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Unit-2 (Contribution of IKS)

The "Book of Indic Knowledge Systems" provides a comprehensive exploration of India's rich intellectual, cultural, and philosophical traditions. It delves into diverse areas such as ancient sciences, arts, linguistics, mathematics, spirituality, and medicine, showcasing the contributions made by Indian scholars over millennia. This book is structured to serve as a bridge between ancient wisdom and contemporary relevance, exploring how traditional Indic knowledge can inform modern thought, innova

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1K views34 pages

Unit-2 (Contribution of IKS)

The "Book of Indic Knowledge Systems" provides a comprehensive exploration of India's rich intellectual, cultural, and philosophical traditions. It delves into diverse areas such as ancient sciences, arts, linguistics, mathematics, spirituality, and medicine, showcasing the contributions made by Indian scholars over millennia. This book is structured to serve as a bridge between ancient wisdom and contemporary relevance, exploring how traditional Indic knowledge can inform modern thought, innova

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Sahil
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Contribution o In System n Sclnce 8 Technology Contribution of tnd Knowdge Used in Ancent Tia Invodction fo Yantra Shashira =Voimanie Shashire Importance of International ‘rade Contribution of nde Knowledge system in Agicture ‘Tecmelosies Forest Management Techniques turing Indic Knowedge Sytem ‘Concept of Ine Economy Contribution of Ine Knowledge Syetem in Trade & Commerce ‘Concept of inl Administration ‘Adminetatve Stucure In ‘ocient In oc elon $88 wendy ‘oa fra emo Gabe dad Rg ena wall Samed et ~ 24 oe enue dear ores me ody et gh beds meds 4 dy eae ena ce ne ne a Unt 02 Contribution of KS a 33. NW Sashtra (Law & Order) in ‘Ancient India 44, Fine Art and Performing At 435. Performing Art Bhavan Ras 16. Types of Performing at 117. rocess of Performing At 6 Famous Literature of Performing Art 39, Fomous At of Performing At 20. Famous Artiste of Perorns ae 21 Toes of Fine art 22. Procest of Fine At 2B. Famous Literature of Fin Art * is. Famous At of Fine At Famous Artists of Fine At 26. Case Studies of Loc art and ‘ration 2. Inrodstion to Asitang 28. racic of vgusan 28. Pras of Pranayam 530. Methods of chanting the Mata tnd Charting Practice atipe hace Questions YSSRSRRREBERB 1, Contribution of Indic Knowledge System in Science & Technology The contibution ofthe Indic nowedgegytem to science and technology is igieant and mulaceted (0) Mathematis : The Indic chilation made significant contributions to ‘mathematics, including the development of the decimal sytem, zero, algebra, and tsgonometry The concept of er, nally represented by a det, was a evohonary advancement that ransformed mathematics gba (@) Astronomy and Astrology: Ancient Indian astronomers made remarkable ‘observations of celestial phenomena and developed sophisticated mathematical ‘models to explain planetary motion. Telr conurbation include the calculation of planetary postions, the concept of una and slr eclipses, and the development of sonoma instruments. (@) Medicine: The ancient indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, is one of the ‘oldest holistic healing systems in the word. ayurvedic text provide detailed ‘escitions of various diseases, heal remedies, surgel techniques, and principles 1 Ew =_—_— i — NT is) 5-H Kumay SN ‘tnypene Many moder medial pracices and herbal remedies have cel Ont jg yuna. allurgy was well-developag @)_Metaurgy and Alloys: The knowledge of metallic Wt tn ancient ina Indios were adept atextacing metals rom ores cast alloys, ang Produring high-quality ree. The famous Iron Pilar of Dhl wich HAs withetong Corrosion for over emlennium, i testament to their metallica Prowess 1G). architecture and Cv Engineering Te architectural marvels Of ancien, tmerlhng stoncn eee and domes wee perfected By Zadian architect, WO Yous und Moditation + While not stxictly considered science ang cece n te modem see ie ne isons mde eens oneatin to mental and physical wel- being through races races have gained plobel recognition fr their benefits a reducing tea, Iimpeovng concentration and enhancing ovral ealth. ‘7h glace and Grammar: The sodyof language en erarmain sata i yi composed aod the ath centr, Ree se eich analy and gramma®. tail down rls fr Sansiie morphology and syntax that Influenced subsequent developments jg linguists. 1, Reguet 1a Aegean onedr get Hen, eoreet ae a0 Deed ona i (ued We OU A ge 9, (0) afta suede aay end Tews Tie mE, FH tle NER, A, ie wk ata Raed We ED, ee owe, RANT ASG we Mud wl, 8S aR HO el BE ADD wR Rw 2) vetinnes ok wae eo ound wonaredaD weasel Hee ve, seed f og ot oA A st AD eg ts Rs DAL Rome oe ag Ac wala AeA wae, eH ae React oda aaa Raced ada we 8, carmel nnd AL Ne, uf, Re el yl a eM 0, siyaes HL BONA, we GA, wae aA a eer Raced rasa et 2B. wl GPs ee ead 2 he Ge ATO. (6) sagen set ade gee mt ANE me a AA RR ea sane ged sar, Rae eo 9A GR ya Hl Gee SAE RE wa aa wed ated ae, # AS acu ey aed 12 am CAR a ANG, A AM gueed we yu ) sallteee 92 Rie SEA APRN sae outers een He Fa OH Sek Raed wnt i. Gu 9. eee REM, samt SA ae ciena stm ld, Gena wa eh we vara rad penn ss rt he Rea ‘Feawd muse al, R Se nee a fy ne a Re Rai ne ed sx AG ra as 3 as ead eee 8 wise Sinaia cast wed WS MEAs een mis was, Sakae YUL SLBA ASR MA Aetna ecu ee nO oa 2) rae case: 4 cen ot ae HU Mala Ht SRSA aise AG, or ab a a ELAS Ss Me alte 20 cece Gia ta tone 2 Contribution of tndic Knowledge System in Astronomy The contbuton ofthe ni koowede stem we artonomy sigan and slated spanning thomas afsones (0) Barly Observations and Records: Indian ciation ha a ong history of tvering celestial phenomena, Ancent tats the Ves cota erences (0 ssonomtical observations and concepts. The Rigveda fore menons te motions of the sun and the wae eae Indlan mathematician aso dewapedsophintcatd iganometeRaeonstod methods fr eating planeta porton “- )‘astonomea fntrumeatsTndlanssconomers developed various truant oer an measles ghee Tae Sue Shane sn socket stone te ese amen Be powonn aol: ed ‘ater clock ned or timeteping snd tng tne postions fell bole, (lesan: nan sont erp other adels to dette the motion af celestial odie. ary, an ancient alan ‘athena astonorae popes licen model af he la te nutes before open ob accurate in ‘and the Earth's circumference. apnea ips tenes cee {© elpse Prediction Ian sonorers were adept predicting ecpsen. ‘The BrahmagupsSddhants,weten by he meena Brat he A eur Ce. proves metout for pedo anna ele ted on ‘mathematical calculations. a es ay gy wk ea 8 ROY ME hy se i so ee mn ann le iene i in snes dee se re ton or nn moni nis see nnn eran ion ste, ns ey ae ie Ei Pe ee fama Be OTE ‘Ages. 2. woheneemsi ona tet wench tet ses ued a ne Ae out A GAD, FD AT yg ie afr suede gd osu MeO Met ee () as meade avi 4 od dab ac a ure od weeds AAMT A EL TENT ay i asd aa ie 2B, ee aa ak: ads Racuest nae al Teues W qed ce wren Ae UR te 2 Gale ae WB FA a Goi Fe caer end tac ABA ae a ey BADR ati ad 9. (3) weil aed ae 1 2 RH wa Re B, a Fel aa evens uve Bs se 2 ev ae ae ale exc weer GB. a) dafowe aD; eset weluedoNt oes wn AR al sea suff aie Rowen D, Als ocd aauied 2 worl wee AAP ads) ed does aude ed cane a oad wr Ss A di 9 yee Basu aus ele. {G) weed arudha veleadad aes oud sear IM we 7 xO aimee cpa ort ete wie Ria, cus aati aR BW 9 Ao ured ea HD Ne HEB, (6) wa ed wet wltren 2 voor al od HERAT Aah a dann on, 88 WARNE wee velar aes HR eal wl Ak ed (aa, ie cdamnets wae ead ed da un Buh Ss A (2) coed ee ody sone ere a a bag, F ah, a ae ag Red al ages lament Hue kD. MoH eG AO woe sexi an eset oda aH eA AD meee sal lw annie wes 2a Fen ‘i nals ware ea 9. aby Sesal NeT aor, a6 HA a Dy, SO to. Conttbuton of ns Py Dae Seno oS Eee ee 3. Different erent Encryption Methods Used in Ancient India and cryptowepictechmgae aan er iar osu on ng edcmorel es. These methods were often employed It agit nen of ee rman doa aac cation Cipe: Satan cps inva epg putes charac ith pert chars bated ona predetermined ey nance In cae ean avs were employed One ofthe wellknown subse pt she bah pe where tere spade epce vi 8 a CR gg sas seu, ees onan ALMA 9. MER 8 came dena: outa eae wy Eee at ok NONE ered 9 ¥en a cate ad gas a He AA BEST alt a Mae aa gee sean nee BA coe dal wal nt penta suet ed wm ee wy way 8 Wa He vo waa eres ene ee Fd kB, ot He AEA ELEN we ra agent waa sear, 2G aera AE wes an 9 ak gail Mae RD tea yn Us gat He ND ws RRS a HS au at gata 9. Re RMU ees ene Bat dB a vara crnand aR gk Hae seal HERR Moy ese gee: ene 4 Aes ct eae A WE aur od eu nqueed B. el were a wk ‘ab a pant 8 wae Mua AL OD. layers santa see: oe a ot aes GRRE SH ed ane gn wen 3. lacy aan a est wae wR see Tad Sette shuna a aad wor a es ann 8 er nit_02 Contribution of ks “ umusmoniiutontws 5. Water ‘8, Water Management Techniques during Indic Knowledge ‘System ‘Water managementhas been, senaicmamermet is en scape of ation no ns Le minnaa . Q) Rainwater harvesting : Traditional Indian cainwater harvesting, which invol alacant os pra! brani es captrng sd rng arate fo ter we ‘ei gf si open te om ol mitigate flooding, and provide x baveniag pe coe ae water for iigton snd domestic se during dry se ree, Rape ain wa ow in diferent pas of iia These eborat,malstory sues fea Ses ecg ow he tre ving pole ae during seasons. Stepwells also serve ae ad fee eon, Sol so veo neg 8 (@). Tank igation systems: Taition 2 pow gs a cae amon a ee anana eiaaaaspecopagneant Sian nae binge warn las rong {d)Dunds and contour uence: im ly and soped areas, wale wae management technique include bulling bunds earth embankments) and ono Tndes to caput and slow down te flow of raawatr Tis helps prevent sal ecto, promotes infllwin and echarges groundwater gales {Check dans: Check dams are low. temporary vce bull eos seams smal ie tompee ater fo and crete sero ehin ihe These ‘Toseindp recharge pounder contol stleroion and prove water for igaon nd domer sedowascean. (©) Tain iigaton neue surface gation, such as uo trebods lke dip iain and sen TPaeri and knowledge co design and msitain Ipectc crops and landscape. (a) Watershed mangement satcshed management fo cents Nciment areas to sustainably merase methods: Tonal iigation techniques i tia ‘and ood inigation, aswel more ficient gation. Farmer use locally avaible ‘gation systems that suit their Indl have practiced ‘whieh involves conserving and manag Water resources, Techniques include re a MSM * Kumar | ypit02_Contrbution of WS © a gti IN rer an Semen ni ny oe et a ae cringe aoa itn tos ctr ‘ule ae danal Knowledge esters: Traditional knowledge olde, each gy arn ara err ee san drone traci tengo se nm moe on ‘manseifo) Water conservation practices mtn ae a ae sei eh ea in a ‘Sein tt ae Se ee eae 8. endl get seni) amram svn aiatctetel eels) cry typed tems ao AT TS rin ay Se na ena es vo ah cameas te soerra Maaatatnass comes se og el 8 ements ReA Rec n ea Se a samara Kn aeyitin Pag tiree Reais eee eae cia cee ee Seren Seniesa (G4) oh eA sean sud: Jorn A Blue Peace, WENA WA LRA ELL | > _ Amartya Sen : "The Indic Economy encompasses a rich tapestry of economic ecu ian eed dan 20 od a wD oa) aL ae eG a LD. we | POH and insets shaped by India’s historical experiences and philosophical eae ee eee ee ee ea at ote (aaa Bete ae au dates Hed ae ee EAL AY Maes RD, we SN ata aa ga ats ms eva wate ne 9 Sles ed eke ed. 9 eles, of ae ook eet Gadel tl woh, RE ee sce a vice ey aR gE 6s Fe AR tore ga dutta 9, et ena da A Sea ake ne wnat ss Rete hd Se cat ese et ©) wearer 5 acs inane von st Sy we He, ‘Sou Mev, A ge San ca grand oe 8, Fase oe et qeew nnd a8 era nih 8, a ea we A ea un ey A eat aie Reta ual sous waist a GFR, Odio A remy GRR 2 A sea Set ME, ae ae anal a 9. Concept of indie Economy ston futon : Th one ofthe nd economy "Ath Yar incites and ster tat have holy prevaed in Indansbcomtnen Ther piles ae depy rooted in ane dan texts uch 2 the Vd the Atasansa by Chay tnd the wens a thet hl he Definitions of inc Economy (rth Vyavastha) > RG. Dutt: "The Indic Bonomy represents a synthesis of ethical, social, and * Kumay eee ee Te enduring legacy oy TBR Bhandannar "he indie Beno TREE OT hearer! ingen aol uence by decentralized dectson making. co a cular we.” “omar mainsip beeen eon Sie inaie Boonomy 1s depiceg > "Katya (Chana: "nthe Arash is, and pragmatism, j cee ia te dimmer of nn ge amore a, of es ‘spiritual upliftment, and social justice. It empha odie deelpmentay progres ith hepa of higher human ous edi eee eee > Romila Thaps -The indie Economy reflects th pre erplay of Oe a ee, en mee =a a Sereanensa= jones ht nam re ome eet at sng ol erm an = eeeeetiee Sch a tr ena te nia ao side ass Soro arate a a ote etn es ae sin of economic organizaon, and there was a strong focus on local production and ram Swaralya” or vag sel. “@) Barter and Trade : While barter was a common means of exchange in ‘ancient times, trade also fourshed inthe Indian subcontinent. India had extensive ‘rade links with other regions, including the Roman Empire, Southeast Asia and China, The Sik Road feciitated trade routes connecting India tothe rest of Asia and beyond. (@ Agriculture : Agriculture has historically been the backbone of the Indic ‘economy. Ancient Indian socetes were predominantly agrarian, with farming being the primary occupation ofthe majcty ofthe population. Techniques such as crop ‘ation iigation, and organic farming were practiced. rr Ot 2 ——— nt 02_Contbuton of ns ‘« aes de spicata In ates Gals known “eno “Sia” aed rade et sanarey cton of economic sive These gulls m cn ad provided support arta philanthropy Was considered a mor wealth 9. cred eedeaceanl vane 2, st: ode end “aka le “ suid dd a, aed aot ee ED iu ete aren Fu ra Rau edn G2 whee 3 " 2 ed san sesh > stele, neds nln oe ays end any AR ules 0 lls ala oda AA sh 9 dure, ar sed 9d alte ge a2 us ago enone ae eo > sted ey “ed ter ten Sa eee ok ea NH vais WR safe Hd 9 dae age Pd ene Aa Se A er, ete en nee eo > salaee, “cde sane ls Ra saa AE 9. Ried, esa a as shed a8 wis He od aoe Sah eye the D” > Abe (ens), tue, ode ake et, AN 9 aN tea ou tuts sa nad saa veg 9,2 men CO, Ne crue sun oe ad sew AD ene eel ne 8.” aa “we deer sesame Geto wR sesh fe om ede ed a wh es Ho aaa eR DB, i 2k ed ell Bo a 3 a ee “dl ee na oH ss HR ‘eet aoa ae 8, 4A a ae tae 3, FER, Yacee add seed ene ue 8, 4 nt Sas mada APN wun a3 ee 6 1S = Kuma ans, goths AT AYP HEU Gahan ee, OVALS Fareed 2k 8 8." > aye es, und nee ute ate srt Rea vd eae cer AR eet 9 at a og ae el gE 3. andy deena Riad = se (0) solo lst ede, as we SF RRS GF et) 2 Cts afar a ele ov GT aid alan ate ead on as eT tA A AL Se SE. San ecg susp ahaa as re rg Sh wl ed OG A soca we a A eg A REL NT x SO wy seus at (3) a da wa NH Han wen AEH, rary ou 2a ea Fa wel De mE, sy ALAA AT EA cua ese dee el es As anak en kA WH RR ahead. Bats re a (ARs Anas Aa ou sd sn AB. 3A wa fovet tale ene neo ano en, B98 RS Fa eet soar se wed ua (S) Page ed 2 made: Ra, $3 AR we “AER” A sua 9, 8 as sede dd anf eR B.A MALNAT RRS Be seer oa el eat al 9 se ok AULA (©) eee ase sa idee, il a ae RA 50a, sete, wae Bore ak ade aa Be er ne eae tee RD. A Ra, Pia aA yan Sead aa gan wnat Mart 4A RL Oak 4B O. (SB get 5 Mee ee SRA HU EM EATS dM De | so a iN Haag ye a MAS ree MAA og Sod a a 10. Contribution of Indic Knowledge System in Trade & ‘Commerce ‘The Indi knowledge systom has made significant contributions to trade and ‘commerce throughout history. (Q) Mathematics : Indic mathematics, particulary the development ofthe decimal numeral sytem and the concept of zero, revolutionized commerce and ‘accounting. These Innovations made calculations more efficent, facilitating trade ‘eansections and financial record-keeping. Ce nit. 02Contibution of 1s, (2) Trade Routes: The = eninge cts nde route bee Std aon ma uucgdooounoen goo et and echanogs, NE td vn ae coe "ape connec ine in Central Asia, China, and Europe, forest R084, fr Fiance 8 ene te etre ness with evidence of early banking practices seo! aking originated in ancient India, ions like "s Practices found in texts 3 “Arthashastra. saree and wep Ped ones fa ‘commerce, *Posits, which were crucial ‘for facilitating trade and cyan en fetacnn dan nk ernational trade, conty » sik and muslin were highly sought: imeradonal ede, contributing wid conan en aa ae ommodites fn ancteat tae nea edna plants were highly valued inence the global eles indanay ey nd Ee Pn exchanges along the way. Smterationally, contbuting to lni's reputation a a center of cle eraftaremann 20. Que ora aiireani onacter get ence adoiior usa ce Ame a Gand eM aren Dae A. (lie a es 5 ainsi Fa ol Fea a wk Suen A ae, a eta] aad ay alto ae, @Are east ve susie 2 eee gAIW , 2). Rag we aa ue a ye 9 WR aha eB AT MADRE ea sl, $ mm, Rad asst uaa Hea HA D, ed As, Gust aD uaa Mt a, a hg UA AD D, oes Ae AeA Dato 8H 3. @) Ain od buat: Ad a He URE GLA el, a sen SL edad en el i A Ned Ya D. “ale” AL AEH ad a Ue, Mae, ao lee Fe Saad LAD A 9A aed LA es s S-I + Kumar ————— G4 ses oe wd a Wa UL Geared age WELD, te a Se alags wows gi eu ut, Na Ne aL ed NN RANT a. (6) case sudo sug, ren Warts A Ne D, HA MOL AE Wes y gh a ae dg Be ao We Pak MAD, HRA Lg 24 oll ced vrs aed ae Rea ke yet Magee, 9A RAS Cecil 8 wa APs yous GA wR EB. © ead due = ele ea sus ded HA AR Aad MeO, uth a aco ase ais Cre are ae Bl a NS AWA HH Ht, ued oud. 2 gz aN ate lat a AR ste A AL AOE ea, (7 gue ld neo gs 2 seed ed SRNL, FO, ag sug cael 24 6 yea aged Oru sed. gu sea Bs AD neat Pow oe aul a ed Ges aes a engl at AVE Md 14, Concept of Indic Administration |. Introduction: Indle administration refers to the administrative systems and practices historically developed and implemented inthe Indian subcontinent, encompasses a wide range of governance structures, principles, and methods that hhave evolved over thousands of years across various regions of the Indian subcontinent. Indie administration fs often traced back to the ancient cvlizations of the Indian subcontinent, inching the Indus Valley Civiization, Vedic petiod, Mauryan Expire, Gta Empire, and various regional kingdoms and dynasties. 2, Concept of Indic Administration : The concept of Indic ministration i deeply rooted in the ancient Indian scriptures, such as the Vedas, Upanishads, Artashasre, and Manusmi, which provided guidelines for rulers, adminstretors, and society sa whole These text not ony outlined the duties and responsibil of kings and administrators but alzo elaborated on the principles of justice ethics, and sgovemance. 3. Meaning of Indie Administration ‘According 10 Historian of Ancient India, "Indie Administration refers 10 the ‘administrative stems and practices prevalent in the ancient Indian subcontinent characteriza by decentralized goverance adherence to dharma (righteousness), and ‘emphasis on justice, welfare, and meritocracy It encompasses the administrative structures and principles outlined tn ancient Indian texts such as the Arthashata ee nt 02 Contbaton of ig According Pottea o Seen contemporary adminisrarigg got Idi Ady Somos iter of enna 22! othe ng ate ents te rc and inal Sven NCU iso, Ahan sn a principles of dharma, soca jet Sh 0 Gram bs aa sof dan et an nea Phy I icp font of stn toy shpag te grace administrative practices and pment Miran encompass reine the car sc EN ion of ee ie castoms ad informal mchenon tats ey of herein Inara, Hahlihing te adap and Btnane tangent ‘According to Beonomis "in ae fn ee tn st ne tees pnp a epi i aes a spa cnah me rparpicaireyt ‘Stoteamanaem nt rao tir aes hich ie fl mage According to logis, “Indic Administra eee: io fs wt aden (oats nan srtzed ene att Hoc goeanc onda often operated on 2 al ene: sr cea Se! ners sdminstration, addresing lass uch welfare, (2) Dharma: The concept dhama, or righteousness, played a ental oein Indie administration Rulers were expected o gover acorting to dharma which encompassed principles of usc, aes, and morelconduet. The Manus and oer tents provided guidlines on dhama for rulers an administrators (8) Justice and Rule of tw The adnan nanclent nda emphasied the importance of justice and thereof a. Couts were enabled to adjudicate Aisputes, and legal codes such sb the Arthashsta outlined procedures for ministering justo and maintaining lav and order (@) Metitocracy : Indic ministration valued mest and competence in fgovemance. Officials were appointed baed on their qualifications sis, and I, os: » aear ona. The emphasis on ‘aperence ater than herwdiary or feud] coniere : rein en om ty en ficient of CATING Fara: sto concerned wih Re rare and Soi sen: Ine misao the wel of sce at «whole ‘ena omenls P Sicacit tc nbjonncudng th provision publ amet econ tc meting a el nein To Sa op acti een a yatta Ov Sem, demons a remasae yo apo can : Semen aren pee one NEES therein end consyof oenane se. 11, welt orci cee ¥en sa sol ye sve ne din oe i ahs 42 Re tet eden Saab od a8 ned Gen ARR 88 Sha erarond, id oa uel Rn nde lary ge A SD, ite data roe aed TE a ga emo eres ad 3 etna ed ee eee aes te le Geir i ak et ets Scan, gwen un) 9 Wt Ss ae eaten ute ee SON ee A 8 ad Siete as roast Be ea le dt Soi uf 08 wud dnl sa ean pe ines oacucode an etic aed, Lad see Ee daca etre 4 wu et ane A, a SAAT nag enesuee e t end dl eed amet eek a cee oan aE eT He See a Seathe ogg eu gh, 0d, Re weed Senedd ea i a eed bin hs Sn as 2 Al vena nen ecke 3 tae te, ew Ou Fed ad SOE ected oat dt ate une ela RD, # Mich cewve, eage eke se bye oe a. NE t.02Contrbton fs aren 1 i Saannaa canoe Seat ! hte set ma meta sd tok reheat Oa cen a ewe te ng aN heed etd ween 4 we orede eden nt Alea eet eee he aa Get, Dat aver ed ge eee pt wa st sve sed xe eh sed ot eee eens nce 4 Roce ent a oe ey eek a ge me send MW sd ay cg eas ge $85 en naa Ce hn fa Be 9 (5) Seu aed eels os i oats ncaa Siar scatman te s nat Nac Mg ae a 3 ade amen su wl " wes ia eee: ia aes ala taunt AAD eR HT ce es satan ts Nssira Moura adlasals la yuite ei adlaa 82 3, ee So enor ree mi emer institutions that were prevalent throughout much of ancient mae oe eee a eee en seen as the ultima arity and was res le for the ra coe ae orn cpm Mandepe, was the central administrative institution. K comprised advisor, inser, fils wh el engin eo -maling d oeance Te Lg wed SI *Kuray Co eee often seek counsel from learned scholars, ministers elders before making a fom was divided 1M small ec hn ei ri sine pe gree sr air asa kc sc te Se eee council of mini reg ed 2. i Ge of ae es hn nes governance, administration, and policy-making The COUN. Och as np oot ets = mstmene aaa nw on ee eset slg oe wa fn in pe nr eer aT cnet ees a aca sees a a mee = appointed judges. a sine eae eats ay crete mace carom La eign Steere 12, sailor oneeril lad) srry), ue uae an lo AR Bd wo ea D3, Re sou Rina 8 dowel oF a ede SR Da (A) ead od eae ee aN ee ag We ae set et. a a a A a ea A, a 9A rua seus ade 2 wa (@) Haale: ad ea, amu sea a lA B, be ale Sa AL an ase, Sao 2 Rad aa del aed ale a 9 aM sed. eve Fol da es ae ee Raa, aU a wa rn mg nl ee wo one rr oe aerator 8 em a aa ae ae Sv Bl aed Sm Reece gate as a ea ed SN Ro wea a reais a Se > wt Pfees sed see NY Meise de ag add 00) aL ee nae Hod ABO ee a ay se EE tee gE Le ee ape sa lad A ML sean ated, $23 tae ae roi ndsea A ys aie ed ad wh, wed oa nae ye 2 ee NR (3) wget : i ad uo ae select nue pond eh ed lo a be Rete aed a Se ee weed el ee seu, cul at Uns ea ue ie se ond wh rel wd ea as wt oie NE ch sed nr aA sean ad as ned Tall es eR ote 18 ae ean re YH unl, no Fe ea Oe ee edo. 0 ee we ee el wg, ¥ ue HA tk sxc wee MD Ya. RS Rel sade dH yet 24 a, Ao aoe od we oe NOL sored Pa ev. 413. iti Sashtra(Law & Orders) in Ancient India In ancient Ina. the concept of aw and goverance was deply rooted inthe Dharmashastra tao, which comprised various eas providing guidelines or mor thi scial and legal conduct. Hees detailed exploration ofthe Ni Shas (Law fd Orde in ancient nda: () Dharmathastas «The Dhanmashastas, whch cade prominent ext like the Mans, ‘ejay San Narada Sori seed a the founda tensin ancient + These tes were writen in Sans and addressed various aspects of if, ‘including personal conduct. scl interactions and governance. (2) Adminitaon of ustice +The Dharmashastas outed principles fo the administration of junc. ‘They desred te roles and responses of dg ler, and wines * Judicial procedures including the presentation of evidence, cross- ‘examination and rendering judgments, wee discussed in these tet + Punishments for ofenses varied based on the severity of the xime and could inde ine, imprisonment, corporal punishment, or even death in extreme Perr eee et ” So aaa es © td ri mai i a ee ic wn ‘tng el inns ie een th on ie Mth de Da ng ge aera spi i ec seem en, ee mc tp stent pnary ney ae. ae : ae Cen a ed bed on tate an Ae, ere te ine ar yong en en ed tay mo tb ns banishment, mutation, or death, with *_Pnishent ould nce Bes baihient, main the sey an ecg sl ae of Co Prayer ave and Coma {P hrtnes addened propery is, nd owner, and conta een : rn cets wae poe fo ies of proper the parton of ances wean eon ol cen. (tal nd Mor Gane 2 Shion col mater Dhsrmashsrs emphasized moral end civ cnfut Toy enraged nin fo aber 0 pices of hones, lpi compan, and sees. a ‘Concepts such as dharma (duty), karma (action), and ahimsa (non- lence) were ceo th ea eee ole inte tx tog Dptes an elton 1 Dibuts ners te saved trough medaion, arbitration, or sudan acu roa eous. gobs us ple cra reining and apg te princes down ath Damas pei ake (9) ron and nen: = The ep sem nent nda ened oe time with cones tom i renga edie, and al esos. EEE are it 92. Contribution of ms ‘The rincpes outinedn = and eical though in indi co i ed onl ws 6 acto a ee teen oe a a, 4 ‘ame Hd ae Raa aa APRN A ah a ‘poten o 0) Wiad sg, om 0 Mena ew ale wid eb ai se wi 9,268, td ad SOM cOlnt si wouun ar ee ue ae Fey EHO ah a aed a CH) ae oa ek gas hd wed et cele el dn get sed 36, as aw wae yp we ed HD. eas ee a wld wate ee eten iti aut 4 8, A, gy DEER Sees cor a eid wet wd Rett ed eas tala gd Mana Sted ate wien a aA and 99 aad 4 luce aed ead (ene od wa vase ab wl. ded td ey eee sd, aed ed, dd ee 218 aes Ake sed WAAL aN al a. wad sia, oe, yal ad ad ae wed na ls saved aed eu ea: pul de oly 8 Notun ee eu wt, a spel gga aa eeu ed CH) 4, geat 52 ae IR aya 28 a Fa ol eo a ard gan Sp, ioe a yey END. ly, ef, ade wes TS! ee en ameeens oe ake a one aes er 2 Siete aeanatatn tne secant a © 1 caaennaseetmnetnk eee ae 2 ea iat ca 14, Fine Art and Perférming Art “Ancient India had ich tradton of both fine art and performing art, deply fnterewined with ts cultura religous, and soil fabric. (0) Pine Ar: @ Sculpture : Indian sculpture is renowned for its exquisite crafsmanship and sprtual themes. Seulptures adomed temples, caves, and palaces, depicting deities, mythological scenes, and everyday life. Famous examples include the sculptures of the ‘Khajuraho and Flora caves, as well as the iconic Dancing Shiva Painting : Indian painting encompasses diverse styles and techniques, ranging from the inca miniatures of the Mughal ea to the vibrant murals of Ajanta and Bagh caves. Themes often ‘nuded religious narratives, court scenes, and natural landscapes. (Gi) Architecture Indian architecture showcased remarkable innovation nd grandeut,evdent in structures like the temples of Hampi, the Gi awed &, gy aps nae BB A el wet Heute Fa ponaed HO Be AQ, ® EEE eee rit C pi 02_Contbuton of ks ” tort of tastes cap 0: andthe masaceam of the mausoleum of Ta Maal, Eh Bete anc ee «end of reponse gous = ~ Shares Cates ANclent indian ctasicl dance, such as eet ea Eecttar geminata Sena a aa Sera TX AG Indl bossts rich tapestry of folk ar foms including folk eae vere Seong 14. Gide end wd velfion ond cnpeeaats oe (0) Bae ouete Due ogee sts dw eB Med ia, ood aA ed 9, Lagoa Las oe AAA eA ul. me use ved MA Gaus ed AN MAR sed Rae dH WD, : RB ued Bot yee gre Ye aye BR seat 9 ott yo aa eRe dl BAK Hed 2 aed AMAL WO. ets la ae sud, a 9 goed Qed aod ua al, sulfa ed aed ur teat ta leat 8, ona MRA, arate Beard 3 aera suk 4 Bead wD Rs alee seu ts Red, why Meda a wag HL Paxad AREA 89. we) Ye a, FA alga, le i 7” MSI Kang, Oe eee coher cee, 9, NEL, Fame vu enh er oy one hare ased amaseat And. da eorae ta D. a, e, dL Sae egy (eg men ane (ane 2D cue RENAL, ne eat Eitan ateumen ea hy a Eg secretin meet aga Sarereere eters 7 a aaa nenpfernn at e ena te Oe mene =e ee eid pein te ee aan Re cae i re eo ii iene eee re oe ee roe oa meen antes te ikea i te omen as a eg cae ee eran Mi ae ren a cs Ooteeg 3 et ct en pn ee a fhm ht, tan irene el See ams to evoke these rasa in te audience through their portrayal of characters and o> ee Ul 92.Contbution of 1s wet Ouray ait beabrehieal oa or a et a 53 at “8A Ronarusi, yan awe, 1, elle oo Ja tee 0 ment a any Scat a ed wnt ange re te ey erie Grd eget Seems ferent ah Bt at ed Fear ae Het adi othe dled 9. aah aa med euntets Dout sma agra a) hae eae redcnnd iodo ste woe tis cnt et on prong atte mara Mun ered the font we ran ene 1) ha Bare og ee esl nee Bhan = tng Tan Nada, Bhartanayam sone ot tale daa deo imoherncens nese an estes (nd ll eresstns td ce moves tak: Developed innonersia aah rected st fot pad orting tough mine a expe dist: Haing from the state of isha, Oss known ort yea movement, suptresque poss, and depiction of mythological achipudl : Originating in Andhre Pradesh, chip combines letmens of dance and drama, featuring intricate fotwos, rhythmic Patjems, and expresivestortling Manipur: From Manipur in notheaster india, Manipur dance is known fr is gente, fid movements, and emphasis on devotion and spistual hemes, o iy w ® oy, Pe nme ‘music is characterized by intrieate melodic pattems, rhythm, eee 2 Sse eres teem nd emphases improvisation (ae alapans a yi ten, = a PETE eaten Scere =o » Seat earn Sao =e a pacar smd ieaialram somone ‘customs of its region, Examples Inude Bhangra fom Pure Garba from Caja, Sao a Screens aa 16, welisr end (Seat HE de x wl snared as kB 9 ele, MR al ay semmatanenminise tegen ea haan as WA aw el se tas BA cee, le we We il, a es Pe ciennminneusng agg AF 9. aA YOK zd, wet wes (ge, ARG re marine Pea et bd oc anes arate enters Say * Me SE an tt arte smi, he 0 Deed tes ge wean ean ste soit sy Seeded Rory oy te ot wa ten @ gention — » ER acd haa wendsome ow sa Gogg EE A Bl lal as, Pan atetd ent eq Halts ad pede ELT seat tinea baas ceed Gertie att Sot shad wt at aaane aioe (6) sale aug. Fg A are cb eta 8, she pista 3 ed daa gui ad 648 Audet ea 17. Process of Performing Art Thepeoming ar ae ibe ch tan yc ene eft tt moves epson notes ww {ei fn ce es ha ean Se Mal dona mpl planeta peeing xs thot inronel ais Cae mom ini in he er daa Ge hi empl pa gp de se) ts tiie, Masks eed ap pen of ‘transmission, wth guru-sisya parame (ache role, Students woul spend ears mastering i mprowstion. and epics lke the Ramayana and Mabsbbarst {collboratie effort among actos ects, MUSE ig, ‘isualy and emotionally captivating experience "0 (4) Stortling and Oral radon = i eee storyeng pled avira nprceingand wanenltinO Cy ancien, Ja Se marian ude TOE otal, ng Ina Sle ton es Te rca BT! BE tral mara eof ce andl geste 22 expressions tp ‘enguge Istenes and evoke thee imagination ee eomancs May wce iin PDOEE SA sa nae nda aresone, Dunes a performed in temples, during rei ip os offerings to deities. These performances wee belived to invoke {ense of devotion among patelpans and spectators 17, welfin ondell sf “ea ge ang eH OD YL Me ns B, ae eel uae out saa sm aad aH Ah 2a yeu, dea, Re a sae RH AT sacs 9 eed a ato. fo sa gc nga ee a ae ed Re a seen tana ar ak ud cen et, i ATR Page ua Rd adn 6 at ger aed A et gel (ead) eee beara of. Poa td ert, Pr ase Ge) Hasse Sandie wt we 3, Han ween bane aie Re we fa) abe ean Ste te ae a wl, HAL qed dud wale dot, 2 Bega (et ls (Ra) a sven Sa aoe aed wa ame (Ras ig) 3 oti) 9. Heed sts een Free a da, Sogn vOaaird yen Racer Al wa 8 B yn 92.Contrbuton of cs Colt mts aon gone 4A MB. 44 suze ou Searle ng gs ee a ya use 22 MOOR 9 Maa gaara Ml: Mw fag ay sd 9 aolleata 4 te Se a. ie dha ee A eX a cant kas epee oa 0 ae gl td Spas lage, coon 93 (6) sits weak ‘iho jun Gada va ake 3 ue al te ie a eet Be ot wk ae ees nar reed ea sale were ace can a ate ee ye ee 48, Famous Far Literature of Performing Art Aint nda horse dio of ere pang vty of oe spn aso {Vedas The Ved ae thea ced ts of Hinds, compere in ‘sanskrit between 1500 and 500 BCE. They consist of : se ba at ol oe clectons = irda ss a and Abarvveda se pulpal casio contin ya, ital and (2) Mahara Wien vn neni se is one othe sp Spite re ‘to lemon ao ees br ogre hoe at re plilosopica insights. ane Sine (3) Ramayana: Atte to he sage eo the Ramayana i anther cient nen ope arn staf a {Ri saya companion Hana Keploe es of dy. gout, and devotion, (oy Panchatanca:The Pact acolecton ia alan mo sess coaped by Vu Siam Wer of ecomectd es that inp eon an ie esos though sets of iar and human. satan: Autre by he ances nan state Chama rah) Acasa sateen ate, poli ono ad may EES sdminisration in tae. Itprovides insights goveance em jen eg able dea (© Sanskrit Drama ; Ancient india aio produced she Shokan such as Kalidan's“Abnijunasakuntalam’ (TRE FeO ace itam” (Malavika and Agnimitra) which =P toy, | eto ued aye ees wad 3, HL NN AA AAS FeO Ags ac a eg be ai HAA, FHT 1500 OSA iggy wut 9, ade ea aed ads, ANA, HHT MNES 1 WTR 3 cals aa. mae a reacts nan insu s E As B.A waa A Aga ead gga yor dale 2D, Hal ae AUN 8 a, 2 Aa ind 0. a ey seed oe ae OD, 9 AS THE gy Moe He 8 (2) Boum a aA sured, woe A HH TNT HA HL evan 2, Ad Ml at ele ate ag BAA A MTL HEED, outset 90 ofGeat RAMA TD. (ec: Wad yan es ATR md aswel AR atl aay 8.8 edn ud adel aed wd SO Hue gH MLE 6 ARG, MA ARS Us ad 8 - (8) eaves: wee oe opus en (A) 2 ae, wae A PH, ersten, slated oA etd quetn AL HRD. HATA one AAU, HATE 9A a Matte uses 9. (6) Noga es: ls onan aed Paernngeey” (Wg wr) 2g esuaCanPaey” Cue a AHORA) Ha ar ae RAD UH LRA A oA fy, Bu as ai BAN NH ED. Ra OR, UH, OUR, at Pa a SS vm marae al a 19, Famous Art of Performing Art Inancient Indi, performing arts were deeply intertwined with religion, culture, ‘and daily life, While specific artists might not be as extensively documented as in ‘modern times, the period saw the flourishing of various art forms, leaving behind a rich legacy that continues to inspite generations. earn att 02_Contrbution of, sone spotwork, expressive fovm. the tadion ot me enh rit ight nat wi ei ed ces aay en pd oe ee ate: Orgnatingia eerie aes for rm ta i Se 0H Oh, Ol sac song negara cee pre a ap rrr of nt dc ae ein prs ng tale da tines The Mahar cme me ss apa : Haig om ea aw forts elaborte a ahaa high syze tft ale actors undersea Uneaten haracters om Hinds Sees “nga dance, mine ead ease eens honed thet sks through dedicat Anclentpracttioners would have spec names might not be widely etege ee TITER MAE, hou (2) Manic and suse’ Ancient Indian muse classical traditions and aa (3) ‘Sanskrit Drama Ancien india produced a wealth of Sanstsit dramas, ‘writen by playwrights such as Kalidasa, Bhasa, and Shudraka, These plays were performed in royal courts, theaters, and festival, showcasing the talent of actors ‘musicians, and dancers of the time. Wil the playwrights are own, the performers ‘who brought these dramas to life would have been sklle artists trained in multiple aspects of performance, including ating singing, and dancing. rr KS-I+ Kama, gars in anc 4) Temple Ral and Fr centers fF tM Path devadi at reece an import emer 1 Tay, India. Dave and rue were intel B® of E te Dance and a cng te dog ahahiart poveg Peering tt gra, Dn Teer wa, pore es ore es 2 and tet, Rove featured a arty of performance, net | prevetatons 19, win ent 8 Head GAA HARE 8A, vy aa atta 26 can a mat eo aN NL ee ee Phaeyed wn ade 2 Aaa Rem DO ated 3 ate OT ane ta os, eae Ss te casey aD daa a, nd we (80) oA . era dite sec aged ane St. HR a Serene erred re amas sata aa el, aA ek HEA A LD A sud ec ens ek se a sb 2 a 9. He MM. | Son ef, ane seg ee ot. DN Se aagpen (gare get) aa se 9 ene 2 at 8 Tus sced’ Feed suid, seo ake Agee Gees D FAM Rage uses, Reh not aio weg 0 ea ey seta Os Hs ay SER pede eta ee ade 9. 24 Ra tg Med Sandee ade cu Set gee bo a, FTA A LH Tl, “ 2) Bie 2a dele ae (wed outdo ged 9 galls A HAA Mena OH B. set see 62 6D 9 Ws AE, came Rat ak Usa MID aaa 8. aa eet es 8 aaa Holes au, Gre, el A eal FAL RW Hoa ual Pea ea wh (d) Ta Ma te ROL aM SK AOA RUdoSEA oA aD, ioe, 8 doa ei et ae HU A, OWEME A HL MBA HEL ADB, er —_—_—_—_— yt 92_Contribution of 1s, Faas ABU Wee a = Sea Rote wh ) eye a ale 20 a, Ne ba ws) ig enc, TRAE a ae Sowa a age 2d aug Goal Ecole tipi eptnpotan ack in heirs aveteatnt (a) Wed Aa ne Sa et MHI ge ah iss Aeon Wels ou nD meray Ff ex ual aa. get a # Sl ua felted SA aan and 8) “wu, Re nae ea the LAB aa ANN de sa da eB Soa eno eo 2). Famous Artists of Performi of (0) Bharata Muni: ee 8. ees als wotk "Natya Shastra” Bharata Mun is revere as one ict tinny “tance ovis extensive guidelines on various aspects of Hane a ates, Mute, and seshetics, making him e foundational oes We of his esr uneeran tis believed that Pad conn ved sometime betwen the 2d century BCE snd the He i regarded as ying the princpes 4 pioner in coding the of rasa {emotional essence) end hava ood) in performing ars, Which continue to influence artiste @ Kalidasa uence artistic expression in India to this day, a @ aw ow “ada oem reed ot he “Step of Inn” ws ‘enawed pyri and pant me 4 (4th-Sth century CE), me SeASeat ie Gere pad Wile pinay oon fi teary wos, such Shan "alaiagimivam” and "Mogindaa Kaldst' plays had 2 profound inp nnn pring ae His play tears compls chante, id imagery, and cl oes king heel ater! thet! performances, ® w Ks. Hay ing (0 the rey = @ o a @ ene (Psat een ‘of Indian classical thes 4 atvine musician in Hing, Narada Mun: a ad OO" Narada Mant «04 st nae vere one Depiedas «mand SE ns cent CH Ending dot ven (i) He scnsiderd hep one spread divine towed tuOU? M8 Tse Kea artist who og, iy Narada's character serves 8520 MP ao moral instruction art as a medium for spsitual a orgie of ‘Tanda: nie ge ac the rig of Int Oe a (i) According to Hindu mpbolOe. TO Tg nd of dance teacher af Lord hive Who con ents and Powerty (up ‘Tandava, characterized BY V6 er re and spring) performed 35 expressions is offen =

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