Ir.

Refrac tion
m dinec tion
Chang tPrepagio oblqedy
nudint
-Thc diusm,changer at
inetace bean

: Lacs o kefraclion ySnetlsL

t
rtvacled gay
hton at to Interfae all lue n Same pne
ot pt of inadence
(1) Rati ançk inidence
to the ane ngle ref naclen s lonstan

st me deu

Characlh peu wiedi

 Fnom Sin l

Irght ra, hends towoidh moT Mal

medeen2 denter than mediua
and

hendh

Mediumm 1 demer thm meda)

1
fare Y than
Glas
Later
Shitt
A Ai

R. Inde
21

Then
| n, xh12

Rectangular Mab

emerget vay to min

ho devtatn but l «teral duntece

shit
 Aparent depth Bottgm of walii fled tonk aynea

17Apt doph h,
Peal depth
he
cb

Norma
V(ewiny oblyue viny
Appt degth h, teal depth h.

mediun Yeal depth

pp rptu b,

IV.Total Tnternal Reflection

o lntenal reflecton Iight tra Vels fom denier tu Yarer

meduu and

demw
TI-R light tna vels iom Fpen
)
taner it bends
mlres
As ange
herefachr
mbyefrctii
 total htermal rrgleetin!
Thes is
ta ken- plae.
trommn hom

to
he Ange incieme
ange
media

From Snelli law Sin i

Str
Smr 1

be

Stn ic
Stni
Sinr"2 Sin l

Vole
Sinr

no efoclión pauad

wirta
 ,

waltu T.I.e.
Pay halt

TIR de moaion

Beakn
L Tusbid
lascr onl

(lii)
m Te tuhe

IY (B) Total intennal RelHee tión vin nalare 4 ita Tecta.

Applicatiom
denpet to
to hend
hend lybt

yed to nvert lnages wIthut chamyy

 =)
(a

Crmg
cc)

aedio
(1 opfica fibye used fr, Tnammitfng
(OF)
4vdeo hiqols

are fabri cated uith hiph qrlit

Compunde ghn yuantk
Fach OF coits
Crre
Low'n

Hkn

O.Hbry are wed

tra4

4 reecing electvica ynoh. hct

to
trans dent.
 wsed

Ex ’ vtueal examnatia
itemod
eNophagus, tmatl, intotinen
Maw rutemen m O.F
mintmum Iutt
ayorptión
4 tnavel Lny dintanle
maleeel
Such an ycartz
Fbves

Re fnactiow lenyes

(a) An stnfinitimal puat of kame laws

egau ded as planas and an the utaee

by
Trampowat eptkeal meduve bowndad ky
(b) Then ws
vid Refratthen at shencol urjate

tan ZNoM = MN
OM

tan M

tan NIM =
MI

ANOC
i LNoM + LNCM
MN 4 MN
OM

Simloudy
r= MN MN
MI

by malli laas,
n, SnL = n, Sin r
fx Smalaes. n, i =
rom 0 4
n,
MI n
 12

OMU, MI: +), MC= 4R

n.
n-n,

Rel. b/n ohhect 4 mae den lonte mlinwm R, hadeu

me dium 4 1adea q cunvature splherd urtace

Spheical
It hold for cowed

G Rekac tioin by a lows

A
N Imaze furn maton
adoubie comen

(b Rehaackon at
I,

() (C) Refr actn at

tcnd
 3

(e Imag formaln boy a double comen les

(0)

(ip /ytual a objet tor

Suond kuskace that frms Jmy 1,
n
n n,
OM
MI MO
A8C interhate.

+ n n,-n
BI, Be,

procedve cyplie d
-n
DT
DC,
Fo a thin ens BIj- DI,

Adding .

Sopon at , ie OB

(n,n) (
The potnt whehe object plad a
the lmn and distanee

A Lons has a jod, Fand f' On et nde it.

Conventow
BC,= +R,
b --R,
n
So, 3) Can he wnillen as
(n,,-1)

to Leinsen dersicd
nadin unvative

From 8 4)
n,

ln thin ds pwn B,0 are both cloe t spte

Thin
 1

2Foc FF
om opthcal Cotre.
aui destant tiom
Fist foal potnt frc on de soure

à) ray rn e to prnipel ams

throud

thvo'opticat cehhe
 J6

A
Con*

a Concave bn
(b A
to meet the wincipal aes t nd focus point

Magaficaton(m)
Ralio o imay
m= h V

’ Virtuel
,

Powen a lens
Meamue Comvergnee
dvergonce,. whch lens mdodeaa

Shntr fclegta hnda me

taryeut avje hy eeh it

at unt distne Ron op tiat eatre.

 tan S h ,if h=1

SIunit

The power m s 10.

Con verqui
p-ve

ci) Comb1ratuon ot thin eme n comtat

A

I,

a bns A,6 focteth fand eonta uith eU

at 0,tuyent focnt
way ot I,
 shape 5ehons
t
(5)
to
eval nugarded ntmis lens- a
t
BImee
ay
dencted poti Cevtral
ancident: centves oplrcal aMme we thm, lones
ar
I.Irage
vodej B, oheet
f virhed as act ie Yealreal - I
 fomed hy fist
m
Tatad magnijtcton

Such a syiim Combinalrin loues Commmonl

(used lonses (annea
mtroscoes,
telescapcs

e Retroctón thragh aprin

A

Thucng ular pvkhm

The angl betueera tnvent ray Rs aud dectron ot

called

qyuadialia ARNR , are

Total de viaton
(i-) (e-r)
 (AtDms) SiM
2'A
- Un
2r-A
tu wn yeadei
de May Dm, evietn' min A
deuiation. Same
ark! braced iAse
t path
hauyed
Comeapndo
2to 20
i-e ercept
lize'
t
depims develion
i+e-A |S
toY Smal!

alo

M,
Sm A,
(A+0h

Tho ndms donot deuiatz l ht muh.

lsht