Dogo Rangsang Research Journal UGC Care Group I Journal

ISSN : 2347-7180 Vol-11 Issue-01 - 2021

INC-MPPT based Optimization of Solar Energy Harvesting System for

WSN Nodes: A Review

Rajat Goel, M.Tech Scholar, Department of Computer Science & Engineering, KanpurInstitute of Technology Kanpur, India

Pronab Kumar Adhikari, Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Kanpur Institute of
Technology Kanpur, India

Abstract—Solar energy is the energy source which is clean and sustainable. The implementation of WSN with Solar energy
harvesting technique has been in research in IoT in recent times. The WSN node battery energy is minimal and can last for just a
few days depending on the operating duty cycle. In this paper we are proposing a new SEH technique for energy constrained WSN
nodes. Solar Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Network (SEH-WSN) nodes will usually run for years to come. In the past, the
harvesting of solar energy was developed using the technique of P&O Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT). This paper review
on Solar Energy Harvesting System for WSN Nodes With MPPT.

Index Terms—Solar energy harvesting, INC, MPPT

I. INTRODUCTION
A Wireless sensor network can be defined as a network of devices that can communicate the information gathered from a
monitored field through wireless links. The data is forwarded through multiple nodes, and with a gateway, the data is
connected to other networks like wireless Ethernet. WSN is a wireless network that consists of base stations and numbers of
nodes (wireless sensors).These networks are used to monitor physical or environmental conditions like sound, pressure,
temperature and co-operatively pass data through the network to a main location.
Modern innovative enhancements have made the deployment of small, in-expansive and low-power wireless communication
devices with computation capability, a reality. Such devices are distributed in a sensor field and are often referred to as sensor
nodes [6]. A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is an accumulation of sensor nodes, which coordinate to perform a specific task.
The sensor nodes are usually randomly deployed in an unattended environment. They perform sensing and work together to
monitor the environment and provide high-quality information. Each sensor node takes the decision based on sensed
information, its expertise in processing, ability to communicate and energy resources. Sensor nodes sense the environment and
then send that information to the sink as shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1: WSN architecture [6]

A wireless sensor node is equipped with one or more sensing units, a microcontroller, a radio transceiver for receiving and
transmitting information and a source of energy such as battery. The sensing unit or units of a sensor node measures ambient
conditions of the surrounding and transform those into an electrical signal. Such ambient conditions may be temperature,
humidity, acoustic, seismographic data of the environment or may be motion, direction of living beings. Based on application
and capability, those electrical signals are processed to reveal some vicinity properties or compressed to reduce the
communication overhead. The communication unit then, wirelessly directs the attained data towards a central control either
directly or via other sensors. This central control is often regarded as a sink or a Base station. In this way, these sensor nodes
form an ad-hoc network which is referred as Wireless Sensor Network (WSN).
Wireless sensor networks, just like wireless ad-hoc networks are dynamic in nature due to the frequently changing wireless
links and thus network connectivity. In addition, the topology of WSNs changes when the nodes die out or join the network.
Further, WSNs and wireless ad-hoc networks show similarity in communication as well as WSNs communication
conventionally happens in an ad-hoc manner.
Since sensor nodes [6] are remotely deployed and need to communicate through a wireless channel, it is very difficult for
sensor nodes to survive on small and finite sources of energy. In WSNs, maximum energy is consumed during communication
as compared to processing and sensing of information. In centralized system, some of the sensors nodes need to communicate
over long distances that lead to even more energy depletion. As the sensor nodes in a WSN are densely deployed and may
suffer from redundant information, therefore, it would be a good idea to process locally as much information as possible in
order to minimize the total number of bits transmitted. Hence, distributed processing is another requisite for sensor networks.

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A heterogeneous wireless sensor network consists of different types of sensor nodes, which might measure different data and
perform different tasks. To operate such a (sub) network the following devices are required.
Heterogeneous model is shown in figure 2. The nodes always have data to transmit to a base station, which is often far from the
sensing area. This kind of sensor network can be used to track the military object or monitor remote environment. Without loss
of generality, assume that the base station is located at the center of the square region. The network is organized into a
clustering hierarchy, and the cluster-heads execute fusion function to reduce correlated data produced by the sensor nodes
within the clusters. The cluster-heads transmit the aggregated data to the base station directly.

Figure 2: Heterogeneous Models for WSN

For many of the WSN applications like deep forest monitoring, disaster management etc. in which the sensor nodes are
inaccessible by humans and cannot be intervened, battery replacement is a very difficult task. In such circumstance, the WSN
lifetime entirely depends upon the limited battery capacity, making energy a valuable resource. Thus, the energy which is
harvested from the environment is currently one of the most promising areas of research and an extensive research work is
required to be accomplished from every possible aspect to make the networks energy efficient. Depending upon application,
sensor nodes may be mobile through air or underwater after deployment. In such cases, network topology gets affected and so
does the network performance and lifetime. Very small and inexpensive nodes are also aimed to be developed for military
purposes, which can be heavily stationed in a larger area. Moreover, whether mobile or stationary, WSN communication can
be disrupted by other moving objects such as animals, vehicles or by a natural disaster.
The WSN hubs experience the ill effects of a significant plan imperative that their battery energy is restricted and can work just
for a couple of days relying on the obligation pattern of activity (Sharma H, Haque A, 2018). The sunlight based energy
generally put away in sun powered cells so the energy putting away proficiency must be expanded. Sunlight based energy
framework can be changed over quickly into power utilizing PV boards through the photovoltaic impact (Mohamed, S. A.,
&Abd El Sattar, M., 2019). Be that as it may, the transformation productivity is low and the expense of intensity created is
similarly high. PV age has numerous favorable circumstances, for example, it has low fuel costs, doesn't create contamination,
requires little upkeep, and PV framework has more different highlights (Ahmad, T., Sobhan, S., &Nayan, M. F., 2016).
Sunlight based photovoltaic (PV) energy collecting alludes to changing over sun based light energy into electrical energy to
work an electrical or electronic gadget. As applied to WSNs, sun based light energy is changed over into electrical energy and
is used to revive the battery of a WSN hub at the activity site itself (Sharma, H., Haque, A. and Jaffery, Z.A., 2018). In this
manner, battery substitution is required over and over once the battery energy has been released. The electrical energy gathered
from sun based energy can likewise be utilized legitimately to control a WSN hub. Then again, the gathered energy might be
warehoused in a battery-powered battery for future purposes. The SEH-WSNs comprise of little self-sufficient WSN hubs
connected to little measure sunlight based boards for their energy collecting needs. It is seen that the greatest conceivable
gathered force from sun powered energy at outside is 15 mW/cm2 with a productivity up to 30% (Rasheduzzaman, M.,
Pillai,2016). Accordingly, we have picked sun based energy gathering for providing substitute capacity to the WSNs as it has
the most powerful thickness and great productivity.
Various techniques to follow the most extreme force purpose of a PV module have been proposed (Choudhary, D., &Saxena,
A. R., 2014) to beat the restriction of effectiveness. MPPT is utilized for removing the most extreme force from the sun
oriented PV module and moving that capacity to the heap. DC-DC converter goes about as an interface between the heap and
the PV module as it effectively transfer greatest force from the sun powered PV module to the heap. By changing the obligation
cycle the heap impedance is coordinated with the source impedance to accomplish the most extreme force from the PV board
(Veerachary, M., &Saxena, A. R., 2011).

II. LITERATURE REVIEW

Power system networks take the PV-created energy by methods for matrix associated inverters. There is some of the time, no
coordinating of the working particular highlights of the heap and PV clusters, which is an eminent trouble in PV power
frameworks. In particular, with various ecological states, PV Module exhibit shows non-direct style for V-I bend and greatest
force point on V-P bend. PV module productivity is in the scope of 10-25%.
This means greatest force point following (MPPT) calculations are gotten together with the whole framework to augment their
capacity and lessen modules cost. Different key research findings available in the literature are summarized in Table 1.

Table 1: Summarization of different key approaches proposed in literature

Paper Ref Objective Strategy

(Baci, A. B., Here the creator has depicted the length of The model of new counterfeit sun based tree is
Salmi, M.,2020) daylight outperforms 2000 hours every year proposed tentatively by utilizing material
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ISSN : 2347-7180 Vol-11 Issue-01 - 2021
and can arrive at 3900 hours on the good accessible in the nearby market: 25 sun based
countries and the Sahara. The significance of panels,metal uphold, electrical lines,
this work depends on misusing sun oriented controller, and battery.
energy to create power..
(Sharma, H., The WSN hubs experience the ill effects of a we propose another answer for this plan issue
Haque, A.,2018) significant plan limitation that their battery by utilizing surrounding sun based
energy is restricted and can turn out just for a photovoltaic energy. Here, we propose a
couple of days relying on the obligation profoundly productive and special sunlight
pattern of activity. based energy reaping framework for
battery-powered battery based WSN hubs.
Akinaga, H., The principle commitment of thisexploration It propose a novel and effective sun based
KapoorS, 2020) article is to propose an effective sun based energy collecting framework with heartbeat
energy gathering answer for the restricted width adjustment (PWM) and greatest force
battery energy issue of WSN hubsby using point following (MPPT) for WSN hubs. The
surrounding sun basedphotovoltaic energy. exploration center is to expand the general
Preferably, theOptimized Solar Energy collecting framework proficiency, which
HarvestingWireless Sensor Network further relies on sun powered board
(SEH-WSN) hubs ought to work for an effectiveness, PWM productivity, and MPPT
endless organization lifetime. effectiveness.
(Eseosa, O., & The paper is on reenactment of MPPT It is suggested that the MPPT The framework
Kingsley, I., utilizing P&O also, INC techniques. should comprise of partial, three-point,
2020). Numerical model of 100KW PV framework temperature-based MPPT for more successful
was created utilizing Matlab M-document. and improved examination. Moresothe annoy
The two models were planned and reenacted and noticed technique ought to be enhanced
utilizing MATLAB/SIMULINK. t is shown by fluctuating of the irradiance to keep an
that PV framework yield power increments increment consistent voltage.
with ascend in sun powered illumination and
in lower cell temperature. Accordingly, sun
based cell performs preferred in warm
climate over virus climate.
(Kumar, R., This paper manages In this exploration a significant greatest force
Choudhary, A., reproduction/demonstrating, controlling of point following method has been created,
2017) greatest force point following (MPPT) comprising a lift converter, which is
utilized in PV frameworks to augment the controlling heartbeat given by a
yield force of photovoltaic framework, light microcontroller-based unit.
conditions independent of the temperature of
VI attributes of burden.
(Kinjal, P., Shah, Of late, sustainable power innovation has More or less, by changing the yield force of
K. B.,2015) had critical impact in energy application. the inverter, the objective of accomplishing
One commendable sort of sustainable energy MPPT in PV frameworks is to change the
will be energy from the sun that creates conceivable working voltage of PV boards to
electrical power straightforwardly by the voltage at MPPT.
utilizing PV modules helped by MPPT
calculations to make as extensive as
conceivable the sunlight based yield power.

The table 1 has three columnsfirst one shows reference numbers, second one shows objective of the related work and third
column shows strategy of the work that how the perform.

III. NEED OF SOLAR POWER GENERATION

In the field of power sector in these days one of the major concerns is day by day increasing more power demand but the
quantity and availability of conventional energy sources are not enough resources to meet up the current day’s power demand.
While thinking about future availability of conventional sources of power generation, it is become very important that the
renewable energy sources must be utilized along with source of conventional energy generation systems to full fill the
requirement of the energy demand.
In order to rigging the current day’s energy crisis one renewable method is the method in which power extracts from the
incoming son radiation calling Solar Energy, which is globally free for everyone. Solar energy is lavishly available on the earth
surface as well as on space so that we can harvest its energy and convert that energy into our suitability form of energy and
properly utilize it with efficiently. Power generation from solar energy can be grid connected or it can be an isolated or
standalone power generating system that depends on the utility, location of load area, availability of power grid nearby it. Thus
where the availability of grids connection is very difficult or costly the solar can be used to supply the power to those areas. The
most important two advantages of solar power are that its fuel cost is absolutely zero and solar power generations during its

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ISSN : 2347-7180 Vol-11 Issue-01 - 2021
operation do not emanate any greenhouse gases. Another advantage of using solar power for small power generation is its
portability; we can carry that whenever wherever small power generation is required.
In the last few years the power conversion mechanisms for solar energy has been significantly comes in compact size. The
advance research in the field of power electronics and material science have greatly helpful for engineers to develop such a
system that very small but effective and powerful systems that have capability to withstand for supplying the high electric
power demand. For every country day by day power density demand is increasing. Solar power generation have also the
capability to handle the voltage fluctuation very effectively by setting the system for the use of multiple input converter units.
But in solar power generation system due to its high installation cost and the low efficiency of the solar cells, this power
generating systems can hardly participate in the competitive power markets as a main renewable source of power generation.
Scientists are constantly trying to improve in the field of development of the solar cells manufacturing technology for
increasing efficiency. That will definitely help to make the solar generation as in habit for use in daily life as prime renewable
source of electrical power on a wider range basis than present day conditions. In solar power generation system the latest power
control mechanisms is using now these days calling the Maximum Power Point Tracking frequently referred as MPPT, it has
guide to the increase in the efficiency of operation of power generation from the solar cells. Thus MPPT is most important in
the field of consumption of renewable sources of energy.

IV. PV MODEL WITH PARAMETERS

A single PV cell is a thin semiconductor wafer made of two layers generally made of highly purified silicon (PV cells can be
made of many different semiconductors but crystalline silicon is the most widely used). The layers have been doped with boron
on one side and phosphorous on the other side, producing surplus of electrons on one side and a deficit of electrons on the other
side.
When the wafer is bombarded by sunlight, photons in the sunlight knock off some of excess electrons; this makes a voltage
difference between the two sides as the excess electrons try to move to the deficit side. In silicon this voltage is 0.5
volt Metallic contacts are made to both sides of the semiconductor. With an external circuit attached to the contacts, the
electrons can get back to where they came from and current flows through the circuit. This PV cell has no storage capacity; it
simply acts as an electron pump. The amount of current is determined by the number of electrons that the solar photons knock
off. Bigger cells, more efficient cells, or cells exposed to more intense sunlight will deliver more electrons.
Transformation of light energy in electrical energy depends on a marvel called photovoltaic impact (Mathew, A.,
&Selvakumar, A. I., 2006). At the point when semiconductor materials are presented to light, theportion of the photons of light
beam is consumed by the semiconductor gem which causes a critical number of free electrons in the gem. This is the essential
purpose behind delivering power because of photovoltaic impact. Photovoltaic cell is the fundamental unit of the framework
where the photovoltaic impact is used to create power from light energy.
Silicon is the most generally utilized semiconductor material for developing the photovoltaic cell. The silicon molecule has
four valence electrons. In a strong precious stone, every silicon iota shares every one of its four valence electrons with another
closest silicon particle thus making covalent connections between them. Along these lines, silicon precious stone gets a
tetrahedral cross section structure. While light beam strikes on any materials some part of the light is mirrored, some bit is sent
through the materials and rest is consumed by the materials. Something very similar happens when light falls on a silicon
precious stone. On the off chance that the power of episode light is sufficiently high, adequate quantities of photons are
consumed by the gem and these photons, thus, energize a portion of the electrons of covalent bonds. These energized electrons
at that point get adequate energy to move from valence band to conduction band. As the energy level of these electrons is in the
conduction band, they leave from the covalent bond leaving a gap in the bond behind each eliminated electron. These are called
free electrons move arbitrarily inside the precious stone structure of the silicon. These free electrons and openings have a
fundamental part in making power in photovoltaic cell. These electrons and openings are henceforth called light-created
electrons and gaps separately. These light created electrons and openings can't deliver power in the silicon gem alone. There
ought to be some extra system to do that.
+
Ipv
ID

Rsh

-
Figure 1: Single diode model of PV cell
Figure 1 is a PV cell in which one current source, one forward bias diode, 2 resistances are connected.
The electron-hole pair (EHP) is produced Incident of a photon of light energy (hv>Eg) over a solar cell. The newly created
EHP relates to electric current denoted by (IL) termed light induced current. The ideal equation of a solar cell with
current-voltage (I – V) is given as

Where, I = solar cell output current, Iph = light produced by solar cell, Io = Reverse current of saturation because of
reconjunction, q = electron charge (1.6 *i10-19iC), V = Open-circuit voltage of solar cell, k=iBoltzmann constant
(1.38i*10-23J/iK), T = solar cell temperature (300 K).

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The circuit model in figure 1 represents equivalent of solar cell. It comprises light-produced source current (Iph), a Shockley
equation-modeled diode (D), and two series and parallel resistances. Figure 3.11 shows the VI and PV characteristic in which
on voltage shows and on y axis current lsft side and power right side shows.

Figure 2: V-I and P-V Characteristic

The maximum power point (MPP) is a point on the Power voltage (P-V) characteristic of the solar cell, where the maximum
power can be extracted from the solar cell as shown in Figure 2. Ideally, the solar cell efficiency should be high. But
practically, it is limited to 5%–15%only (Green, M. A., Hishikawa, 2018).
In Figure 2, the current law of Kirchhoff (KCL) can provide characteristic equation of current for that corresponding circuit:
Equivalent Cell Output Current (2)
Where, = parallel resistance current, = Light produced current, and = diode current.
(3)
Where, Io = Reverse Saturation current because of reconjunction, V = solar cell open circuit voltage, Rs = series resistance, Ipv
= solar cell output current, n =idiode norm factor, (1 termed as ideal, 2 termed as practical diode), k = Boltzmann constant
(1.38i 10-23iJ/K), VT = Thermal voltage (kT/q), T = Solar cell Temperature (300iK). Q = electron charge (1.6i 10-19iC). The
parallel-resistance current is determined as:
(4)
Now, by placing the ID and Ip value in the equation (4), we obtain complete equivalent circuit fourth equation of solar cell,
under that all values are defined as connected with output current and voltage [9]:
(5)
Where, Rp = Parallel Resistance and in Equation (5), the other parameters Io, IL, V, I, q, Rs, n, k, T were already declared. The
solar cell efficiency (ƞ) is termed as:
(6)
Where Isc is Current Short Circuit, Voc is called Open Circuit Voltage, FF = Fill Factor and Pin = optical incident power. A
Solar Cell’s Fill Factor (FF) is given as
(7)
Where Vm is the solar cell’s maximum voltage and Im is called maximum current. There are practically many kinds of solar
cells, like amorphous silicon solar cells (a-Si), mono-crystalline silicon solar cells (C-Si), thin film solar cells (TFSC),
polycrystalline solar cells (multi-Si) etc. But the productivity of a-Si solar cells is greater than any other efficiency till 18 per
cent.
 Solar Radiation Effect (G)
The efficiency of solar cell ( ) is proportional to solar radiations variations. The efficiency of solar cell ( ) increases, on
increasing the solar radiation and vice versa. Figure 3 (a) displays the current-voltage (I–iV) properties of a commercial solar
panel of 10 watts with varying values of irradiance.

(a)

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(b)
Figure 3: Solar Panel characterization with Irradiance level variations (Watts/m2). (a) Characteristics of (I–V) (b)
Characteristics of (P–V)
The solar panel of 10 watts 10 watts (Dow Chemical DPS 10–1000) is 232 mm * 546 mm in size and has 0.13 m2 module area.
By Figure 3 (a), it is identified that the solar panel current is increasing with increase in degree of irradiance. Here the solar cell
current for solar irradiance of 1000 W/m2 is optimum (6.2 A). Figure 3 (b) shows the Power-Voltage properties of Solar Panel
in various radiation levels. For highest solar irradiance like 1000, the extracted power is the optimum (9.8 W).
Figure 3 (a) shows solar panel irradiance variation IV characteristic in which x axis shows voltage and y axis shows current. In
figure 3 (b) x axis is voltage and y axis is power.
 The Temperature Effect (T)
Such as the one in Figure 4 (a), if the temperature of the solar panel increases then the production value decreases and vice
versa. And the increase in output is in direct accordance with the fluctuations in temperature. Similarly as the temperature in
Figure 4 (b) increases, output capacity decreases, and vice-versa. Hence the output power is inversely proportional to the
variations of temperature.

(a)

(b)
Figure 4:.Characteristics of solar panels with Temperature (oC) variations. (a) Characteristics of (I–V); (b) Characteristics of
(P-V)
Figure 4 (a) and (b) shows characteristic of solar panel with temperature variation in figure (a) x axis is voltage and y axis is
current, in figure (b) x axis is voltage and y axis is power.
 Systems for Harvesting Solar Energy
A simple solar energy harvesting system is a combination of rechargeable battery, solar panel, DC-DC converter, Battery
Management System (BMS) safety charging circuit and DC-DC converter control unit. For DC-DC converters, control
methods are generally maximal power point tracking control (MPPT). The SEH unit in Figure 3.14 contains rechargeable
battery, DC-DC buck converter, maximum power point (MPPT) solar panel and transmitter, and a WSN sensor node attached
to the DC.
Solar energy from the natural sun is collected in solar panels and transformed into electricity. The DC-DC Buck converter is
shut off and this caused voltage magnitude is controlled and transferred to the same rechargeable unit. An MPPT sensor
controls the Solar Panel's current and voltage, changing the duty period as a Buck MOSFET DC-DC converter (Mathews, I.,
King, 2015).

Figure 5: Solar energy recovery (harvesting) system block diagram, using input from MPPT capacity
Figure 5 shows block diagram of solar energy harvest and it has DC-DC converter, battery, WSN node, solar panel etc.Finally,
the wireless sensor node is regulated by the voltage of the batteries. The WSN performs the role of detecting, analyzing and
interacting the same characteristics with other nodes. Thus, as with vibration, temperature, acceleration and humidity, the
SEH-WSN nodes can be used to track and control any physical phenomenon autonomously. In this scenario, solar harvester
circuit's efficiency exhibits a very significant function. If solar power harvester's performance is low, battery will not be
recharged sufficiently, thereby reducing the lifespan of the wireless sensor network.
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V. MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRACKING (MPPT) MODELING TECHNIQUE

The efficiency of a solar cell is very low and also when solar cells are connected together to form a panel then its efficiency is
still not increased [8]. In order to increase the efficiency ( ) of solar cell or solar panel we have to use maximum power transfer
theorem.
The maximum power transfer theorem says that the maximum power is transfer when the output resistance of source matches
with the load resistance [18] i.e. solar cell or solar panel impedance. So all MPPT technique’s principles are based on
maximum power transfer theorem that always trying to matching the impedance of load to source.

The effectiveness of MPPT is given by following equation. [15]

(8)
The maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is now habitual in grid connected PV power generation system and it is becoming
more popular in isolated or stand-alone power generation systems as well because of the V-I characteristics in PV power
generation systems is nonlinear, So it is difficult to supply a constant power to a certain load.
There is confusion with MPPT that many people think that it is a mechanical device that tracking the sun, it rotates the solar
panel or solar cells as well as tilts it in the direction of sun where the solar irradiance is more. But the MPPT is an electronic
device that extracts maximum possible power from solar panel. It varies the electrical operating point of the panel by changing
the DC/DC converter duty cycle to matching the load impedance with PV cells impedance. Mechanical tracking system can be
used with MPPT, but these two systems are completely different from each other.
To understand how the MPPT works, let’s first consider a solar panel. A solar panel generates power by using the photovoltaic
effect then obvious a solar panel has a P-V characteristic that means for a different operating point of the solar panel, a different
power output can be achieved. Therefore the maximum possible power is obtain from the solar panel when it operates at only
for one specific operating point of the P-V characteristic of solar panel. This point in the P-V characteristic is called the
Maximum Power Point (MPP). This MPP changes when the solar irradiation changes or temperature changes or when the solar
panel is partially shaded [13]. So when these three factor changes, the solar panel operating point is also changes. To track that
constantly changing MPP a device is needed called Maximum Power Point Tracker (MPPT).
The efficiency of a solar cell is very low. In order to increase the efficiency, methods are to be undertaken to match the source
and load properly. One such method is the Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT). This is a technique used to obtain the
maximum possible power from a varying source. In photovoltaic systems the I-V curve is non-linear, thereby making it
difficult to be used to power a certain load. This is done by utilizing a boost converter whose duty cycle is varied by using an
MPPT algorithm. MPPT is algorithm that included in charge controllers used for extracting maximum available power from
PV module under certain conditions. The voltage at which PV module can produce maximum power is called ‘maximum
power point’ or peak power voltage. MPPT is most effective under, cold weather, cloudy or hazy days. There are large
numbers of algorithms that are able to track MPPs. Some of them are simple, such as those based on voltage and current
feedback, like (P&O) method.
The P&O algorithms operate by periodically perturbing (i.e. incrementing or decrementing) the array terminal voltage or
current and comparing the PV output power with that of the previous perturbation cycle. If the PV array operating voltage
changes and power increases (dP/dV PV>0), the control system moves the PV array operating point in that direction; otherwise
the operating point is moved in the opposite direction. In the next perturbation cycle the algorithm continues in the same way.
A common problem in P&O algorithms is that the array terminal voltage is perturbed every MPPT cycle; therefore when the
MPP is reached, the output power oscillates around the maximum, resulting in power loss in the PV system. This is especially
true in constant or slowly-varying atmospheric conditions. Furthermore, P&O methods can fail under rapidly changing
atmospheric conditions (Figure 6). Starting from an operating point A, if atmospheric conditions stay approximately constant,
a perturbation ΔV the voltage V will bring the operating point to B and the perturbation will be reversed due to a decrease in
power. However, if the irradiance increases and shifts the power curve from P1 to P2 within one sampling period, the operating
point will move from A to C. This represents an increase in power and the perturbation is kept the same. Consequently, the
operating point diverges from the MPP and will keep diverging if the irradiance steadily increases.
There are many different P&O methods available in the literature. In this work we consider the classic, the optimized and the
three-points weight comparison algorithms. In the classic P&O technique (P&Oa), the perturbations of the PV operating point
have a fixed magnitude. In our analysis, the magnitude of perturbation is 0.37% of the PV array VOV (around 2V) In the
optimized P&O technique (P&Ob), an average of several samples of the array power is used to dynamically adjust the
perturbation magnitude of the PV operating point.

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Figure 6: Divergence of P&O from MPPT

In the three-point weight comparison method (P&Oc), the perturbation direction is decided by comparing the PV output power
on three points of the P-V curve. These three points are the current operation point (A), a point B perturbed from point A, and
a point C doubly perturbed in the opposite direction from point B. All three algorithms require two measurements: a
measurement of the voltage VPV and a measurement of the current IPV (Figure 7)

Figure 7: P&O block diagram

VI. INCREMENTAL CONDUCTANCE (INC) ALGORITHM

The process of incremental-conductance (INC) is also used for PV systems. It monitors MPP by comparing PV array's instant
and incremental conductance. The INC system problem is close to P&O's. Usually the fixed step size is used which computes
MPPT's speed and accuracy of response. Therefore the tradeoff between tracking speed and steady state efficiency has to be
made. Such architecture problem can be stable with MPPT strategies of variable step duration.
The Power respect to Voltage derivative (dP/dV) is utilized to change MPPT phase scale. Incremental Conductance (IC)
technique surmounts the perturbation disadvantage and observes method in monitoring peak power in rapidly changing
atmospheric situation. This method will decide if MPPT has passed the MPP and also stops perturbing point of service. If the
condition is not true, it is possible to determine the direction in that MPPT operating point is to be disturbed using relation
between dl/dViand -I/V. This relation is found from fact that when MPPT is to right side of MPP, dP/dViis negative and is
positive when to left side of MPP. The phase size increases when operating point is far from the MPP, and progressively
decreases when the operating point comes close to the MPP.
The quick tracking velocity and steady performance can be achieved simultaneously by changing the phase size. However, the
MPPT algorithm convergence involves a scaling factor, and the factor significantly decreases response speed under abruptly
change of atmospheric situations. A MPPT algorithm with incremental-resistance (INR) is to be tested with adjusted step
variable size (Ibrahim, R., Chung, 2017). For moving between the fixed step and variable step mode, a threshold function is
applied, and variable step phase is felt by scaling factor variation.
This method obtains quick response and precisely steady state output but its implementation is limited by the high computing
load and best non-linearity of scaling factor. There really are two phase size alteration coefficients in (Li, Y., & Shi, R. , 2015)
to minimize the perturbation effects (duty ratio) underneath the drastic shift in irradiation with less computing, while the
influence of the basic step size upon on method efficiency is not considered.
This algorithm decides when MPPT hits MPP, while P&O toggles around MPP itself. This obviously reflects a benefit over
P&O. The Incremental conductance could also monitor rapidly increasing and decreasing conditions of irradiance with greater
accuracy than disturbance, and observe method (Praveen, K., Pudipeddi, M., 2016). The downside of the algorithm, compared
to P&O, is that it is more complicated.

VII. CONCLUSION
MPPT is algorithm that included in charge controllers used for extracting maximum available power from PV module. The
voltage at which PV module can produce maximum power is called ‘maximum power point’ or peak power voltage. This
review paper discussed the INC-MPPT concepts with PV module and Solar Energy Harvesting System for WSN Nodes.

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