CONCEPT 4

● The coffee is too hot.

● The coffee is hot enough.

● Too - more than required, negative sense , too +adj

● Enough - as much as required , negative sense, adj +

enough
● Too__adj__ to + V1 ______some/every/no
any

● So __adj__ that + Subject _____

1. My father is too tired to carry everything.

2. She is too poor to spend some money.

1. My father is too tired to carry anything.

2. She is too poor to spend any money.

1. I was too weak to run no distance.

2. My sister is too lazy to do something.

3. Kanan was too ignorant to hear nothing.

1-I was too weak to run any distance.

2-My sister is too lazy to do anything.

3-Kanan was too ignorant to hear anything.

 Transformation:

1. My father is too tired to carry anything.

2. She is too poor to spend any money.

3. I was too weak to run any distance.

 Transformation:

1. My father is so tired that he cannot carry anything.

2. She is so poor that she cannot spend any money.

3. I was so weak that I cannot run any distance

● Too + unpleasant adjective (unfavourable)

● Too + Pleasant adjective + enough

● Too–to = So -that
 Transformation:

1. My sister is too lazy to do anything.

2. Kanan was too ignorant to hear anything.

 Transformation:

1. My sister is so lazy that she cannot do anything.

2. Kanan was so ignorant that she cannot hear anything.

CONCEPT 5
● Quite(adv) - to a great extent

● Quiet(Adj) - silent
● Keep quiet/quite
● Keep quiet/quite
Stative verb (non-active)

Action verb (action)

I like him. (here like- stative verb)

I wrote a letter. (here wrote- action verb)
1. I quietly listened the instructions given by the
seniors.

2. Keep quite/quiet.
1. I quietly listened the instructions given by the
seniors. -correct

2. Keep quite/quiet.
CONCEPT 6
1. Ram works hard.

2. Ram works hardly.

1. Ram works hard.(correct)

2. Ram hardly works.

 HARD/HARDLY
Hard is used both as an adjective and an adverb.
Adverb of manner
Not can be used with ‘hard’.

The wall is hard. (Adjective)

Hard work always brings victory. (Adverb)
Ramesh has worked hard. (Adverb)
Hardly means ‘barely’. Hardly is used only as an adverb
Adverb of frequency
‘Not’ cannot be used with hardly.
Eg-
She could hardly understand the problem.
Maya hardly works.
1. Ram works hard/hardly, he is sure to be
promoted.
1. Ram works hard/hardly, he is sure to be
promoted.
He worked hardly and got first division.

Aman cannot succeed because he works hard.

Error- He worked hardly and got first division.
Correct- He worked hard and got first division.

Error- Aman cannot succeed because he works

hard.
Correct- Aman cannot succeed because he hardly
works.
 sweetly(taste)(in this case sweetly is not a word)

sweet

With action verb (in this case sweetly can be used)

1. Lata Mangeshkar sang sweet/sweetly.

2. The ice cream tasted sweet/sweetly.

3. Maya was smiling sweet/sweetly at Rakesh.

1. Lata Mangeshkar sang sweet/sweetly.

2. The ice cream tasted sweet/sweetly.

3. Maya was smiling sweet/sweetly at Rakesh.

 Late/lately
Late is used both as an adjective and an adverb.
Late mtlb der ho jana

Eg-
1-Our Teacher is late.
2-The cab was late.
Meaning of Lately is recently.
Lately
Eg-
Have you seen the Qutub Minar lately?
My family have not seen my brother lately.
Shabnam has not met her husband lately.
1. Raman was punished for having come
late/lately to the meeting.
1. Raman was punished for having come
late/lately to the meeting.
Preposition
What is a preposition?
•It is a word or a group of words that is placed before a
noun and pronoun to indicate direction, method,
place, source etc.
Examples
•It may join one noun to another
•Reema was in the kitchen (Reema and Kitchen are nouns)
•It may join noun to a verb
•Radha slipped off the stairs. (slipped and stairs)
•It may join noun to an adjective
• We should be proud of our country. (proud and country)
 NOUN NOUN

PRONOUN
PREPOSITION
VERB

ADJECTIVE PRONOUN
The delivery agent is knocking at the door.
The delivery agent is knocking at the door.
My friend lied to me.
My friend lied to me.
Megha is fond of cooking.
(1) The peon was standing at the assembly hall.
(1) The peon(sub) was(v) standing at the assembly
hall(Pre-O). - middle
(2) Ram along with his family wants to visit Agra.
(1) Ram(sub) along with (prepo) wants to(prepo visit (verb)
Agra(noun)
(3) Meena was studying in the room.
(3) Meena(sub-noun) was studying(verb) in the room.(noun)
TYPES OF PREPOSITION
PREPOSITION OF TIME

PREPOSITION OF PLACE

PREPOSITION OF DIRECTION
 EXAMPLE:
(1) My parents will arrive at dawn.

(2) Arjun aimed at the bird’s eyes.

(3) I was standing at the parking area.

Ex:-

(1) My parents will arrive at dawn.

(2) Arjun aimed at the bird’s eyes.

(3) I was standing at the parking area.

1. I will come on Wednesday.

2. The pen is lying on the desk.

1. I will come on Wednesday. - denoting time

2. The pen is lying on the desk. -denoting place

Ex:-

(1) My parents will arrive at dawn.

(2) Arjun aimed at the bird’s eyes.

(3) I was standing at the parking area.

PREPOSITION OF POSITION
(1) IN / ON

• IN:- In is used when we are talking about things that

are inside.

• ON :- On is used when we are talking about things

that are on the surface.
IN / ON / AT
The box is in the The box is on the
cupboard. cupboard.
Fill in the blanks with the correct preposition.

1. The old man lives _____ a hut. (on/in)

2. The book is _____ the table.(on/in)

Fill in the blanks with the correct preposition.

1. The old man lives in a hut. (on/in)

2. The book is on the table.(on/in)

• AT/IN/ON

AT- It denotes exact/ definite time

IN- For longer duration

Parts of the day
1. dawn/sunrise/daybreak- at
2. Morning- in
3. Noon- at
4. Afternoon- in
5. Evening- in
6. dusk/sunset/twilight- at
7. Night- in/at
8. Midnight- at
 At (general sense) - I study at night..
Night

in(particular) - The function is in the night.

He arrived at/in 8 O'clock in/at the morning.
He arrived at/in 8 O'clock in/at the morning.
1. We study late at/in night..

2. My father goes for a walk at/in night.

3. The retirement party is at/ in the night.

1. We study late at/in night..

2. My father goes for a walk at/in night.

3. The retirement party is at/in the night.

• IN- With years/ months/ seasons

(a) Raghav will come in/at 2020.

(b) My parent’s anniversary is in/at April.

(c) My birthday is in/at/on December 27th.

• IN- With years/ months/ seasons - longer duration

(a) Raghav will come in/at 2020.

(b) My parent’s anniversary is in/at April.

(c) My birthday is in/at/on December 27th.

(d) My birthday is in/at/on 27th December.

(e) My cousins will come in/at summer.

(d) My birthday is in/at/on 27th December.

(e) My cousins will come in/at summer.

ON:- With days/dates

(a) I will talk to you on Monday.

(b) I will meet you on Tuesday morning.

(c) The meeting is scheduled on 21st March.

(a) My parents came on Wednesday.

(b) My parents came on last Wednesday.

(c) My parents comes on every Wednesday.

(a) My parents came on Wednesday.(✓)

(b) My parents came on last Wednesday.(x)

(c) My parents comes on every Wednesday. (x)

(d) My parents will come on next Wednesday.

(e) My parents will come on Wednesday next.

(d) My parents will come on next Wednesday.(x)

(e) My parents will come on Wednesday next.(✓)

 At (not fixed)
With festivals

On (fixed)
• With festivals
(a) He will meet me at/on Diwali.

(b) He will meet me on/at the occasion of Diwali.

(c) He will meet me on/at the eve of Diwali.

(a) He will meet me at/on Diwali.

(b) He will meet me on/at the occasion of Diwali.

(c) He will meet me on/at the eve of Diwali.

(d) He will meet me at/on Christmas.

(e) Radha is busy in/at the moment.

(d) He will meet me at/on Christmas.

(e) Radha is busy in/at the moment.

PREPOSITION OF PLACE

AT/IN

AT-It denotes exact place/location

IN-Larger areas
1. My friends are waiting at the table.

2. My friends are waiting on the table.

3. The books are on the table.

1. My friends are waiting at the table.(correct)

2. My friends are waiting on the table.(incorrect)

3. The books are on the table.(correct)

(1) The children are sitting in/at the room.

(2) The children are sitting in/at the corner of the room.

(3) The maid was standing in/at the doorstep.

(1) The children are sitting in/at the room.

(2) The children are sitting in/at the corner of the room.

(3) The maid was standing in/at the doorstep.- exact location
(4) My relatives were waiting in/at/on the table in/at the restaurant.

(5) He lives in/at Raipur in/at Chattisgarh.

(4) My relatives were waiting in/at/on the table in/at the restaurant.

(5) He lives in/at Raipur in/at Chattisgarh.

(6) Andrew lives in/at Park street.

(7) Andrew lives in/at 30 Park street.

(6) Andrew lives in/at Park street.

(7) Andrew lives in/at 30 Park street.

1) He lives _____London.
(2) He went _____London.
(3) He arrived _____ London.
1) He lives in London.

(2) He went to London.

(3) He arrived in London.

(4) He arrived _____ the airport.
(5) He reached _____ London.
(6) He visited _____ London.
(4) He arrived at the airport.

(5) He reached London.

(6) He visited London.

PREPOSITION OF POSITION

(1) BETWEEN / AMONG

• BETWEEN: It is used when we are talking about

something that is in a middle of two people/things etc.

• AMONG :- It is used when we are talking about

something that is surrounded by a group or is within a
group.
BETWEEN / AMONG
Joy sat between Joy sat among the
the boys. boys.
There was quarrel Santa distributed sweets
between Ria and Joy. among the children.
Fill in the blanks with the correct preposition.

1. The zebra was hiding _____ the bushes.

(between/among)

2. The cake was shared _____ the two

friends.(between/among)
Fill in the blanks with the correct preposition.

1. The zebra was hiding among the bushes.

(between/among)

2. The cake was shared between the two

friends.(between/among)