as boredom or depression, leading to a decline in the working effectiveness
-mitigate the turnover rate: high salaries/ incentives/ comfortable workplace of the
companies increase the level of satisfactory among the staffensure/guarantee the long-
term commitment to the firms+retain talented staff
“Some people think that we should invent a new language for international communication.
Do the benefits of this outweigh the problems?”
One school of thought holds that it is necessary to create a new language catering for
international communication. Despite considering numerous upsides of the mentioned
viewpoint, I would argue that there are far more issues of this approach.
*VP1: advantages
-foster international connection: reduce communication barriermutual understanding
among countries =>boosting harmony of the community+diplomatic relationship among
countries
-improve global economy: allow firms to cut off translating costsexpand branches
internationally=>broaden the global market+offer the global economy to take off
*Vp2: disadvantages
-the erosion of cultural heritages: languages often act as a key role of confirming the
existence and forming unique features of a nationWithout, fade out-posing a threat to the
cultures
-creating more burden for education field: require to allocate further time and money to
train teachers learning the international language+translate educational materials (reference
books/ curriculms) =>excacerbating stress related to finance on education field
“Some people think that sports play an important role in the development of society. Others
think it is nothing more than a leisure activity. Discuss both views and give your opinion.”
*Leisure activity:
-lack of attributes: casual players are not equipped with innate qualities such as high speed
or remarkable flexibilityreduce their expectation or hope of becoming professional
sportmans
-higher demand for entertainment: the emergence of the job of commentatorsincrease
the level of satisfactory among the viewers
*important role:
-the harmony of the society: fans_support+encourage-professional athletes in international
competitionstake pride in their success
+FE: the remarkable triumph of Vietnam footballers in AFF Cup 2018 has left a strong
impression on a great number of Vietnamese, fostering their great patriotism and pride of
those athletes as well as boosting the close-knit relationships among residents due to street
storming
“Research into new types of medicine and treatments are essential to improve health and
deal with diseases. Who do you think should fund these research: private companies,
individuals or the government?”
*Private companies:
-specific techniques of overseeing the funding: the staff_are in possession of skills of
managing the costs and predicting risksguarantee/ensure the sustainability of funding to
maintain the medical research
-the requirement of proving the sufficiency of budget to carry out the research: the crucial
criteria
*Individuals+the government-inappropriate investors:
-Individuals: financial burden+be decepted by some incredible firmsreduce their living
standards
-The government: allocate money to a great number of fields such as infrastructure
development or education qualitypressure on national budget
******
10 CRUCIAL TOPICS BEFORE THE TEST
EDUCATION
Some people think that children should begin their formal education at a very early age.
Some think they should begin at at least 7 years old. Discuss both views and give your own
opinion.
Some people think that schools should choose students according to their academic abilities,
while others think it is better to have students of different abilities studying together. Discuss
both views and state your own opinion?
Schools should focus on academic success and passing examinations. Skills such as cookery,
dressmaking and woodwork should not be taught at school as it is better to learn these from
family and friends. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement?

ECONOMICS
1. Some people say that economic growth is the only way to end world poverty and hunger.
Others say that economic growth is damaging the environment and should stop. Discuss both
views and give your own opinion.
People hold different viewpoints about the growth of economy. While some individuals
argue that it should be halted due to the negative impact on the environment, I do believe
that it is the only approach to put an end to the poverty and hunger around the world.
*VP1: environment
-the decline of soil quality: the farmers often make use of chemicals such as fertilizers or
pesticides in order to stimulate the growth of the crops if these harmful substances
seeped into the soil, there would be a likelihood that the fertility of the soil could be reduced
significantly=>posing a threat to the soil environment
-the depletion of natural resources: the enhancement of economy is often linked with mass
production and huge consumptionmore and more resources would be exploited so as to
meet the requirements of the public populace=>causing those resources to run out
*VP2: poverty and hunger
-the increase of employment prosperity: the economic growth may offer individuals from
poor backgrounds or those who are out of work further job opportunities shoulder the
financial burden, which in turn significantly improves their financial budget and eradicates
the poverty or hunger
-the development of the argricultural field: the money extracted from the development of
the economy can be allocated to upgrade agricultural equipments as well as facilities,
fostering the productivity and quality of the productscreating huge products to satisfy the
enormous demand among people living in overpopulated areas
2. Some people say that it is possible for a country to be both economically successful and
have a clean environment. Others disagree. Discuss both views and give your opinion?
People hold different viewpoints about the co-existence of the successful economy and the
clear environment. While some individuals argue that there is no possibility that a nation can
possess those two features, I do believe that a country can still be in possession of them.
*VP1: disagree
-the decline of soil quality: the farmers often make use of chemicals such as fertilizers or
pesticides in order to stimulate the growth of the crops if these harmful substances
seeped into the soil, there would be a likelihood that the fertility of the soil could be reduced
significantly=>posing a threat to the soil environment
-the depletion of natural resources: the enhancement of economy is often linked with mass
production and huge consumptionmore and more resources would be exploited so as to
meet the requirements of the public populace=>causing those resources to run out
*Vp2: co-existence
-the development of eco-friendly tourism: the adoption of green tourism practices such as
constructing environmentally friendly infrastructures or using hybrid cabs would not only
reduce the harmful emissions released into the environment but also boost the economy
through revenues generated from tourists
+FE: A telling example for this is Singapore which is the clearest country of the world. Due to
the sustainable tourism development policy, this nation has fostered some no-emission
tourism models, capturing the attention of domestic and international visitors and
accelerating the growth of the economy
Some students take a gap year after graduating high school to work and/or travel. Discuss
the advantages and disadvantages of this.
It is said that some graduates are likely to take a year away from education to work or to
travel. This essay aims to outline some underlying upsides as well as potential drawbacks
behind the mentioned scenario.
*Body 1: advantages
-the increase of employment prosperity: by coordinating with people in several projects,
those students tend to get a broadener insight about their preferable field as well as build up
their resumesthe more experience they gain, the more occupational opportunities they
achieve
-the improvement of their mentality: if students had more chances to get rid of
overwhelming and complicated workload, they would be likely to avoid some mental issues
such as stress or depression, thereby facilitating them to stay more positive and eventually
enhancing their mental health
*Body 2: disadvantages
-the difficulties of keeping up with the curriculums: the lack of ability of adjusting one’s pace
to get familiarity with the curriculums may lead to a drop in school performanceThis would
take the toll on the overal grades, not only putting the students under pressure but also
increasing higher rates of failing the disciplines
-the financial burden: the notion of travelling usually costs large sum of money, which poses
a risk to studens’ financial budgetthere would be a likelihood that these students would
take out a loan or apply for some part-time jobs during the gap year to pay for the debts
Some people say that individuals who make a lot of money are most successful. Others think
that those who contribute to society like scientists and teachers are most successful. Discuss
both views and give your opinion
People hold different viewpoints about the people who are the most successful. While some
individuals argue that people generating large sum of money obtain the highest level of
success, I do believe that others, particularly scientists and teachers, making contribution to
the society are most successful.
*VP1: On the one hand, those who reckon that people make huge profit are the most
succesfull have their own justifications
-the strong link with diligence and innate talents: those individuals are likely to persist to
acquire better knowledge about money-making skills or make use of their inborn talents to
reach their full potentialmake progress and gain remarkable achievements due to their
strong industriousness and acumen=>thereby improving their statement of statue
+EX: A telling example for this is Elon Musk who is often credited as the most succesfull
billionaire due to the tremendous profit he has made.
-numbers are easier to evaluate the success of a person rather than abstract values: it is
plausible that the comparable money a person generate can reflect an individual’s influence
and abilities
*VP2: On the other hand, I still believe that those who show great dedication to the society
are more accomplished
-their useful breakthrough to improve the living standards of the public populace: with the
assistance of the cutting-edge advancement such as artificial intelligent or household robots,
more and more individuals may enhance their quality of life as a result of numerous
amenities and convenience provided
><Meanwhile, those with high financial budget sometimes pose a danger to the residents
due to their profit motip which decepts the victims and even leads to financial burden to
some individuals
-the priceless knowledge: people working in educational field often impart usefull skills and
good personality traits, fostering individuals’ great characteristics as well as facilitating them
to get an all-round understanding about different aspects of daily livesobtaing more
recognition and admiration among people and eventually confirming their great success

NATURE & THE ENVIRONMENT

Some people say that too much time and resources are spent on the protection of wild
animals and birds. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
It is said that the allocation of time and resources to the protection of wild species is
excessive. From my perspective, I strongly disagree with the mentioned viewpoint and do
believe that the preservation of wildlife deserves the attention and resouces it receives.
*B1: maintain the fragile ecosystem: each species plays a vital role in the whole
ecosystemcause severe consequences if the extinction of one species occurs
+For instance, the disappearance of predator can lead to overpopulation of prey species,
posing a threat to not only the number of plants but also the ecosystem balance
=>make contribution to the overall health of the environment and the planet
*B2: have an integral part in scientific research as well as medical achievements: the reliance
on the traits and abilities of different types of species may assist scientists to generate
breakthrough such as new treatment or therapies, which enhances the living standards of
people
+For example, the venom of specific types of snakes can be utilized to develop some life-
saving medications, whereas the study of the migration pattern of some birds can equip
scientists with better understanding about the alterations of weather patterns or upcoming
disasters
In many countries, more and more people choose to buy imported food rather than food
produced locally. Why do people buy imported food? What could be done to encourage
people to buy local food?
It is said that further customers tend to opt for imported food instead of local one. This essay
aims to propose underlying causes and generate some potential solutions in order to tackle
with the mention scenario.
*B1: reasons
-globalization and international trade: free trade agreements have fostered the import of
various types of products so as to improve the diplomatic relationship among
countriesextend the international trade which encourage customers to purchase further
imported products with high quality=>boost higher demand of exotic goods among
consumers
-the variety and exotic appeal: show high curiosity and preference for overseas
commoditieshave a tendency to purchase imported products to satisfy their needs,
thereby increasing higher rates of customers opting for foreign products
*B2: solutions
-public campagins: raise people’s higher awareness by imparting the adverse consequences
of importing products such as the destruction of atmospheric environment as well as the
possibility of fuel running outfostering the alterations of their perceptions and detering
them from purchasing far more overseas products
-support local farmers with subsidies and marketing initiativescapture the attention of
customers+help local products remain competive in huge market
Environmental protection is the responsibility of politicians, not individuals as individuals can
do too little. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
It is said that politicans should be in charge of protecting the environment, whereas the
reverse is true for individuals since they contribute minimally. While I partly agree with this
idea, I believe that individuals should also take responsibility of the mentioned issue.
*B1: On the one hand, it is true that it is the responsibility of politicians to protect the
environment.
-In other words, there are several environmental issues that are too adverse for individuals
to tackle.
-This can be explained by the fact that some severe issues such as violent storms, prolonged
droughts or extreme weather patterns are likely to be beyond individuals’ abilities, which
then requires the actions of the government and even the cooperation of numerous nations
-As a result, with the assistance of cutting-edge facilities along with coordination among high-
qualified scientists, a multitude of environmental problems would be eliminated.
-For instance, it initially took the scientists a large amount of time to collect a great number
of data to identify the primary causes of global climate, helping them to have some solutions
timely. Only the governments can obtain suffient resources and financial conditions to invest
in this.
*B2: However, I still believe that individuals should also be responsible for the preservation
of the environment.
-To be more specific, it is inappropriate to indicate that people can contribute little to the
environmental protection since several minor actions of large groups of individuals such as
recycling more or planting more trees may significantly improve the natural surroundings.
-Futhermore, the cooperation of both politicians and individuals should be highly valued due
to the fact that it would effectively tackle environment-related issues. For example, farmers
who tend to burn forests serving their own purposes regardless of the government’s
regulations would exacerbate the environmental issues, making the issues of global warming
harder to solve.

HEALTH & LIFESTYLES

People are having more and more sugar-based drinks. What are the reasons? What are the
solutions to make people drink less?
*Reasons:
-globalization: foster multinational companies to expand their branchesoffer the
consumers more access to mass-produced products, particularly sugar-based drinks or fast
fooddeveloping a trend purchasing far more drinks with high amount of sugar among the
customers
-preference: many individuals, especially the youth, are likely to have an interest in
beverages with high sugaroffer those people a diverse range of unique tastesopt for
products serving their own demand as well as interests
*Solutions:
-educational campaigns: posts/videos educating the negative impacts of drinks with high
amount of sugarraise the consumers’ higher awarenessdeter from
-increasing the prices of the mentioned products: discourage_from impulsively buying high-
sugar beveragessave their financial budget+reduce the consumption of…
In most countries, fast food is becoming cheaper and more available. Do you think the
advantages of this development outweight the disadvantages?
It is said that there is a higher availability of fast food with lower costs. While I consider
numerous perks of the mentioned scenario, I do believe that there are far more drawbacks
*B1: Advantages
-further access to different groups of consumers: customers such as individuals with low
financial conditions/ financially embarrassed_would enable to purchase products with
affordable pricesoffering them various types of meals throughout their daily lives.
-more convenience: consumers who tend to obtain less time preparing for meals due to their
overwhelming workload can be beneficial from the availability of fast foodAs a result,
receive far more quick mealsprioritize time for other more crucial activities such as their
work or study
*B2: Disadvantages
-the emergence of health issues: encourage pp to absorb far more food with higher amount
of fast, posing a threat to their health due to numerous harmful components of those
products such as high amount of MSG or oildiabetes/obesity
-environmental destruction: higher demand~higher amount of wasteincrease the
consumption of plastic bags, which has a negative impact on the natural surroundings due to
higher possiblities of plastic pollution
Some people think that outdoor activities are more beneficial for children than playing
computer games. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
It is said that children can gain far more advantages when participating in outdoor activities
rather than playing computer games. From my perspective, I strongly agree with the
mentioned idea and believe that the notion of playing computer games can yield several
detrimental effects to the development of children.
*B1: benefits of outdoor activities
-the improvement of their physical health: activities often require strengthsfoster them to
make use of their muscles as well as physical strengthget in shape+boost their overall well-
being
-develop social interaction: facilitate children to cooperate with othersbuild up/strike up
relationships with individuals at the same age or even older thereby equipping them with
a sense of community
*B2: disadvantages of computer games
-higher adoption of mental issues: keep their eyes glued to the screenhigher rates of
autism or isolationact as a deterrent from their personal as well as social development
-the possibilities of being led astray: immature_easily be manipulated and decepted by bad
users on the Internetare likely to resort to criminal practicescausing them to become
social evils in the future.

TECHNOLOGY
Some people believe that technology causes more problems for the society than it solves. To
what extent do you agree or disagree?
Today, different types of robots are developed which are good friends to us and help us both
at home and work. Is this a positive or negative development?
The range of technology available to people is increasing the gap between the rich and the
poor. Others think it has the opposite effect. Discuss both view and give your opinions.
With the rapid advancement of communication technology, eg smart phones, tablets and
other mobile devices, some people believe that the disadvantages outweigh the advantages.
To what extent do you agree or disagree?

FAMILY & THE SOCIETY

In recent years, the family structure has changed, as well as family roles. What are the
changes occurring? Do you think these changes are positive or negative?
Many people say the gap between rich and poor people is wider, as rich people become
richer and poor people grow poorer. What problems could this situation cause? What
measures can be done to address those problems?
Nowadays, more and more people decide to have children later in their life. What are the
reasons? Do advantages of this outweigh disadvantages?

GOVERNMENT & THE LAW

Some people think that the best way to improve road safety is to increase the minimum legal
age for driving a car or motorbike. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
Some people think that the best way to reduce crime is to give longer prison sentences.
Others, however, believe there are better alternative ways of reducing crime.
Some people think that good health is very important to every person, so medical services
should not be run by profit-making companies. Do the advantages of private health care
outweigh the disadvantages?
SPORTS & ENTERTAINMENT
More and more people want to buy clothes, cars and other items with famous brands. What
are the reasons? Is it a positive or negative development?
Some people think that it is more beneficial to take part in sports which are played in teams,
like football, while other people think that taking part in individual sports, like tennis or
swimming, is better. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.
Some people believe that violence on television and in computer games has a damaging
effect on the society. Others deny that it is harmless relaxation. What is your opinion?

ARTS & CULTURES

Nowadays, international tourism is the biggest industry in the world. Unfortunately,
international tourism creates tension rather than understanding between people from
different cultures. Do you agree or disagree?
Some people say that the increasing business and cultural contact between countries is
positive development, while others think that many countries will lose their national
identities as a result. Discuss both views and give your opinion.
Some people believe that certain old buildings should be preserved more than others. What
types of old buildings should be preserved? Do you think the advantages of preserving old
buildings outweigh the disadvantages?

MEDIA & COMMUNICATION

Nowadays, there is a trend that reports of media focus on problems and emergencies rather
than positive developments. Some people think it is harmful to individuals and to society. To
what extent do you agree or disagree
Some people say that advertising encourages us to buy things we really do not need. Others
say that advertisements tell us about new products that may improve our lives. Which
viewpoint do you agree with?
In the modern world it is possible to shop, work and communicate with people via the
internet and live without any face-to-face contact with others. Is it a positive or negative
development in your opinion?