READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY REVIEWER
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LESSON 1 [30,000]
TIMELINE OF PHILIPPINE HISTORY • Nusantao Maritime Trading and
• Philippine Prehistory Communication Network – Wilhelm
From Homo luzonensis to the Laguna Solheim II
Copperplate Inscription (April 21, 900 CE) • Tabon Man (24 - 22 KYO, Tabon Cave,
• Philippine Antiquity Lipuun Point, Quezon, Palawan)
From the Laguna Copperplate Inscription • Balobok Archaeological Site (6810 – 3190
(900 CE) to the Battle of Mactan (April 27, BCE)
1521) [5,000]
• Philippine Colonial History • Modern Austronesian expansion from the
From the Legazpi Expedition to July 4, 1946 Yunan Plateau in China to Taiwan (4500
• Philippine Contemporary History BCE – 4000 BCE)
From Post-WWII era to the present • Angono-Binangonan Petroglyphs (2000
BCE)
PHILIPPINE PREHISTORY [1,500]
BEFORE THE COMMON ERA (BCE) • Out-of-Taiwan Hypothesis (Austronesian
[777K YA] expansion – Malayo-Polynesian speakers
• Arrival of the first Homo species (Kalinga migrated southward to the Philippines) –
artifacts and fossil fauna remains – Thomas Peter Bellwood
Ingicco, 2018) COMMON ERA (CE)
• Rhinoceros philippinensis remains [1]
showing ridges left by stone tools to • Sa Huyn – Kalanay Culture (1000 BCE to
remove bone marrow 200 CE) – Kalanay Cave, Masbate
• 67 KYO Sierra Madre hominin (2007) [200]
[67,000] • Maitum anthropometric pottery
• Homo luzonensis and Callao Man (Callao
Cave, Peñablanca, Cagayan Valley) PHILIPPINE ANTIQUITY
[50,000] Common Era (CE)
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[900] • Arrival of Islam through Makhdum Karim
• Laguna Copperplate Inscription (800 (c.1380);
Hindu Saka Calendar which corresponds • Baybayin script for writing is widely used
to April 21, 900 CE) using Old Malay, Old [1,300]
Javanese, and Old Tagalog languages with • Rajahnate of Sugbu (1400 – 1565) – Cebu
Kawi script. and parts of Central Visayas
• Brahmic writing system introduced • Sultanate of Sulu (1405 – 1915) – Sulu
• Earliest Chinese (c.982 CE, History of Song Archipelago, parts of Southern Palawan,
& Wenxian Tongkao by Ma Duanlin, Yuan Sabah, North and East Kalimantan in
Dynasty) northeastern Borneo
• Kingdom of Tondo (c. 900 CE - 1589) – • Caboloan polity (c.1406 – 1576) –
Manila, Central Luzon, CALABARZON, & Pangasinan and parts of Northern Luzon
Bicol [1,400]
• Ma-i (c. 971 CE – c.1339) – Mindoro • Rise of Maynila polity (1500 – 1571) –
Island and parts of Southern Luzon Manila and parts of Central Luzon
• Rajahnate of Butuan (c.981 CE – 1521 CE) • First Roman Catholic Mass and Conversion
• Rajahnate of Sanmalan (c.982 CE – to Christianity of Cebu chieftains
1500s) – Zamboanga Peninsula • Battle of Mactan (April 27, 1521)
• Sandao (c. 1000 CE – c.1300 CE) – • Kedatuan of Mairete ended (1569) –
Calamian, Palawan, and parts of Luzon parts of Northern Leyte
• Kedatuan of Madja-as (c. 1082 – 1569) – • Rise of Sultanate of Maguindanao (1520
Western Visayas – 1928) – Maguindanao, Bangsamoro,
[1,000] Zamboanga Peninsula, Northern
[1,100] Mindanao, SOCSKSARGEN, and Davao
[1,200] Region
• Rise of Taytay polity (c.1300 – 1623) – • Rise of Sultanates of Lanao (1520 –
Northern Palawan present) – Lanao and parts of
Bangsamoro
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• Ruy Lopez de Villabos arrives at the • Cainta polity ended (1571) – Cainta;
islands of Samar and Leyte (1543) and Pulilu polity ended (1571) – Polilio,
names them Las Islas Filipinas in honor of Quezon
Prince Philip of Asturias. • Samtoy polity ended (1572) – Ilocos
Region; Kumintang polity ended (1572) –
PHILIPPINE COLONIAL HISTORY Batangas
• Prince Philip of Asturias becomes King • Ibalon polity ended (1573) – Bicol region
Philip of Spain (January 16, 1556) after • Iberian Union (1580 -1640)
the abdication of his father, Charles I • Doctrina Christiana (1593)
(Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor). • Kedatuan of Dapitan ends (1595) – Bohol
• King Philip orders the conquest of the and parts of Northern Mindanao
Philippines (1564) • Royal Cedula issued by King Philip II
• Miguel Lopez de Legaspi arrives in Cebu (February 8, 1597)
(February 13, 1565) • The Philippines under the Viceroyalty of
• Encomienda system established by the New Spain based in Mexico (1665 – 1821)
Spanish Crown (1568) [1,600]
• Portuguese blockade of Cebu (1568) • Dutch attacks (1610, 1617, 1624)
• Legaspi transfers to Panay (1569) due to a • Battles of La Naval de Manila (1645)
shortage of supplies in Cebu and [1,700]
establishes the second Spanish • British occupation (1762-1764)
settlement at the banks of the Panay [1,800]
River • Basi Revolt (1807) - Ilocos
• Martin de Goiti conquers the Kingdom of • Novales Revolt (1823) - Manila
Manila (1570); Legaspi subdues Kingdom • Palmero Conspiracy (1828) – Manila
of Tondo and renames Manila as Nueva • Philippine ports opened to international
Castilla, the capital of the Philippines. trade (1834)
• Pule Revolt (1840-1841) - Tayabas
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• Tayabas Regiment Revolt (1843) – [1,900]
Manila • Capture of Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo, End of
• Reformation of the Philippine Calendar the First Republic (1902)
(1844) – a day behind from the calendars • Philippine Organic Act of 1902
in Asia, Europe, and America from 1521 establishing the Insular Government
to 1844 (1900 -1935)
• Catalogo Alfabetico de Apellidos (1845) – • Civilian Government replaces the military
standard naming convention government (1906)
• First steamships in the Philippines • Philippine Commission (1900 -1916)
[1,850] [1,915]
• Secularization Movement • Jones Law (1916)
• Cavite Mutiny (1872) and the execution [1,920]
of the Three Martyred Priests [1,925]
(Gomburza) • Continuous ‘Americanization’ in all
• Katipunan founded, martyrdom of Jose aspects of Philippine life from education
Rizal, Cries of the Katipunan, and to public service
Revolution of 1896 (First Phase) • Continued resistance of the ordinary folks
• Pact of Biak-na-Bato, Hongkong Junta, through religion and sporadic armed
Second Phase of the Revolution, Battle resistance in many parts of the country.
of Alapan, Battle of Manila Bay, and • Philippine Independence Act (1934).
Declaration of Independence (1898) [1930]
• Malolos Congress, Malolos Constitution,
[1,935]
and the First Philippine Republic (1899)
• 1935 Constitution
• Treaty of Paris (1898) and Philippine-
[1,940]
American War (1899-1902)
• World War II (War in the Pacific) and
Japanese Occupation (1941)
• 1943 Constitution
• Second Philippine Republic
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• Campaign for the Liberation and the end • Joseph Estrada (1998-2001)
of War in the Pacific • Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo (2001-2010)
[1,945] [2010]
• Independence from the United States of • Benigno Simeon C. Aquino III (2010 –
America – July 4, 1946 2016) – “Tuwid na Daan”
• Presidents: [2015]
• Manuel Roxas (1946 – 1948) • Rodrigo Roa Duterte (2016 – 2022) –
• Elpidio Quirino (1948 – 1953) “Build, Build, Build”
PHILIPPINE CONTEMPORARY HISTORY [2020 – Present]
•Presidents: • Ferdinand Romualdez Marcos Jr. (2022 –
• Ramon Magsaysay (1953-1957) present) – “Build, Build More”
• Carlos P. Garcia (1957-1961)
• Diosdado Macapagal (1961-1965) LESSON 2.1
• Ferdinand E. Marcos (1965-1986) HISTORY
[1,970] There are several definitions about the
meaning of history. American Historical
• Marcos Era (1965 to 1986) Association for example says that it refers to
• Plaza Miranda bombing (1971) the ‘succession of facts to a settled outcome’.
• Martial Law (1972 – 1981) The study of the past
• 1973 Philippine Constitution - The University of the People
[1,980] Recorded struggle of people for ever
increasing freedom and for newer realizations
• Fourth Philippine Republic (1981 – 1986) of human person
• Ninoy Aquino Assassination -
```````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````
[1,985] ```````````````````````
• 1986 Snap Election
History is a narrative with value and
• EDSA People Power I significance to a particular group or society that
forged or wrote it and, in the process,
•President:
underwent series and strings of events that
• Corazon Aquino (1986 – 1992) defined such group or society’s failures and
achievements.
• Fidel V. Ramos (1992-1998)
READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY REVIEWER
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Word of origin: Istoria (Old English)
-derived from Latin and Greek historia
means ‘inquiry, narrative, or account’
-derived from history which is equivalent to a
‘learned’ or ‘wise man’ further rooted from Indo-
European word associated with wit
-The term was subsequently reinforced
by French historie or histoire.
TWO COUNTING METHODS
Strict counting- a century is reckoned by
counting from 1 to 0 i.e., years 1 to 100 is the
1st century.
PHILIPPINE TIMELINE
Philippines History is divided into four timelines
– Philippine Prehistory, Philippine Antiquity,
Philippine History, and Philippine
Contemporary History.
Philippine Prehistory
A period that can be deduced from the oldest
fossil unearthed (Homo Luzonensis) in the
Philippines dated around 700,000 YA up to the
existence of the Laguna Copperplate
Inscription.
Popular counting- the beginning of the century
is 0 and ends with a year ending in 9 i.e., 2000 Philippine Antiquity
to 2099 is the 21st century.
From the existence of Laguna Copperplate
Inscription to the Battle of Mactan in 1521.
Philippine Colonial History
The land-based globalization declined and the
start of ocean-based globalization where Spain
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discovered the Philippines and named it “Las
Islas Filipinas” in honor of Prince Philip of The close study of history and how it evolves,
Asturias by Ruy Lopez de Villalobos. Lasted reaches different conclusions and changes
up to the early years of 20th century when over time. Used by historians-- the men and
Americans allowed an ‘independent’ Philippine women from whom we ‘receive’ history and
Republic on July 4, 1945. historical understanding.
Philippine Contemporary History Understanding history helps us to understand
the past of our country and also the world of
From July 4, 1945 to the present. how it evolves from primitive to what are the
humans now. Also, it reminds us of our past
The two important points to remember mistakes that we need to avoid it to maintain
peace.
a. History is written by the victors and identify
as colonial scholarship—where the history is Continuum of Relevance of History
written from the perspective of the colonizers.
Also called as pangkanilang pananaw. a. (micro unit) Self- personal values
b. Home- familial values
b. History is a collective memory of the people. c. Community- Identity as a source of pride
‘Re-evaluating’ colonial resources and re- d. National- Cultural diversities and shared
examining the context of the time by which heritage
these sources were written or produced. Dr. e. (macro unit (global scale)) Global- Geo-
Zeus Salazar and his followers call this as sociopolitical landscape
pantayong pananaw.
LESSON 2.2
These two points to remember is a reminder Basic concepts of History
that history is contestable and always
changing. The study of history is often dependent on the
different key concepts used by historians.
These key historical concepts are integral in
developing historical understanding.
Pre-stage 1- Personal & Family Histories- start
from the self
Stage 1- The Past and the Present- what
happened in the past and how it affects the
present (general knowledge when you were in
elementary)
Stage 2- Philippine History: Community &
Historiography
Remembrance; First contacts- discussing the
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first contact of the first humans and the early
Philippines 6. Contestability- When history is being
questioned, it is contestability. When a part of
history is debatable. It is often questioned
Stage 3- Philippine History: Pre-History,
when it lacks in evidence or different
Antiquity, Colonial, and Contemporary-
perspective or source.
Discussing the four timelines of the Philippine
History
7. Analysis & Use of Sources- Uses written &
non-written materials to study the history.
Stage 4- World History: Ancient, Medieval, and
Modern- The history outside the country
8. Evidence- without source or evidence, we
cannot claim history. That is why some history
Stage 5- Global History: The Modern World is debatable due to lack of evidence.
and the Philippines- The trends of the global
contemporary present timeline.
Historical Concepts & Skills 9. Historical Comprehension- the
understanding towards the uncovered
1. Continuity and Change- evidence. You should know the actors, the
Continuity- When society stayed the same until event, the venue of the event, the events that
now. led to the action, and the consequences or
Change- When society changed or there was a outcomes of the event.
conflict or happening that change the culture.
2. Cause and Effect- 10. Historical Research Skill- Understanding
Cause- What causes the change of the society. what happened by looking at resources and
Effect- effect of the changes or happening. researching data.
3. Perspective- Identify the different points of 11. Explanation & Communication Skills-
view. Views of different individuals at different Interpreted the history in a nice, detailed, and
times (the one who experienced it and the in chronological order.
modern people and; in the eyes of the both
sides i.e., Marcos & Leni supporters) and how 12. Chronological thinking skill- must be in
these statements affect the history chronological when communicating.
4. Empathic Understanding- From the people 13. Analysis and Interpretation Skill- the source
who experienced (actors) this part of the is credible and the interpretation is correct. No
history. trimming or adding info in the evidences.
5. Significance- Only include important events 14. Historical Issues & decision-making- what
to discuss and to further analyze. But it is often was the history research about? Was it worth it
subjective or often a matter of personal opinion to share? Was it ready for publication with this
rather than objective and contestable or evidence? Is it in the trend or good to talk
arguable. about? Is the purpose of it to educate or to
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promote a certain agenda?
6. Bibliometrics- Study of publications.
Historical Frameworks
7. Epigraphy- Study of ancient inscriptions.
1. Political- part of the history where mainly
concerned with top management, their 8. Genealogy- Study of individuals and
leadership, and how they manage their power. families.
2. Economic- economic state of the country 9. Historical geography- Study of geographic
throughout the history. change in a place or region over a period of
time.
3. Social- State of people or social
organizations on the present and the past. 10. Heraldry- Study of weapons.
4. Cultural- How the people express 11. Codicology- Study of handwritten
themselves in the past versus now. Habits that documents; Codicology focuses on the
are creative and artistic that serves as a physical aspects of the
distinction from one group to another. book to determine its origin, provenance, and
role in the life of the one who owned
LESSON 2.3 it. On the other hand, the focus of paleography
is on the history of the script and
How History is being studied? the handwriting.
Methods in History 12. Numismatics- Study of coins and currency.
1. Palaeography- study of historical 13. Sphragistics- Study of seals and signets.
Handwriting; Study of forms and processes of
handwriting. 14. Historical Digital Literacy- Study of new
media using digital source or artifactual.
2. Diplomatics- The process of determining
whether a document is authentic or a forgery. LESSON 2.4
3. Document Research- Analysis of the Perspectives in History
document that contains information about the
scenario or event under investigation. ‘The past is a foreign country’- this pertains to
the difficulty in understanding the past.
4. Archival Research- Involves the use of
primary sources; collects the record of Perspective- point of view.
individuals, families, or other organizations;
study of records and archives influenced by factors such as:
age
5. Chronology- This method holds the dates of gender
past events. social position
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beliefs LESSON 3.1
values
two participants(or opposing sides) who are Primary Sources
eyewitnesses to the event may see and Considered to be the first-hand account or the
interpret the event differently. artifacts of a historical event, person, or culture;
original materials.
Historical Perspective is one of the
foundational concepts in the study of history Identification of a primary source
and it is meant to be engaged with in every
assessment piece. a. Originality- the source must be first-hand
account
Opinion- your idea; pertains to the ideas b. Proximity- The actor’s presence or absence
expressed by a person. in the time period under study or scrutiny; the
source is present on the target history or
Perspective- point of view; POV from which people
one view the situation. c. Signification- The value or significance of
the account have not been modified by
Bias- When your perspective is not yet clear interpretation; unaltered source
but you clearly agreeing with your
understanding; When a source is clearly one- You can digitized a primary source as long as
sided in its description of the event. there is no alteration happened.
Points to remember: A secondary source can be a primary source
-Every source has a perspective, but not every depends on what you want to study. For
source has clear bias. example, the annotated version of Successos
-To determine a source’s bias, you need to find delas Islas Filipinas written by Antonio de
specific words in the source that are either Morga made by Dr. Jose Protacio Rizal is a
extremely positive or extremely negative. primary source with respect to the study of
Rizal’s Life, Works, and Writings but still a
secondary source with respect to the subject of
Philippine early colonization sources. The film
Historical Frameworks about the life, works, and writings of the
Allows historians to discuss specific sections or national hero can also be considered as
groups within a much larger population by primary sources when a historian works on the
subdividing them into political, economic, biography of its director or screenwriter.
cultural, and social frameworks.
Repositories of Primary Sources
Historical Perspectives
Physical Repository
settings that shaped people’s lives and action
a place, a building, or a receptacle where
in the past and involves understanding of the
things are or can be stored; A person who has
social, cultural, intellectual, and emotional
a lot of information or detailed knowledge;
settings in the past.
Physical and original form of the primary
source.
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it interprets, discusses, and analyzes the
Digital Repository events related in primary sources; Closely
A database or central location where data is related to primary sources and often interpret
stored and managed. them; Often use generalization, analysis,
interpretation, and synthesis of primary
Digital Archiving sources.
Intellectual control- have the vital knowledge
about the primary sources that they hold and LESSON 4.
not only known information about the
collection. First inhabitants of the Philippines
Earliest evidence of human habitation in the
Four categories of Value Philippines was said to be around 770,000 YA.
(Callao Man “Homo Luzonensis”).
a. Preservation- Protection of sources as
textual heritage. Tabon Cave is a Late Pleistocene Site, dubbed
b. Contextualization- Confers value on as the Philippines’ Cradle of Civilization;
otherwise random, Unauthenticated pieces of Composed of 215 caves, but so far only 29 of
information them have actually been explored.
c. Presentation- Offers digital file for the
general public. The Pleistocene Epoch
d. Enabling Usage- Provided ease of access
and usage. A geological period that lasted 2.58 million to
11,700 years ago. Holocene, on the other
Evaluating Primary Sources hand, is the time since the end of the last major
glacial epoch or ‘ice age’.
External criticism- applied through textual
criticism, verification, and identification of Human presence dates back around 40,000
dates; veracity of the source is questioned. years ago from the oldest fossils of
anatomically modern humans in the Philippines
Internal criticism- Checking the credibility of the to extensive jar burials attributed to Philippine
document whether the contents given in it are Metal Age.
believable or not after it has been subjected to
external scrutiny. The Tabon Man
a. Positive criticism- Finds out whether it is Oldest confirmed modern human to have been
telling the truth. found in the Philippines. Based on the skeletal
analysis of the Tabon Man, he is not a Negrito
b. Negative criticism- Examines the source as (Which came in the Philippines around 30,000
to its position to tell the truth. years ago together with other first settlers) and
probably a pre-mongoloid race.
LESSON 3.2
Two Theories
Secondary Sources
Out-Of-Taiwan (OOT) Hypothesis
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Also called Austronesian expansion. Large-
scale migration of Austronesians from Taiwan
that occurred around 1500- 1000 BCE due to
population growth.
Nusantao Maritime Trading and
Communication Network
A trade and communication network that first
appeared in the Asia-Pacific region during its
Neolithic age, or beginning roughly around
5000 BC.
The Old Stone Age
Where they use chipped tools. Such
implements are called “core tools” if chips are
struck off a stone and the
remaining core itself used as the tool, and
“pebble tools” if the core is rounded stone line
those
found in riverbeds – or ‘cobble tools’ if larger.
(Prehistorians used to call such a sharp-
pointed
stone, round enough at the opposite end to be
held in the hand for painless heavy pounding, a
“hand-ax”.); On the other hand, they are called
“flake tools” if they are the actual chips
knocked off the stone,
the core then being discarded – by far the most
common techniques in the Philippines.
The New Stone Age
known as the “Published Stone Age”.
The Iron Age
in the Philippines is considered to run from the
second and third century BC.
