General Revision (LESSONS)

1- Expressing Advice :

 Should Should not Eg: a: The government should stop cartel.

 Had better Had better not + Stem (inf) b:The government………………….
 Ought to Ought not to

2- Time Expression:

 It’s high time Subject + verb (past.s) Eg: a: The government should stop cartel.
 It’s about time b: It’s high time……………………..

3-Result = Consequence:

A- So……that That

1) Adjective: Eg: The company is greedy. It’s salaries are among the lowest in English.

That

So 2) Adverb: Eg: I am walking slowly. I have hurt my ankle.

That

3) Quantifiers: Eg: Social responsible businesses are few these days. It is hard to find one.

B- Such……that

Article ( a / an / the ) That

Such Noun Phrase Adjective Eg: His son is a good businessman. His project is

Noun flourishing.

C- .As a result, / .As a consequence, / .Consequently, / .Therefore, / .Thus, / .That’s why, / ,so

Eg; a) Copies of product are cheap. People don’t hesitate to buy them. ( Therefore)
4-Cause = Reason

 Because
 Since Subject + verb Eg: People are fed up with nepotism because it is an evil.
 As
 ,for
 Because of Noun Phrase
 Due to Eg; People are fed up with nepotism due to being an evil.
 Owing to Gerund

5- Active / Passive Voice

Active Passive

A: Subject + Verb + Object

Eg:

B: Subject + Verb + Object a: Most students speak English in this classroom.

To change the sentence from active to passive you should b: English………………………………………………….

1- by Eg :

a: She is eating an apple .

Pre.S am / is / are
b: An apple……………………………
Past.S was / were
2- To be Eg:
Ving being
a: Tom wrote a letter.
p.p been
b: A letter ………………………………
Stem be

3- verb Past participle

6- Unless

Present simple + will stem (Future Simple) A) + / + +/ -

Unless Past simple + would stem B) - / - or + + / - or +

Past perfect + would have + past participle C) + / - +/+

Eg:

If you study hard, you will succeed.

If you don’t wear a warm jacket, you will feel cold.

If you close the door, I will not hit you.

If Muslims didn’t translate Greek words, western scholars couldn’t study Greek science.

7- Conditional

 Provided that
 Providing that
 As long as Subject Verb (present simple) ……, Subject + Verb ( Future simple)
 So long as

Eg: provided that the government passes strict laws. It stops corruption. (Providing that)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

8 – Concession

1st Group

 Although
 Even though
 Though Subject + verb
 Despite the fact that
 In spite of the fact that

2nd Group

Noun Phrase

 In spite of
 Despite

Gerund (stem ing )

Eg: I am an Arab person. I don’t speak Aabic. (Although / Even though)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
9- Expressing time

-After + 1st action + 2nd action

(As soon as)

Past perfect Past simple

Regular Irregular

Had + past participle

-Before + 2nd action + 1st action

Past simple Past Perfect

- 2nd action + until + 1st action

- 1st action + until + 2nd action
Eg:

1- The government had passed the rule. People started to respect it.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

2- The man had come. He fed up the cat.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

3- The organization didn’t say anything . They had observed the widespread of child exploitation.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

4- The Romans had stayed in Greece. The Germans invaded it.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Phonetics

1- Final /s/

/s/ /z/ /iz/

p …………………………….. S Sh
t ……………………………. Z Ch
k …………………………… X /dz/ g ‫ج‬
f=ph=gh ……………………………
th ‫ث‬

2- Final /ed/

/t/ /d/ /id/

P …………………………….. I/ d
K …………………………….
S ……………………………
F=ph =gh ……………………………
SH=ch

3-Syllables

Vowels: a- i – e – o – u –y

Exceptions
1)……………….e ( don’t count it as a syllable)

2)………………C+Le ( here we count it as a syllable)

3) Vowel + Vowel ( count them as one syllable)

4)……..(s/z/x/sh/ch/g) + es ( we count e as a syllable)

5………(t/d) +ed (we count e as a syllable)

4- Stress
On the 1st syllable: (Nouns / Adjectives / Adverbs)

On the 2nd syllable: ( Verbs / prepositions)

On penultimate Syllable: (words end with : ic / ics / tion / sion /cian / ial / ia/ ous)

On Ante penultimate Syllable: (wirds end with: cy / gy/ phy / ty/ al / ment / ize / ate /ify)

Compound words: (the stress falls on the first syllable only with nouns )
How o get a coherent paragraph:

1-BAC 2014sc
a- For example, they are entitled to products

b-Consumers have several basic rights.

c-They are also entitled to the protection against unsafe food.

d-whose quality is consistent with their prices.

2-BAC 2014FL
a- more and more school boys and school girls smoke

b-Smoking has spread among students at an alarming rate.

d- because they imitate adults and T.V stars and want to prove their freedom.

d- In spite of its dangerous effects on health,

3- BAC 2014LS

a- which was for the benefit of all humans

b- In the middle Ages, when the West was torn by wars and ignorance,

c-It carried the torch of science and thought

d- the Islamic civilization flourished considerably.

What do the underlined words refer to
They / their / them / themselves ……..

He / him / his/ himself ………

She / her /herself …….

It/ its/ itself……..

You / your/ yourself(ves)…..

I/ me / my / myself …….

That / which…….

When…..

Where/ there …..

Who / whom….

The continent…..

This phenomenon / problem / issue / trouble / one /ones ….

Activity: what do the underlined words refer to on the text?

1-Advertising is how a company encourages people to buy their products, services or ideas .It is anything that
draws good attention towards these things. It is usually designed by an advertising agency for a sponsor or
brand and made public by various media. Ads appear on television, radio, newspapers, magazines and
billboards in streets and cities. Advertisers use methods that attract attention.

2- The term “child labour” is often defined as work that deprives children of their childhood, their potential and
their dignity, and that is harmful to physical and mental development. It refers to work that is mentally,
physically, socially or morally dangerous and harmful to children