READING PASSAGE 3

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, 'Nhich are based on Reading
Passage 3 on pages 9 and 10.

How a prehistoric predator took to the skies

Is that a bird in the sky? A plane? No, it's a pterosaur. Kate Thomas meets Professor
Matthew Wilkinson, who built a life-size model to find out how this prehistoric predator ever
got off the ground
unearthed a number of very well
Pterosaurs existed from the Triassic preserved pterosaurs. The anhanguera -
period, 220 million years ago, to the end a fisheating sub-species of pterosaur that
of the Cretaceous period, 65 million years ruled the skies in the Cretaceous period -
ago, when South America pulled away was among them. With a wingspan of up
from Africa and the South Atlantic was to 12 metres, they would have made an
formed. They are among the least amazing sight in the sky - had any human
understood of all the extinct reptiles that been there to witness it. 'I've been
once spent their lives in the skies while studying pterosaurs for about eight years
the dinosaurs dominated the land. now,' says Dr Matthew Wilkinson, a
Pterosaurs had no feathers, but at least professor of zoology at Cambridge
part of their bodies was covered in hair, University. With an anhanguera fossil as
not unlike bats. Some believe this is an his model, Wilkinson began gradually
indication they were warm-blooded. reconstructing its skeletal structure in his
Researchers also debate \Nhether Cambridge studio. The probability of
pterosaurs travelled on the ground by finding three-dimensional pterosaur
walking on their hind legs, like birds, or by fossils anywhere is slim. That was quite a
using all fours, relying on their threetoed find,' he says. Their bones are usually
front feet as well as their four-toed rear crushed to dust.' Once the structure was
feet. complete, it inspired him to make a robot
Pterosaurs were vertebrates, meaning version as a way to understand the
they were the first species possessing animal's locomotion. With a team of
backbones to become airborne, but model-makers, he has built a remote-
scientists have never quite understood controlled pterosaur in his studio.
their flight technique. How, they 'Fossils show just how large these
wondered, did such a heavy creature ever creatures were. I've always been
manage to take off? How could a wing interested in how they managed to launch
that appears themselves, so I thought the real test
to have been supported by fine, hollow would be to actually build one and fly it.'
bones have carried one into the sky? Wilkinson hasn't been alone in his
Then came the discovery of a site in desire to recreate a prehistoric beast.
Brazil's Araripe basin. Here, not only Swiss scientists recently announced they
were hundreds of fossils of amphibians1 had built an amphibious robot that could
and other reptiles found, but
archaeologists
vvalk on land and swim in vvater using the would have significantly reduced the
sort of backbone movements that must minimum flight speed, allowing even the
have been employed by the first largest forms to take off without difficulty,'
creatures to crawl from the sea. But Wilkinson says. 'It 'M:>uld have enabled
Wilkinson had the added complication of them to glide very slowly and may have
'M:>rking out his beast's flight technique. been instrumental in the evolution of large
Unlike those of bats or flying squirrels, size by the pterosaurs.'
pterosaur wings - soft, stretchy Resting in the grass at the test site
membranes of skin tissue - are thought to near Cambridge, the robot-model's wings
have reached from the chest right to the ripple in the wind. In flight, the flexible
ankle, reinforced by fibres that stiffened membrane, 'Mlile much stiffer than the
the wing and prevented tearing. Smaller real thing, allows for a smooth takeoff
subspecies flapped their wings during and landing. But the model has been
takeoff. That may have explained the troubled by other mechanical problems.
creatures' flexibility, but it did not answer 'Unlike an aircraft, 'Mlich is stabilised by
the most pressing question: how did such the tail wing at the back, the model is
heavy animals manage to launch stabilised by its head, 'Mlich means it can
themselves into the sky? start spinning around. That's the most
Working with researchers in London and problematic bit as far as we're
Berlin, Wilkinson began to piece together concerned,' Wilkinson says. 'We've had
the puzzle. to take it flying without the head so far.'
It emerged that the anhanguera had an When it flies with its head attached,
elongated limb called the pteroid. It had Wilkinson will finally have proved his
previously been thought the pteroid point.
pointed tovvards the shoulder of the So 'Mlat's next for the zoologist -
creature and supported a soft foreV'ving in perhaps a full-size Tyrannosaurus rex?
front of the arm. But if that were the case, 'No,' he tells me: We're desperate to build
the forewing would have been too small really big pterosaurs. I'm talking creatures
and ineffectual for flight. However, to the with even greater wingspans, weighing a
surprise of many scientists, fossils from quarter of a ton. But,' he adds, just as one
the Araripe basin showed the pteroid begins to fear for the safety and stress
possibly faced the opposite vvay, creating levels of pilots landing nearby at
a much greater forewing that 'M:>uld have Cambridge City Airport, 'it's more likely
caught the air, working in the same vvay we'll start off with one of the smaller,
flapping pterosaurs.' This is certainly more
as the flaps on the wings of an aeroplane.
reassuring. Let's hope he is content to
So, with both feet on the ground, the
leave it at that.
anhanguera might have simply faced into
the wind, spread its wings and risen up
into the sky. Initial trials in wind tunnels
proved the point - models of pterosaurs
with forvvard-facing pteroids were not only
adept at gliding, but were agile flyers in
spite of their size. 'This high-lift capability
Questions 27 - 32

Complete the summary using the list of words, A-L, below.

Write the correct letter, A-L, in boxes 27-32 on your ansv,.,er sheet.
Pterosaurs are believed to have existed until the end of the Cretaceous period. They
are classed as 27.................... which vvere capable of flight, although, unlike modern
species, they had some 28 .................... , which is evidence of their having had vvarm
blood. There are two theories as to how they moved on land: perhaps with aII their feet
or by using their 29 ...................... only Another mystery has concerned the ability of
the
pterosaur to fly despite its immense 30..................... , and the fact that the bones making
up the wing did not have great 31 ......................Thanks to reptile fossils found in Brazil,
vve now know that the subspecies known as anhanguera had wings that were 12 metres
across and that it mainly survived on 32 .......................

A front feet B fish C dinosaurs

D reptiles E flexibility F hind legs
G amphibians H birds I strength
J vveight K tail L hair

Questions 33 - 36

Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 3?
In boxes 33-36 on your answer sheet, write
YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
33 It is rare to find a fossil of a pterosaur that clearly shows its skeleton.

34 The reason for building the model vvas to prove pterosaurs flew for long
distances.
35 It is possible that pterosaur species achieved their wing size as a result of
the pteroid.
36 Wilkinson has made several unsuccessful replicas of the pterosaur's head.
Questions 37 - 40

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

Write the correct letter in boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet.

37 What was Professor Wilkinson's main problem, according to the third paragraph?
A Early amphibians had a more complex structure than pterosaurs.
B Pterosaur wings could easily be damaged while on the ground.
C Flying squirrels and bats were better adapted to flying than pterosaurs.
D Large pterosaurs were not able to take off like other flying animals.
38 What did Professor Wilkinson discover about a bone in pterosaurs called a pteroid?
A It was in an unexpected position.
B It existed only in large species of pterosaurs.
C It allowed pterosaurs to glide rather than fly.
D It increased the speed pterosaurs could reach in the air.
39 According to the vvriter, the main problem with the remote-controlled 'pterosaur' is
that
A it has been unable to leave the ground so far.
B it cannot be controlled when its head is attached.
C its wing material is not flexible enough.
D the force of the wind may affect its test results.
40 What does 'it' in the last sentence refer to?
A the information the tests have revealed
B Wilkinson's sense of achievement
C Wilkinson's desire to build models
D the comparison between types of models
READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27 - 40, which are based on Reading
Passage 3

The role of accidents in business

In 1894 Dr John Kellogg and his brother, Will were Sl1pervising a hospital and health spa in
Michigan. The patients were on a restricted diet. One day, the brothers left cooked wheat
untended for more than 24 hours. When they returned, they saw what they had done. It was
no good to eat, but they decided to run the stale wheat through rollers, just to see how it
would turn out. Normally, the process produced long sheets, but they were surprised to
discover that this time the rollers created flat flakes. They baked them, and then tried the
san1e thing with com. From this accidental discovery came the cornflakes that generations
have now been eating for breakfast.

Accidents happen; there is nothing predictable and orderly about innovation. Nobel laureate
Sir Alan Hodgkin, who discovered how nerve cells transmit electrical impulses between the
skin and the brain, commented: 'I believe that the record of my published papers conveys an
impression of directedness and planning which does not at all coincide with the actual
sequence of events'.

The same rule applies in business. The mistake that gave us cornflakes keeps repeating itself
in the history of disruptive innovation, the kind of that transforms markets. Louis Daguerre,
for instance, discovered the technique that gave us photography in the 1830s, when drops of
mercury from a shattered thermometer produced a photographic image. The micro\.vave was
discovered when Percy Spender, a scientist with Raytheon, was testing a nevi vacuum tube
and discovered that the sweet in his pocket had melted. The artificial sweetener, saccharin,
was the unintentional result of a medical scientist's work on a chemical treatment for gastric
ulcers. While working for the firm 3M, researcher Art Fry had no idea he was taking the first
steps towards Post-It Notes when he used bits of adhesive office paper that could be easily
lifted off the page to replace the scrap paper bookmarks that kept falling out of his hymn
book

Breakthrough and disruptive innovation are rarely driven by orderly process. Usually they
come out of a chaotic, haphazard mess, which is why big companies, full of managers
schooled in business programmes designed to eliminate random variation and mistakes,
struggle with them. In these sorts of environments, accidents are called failures and are
discouraged

It is no surprise then that research from the late British economist Paul Geroski and London
Business School's Constantinos Markides found that companies that were skilled at
innovation were usually not that skilled when it came to commercialisation, and vice versa.
Their book, Fast Second, divides businesses into 'colonists' and 'consolidators'. Small and
nimble, colonists are adept at creating market niches but are terrible institution builders.
Consolidators, with their strong cultures of discipline cost control, know how to take clever
ideas from other firms and tum them into mass-market items. Microsoft is a prime instance of
this

With companies spending hundreds of billions of dollars on research and development US

academics Robert Austin and Lee Devin examined how managers can encourage productive
slip-ups. ln their article Accident. intention and E,'Cpectation in the innovation Process, they
argue that business processes actually prevent helpful missteps from occurring: According to
their catalogue of accidents, not all false steps and mishaps are equal. Accidents, they say,
come from unlikely mental associations Sl1ch as memories and vague connections, looking
for something and fmding it in an unexpected way, looking for one thing and finding
something else, and not looking for anything but fmding something valuable.

Accident-prone innovation, they say, requires companies to get outside the 'cone of
expectation'. It means throwing together groups from diverse backgrounds, and combining
ideas in tmpredictable ways. Other strategies also include having systems that watch out for
accidents and examine them for value, generating them when they don't happen often enough,
seizing on the useful ones, capturing their valuable features, and building on them to add
value and give potential for useful accidents,
All this, however, requires thinking that is often counter-inn1itive to the way businesses
operate. ln other words, it is the kind of thinking that goes against the beliefs of most
business managers. It runs counter to the notion frequently pushed by consultants that you
can 'harness' creativity and direct it to line up with intention. 'The cost of accidents that do
not prove valuable are often of concern to people in business', they write. 'In business,
people tend to call such efforts failure

There are tentative signs that more companies are starting to realise that failure can lead to
commercial gain, and that this is part of the risk-taking that underpins innovation. Australia's
largest brewing company, for example, made a bad error when it launched new beer called
Empire Larger, pitched at younger consumers. Having spent a fortune creating a beer with a
sweeter taste, designing a great-looking bottle and a television campaign. Foster's was left
with a drink that no-one wanted to buy. The target market was more interested in brands built
up by word of mouth.

Instead of wiping the unsuccessful product launch, Foster's used this lesson learned to go on
and develop other brands instead. One of them, Pure Blonde, is now ranked as Australia's
fifth-largest beer brand. Unlike Empire Larger, there has been almost no promotion and its
sales are generated more by word of mouth
Others companies are taking similar steps to study their own slip-ups. Intuit, the company
behind financial tools such as Quicken, holds regular 'When Leaming Hurts' sessions. But
this sort of transformation is never easy. ln a market that focuses on the short-term
convincing employees and shareholders to tolerate failure and not play it safe is a big thing to
ask
Questions 27- 31
Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 3?
1n boxes 27-31 on your answer sheet, write

YES it the statement agrees with the claims of the

NO writer if the statement contradicts the claims of
NOT GIVEN the writer
if it is impossible to say what the \.vriter thinks about this

27 The delay in the process used by the Kellogg brothers affected the final product

28 Sir Alan Hodgkin is an example of someone whose work proceeded in a logical and
systematic way.

29 Daguerre is an exception to the general rule of innovation.

30 The discovery of saccharin occu1Ted by accident during drug research.

31 The company 3M should have supported Art Fry by funding his idea of Post-It Notes.

Questions 32 - 35
Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-H, below
Write the correct letter, A-H in the boxes 32-35 on your answer sheet

32 The usual business environment

33 Geroski and Markides's book

34 Microsoft is an example of a company which

35 The origin of useful accidents

A can be found in unusual thoughts and chance events

B can be taught in business schools.

C has made a success from someone else's invention

D is designed to nurture differences,

E is unlikely to lead to creative innovation

F says that all mistakes are the

same.
G shows that businesses are good at either inventing or
selling
H
suggests ways of increasing the number of mistakes
Questions 36 - 40
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D
Write the correct letter in boxes 36-40 on your answer sheet.

36 How do Austin and Devin advise companies to get out of the 'cone of expectation'?

A by decreasing the number of company systems

B by forming teams of different types of people
C by hiring new and creative people
D by holding regular brainstorming meetings

37 In recommending 'counter-intu.itive' thinking, what do Austin and Devin imply?

A that failing at business is bad for staff morale
B that innovation ca110ot be planned for
C that most businesses should be devoted to avoiding mistakes
D that the cost of mistakes is an important consideration

38 The writer describes the Empire Larger disaster in order to show that

A success cru1 come out of a business failure

B the majority of companies how value risk-taking
C TV advertising works better on older people
D young beer drinkers do not like a sweet taste

39 Pure Blonde has been more successful than Empire Lager because

A digital media other than TV were used.

B it was adve1tised under a different brand name.
C it was launched with very little advertising.
D the advertising budget was larger.

40 The writer concludes that creating a culture that learns from mistakes
A brings short-term financial gains.
B can be very difficult for some companies.
C holds no risk for workers.
D is a popular move with shareholders.
READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40 which are based Reading Passage 3 on
pages 10 and 11

Charles Darwin, the brilliant anthropologist and creator of the theory of evolution, is not normally
associated with the modern business world.Nevertheless, Darwinian evolutionary theory is the
foundation of a new wave of ideas about human behavior in general and particularly the way
people
behave in the workplace; these ideas have given the title of evolutionary psychology·Evolutionary
psychology revolves around the notion that our brains, like our bodies, have an inherited
evolutionary design that has scarcely changed for 10,000 years, As respected evolutionary
psychology experts Leda Cosmides and John Tooby comment, our modern skulls house a Stone Age
mind.· The US biologist Edward O Wilson sees evolutionary psychology as being a discipline which is
based on both socio-biology, which is the study of the biological basis of social behavior, and
psychology, which is the systematic study of human behavior.

Nigel Nicholson, an organisational psychologist from the London Business School, is a strong
supporter of evolutionary psychology and on this subject has published Managing the Human
Animal. His book takes the reader on a journey from the Stone Age plains of the savannah to the
modern office, and includes a discussion of Darwinism and behavioural psychology together with
a dissection of dysfunctional organisational behavior. It is an effective approach explaining why
people behave as they do, particularly at work.Evolutionary psychology is increasingly being cited
in
management circles, where managers are trying to understand puzzling aspects of human behaviour
and by doing so improve the workplace.Nicholson believes that evolutionary psychology can help
managers understand what goes wrong in organisational life and what they can do about it.

Nicholson maintains that evolutionary psychology dismisses the long-held assumption that our
minds are like blank pages just waiting for culture and experience to write on them and shape our
nature.He points out that sophisticated research shows the brain actually houses a store of
knowledge when we are born, and now genetic research is establishing there are certain genes that
account for abilities, tastes and tendencies.The stored knowledge in the human brain has not
changed much since the Stone Age. As Tooby and Cosmides stress, there have not been enough
generations for a brain that is well adapted to our post-industrial life to evolve through natural
selection.

The evolutionary psychology version of human nature revolves around some key elements which we
have inherited from our hunter-gatherer minds.One key element is emotion. Emotion was
originally essential to keep early man alive and safe from predators.Emotion was, and continues
to be our radar, guiding us throughout today's techno-defined business world.Despite this, the
business \No rid emphasises rational not emotional behaviour, and does not admit the importance
of emotion.We
still use the emotional part of our minds to make sense other people's behaviour and to create
an impression, so we can often be taken in by appearances. This mental predisposition actually works
best in small communities cthe tribe), not in much larger environments filled with people we
barely
know (the modern workplace) Our minds naturally try to re-create our ancestral communities
with networks of no more than 150 people, where there are

clear hierarchies and leaders. As a consequence, it takes very little to trigger

people's innate distrust of others because our safety in antiquity depended on
supporting our near family and friends whom we valued more than other people.

So what advice does Nicholson have for the corporate world? He thinks that by
knowing the reasons for people·s behaviour it is possible to mould corporate
environments into places that have more chance of working efficiently and being
pleasant places to work in.Nicholson admits that not everybody in the business
word agrees with his belief in the effectiveness of evolutionary psychology in the
workplace.One group that resist the theory of evolutionary psychology is young
MBA graduates who are just beginning their careers and feel that evolutionary
psychology will make their lives at work more difficult.Older and wiser executives
points out that they still tend to cling to the idea of a magic formula to bring people
into line with corporate strategy.But that is back-to-front thinking according to
Nicholson, who contends that we should be reinventing our business structures.
not our fundamental human nature.

At the end of his book, Nicholson gives his forecast of what will and will not change
in the business world.He believes that most people will still prefer more traditional
forms of work and throughout their lives will continue to aim at lifelong status
advancement.He also maintains that the line between work and home will be less
defined, but that people will prefer traditional working patterns if working from
home leaves them isolated from their work community.He doubts that the high
tech ideas of virtual companies will ever be very successful because people will
still want to meet each other face-to-face.Nicholson describes his ideal
organisation in the future:it would be decentralized, with small sub-units: the staff
would be from diverse backgrounds and be allowed a high degree of self-
determination.New
endeavours and creativity would replace systems and rationality.Nicholson
acknowledges that there is a long way to go in terms of the translation of his ideas
of evolutionary psychology into practical propositions, but he is confident more and
more people will come round to his way of thinking.
Questions 27-31

Choose the correct letter A, B,C or D

write the correct letter boxes 27-31 on your answer sheet.

27 The writers purpose in the first paragraph is to

A oppose the views of Charkes Darwin.
B compare experts'opinions of Darwin·s theory.
C explain the theory of evolutionary psychology.
D name experts in the field of evolutionary psychology.

28 In the third paragraph which view about evolutionary psychology matches

nicholson's opinion?
A Our characters determine our career choices.
B We begin life without any preconceived notions.
C Our interests and skills depend on our environment.
D We inherit ideas and characteristics from our ancestors.

29 The writer discusses the key element of emotion in order to

A criticise primitive survival strategies.
B explain attitudes and actions at work.
C demonstrate the slowness of evolution.
D suggest companies today are poorly structured.

30 Which of the following does Nicholson predict will happen in the

business worid?
A Companies will remain in city centres.
B Promotion will no longer motivate people.
C Employees will be less independent than now.
D Social interaction will remain important to workers.

31 Which of the following is the most suitable title for Reading Passage 3?
A How successful companies manage change.
B Understanding the origins of workplace behavior.
C Darwin's theories rejected by modern management.
 D Why post-industrial organisations need to evolve more quickly.

Questions 32-35
Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage
3? In boxes 32-36 on your answer sheet, write
YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

32 Nicholson makes a persuasive argument in his book.

33 Tooby and Cosmides believe natural selection through the generations
has prepared.
34 Our reliance on technology causes emotional problems in the workplace.
35 People today are more trusting than they used to be.

Questions 36-40
Complete the summary using the list of words, A-1 below.
Write the correct letter, A-1, in boxes 36-40 on your answer sheet.

Nicholson's advice to the corporate world

Nicholson believes that if we know why people act the way they do, we can
change 36 .................... so employees will work more efficiently. Nicholson·s ideas are
unwelcome to 37 ...............but some executives are more open to what
evolutionary psychology says. However, these executives still believe that there is a 38
.................. that will make employees act according to the company·s practices.
According to Nicholson, these senior executives are engaging in 39 ..................and we
should not try to change 40 ....................but instead we should change our business
structures.

A business leaders B MBA graduates C promotion structures

D reward strategy E magic formula F strategic planning
G back-to-front thinking H business environments I human nature
READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading
Passage 3.
Pacific navigation and voyaging
How people migrated to the Pacific islands
The many tiny islands of the Pacific Ocean had no human population until ancestors of
today's islanders sailed from Southeast Asia in ocean-going canoes approximately
2,000 years ago. At the present time, the debate continues about exactly how they
migrated such vast distances across the ocean, without any of the modern technologies
we take for granted.
Although the romantic vision of some early twentieth-century writers of fleets of heroic
navigators simultaneously setting sail had come to be considered by later investigators
to be exaggerated, no considered assessment of Pacific voyaging was forthcoming until
1956 when the American historian Andrew Sharp published his research. Sharp
challenged the 'heroic vision' by asserting that the expertise of the navigators was
limited, and that the settlement of the islands was not systematic, being more
dependent on good fortune by drifting canoes. Sharp's theory was widely challenged,
and deservedly so. If nothing else, however, it did spark renewed interest in the topic
and precipitated valuable new research.
Since the 1960s a wealth of investigations has been conducted, and most of them,
thankfully, have been of the 'non-armchair' variety. While it would be wrong to denigrate
all 'armchair' research - that based on an examination of available published materials
- it has turned out that so little progress had been made in the area of Pacific voyaging
because most writers relied on the same old sources - travelers' journals or missionary
narratives compiled by unskilled observers. After Sharp, this began to change, and
researchers conducted most of their investigations not in libraries, but in the field.
In 1965, David Lewis, a physician and experienced yachtsman, set to work using his
own unique philosophy: he took the yacht he had owned for many years and navigated
through the islands in order to contact those men who still find their way at sea using
traditional methods. He then accompanied these men, in their traditional canoes, on test
voyages from which all modern instruments were banished from sight, though Lewis
secretly used them to confirm the navigator's calculations. His most famous such
voyage was a return trip of around 1,000 nautical miles between two islands in mid
ocean. Far from drifting, as proposed by Sharp, Lewis found that ancient navigators
would have known which course to steer by memorizing which stars rose and set in
certain positions along the horizon and this gave them fixed directions by which to steer
their boats.
The geographer Edwin Doran followed a quite different approach. He was interested in
obtaining exact data on canoe sailing performance, and to that end employed the latest
electronic instrumentation. Doran traveled on board traditional sailing canoes in some of
the most remote parts of the Pacific, all the while using his instruments to record canoe
speeds in different wind strengths - from gales to calms - the angle canoes could sail
relative to the wind. In the process, he provided the first really precise attributes of
traditional sailing canoes.
1
A further contribution was made by Steven Horvath. As a physiologist, Horvath's
interest was not in navigation techniques or in canoes, but in the physical capabilities of
the men themselves. By adapting standard physiological techniques, Horvath was able
to calculate the energy expenditure required to paddle canoes of this sort at times when
there was no wind to fill the sails, or when the wind was contrary. He concluded that
paddles, or perhaps long oars, could indeed have propelled for long distances what
were primarily sailing vessels.
Finally, a team led by P Wall Garrard conducted important research, in this case by
making investigations while remaining safely in the laboratory. Wall Garrard's unusual
method was to use the findings of linguists who had studied the languages of the Pacific
islands, many of which are remarkably similar although the islands where they are
spoken are sometimes thousands of kilometres apart. Clever adaptation of computer
simulation techniques pioneered in other disciplines allowed him to produce convincing
models suggesting the migrations were indeed systematic, but not simultaneous. Wall
Garrard proposed the migrations should be seen not as a single journey made by a
massed fleet of canoes, but as a series of ever more ambitious voyages, each pushing
further into the unknown ocean.
What do we learn about Pacific navigation and voyaging from this research? Quite
correctly, none of the researchers tried to use their findings to prove one theory or
another; experiments such as these cannot categorically confirm or negate a
hypothesis. The strength of this research lay in the range of methodologies employed.
When we splice together these findings we can propose that traditional navigators used
a variety of canoe types, sources of water and navigation techniques, and it was this
adaptability which was their greatest accomplishment. These navigators observed the
conditions prevailing at sea at the time a voyage was made and altered their techniques
accordingly. Furthermore, the canoes of the navigators were not drifting helplessly at
sea but were most likely part of a systematic migration; as such, the Pacific peoples
were able to view the ocean as an avenue, not a barrier, to communication before any
other race on Earth. Finally, one unexpected but most welcome consequence of this
research has been a renaissance in the practice of traditional voyaging. In some groups
of islands in the Pacific today young people are resurrecting the skills of their ancestors,
when a few decades ago it seemed they would be lost forever.

2
Question 27-31

Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 3?
In boxes 27-31 on your answer sheet, write

YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer

NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
NOT GIVEN if is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

27 The Pacific islands were uninhabited when migrants arrived by sea from Southeast
Asia

28 Andrew Sharp was the first person to write about the migrants to islanders

29 Andrew Sharp believed migratory voyages were based on more on luck than skill
30 Despite being controversial, Andrew Sharp's research had positive results

31 Edwin Doran disagreed with the findings of Lewis's research

3
Questions 32-36

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

Write the correct letter in boxes 32-36 on your answer sheet.

32 David Lewis's research was different because
A he observed traditional navigators at work
B he conducted test voyages using his own yacht
C he carried no modern instruments on test voyages
D he spoke the same language as the islanders he sailed with

33 What did David Lewis's research discover about traditional navigators?

A They used the sun and moon to find their position
B They could not sail further than about 1,000 nautical miles
C They knew which direction they were sailing in
D They were able to drift for long distances

34 What are we told about Edwin Doran's research?

A Data were collected after the canoes had returned to land
B Canoe characteristics were recorded using modern instruments
C Research was conducted in the most densely populated regions
D Navigators were not allowed to see the instruments Doran used

35 Which of the following did Steven Horvath discover during his research?
A Canoe design was less important than human strength
B New research methods had to be developed for use in canoes
C Navigators became very tired on the longest voyages
D Human energy may have been used to assist sailing canoes

36 What is the writer's opinion of P Wall Garrard's research?

A He is disappointed it was conducted in the laboratory
B He is impressed by the originality of the techniques used
C He is surprised it was used to help linguists with their research
D He is concerned that the islands studied are long distances apart

4
Questions 37-40
Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-F, below.
Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet.
37 One limitation in the information produced by all of this research is that it

38 The best thing about this type of research

39 The most important achievement of traditional navigators

40 The migration of people from Asia to the Pacific

A was the variety of experimental techniques used

B was not of interest to young islanders today
C was not conclusive evidence in support of a single
D theory was being able to change their practices when
E necessary
F was the first time humans intentionally crossed an ocean
was the speed with which it was conducted

5
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