Early Development of Gerbera as a

Floricultural Crop
Kenneth R. Tourjee, James Harding, and Thomas G. Byrne

per stem ranged from $0.35 in April to

Additional index words. G e r b e r a
jamesonii, Gevbera viridifolia, C o m - $0.60 in Nov. 1988 (Federal-State
positae, plant breeding, history, Market News Service, 1988 ).
crimson daisies Major exporters to the United
States in 1988 were Colombia, The
Summary. The development of ger- Netherlands, Costa Rica, Israel, and
bera ( Gerbera jamesonii H. Bolus ex. the Dominican Republic. Colombia
Hooker) as a floricultural crop is and The Netherlands claimed 63% and
traced from its collection as a botani- 15% of the United States import total,
cal novelty in South Africa to its respectively (Federal–State Market
establishment as a commercial crop in
News Service, 1988). The Netherlands
the 1930s. The origin of the culti-
vated germplasm, G. jamesonii and G .
averaged >200,000 m 2/year of ger-
viridifolia (DC) Schultz- Bipontinus, bera under. cultivation from 1980 to
is discussed, as well as breeding work 1991 (Netherlands Central Bureau of
that occurred in Europe and the Statistics, 1992). This production ranks
United States. The contributions of it between orchids (180,000 m2) and
the two species to the cultivated germ- carnations (250,000 m 2) in terms of
plasm is unknown. Early breeding in area under cultivation, and is >20% of
Europe was conducted by RI. Lynch the area dedicated to roses in The
at the Cambridge Botanic Gardens in Netherlands (Netherlands Central
England, R. Adnet at La Rosarie in
Bureau of Statistics, 1992).
Antibes, France; and by C. Sprenger
in Italy. In the United States, early The development of the crop can
work was done at estates in New be traced to the late 19 century, when
Jersey by Herrington and Atkins, and it was introduced first to Europe and
by the commercial growers Jaenicke the United States from southern Af-
and the J.L. Childs’ Seed Co. Estab- rica (Dümmer, 1914; Herrington,
lishing the cold hardiness of the crop 1901 ). The breadth of its germplasm
for temperate climates was an early base is unknown, but the early litera-
goal of horticulturists and breeders. ture suggests that the modern crop
Much of the cultivated germplasm can represents a fairly narrow genetic base.
be traced to material that passed
Much of the early literature is inacces-
through Cambridge and Antibes.
sible to the various index services, and
no comprehensive literature review
exists. The modern literature has been

G
erbera is an important flori- reviewed by Bowe et al. ( 1969),
cultural crop in the United Quagliotti and Baldi (1979), and
States and worldwide, both as Rogers and Tjia (1990).
a cut flower and garden plant. Its im-
portance is reflected in statistics de- Taxonomy and ecology
scribing both the production and value Gerbera is a herbaceous perennial
of the crop. In 1988, Florida produced with the source of cultivated germplasm
3 million plantlets for the nursery trade, being G. jamesonii and G. viridifolia.
and the United States imported 33,000 The genus was established in 1737 by
stems for the florist trade (Rogers and Gronovius, and commemorates Traug
Tjia, 1990). The shipping point price Gerber, an 18th century German natu-
of stem imports through Miami, Fla., ralist (Dümmer, 1914). The genus
ranged from $0.15/stem in July to contains ≈70 species distributed from
$0.35/stem in Sept. 1988, while the southern Africa and Madagascar to
San Francisco wholesale market price eastern Asia. It is a member of the
Composite family (tribe Mutisieae,
Environmental Horticulture Department, University of subtribe Mutisiinae), and is divided
California, Davis, CA 95616-8587, into seven sections. G. jamesonii, to-
The cost of publishing this paper was defrayed in part by gether with G. ambigua (Cass.)
the payment of page charges. Under postal reguations,
this paper therefore must be hereby marked advertise - Schultz-Bip., G. aswantiaca Schultz-
ment solely to indicate tbis fact. Bip., G. galpinii K l a t t , a n d G .

34
viridifolia, comprise the Lasiopus
(Cass.) Schultz-Bip. section of the ge-
nus (Hansen, 1985).
The distribution of G. jamesonii
is restricted to southern Africa (be-
tween lat.20°S and 30°S, and east of
long.25°E), where it is endemic to
Transvaal and Swaziland. It is found in
bushveld and steep slopes, on dolo-
mitic and stony clay soils, and on burnt
ground and dry, shaded habitats
(Hansen, 1985).
G. viridifolia has a broader distri-
bution that ranges along eastern Africa
(between lat.5°S and 35°S, and east of
long.25°E), in open grassland with
stony soil. Its two subspecies are G.
viridifolia ssp. viridifolia and G. viri-
difolia ssp. natalensis (Schultz-Bip.)
H.V. Hansen comb. et stat. nov. Natu-
ral hybrids between G. jamesonii and
G. viridifolia are not known (Hansen,
1985). However, there is a report of
natural hybridization among G. discolor
Harvey, G. plantaginea Harvey, and G.
viridifolia (Moss, 1930). G. discolor
and G. plantaginea are now included
under G. ambigua and G. viridifolia,
respectively (Hansen, 1985 ).
Introduction to Europe
Gerbera jamesonii was discovered
by William Greenstock in the summer
of 1875–76 in the Houtbosch area of
the Transvaal, but Anton Rehmann,
an Austrian, is often given credit for its
discovery in the summer of 1879-80.
However, it was not described until
Robert Jameson, a prominent manu-
facturer of jams and condiments in
Durban, collected specimens while on
a gold expedition to the Barberton
area in 1884. He took the plants to the
Durban Botanical Garden, where the
director, John Medley Wood, sent
material to Harry Bolus in Cape Town
for identification. Bolus collected ad-
ditional material in 1886 and sent it to
J.D. Hooker of the Royal Botanical
Fig. 1. Reproduction of plate #7087 from the 1 Nov. 1889 issue of Curtis’ Botanical Magazine.
Garden at Kew, with the request that it
be named after Jameson. Wood sent
live material to Kew in 1888, and one 1979; Hansen, 1985). the Royal Horticultural Society
plant survived to flower in the green- Seeds were sent to England from awarded him a First Class Certificate
house in the spring of 1889. This plant South Africa by George Thorncroft in for bright orange-red gerbera cut flow-
is the source of an illustration (Fig. 1 ) 1887, possibly to Mr. Tillett of Nor- ers displayed in Nov. 1891 (Royal
that appeared in Hooker (1889), and wich, who grew and provided them to Horticulture Society, 1891 ).
serves as the citation for the name Ger- Kew. Richard Irwin Lynch, the cura- By 1910, the hardiness of the
bera jamesonii H. Bolus ex Hooker tor of the Cambridge Botanic Garden, crop and basic horticultural require-
(Codd, 1979). However, two earlier also received seeds from Adlam (Codd, ments were well-established. It was a
descriptions of G. jamesonii were pub- 1979; Lynch, 1905 ). Those seeds pro- popular outdoor plant along the Riviera
lished, one by R.W. Adlam of South duced a plant with yellow flowers that (Adnet, 1907; Bowe et al., 1969 Gar-
Africa, and the other by Justin Allen of Lynch named Sir Michael. Lynch main- deners’ Chronicle, 1907). It remained
Kew(Adlam, 1888; Allen, 1889; Codd, tained the plants at Cambridge, and a novelty in England, probably due to

35
its inability to withstand severe frosts,
though it was marketed by Hugh, Low
and Co., and Bush Hill Park Nursery
as early as 1902 (Bowe et al., 1969;
Lonsdale, 1908; Nichols, 1902). Typi-
cally, dormancy was induced in cli-
mates with cold winters by withhold-
ing water from the plant in the late fall,
and then covering it with ash or dried
leaves over winter (Ewbank, 1895;
Fairbank, 1958; Jenkins, 1902).
Dümmer lists 44 references to
gerbera between 1888 and 1911 in his
1914 revision of the genus (Dümmer,
1914). Early literature on gerbera ap-
peared in both the Gardeners’Chronicle
and the Journal of the Royal Horticul-
ture Society from the late 1880s through
1910. Most of the literature can be
classified under three categories: De-
fining cultural techniques to establish
the plant for gardens in temperate
regions (Adnet, 1907, 1909b; Arnott,
1900; Ewbank, 1895; Hindmarsh,
1902; Jenkins, 1902; Nichols, 1902);
introducing the plant to a new audi-
ence (both botanical and horticultural)
(Burt-Davy, 1906; Fairbank, 1958;
Gardeners’ Chronicle, 1895; Lynch,
1909; Mottet, 1903; Watson, 1906);
and describing the results of breeding
programs (Gardeners’ Chronicle,
1909; Lynch, 1902, 1905; Review
Horticole, 1909; Vilmorin, 1909).

Early breeding work

Lynch embarked on a breeding
program with the goal of extending
the range of color in G. jamesonii by
producing hybrids between G. jame-
sonii and G. viridifolia (Lynch, 1905).
George Lamb, the Botanic Garden
foreman, described the basis for mak-
ing the interspecific cross as the result
of “irregular spacing” (Lamb, 1944).
In 1891, the stock of G. jamesonii a t
Fig. 2. Color plate of G. jamesonii and G. viridifolia hybrids from Lynch (1905).
the Botanic Garden consisted of three
plants placed in a border along a wall; Adlam sent several packets of seed beras (Lynch, 1909). In 1904, Lynch
two of the plants were together at one to Lynch in 1894 labeled “believed was awarded a silver cup at the Royal
end of the border, the third placed Gerbera sp.” (Lamb, 1944; Lynch, Horticultural Society’s Temple Show
some distance away at the other end of 1896). These were subsequently iden- for the hybrid gerbera flowers (Fig. 2).
the border. These plants were used to tified at Kew tier germination as G. Lynch believed that crossing G.
produce seed for distribution to nurs- viridifolia. Lynch suggested that this jamesonii to G. viridifolia e x t e n d e d
eries and botanic gardens. The large plant be used to cross to the solitary G. the color range of gerbera flowers to
number of requests for seed resulted in jamesonii plant to avoid wasting flow- white and pink (Lynch, 1905). How-
attempts to increase seed production ers, and viable hybrid seeds resulted ever, a report appeared in the Garden-
by bending one flower over another to from the cross. These hybrid gerbera ers’ Chronicle (Lynch 1906; Watson,
ensure pollination. However, this tech- have been referred to variously as Ger- 1906) that Mr. A.E. Graham-Lawrance
nique required that a flower from one bera jamesoni hybrids (Gallet, 1910), had found the full range of colors,
of the two plants be sacrificed to pol- Gerbera jamsonii hybrids (Lamb, including. white and pink, in feral G.
linate the third more-distant plant, 1944), hybrids of Gerbera jamesoni jamesonii plants.
because the plants were believed to be (Adnet, 1909a, 1909b), gerbera hy- By 1905, Lynch turned over his
self-sterile. brids (Dubois, 1914), and hybrid ger- breeding stock to Veitch and Sons

36
Nursery, who continued the breeding
work (Lynch, 1905). However, the
1906 edition of Hortus Veitchii con-
tains no mention of gerbera (Veitch,
1906). Vilmorin also received stock
from Lynch, and had listed varieties of
Lynch’s hybrid gerberas in the hold-
ings of his catalog (Vilmorin, 1906).
Vilmorin described the plants as un-
productive and not hardy.
Lynch did not maintain Mende-
lian records of the crosses he made, but
R Adnet, who had been breeding G.
jamemnii at “La Roserai” in Cap
D’Antibes, kept such records (Lynch,
1909). He recorded the color of both
parents of the plants in his breeding
program and the frequencies of color
classes among the progeny (Adnet,
1909a; Gardeners’ Chronicle, 1909).
Adnet received three hybrid plants from
Lynch's stock and made 2700 crosses.
He had a fourth-generation popula-
tion of almost 25,000 seedlings with a
wide color range (Adnet, 1909a;
Dümmer, 1914).
Varieties from Adnet’s breeding
program were displayed in shows in
Berlin, London, and Paris, and grow-
ers from Frankfurt received his mate-
rial (Bowe et al., 1969). His breeding
program was continued by E. Dubois
and Roberto Diem. Dubois developed
several varieties of gerbera (Fig. 3) that
were true-breeding for doubled flow-
ers (Dental, 1921; Dubois, 1914).
These varieties later were taken to New
Zealand by Charles Maire, and con-
tributed to the germplasm of the mod-
em New Zealand varieties (Robinson,
1956), Diem set up a breeding pro-
gram on the Italian Riviera at Valler-
crosia and, by 1920, gerbera were
grown commercially in Italy (Cocozza
and Puccini, 1979).
Varieties of G. jamesonii also were
produced in Naples, Italy, by C .
Sprenger, and in Belgium (Gardeners’ Fig. 3. Varieties of double-flowered gerbera developed by Dubois and Dental, from an illustra-
tion in Dental (1921).
Chronicle, 1909; Vilmorin, 1909).
Sprenger obtained his plants directly mercial growers in The Netherlands Tompkins, 1937). The American lit-
from South Africa, and is one of the had 20,000 m2 of gerbera under glass erature does not mention hybrids be-
few workers to report the source of his (Codd, 1979). tween G. jamesonii and G. viridifolia
germplasm (Sprenger, 1906). There is (Herrington, 1901; Jaenicke, 1908b;
a report that W.E. Gumbleton, an Early American literature Weston, 1908) until Zimmerman and
Irish horticulturist, received plants from The early American literature fo- Hitchcock (1934). However, J.L.
Sprenger (American Gardening, 1902). cused on introducing the crop to the Childs’ Seed Co. of Floral Park, N.Y.,
Gerbera breeding in The Nether- American audience (Adlam, 1902; listed the hybrids on p. 37 in the 1911
lands was done as early as 1947 by Aplin, 1928; Bailey, 1915; Coombs, edition of their catalog (Childs’, 1911).
Alkemade und Sohn in Nordwijk 1936; Herrington, 1901; Post, 1949), Gerbera were introduced to
(Mücke, 1956). They introgressed a cultural techniques (Atkins, 1901, America through estates located in
plant obtained from Tasmania into 1902; Zimmerman and Hitchcock New Jersey and Rhode Island (Brun-
their germplasm, and obtained types 1934), and plant pathology (Blanton, ton, 1902; Herrington, 1901 ). An early
with rich, red colors. By 1951, com- 1942; Post, 1935; Smith, 1939; description of G. jamesonii in the

37
American literature appears in Ameri-
can Gardening (Herrington, 1901).
Arthur Herrington, an immigrant es-
tate gardener from England, grew ger-
bera in Madison, N.J., from 1897. He
is possibly the earliest grower of ger-
bera in America (Lonsdale, 1908). His
display of gerbera won the $50 novelty
prize of the first annual meeting and
exhibition of the Horticultural Society
of New York at the Botanic Garden,
Bronx Park, in May 1901. Frank
Brunton, who had grown gerbera in
eastern England as early as 1893, grew
them in Newport, RI., as a bedding
plant in the summer of 1900 (Brunton,
1902). Neither Brunton nor Herring-
ton indicated the source of their plant
material, but it is interesting to specu-
late that their material had been re-
ceived from the Cambridge Botanic
Garden. This would be a further indi-
cation of the narrowness of the
germplasm base.
According to Atkins (1902), thou-
sands of gerbera plants had been dis-
tributed in the United States by 1902.
However, gerbera do not appear in
Bailey’s 4th edition of the Cyclopedia of
American Horticulture (1906), b u t
do appear in his 1915 edition of the
Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture.
Bailey described G. jamesonii as well-
known in America, and sometimes
found outside the collections of botanic
gardens and fanciers.
Information on gerbera pollina-
tion biology is given by Atkins ( 1901 ).
He stated that up to 94 seeds could be
obtained from a single cross, and re-
marked about the protogynous nature
of the inflorescence. He also provided
some general horticultural advice on
growing the crop. Both Herrington
Fig. 4. Gerbera, listed as “crimson daisy,” as they appeared on the cover of the Fall 1902 issue of
(1901) and Atkins (1901) remarked tbe J.L. Childs’ catalog, Floral Park, N. Y.
that gerbera were not produced com-
mercially in the United States at that
time, and Atkins stated that they would
not be commercially viable as a cut stock was derived from one plant re- obiective (Atkins. 1902: Brunton.
flower at carnation prices. In 1904, the ceived from a customer in India a few 1902; Jaenicke, 1908a; Zimmerman
New York wholesale price of standard years earlier (Childs, 1902). Jaenicke, and Hitchcock, 1934). Zimmerman
variety carnations during the Christ- a Long Island, N.Y., grower, devel- and Hitchcock (1934) determined the
mas season ranged from $2 to $3 per oped a variety of large-flowered G. cold hardiness of gerbera in an out-
100 stems (Florists’ Exchange, 1905 ). jamesonii with improved cold hardi- door experiment with 160 plants in
Early commercial growers of ger- ness (Dubois 1914; Jaenicke, 1908a, Yonkers, N.Y. They compared the ef-
bera in America included J.L. Childs’ 1908 b). He named the variety Ger- fectiveness of different depths of mulch,
Seed Co., Henry Dreer, and Adolph bera jamesoni gigantea, and advertised and found that 8, 4, and 0 inches of
Jaenicke (Lonsdale, 1908). Gerbera them for $15 per 100 plants in the mulch resulted in 93%, 76%, and 0%
plants, listed as crimson daisies (Fig. New York area. winter survival of plants grown in 10 ×
4), first appeared in the Fall 1902 Determining the proper cultural 10-ft plots. The 1933–34 winter in
edition of Childs’ catalog (Childs, conditions for gerbera paralleled work question had record cold tempera-
1902). They were priced at $0.40 each. done in Europe. The establishment of tures reaching –25 F in the vicinity of
The nursery claimed that their entire gerbera’s cold hardiness was an early the plots. The plants were grown from

38
seed obtained from a Florida commer- Acknowledgment Burt-Davy, J. 1906. Colonial notes. Gar
cial grower of G. jamesonii hybrids. deners’ Chron. 40(1043):421.
J. Heinrich Leith and Roy M.
Atkins (1902) found that G. jamesonii Childs’ Seed Co. 1902. Fall catalogue, bulbs
Sachs kindly translated French” and
could not survive the winter in New and plants that bloom. J.L. Childs’ Seed
German literature for this manuscript.
Jersey as a bedding plant, even when a Robert L. Geneve provided the refer- Co., Floral Park, N.Y.
straw mulch was used. However, he
ence to J.L. Childs’ Seed Co. I also Childs' Seed Co., 1911. Rare flowers, veg-
provided no details as to the number of
thank the staff of Peter J. Shields Li- etables and fruits catalog. J.L. Childs’
plants nor depth of mulch in his ex- Seed Co., Floral Park, N.Y.
brary for their effort in procuring rare
periments.
texts, and Ron Lane for technical ad- Cocozza, M. and G. Puccini 1979. Carna-
By 1908, the popularity of ger-
vice. tion and gerbera in Italian floriculture,
bera had declined, and little informa-
p.7-46. In: L. Quagliotti and A. Baldi
tion is found in the literature until the
(eds.). Proc. Eucarpia Mtg. on carnation
1930s (Lonsdale, 1908). Barbara C. Literature Cited and gerbera, Alassio, Italy, Apr. 1978.
Aplin (1928), a California grower, Adlam, R. W. 1888. Colonial notes. The
described gerbera as it is grown in Codd, L.E. 1979. The story of the Barberton
Gardeners’ Chron. 3(78):775.
southern California as a cut flower Daisy, Gerbera jamesonii. Veld and Flora
crop and a garden plant. This is note- Adlam, R. W. 1902. Gerbera jamesoni. 65(4):114-115.
worthy because Dümmer (1914) Amer. Gardening 23(367):6.
Coombs, S.V. 1936. South African plants for
stated that it was not grown success- Adnet, R. 1907. Foreign correspondence. American gardens. Frederick. Stokes Co.,
fully in southern California, possibly Gardeners’ Chron. 41(1046):18. New York.
due to inadequate horticultural tech- Dental, J.B. 1921. Gerberas hybrides, race
Adnet, R. 1909a. Les Gerbera jamesoni
nique. hybrides et leur culture. Le Jardin, Dubois. Rev. Hort. 93:312.
Gerbera was established as a com- 23(533):136-137.
mercial crop in the United States by Dubois, E. 1914. Gerbera hybride a fluers
the 1930s, as shown by its appearance Adnet, R. 1909b. Les hybrides de Gerbera doubles. Rev. Hort. 86:348-349.
in plant pathology literature as well as jamesoni-leur culture. Rev. Hort. 81:230-
Dümmer, R.A. 1914. The South African
233.
in general textbooks. Reports of dis- gerberas. J. Royal Hort. Soc. 40:236-262.
eases caused by Gloeosporum sp. and Allen, J. 1889. Gerbera jamesoni. Garden-
Ewbank, H. 1895. Home correspondence.
Botrydis cinerea Pers. (Post, 1934), ers’ Chron. 5(130):772–773.
Gardeners’ Chron. 18(14 Dec. 1895):719.
Phytophthora cryptogen Pethybridge et American Gardening. 1902. Varieties of
Lafferty (Tompkins, 193 7), mites Fairbank, H. 1958. Gerberas. J. Royal Hort.
Gerbera. Amer. Gardening 23(374):120.
(Steneotarsonemus pallides Banks and Soc. 83:503-509.
Polyphagotaronemus latus B a n k s ) Aplin, B.C. 1928. Gerberas outdoors. Flo-
Federal–State Market News Service. 1988.
(Smith, 1939), and serpentine leaf rists’ Rev. 63(1622):23-24.
Marketing California ornamental crops.
miner (Agromyza pusilla M e i g ) Arnott, S. 1900. Plant notes. Gardeners’ Calif. Dept. Food and Agr., USDA.
(Blanton, 1942) are found in the lit- Chron. 28(709):64.
Florists’ Exchange. 1905. Wholesale prices
erature from this period. Textbooks,
Atkins, C.H. 1901. Gerbera jamesoni. Amer. of cut flowers, New York, Jan. 6, 1905.
e.g. Coombs (1936), reported ger- Gardening 22(343):507. Florists’ Exchange 19(1):23.
bera as a popular cut flower carried by
bridesmaids at weddings. Bahr (1937) Atkins, C.H. 1902. Cultural needs of Ger- Gallet, A. 1910. Le Gerbera jamesoni et ses
stated that cut flowers were shipped bera jamesoni. Amer. Gardening 23(368): hybrides. Rev. Hort. Beige Et Etrangere
22. 36:69-70.
from California to markets in Chicago.
Kenneth Post had a section concern- Bahr, F. 1937. Fritz Bahr’s commercial Gardeners’ Chronicle. 1895. Notes from
ing gerbera in the 1949 edition of floriculture: A practical manual for the Cambridge Botanic Garden. Gardeners’
Florist Crop Production and Market- retail grower. 4th ed. De La Mare Co. New Chron. 18(30 Nov. 1895):643.
ing. He described gerbera as primarily York.
Gardeners’ Chronicle. 1907. Gerbera
a cut-flower crop. Bailey, L.H. 1906. Cyclopedia of American jamesoni. Gardeners’ Chron. 41(1046):18.
The crop’s commercialization horticulture, 4th ed. Doubleday, Page,
continued to spread throughout the Gardeners’ Chronicle 1909. Hybrid ger-
New York.
beras. Gardeners’ Chron. 45(1160):273,
world and, by the 1940s, there were
Bailey, L.H. 1915. The standard cyclopedia 290.
producers in Italy (Cocozza and
of horticulture. Macmillan, New York.
Puccini, 1979), Germany (Bowe et al., Hansen, H. V. 1985. A taxonomic revision
1969), The Netherlands (Mücke, Blanton, F.S. 1942. Methyl bromide for the of the genus Gerbera (Composite, Muti-
1956), New Zealand (Robinson, control of the serpentine leaf miner in sieae ) sections Gerbera, Parva, Piloselloides
1956), South Africa (Fairbank,1958), gerbera and notes on the insect’s life his- (in Africa), and Lasiopus. Opera Bet. 78.
and the United States (Bahr, 1937; tory. J. Econ. Entomol. 35(1):31–34.
Herrington, A. 1901. Gerbera jamesoni.
Childs’, 1911). The relative contribu- Bowe, R., W. Danhardt, W. Fritzsche, W. Amer. Gardening 22(333):344-345.
tion of G. jamesonii and G. viridifolia Gerstner, and W. Junges. 1969. Gerbera.
Hindmarsh, W. T. 1902. Gerbera jamesoni.
to the modern gerbera crop is un- Verlag J. Neumann-Neudamm, Berlin.
Gardeners’ Chron. 32(818):182.
known, but much of the cultivated Brunton, F. 1902. Gerbera jamesoni for
germplasm can be traced to material Hooker, J.D. 1889. Gerbera jamesoni. Cur-
summer and winter. Amer. Gardening
that passed through Cambridge and tis’s Bet. Msg. 115(ser. 3.45):Tab. 7087.
23(369):39.
Antibes.

39
Jaenicke, A. 1908a. Gerbera jamesoni Mücke, K.H. 1956. Gerberakultur und- Smith, F.S. 1939. Control of cyclamen and
gigantea. Florists’ Exch. 26(5):128. zuchtung in Holland. Gartenwelt 56:292– broad mites on gerbera. USDA Circ. 516.
293. 1–14.
Jaenicke, A. 1908b. Our readers’ views.
Florists’ Exch. 26(12):397. Netherlands Central Bureau of Statistics. Sprenger, C. 1906. Die Gerbera. Gartenflora
1992. Stat. Yrbk. 1992 of the Netherlands. 55:13-16.
Jenkins, B. 1902. Home correspondence. SDU Publishers, The Hague, The Nether-
Gardeners’ Chron. 32(818):165. lands. Tompkins, C.M. 1937. Foot rot of china-
aster, annual stock, and Transvaal daisy
Lamb, G. 1944. Gerbera jamesonii hybrids. Nichols, H. 1902. Home correspondence. caused by Phytophthora cryptogea. J. Agr.
J. Royal Hort. Soc. 69:74-75. Gardeners’ Chron. 31(806):377. Res. 55(8):563-574.
Lonsdale, E. 1908. Jottings for florists. Post, K. 1949. Florist crop production and Veitch, J.H. 1906. Hortus Veitchii. James
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den. Gardener’s Chron. 32(883):442. Proc. Eucarpia Mtg. on genetics and breed- jamesonii. Rev. Hort. 81:102-106.
Lynch, R.I. 1905. Gerbera, with a coloured ing of carnation and gerbera. Alassio, Italy,
Apr. 1978. Watson, W. 1906. Natural variations of
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3:206-208. Review Horticole 1909. Les gerbera hybrides 40(1035):288.
Lynch, R.I. 1906. Natural variations of Ger- a Londres. Rev. Hort. 81:270.
Weston, T.A.. 1908. Stray notes from across
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