ENUGU STATE UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND

TECHNOLOGY (ESUT)

FACULTY OF EDUCATION

DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE EDUCATION

OPTION: INTEGRATED SCIENCE
AN ASSIGNMENT

ON
TOPIC: CANOE CYCLE

SUBMITTED

BY

NAME: OKONKWO CHISOM DIVINE

REG NO: 2019030188258

COURSE TITTLE: CYCLE IN NATURE

COURSE CODE: SED 435

LEVEL: 400L

LECTURER: DR. EZEDINMA. F

FEBRUARY, 2023
 Meaning of Canoe

A canoe is a lightweight narrow boat which points at both ends and open on top,
it is propelled by one or more seated or kneeling paddlers facing the direction of
travel using a single-bladed paddle.

In British English, the term canoe can also refer to a kayak,[2] while canoes are
called Canadian or open canoes to distinguish them from kayaks.

Canoes were developed by cultures all over the world, including some designed
for use with sails or outriggers. Until the mid-19th century, the canoe was an
important means of transport for exploration and trade, and in some places is
still used as such, sometimes with the addition of an outboard motor. Where the
canoe played a key role in history, such as the Northern United States, Canada,
and New Zealand, it remains an important theme in popular culture.

Canoes are now widely used for competition and pleasure, such
as racing, whitewater, touring and camping, freestyle and general recreation.
Canoeing has been part of the Olympics since 1936. The intended use of the
canoe dictates its hull shape, length, and construction material. Historically,
canoes were dugouts or made of bark on a wood frame,[3] but construction
materials evolved to canvas on a wood frame, then to aluminum. Most modern
canoes are made of molded plastic or composites such as fiberglass or those
incorporating kevlar, or graphite.

History of Canoe
The word canoe comes from the Carib kenu (dugout), via the Spanish canoa.
Australian Aboriginal people made canoes using a variety of materials,
including bark and hollowed out tree trunks. The indigenous people of the
Amazon commonly used Hymenaea trees. Many indigenous peoples of the
Americas built bark canoes. They were usually skinned with birch bark over a
light wooden frame, but other types could be used if birch was scarce. At a
typical length of 4.3 m (14 ft) and weight of 23 kg (50 lb), the canoes were light
enough to be portaged, yet could carry a lot of cargo, even in shallow water.
Although susceptible to damage from rocks, they are easily repaired. Their
performance qualities were soon recognized by early European immigrants, and
canoes played a key role in the exploration of North America.
Native American groups of the north Pacific coast made dugout canoes in a
number of styles for different purposes, from western red-cedar or yellow-cedar,
depending on availability. Different styles were required for ocean-going
vessels versus river boats, and for whale-hunting versus seal-hunting versus
salmon-fishing.

There was the canoe called express canoe or canot léger, it was about 4.6 m (15
ft) long and was used in carrying people, reports, and news.
The birch bark canoe was used in a 6,500 kilometres (4,000 mi) supply route
from Montreal to the Pacific Ocean and the Mackenzie River, and continued to
be used up to the end of the 19th century.

Canoes were once primarily a means of transport, but with industrialization they
have become popular as recreational or sporting watercraft.

Skin canoes

Skin canoes are constructed using animal skins stretched over a framework.
Examples include the kayak and umiak.
 Uses of Canoe
 Canoes Are Used For Racing,
 Whitewater Canoeing,
 Touring And Camping,
 Freestyle, And General Recreation.

When a canoe is paddled through water, it takes an effort to push all of the
displaced water out of the way. Canoes are displacement hulls: the longer the
waterline relative to its displacement, the faster it can be paddled. Among
general canoeists, 5.2 m (17 ft) is the most popular length, providing a good
compromise between maneuverability and speed.
Historically, canoes were dugouts or made of bark on a wood frame, but
construction materials evolved to canvas on a wood frame, then to aluminum.
Most modern canoes are made of molded plastic or composites such as
fiberglass. Until the mid-1800s the canoe was an important means of transport
for exploration and trade, but then transitioned to recreational or sporting use.
Canoeing has been part of the Olympics since 1936. In places where the canoe
played a key role in history, such as the northern United States, Canada, and
New Zealand, the canoe remains an important theme in popular culture.

Canoes adapted to many purposes, for example with the addition of sails,
outboard motors, and outriggers.

Materials used for manufacturing canoes

• Plastic: Royalex is a composite material, which comprises of an outer

layer of vinyl and hard acrylonitrile butadiene styrene plastic (ABS) and
an inner layer of ABS foam; it is bonded by heat treatment. As a canoe
material, Royalex is lighter, more resistant to UV damage, is more rigid,
 and has greater structural memory than non-composite plastics such as
polyethylene. Royalex canoes are more expensive than aluminium canoes
or canoes made from traditionally molded or roto-molded polyethylene
hulls. It is heavier, and less suited for highperformance paddling than
fiber-reinforced composites, such as fiberglass, kevlar, or graphite. Roto-
molded polyethylene is a cheaper alternative to Royalex.
• Fiber reinforced composites: Fiberglass is the most common material
used in manufacturing canoes. Fiberglass is not expensive and can be
molded to any shape, more so, it is easy to repair. Kevlar is popular with
paddlers looking for a light boat that will not be taken in whitewater.
Fiberglass and Kevlar are strong but lack rigidity. Boats are built by
draping the cloth on a mold, then impregnating it with a liquid resin. A
gel coat on the outside gives a smoother appearance.
• Polycarbonate: Lexan is used in transparent canoes.
• Aluminum: Before the invention of fiberglass, this was the standard
choice for whitewater canoeing. It is good value and very strong by
weight. This material was once more popular but is being replaced by
modern lighter materials. "It is tough and durable; it has no gel or
polymer outer coating which would make it subject to abrasion. The hull
does not degrade from long term exposure to sunlight, and "extremes of
hot and cold do not affect the material". It can dent, is difficult to repair,
is noisy, can get stuck on underwater objects, and requires buoyancy
chambers to assist in keeping the canoe afloat in a capsize. Folding
canoes usually consist of a PVC skin around an aluminum frame.
• Inflatable: These contain no rigid frame members and can be deflated,
folded and stored in a bag. The more durable types consist of an abrasion-
resistant nylon or rubber outer shell, with separate PVC air chambers for
the two side tubes and the floor.
Types of canoe

Modern canoe types are usually categorized by the intended use. Many modern
canoe designs are hybrids this is, a combination of two or more designs, meant
for multiple uses. The purpose of the canoe determines the materials that will be
used. Most canoes are designed for either one person referred to as solo or two
people refer to as tandem, while some are designed for more than two people.

General recreation

A square-stern canoe is an asymmetrical canoe meant for lake travel or fishing.

In practice, use of a side bracket on a double-ended canoe often is more
comfortable for the operator, with little or no loss of performance. Since
mounting a rudder on the square stern is very easy, such canoes often are
adapted for sailing.

Touring canoe
In North America, a "touring canoe" is a good-tracking boat, good for wind-
blown lakes and large rivers. A "tripping canoe" is a touring canoe with larger
capacity for wilderness travel and is often designed with more rockers for better
maneuverability on Whitewater Rivers but requires some skills on the part of
the canoeist in open windy waters when lightly loaded. Touring canoes are
often made of lighter materials and built for comfort and cargo space.
Commercially built canoes are commonly built of fiberglass.

A touring canoe is sometimes covered with a greatly extended deck, forming a

"cockpit" for the paddlers. A cockpit has the advantage that the gunwales can be
made lower and narrower so the paddler can reach the water more easily, and
the sides of the boat can be higher, keeping the boat dryer.
 Conclusion
A canoe is a lightweight narrow boat which points at both ends and open on top,
it is propelled by one or more seated or kneeling paddlers facing the direction of
travel using a single-bladed paddle. Canoes are now widely used for
competition and pleasure, such as racing, whitewater, touring
and camping, freestyle and general recreation
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