Meningitis

REPORTER: MARK ARVIN AÑONUEVO

What is Meningitis?
Meningitis is the inflammation of the
meninges, the protective membranes that
surround the brain and spinal cord. This
inflammation can result from infections,
autoimmune conditions, or irritants, leading to
swelling and irritation of the meninges.
Meningitis can be life-threatening, and its
severity depends on the causative agent,
ranging from mild viral infections to severe
bacterial infections requiring immediate
medical attention.
 Types of Meningitis
Viral Meningitis:
Causes: Primarily caused by viruses, such as:
Enteroviruses: Commonly spread through contaminated food and water,
especially in summer and fall.
Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV): Can cause severe meningitis, particularly in
newborns and immunocompromised individuals.
Mumps Virus: Though rare due to vaccination, it can still cause viral
meningitis.
Characteristics:
Symptoms are often milder than bacterial meningitis.
It usually resolves on its own without specific antiviral treatment, although
supportive care is recommended.
 Types of Meningitis
Bacterial Meningitis:
Causes: Major bacterial pathogens include:
Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcal): Often spread in crowded
settings and can cause outbreaks.
Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcal): A leading cause in adults
and children, especially those with underlying health conditions.
Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib): Mostly seen in unvaccinated
children.
Characteristics:
Symptoms appear rapidly and can be severe.
Requires urgent medical treatment with intravenous antibiotics to prevent
complications and mortality.
 Types of Meningitis
Fungal Meningitis:
Causes:
Most commonly caused by “Cryptococcus neoformans”, often seen
in individuals with HIV/AIDS or other immunocompromised
conditions.
Other fungi, such as “Histoplasma” or “Coccidioides”, can also lead to
meningitis.
Characteristics:
Chronic in nature and may present with symptoms that develop
slowly.
Requires antifungal medications, which may need prolonged courses.
 Types of Meningitis
Parasitic Meningitis:
Causes:
Caused by parasites such as “Naegleria fowleri”, which is often
associated with freshwater exposure.
Toxoplasma gondii can also lead to meningitis, especially in
immunocompromised individuals.
Characteristics:
Rare but can be severe, with Naegleria fowleri causing rapid and
often fatal illness.
Treatment depends on the specific parasite but often requires
antiparasitic medications.
 Types of Meningitis
Non-Infectious Meningitis:
Causes: Can be triggered by conditions such as:
Autoimmune disorders: Like lupus or sarcoidosis.
Certain medications: Including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory
drugs (NSAIDs) and antibiotics.
Cancers: Tumors that irritate the meninges.
Characteristics:
Symptoms may resemble infectious meningitis but are not caused by
pathogens.
Treatment involves addressing the underlying cause, such as
corticosteroids for autoimmune conditions.
 Risk Factors of Meningitis
Age:
Infants and young children (especially under 5 years old) are at
increased risk for viral and bacterial meningitis due to their developing
immune systems.
Adolescents and young adults (especially in college dormitories)
also have higher rates of bacterial meningitis.
Community Settings:
Living in close quarters (dormitories, military barracks, or childcare
facilities) can facilitate the spread of bacteria.
 Risk Factors of Meningitis
Weakened Immune System:
Conditions such as HIV/AIDS, diabetes, and organ transplants can
increase vulnerability to meningitis, particularly fungal and viral types.
Travel:
Traveling to regions with high rates of meningococcal disease (e.g.,
parts of Africa, particularly during the dry season) can elevate risk.
Certain Medical Conditions:
Conditions that affect the immune system, such as sickle cell disease,
chronic lung disease, or neurological conditions, can increase
susceptibility.
 Symptoms of Meningitis
Common Symptoms:
Fever: A sudden high fever is a common indicator.
Headache: Severe headache that differs from typical headaches.
Stiff Neck: Difficulty in bending the neck forward due to stiffness.
Nausea and Vomiting: Often accompanying headache and
fever.
Sensitivity to Light (Photophobia): Discomfort or pain in bright
light.
Confusion or Altered Mental Status: Disorientation or inability
to concentrate.
 Symptoms of Meningitis
Infants and Young Children:
Irritability: Excessive fussiness, particularly when held.
Poor Feeding: Refusal to eat or drink.
High-Pitched Crying: An unusual, high-pitched cry may indicate
distress.
Bulging Fontanel: The soft spot on a baby’s head may appear
swollen.
 Prevention for Meningitis
Vaccination: Vaccines are the most effective means of preventing
bacterial meningitis:
Meningococcal Vaccine: Protects against Neisseria meningitidis.
Pneumococcal Vaccine: Protects against Streptococcus
pneumoniae.
Haemophilus Influenzae Type B (Hib) Vaccine: Protects against
Hib, primarily in children.
Avoiding Close Contact:
In crowded or communal settings, maintain a safe distance from
those who are sick.
 Prevention for Meningitis
Good Hygiene Practices:
Encourage regular handwashing with soap and water, especially
before meals and after using the restroom.
Use tissues for coughs and sneezes, and dispose of them properly.
Prophylactic Antibiotics:
Close contacts of someone diagnosed with bacterial meningitis
may need preventive antibiotics to reduce their risk.
 Treatment for Meningitis
Viral Meningitis: Treatment focuses on supportive care,
including:

Rest: Allow the body to recover.

Hydration: Ensuring adequate fluid intake.
Over-the-Counter Pain Relievers: Ibuprofen or
acetaminophen for pain and fever.
Antiviral medications may be prescribed for certain viruses
like HSV.
 Treatment for Meningitis
Bacterial Meningitis: Requires immediate hospitalization with:
Intravenous Antibiotics: Depending on the bacteria identified,
antibiotics like ceftriaxone or vancomycin may be used.
Corticosteroids: May be administered to reduce inflammation and
complications.
Fungal Meningitis:
Requires antifungal medications like amphotericin B and may involve
long courses of treatment.
Supportive Care:
Includes monitoring vital signs, providing fluids, and managing
complications (e.g., seizures).
Caregiver Approach for Meningitis
Monitor Symptoms: Caregivers should keep a close watch for
worsening symptoms such as increasing headache, rising fever,
or changes in consciousness.
Encourage Medication Compliance: Ensure the patient
adheres to the prescribed treatment plan, including taking
antibiotics or antifungals as directed.
Provide Comfort: Create a calm environment and encourage
rest. Hydration and small, nutritious meals can aid recovery.
Caregiver Approach for Meningitis
Educate: Inform the patient and family about the illness,
expected recovery process, and signs to watch for that may
indicate worsening conditions.
Plan Follow-Up: Schedule follow-up appointments to monitor
recovery and manage any lingering symptoms, as well as
ensure vaccinations are up to date.
Thank you!