Chapter 2

Review of Related Literature and Studies

This chapter contains the related literature and studies coming from

different sources like websites, other studies and articles. This may help the

researcher enhance his knowledge about his study “Effects and Causes of

Depression” that will help Bethany Christian School Students to be knowledgeable

in Academic Year 2018-2019.

Related Literature

Foreign

According to Ponton (2016) that stress hits us all in life, and while a little

stress is good — it keeps us focused and motivated — too much of it and it can grind

our lives to a complete halt. When you’re feeling overwhelmed and stressed-out, you

may become paralyzed and unable to do much of anything.

As cited by Jacob (2016) that alcohol abuse and depression can be a deadly

mix. Yet it is a common combination that can be self-reinforcing cycle — and

difficult to break out of.

According to Haggerty (2018) that depression can be treated effectively with

antidepressant medications and psychological therapies. Research suggests that

antidepressant medications and psychotherapy are equally effective for treating

mild to moderate cases of depression. For more severe cases, medications are

clearly superior. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is the most effective treatment for

depression with psychotic symptoms or when depression is life-threatening.

 As for Chong (2016) mentions that depression is associated with an

increased frequency of smoking. Addicted smokers are characterized by

preoccupation with smoking, abnormal attachment to cigarettes and anticipation of

brain reward from the drugs in cigarette smoke. Attempts to quit smoking often lead

to a decreased level of pleasure and undesirable mood swings. Thus, once the brain

has adapted to the daily dose of the drug, it seems abnormal to the brain if the user

attempts to abstain.

According to Collingwood (2016) stated that before adolescence, there is

little difference in the rate of depression in boys and girls. But between the ages of

11 and 13 there is a precipitous rise in depression rates for girls. By the age of 15,

females are twice as likely to have experienced a major depressive episode as males.

This comes at a time in adolescence when roles and expectations change

dramatically. The stresses of adolescence include forming an identity, emerging

sexuality, separating from parents, and making decisions for the first time, along

with other physical, intellectual, and hormonal changes. These stresses are generally

different for boys and girls, and may be associated more often with depression in

females. Studies show that female high school students have significantly higher

rates of depression, anxiety disorders, eating disorders, and adjustment disorders

than male students, who have higher rates of disruptive behavior disorders.
Local

According to Resula (2014) in his article he states: “Ang depresyon ay isang

karaniwang sakit sa pag-iisip kung saan nakakaramdam ang isang tao ng labis na

kalungkutan. Ito ay namamana o kaya’y sanhi ng mga pagbabago sa utak at

hormones, problema sa neurotransmitters (mga kemikal na naghahatid ng signal

mula sa katawan papunta sa utak), mga pangyayari sa buhay, stress, at trauma. Ito’y

maaaring pangmatagalan o pabalik-balik.”

As for Loralaine (2011) in her article she states: Ang depresyon sa mga bata

ay maaaring minsanang problema o maaaring magpatuloy. Karamihan sa mga bata

mahihirapan nang ilang linggo o buwan. Kung walang paggagamot, maaaring

bumalik ang depresyon at lumala. Ang mga batang nagkaroon na ng depresyon ay

mas malaki ang peligro ng depresyon sa huling mga taon ng kanilang kabataan at

nasa sapat na gulang. Ang eksaktong sanhi ng depresyon ay hindi nalalaman. Ang

utak ay gumagawa ng mga kemikal na nakakaapekto sa mga pag-iisip, emosyon, at

mga kilos. Kung wala ang tamang balanse ng mga kemikal na ito, maaaring may mga

problema sa kung papaanong mag-isip, makaramdam, o kumilos ang iyong anak.

Ang batang may ganitong sakit ay maaaring may kakaunti o napakarami ng ilan sa

mga kemikal na ito.

As cited by Torres (2009) in his article he states: Sa kasalukuyan,

nakapagtala na ng mga insidente ng pagpapatiwakal at “suicidal attempt” ngilan sa

mga mag-aaral na nakaranas ng depresyon at pagkabahala. Kaya naman,

mahalagang malamanang dahilan ng mga ito sa pisyolohikal at sosyolohikal na pag-

aaral na tunay nga namang magdadala ngnapakalaking impak lalo na sa mga mag-

aaral na kasalukuyang dumaranas nito at sa mga mag-aaral namakakaranas rin ng

ganitong insidente sa hinaharap. Nang sa gayon ay maging bukas sila sa mga

paraanna maaari nilang gamitin upang hindi na sila umabot sa ganitong lebel, ang

lebel ng labis na pagkabahalana magiging isang malaking susi sa pagkakaroon nila

ng depresyon.

According to Malitan (2012) in his article he states: Matindi ang epekto ng

depresyon kaya naman hindi talaga ito dapat ipagwalang bahala. Akala lang ng iba

ay parang stress ito tulad ng naging isyu kay Joey de Leon. Pero maraming

nakararanas ng depresyon ang umaabot sa pagkitil ng sarili nilang buhay. Kaya kung

mayroon kayong kakilala na depressed ay ‘wag itong ipagwalang bahala. Lagi dapat

silang may nakakausap at nakakasama para malampasan ito.

As for Ong (2012) in her article she states: Ang depresyon at pagkabahala ay

parang magkabaligtad, subalit palaging magkasama. Sa mahigit na kalahati sa mga

taong masuri na may depresyon ay nagtataglay din ng pagkabahala. Alin man sa

kondisyon ng naturang karamdaman, palaging magkasama ang depresyon at

pagkabahala kaya tunay na napakahirap na magkaroon ng ganitong uri ng

karamdaman. Mahirap masuri at magamot. Nagdudulot ang depresyon sa tao na

siya ay may masidhing panghihina ng loob, walang tutulong, walang pag-asa. Ang

pagkabahala ay nagbibibgay ng pagkabalisa at napupuspos ang pisikal na sintomas –

ang pagkabog ng puso, pagbigat ng dibdib, at ang hirap sa paghinga.

Related Studies

Foreign

The mental health of college students is a growing public health concern.

Particularly alarming is the prevalence of depression and risk of suicide in this

cohort. According to Saver (2006) Depression is one of the most commonly

encountered chronic conditions in primary care, yet it remains substantially

underdiagnosed and undertreated. We sought to gain a better understanding of

barriers to diagnosis of and entering treatment for depression in primary care.

Depression is a serious issue that can cause people to suicide and give up on

life that’s why depression has always been a phenomenon all this years (Faeq, 2012)

Depression is one of the most widespread diseases across the world and a major

factor in problems of mental health. The issue of students’ mental health is a global

problem that covers all developed and non-developed societies, both modern and

traditional.

(Collingwood, 2007) states that depression, with rates at around 14 percent

according to one study in Dublin, Ireland. The background rate among the general

population is thought to be around eight to 12 percent. Furthermore Magklara

(2015) Said that Depression is a common mental health problem in adolescents

worldwide. The aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence,

comorbidity and sociodemographic and socioeconomic associations of depression

and depressive symptoms, as well as the relevant health services use in a sample of

adolescents in Greece

Local

Depression is a serious thing that can destroy lives. This has proven by a lot

of people studying depression. (Rodriguez, 2013) Stated that depression can be

prevented if its symptoms are addressed early and effectively. Prevention against

depression among university students is rare in the Philippines, but is urgent

because of the rising rates of suicide among the group. Evidence is needed to

systematically identify and assist students with higher levels of depressive

symptoms. As of Nube (2017) Depression is a state which a person feels very sad,

hopeless and unimportant and often is unable to live in a normal way. Elderly most

often get didn’t get notice and but some of them might be under depression already.

According to Oro-Josef (2014) Depression in the elderly is an important health

concern worldwide. It is a silent disorder that afflicts many of the elderly

population. It is the most common psychiatric disorder among the elderly yet

unrecognized and under treated because attention is often focused on the physical

medical conditions that are apparent during clinic visit.

Ildla (2015) also found out that depression is a serious issue that Filipinos

need to address. But like with most serious issues facing the nation, most Filipinos

tend to just shrug it off as inconsequential. Some would even insist that the study

must be inaccurate because they truly believe that Filipino “resilience” can be

attributed to the people’s happy-go-lucky nature despite the disasters — both

 natural and man-made — they have suffered. According to Musisi (2016) significant

depression symptoms are prevalent among school-going adolescents and may

progress to full-blown depressive disorders. Culturally sensitive psychological

interventions to prevent and treat depression among school-going adolescents are

urgently needed.

Conclusion

This study is all about the possible effects and causes of depression among

Bethany Christian School students in the Academic Year 2017-2018.

Depression is a serious matter for it affects our body and mind. It causes

people to commit suicide as well. This problem must be solve as early as possible, so

students now shall find a peace of mind and live peacefully with ease.

Therefore, God will help us find the true peace in our lives.

Conceptual Framework

Knowledge of Bethany Christian School

students about Depression Batch 2017-2018

Input Process Output

-Effects of Depressions -Survey Questionnaire -Massive school projects

-Causes of Depressions -Destroyed relationships

-Depression Behavior -Criticized of others