WRITING

BASIC PUNCTUATION
BY: ABDULLAH FARHAD

BY: ABDULLAH FARAHD

 CHAPTER ONE
SENTENCES
• WRITING: Letters or words which are put together in a non-
perceivable but visible form are called WRITING.

• OR: it is the art or science of knowing the way to express

one’s thoughts in a written form through decipherable, exact,
concise and well-explaining and well-describing or simply
comprehensive words with some rules and regulation.

• PUNCTUATION is the art of Writing-Signs placement for a

better, easy-picked, right and impressing text or message.

• The biggest and significant importance of punctuation is that

it prevents Mis-communication or Mis-understanding.

What is Sentence?
• SENTENCE: is the combination of related words put
together to give a complete meaning and special sense.

• Clause: is the combination of related words having a subject

and verb which may or may not give a complete meaning.

CLAUSES AND SENTENCES

 A simple sentence can be a clause, but a clause can’t be.
 A sentence always has complete meaning
 A clause may or may not have complete meaning
 A sentence can include more than one clauses
 A clause is a building brick for a sentence

Examples:
I will come tomorrow. (A sentence and also a clause)
If I remember, (just a clause, not a sentence)
If I remember, I will come. (Two clauses, one sentence)
I saw a man who lives in Paghman which I like a lot.

BY: ABDULLAH FARAHD

 Sentence Kinds

According to According to According to

Meaning Structure Formation

According to Meaning: Basically, we have four kinds of

sentences according to meaning.

Declarative Sentence: A declarative sentence makes a declaration,

a statement of fact and a statement of opinion, thus it is also called
assertive sentence. And the subject usually comes at the beginning
of the sentence.
Examples:
 She is at home.
 Elham and Eng. Saeed are friends.
 They are lazy students.

Interrogative Sentence or Question: An interrogative sentence

asks for information or it is used to get information about
something or someone, and begins with an interrogative words or
Questioning Word. Therefore, it requires a Question Mark.
Examples:
 Can you come tomorrow?
 Where do you live?
 I don’t know what she says?

Imperative Sentence: An imperative sentence is used to make a

request, suggestion, and give a command or and order.
Examples:
 Take out your books.
 Take out your books, please.
 Shut up, be quite, get lost, be silent e.t.c

BY: ABDULLAH FARAHD

Exclamatory Sentences: These sentences show strong or sudden
feelings. And usually begin with the word “What” or “How” and
end with an exclamation mark (!).
Examples:
 What a nice car!
 How a beautiful weather!
 Hey! Come here!

Optative Sentence: A sentence which states or declares a wish or

desire is known as Optative Sentence.
 I wish to meet my friend again.

According to Structure: According to structure the sentences are

classified into four categories which are:

Simple Sentence: This kind of sentence expresses or indicates one

main idea, thus it is one main clause which one subject and one
verb with the rest of the sentence.
Examples:
 Shezad Gul is a humble boy.
 You are lazy.
 Sadaf studies English.

Compound Sentence: when two main clauses which have

complete meaning as a sentence are combined together to make
one sentence is called Compound Sentence. Or in other words,
when two simple sentences are combined together by a
conjunction to make one sentence, it is called Compound Sentence.
Examples:
Ali goes to school. He learns English.
Simple Sentence Simple Sentence
 Ali goes to school and learns English.

BY: ABDULLAH FARAHD

Complex Sentence: When a sentence has one main clause and the
rest independent or subordinate clauses, then it is called Complex
Sentence.
Examples:
 I know a doctor who has a car which I like a lot.
 The teacher will ask if he wants.
Compound Complex Sentence: When a sentence has more than
one main clause and more than one independent clause, it is called
Compound Sentence. Or in other words, the combination of
Compound Sentence and Complex sentence is Compound
Complex Sentence.
Examples:
 Zuhal went to Kabul City Center and bought a necklace
which she looked for a long time.
 Sayed Rohoullah will come to Kabul and will visit Jalalabad,
where he spent his childhood which was a good period of his
life.

According to Formation: Formation of the sentence means

construction of the sentence according to concept and changes to
the concept of the sentence, and we have four forms of a sentence.

Positive or Affirmative Sentences: The sentences which state

something positively or acceptably.
Examples:
 He can swim very fast.
 DEL students are intelligent.
 Abdul-Wahab is a doctor.

Negative Sentences: The sentences which state something

negatively or unacceptably.
Examples:
 We don’t know what to do.
 Jan isn’t my friend.
 I can’t say anything about you.

BY: ABDULLAH FARAHD

Interrogative Sentences or Questions: the sentences which are
used to get information or to know about something that we really
don’t know are called Interrogative Sentences or Questions.
Examples:
 Do you know Ahmad? Where does she live?
Negative Interrogative or Questions: the sentences which are
used not to get information about something for the first time, but
to confirm the information or make ourselves sure about the
information we already have.
Examples:
 Don’t you know him?
 Aren’t you Wali?
 Didn’t we study first semester?

SENTENCE WRITING RULES

1. Start with a Capital letters
2. Do not let your words run together
3. Have logical Connection between two parts of the sentence
4. End your sentence with an Ending-mark
(. , ? , ! , : , ; …)
5. Capitalize the words where necessary

WHERE CAN ONE SENTENCE END?

• Where there is ending mark
• Where there flow-of-meaning can be stopped
• Where the meaning of the sentence is complete

Attention Plz: What happens if the meaning of the sentence is

complete and flow-of-meaning can be stopped, but the sentence
still runs with no proper ending mark.

Then, it is called a Run-On sentence.

BY: ABDULLAH FARAHD

Run-On Sentence: It is a sentence running without any proper
ending mark, but having a comma, conjunction or directly (with
no comma and conjunction).
Examples:
• I like Cricket, I watch it every night.
• I like cricket, therefore I watch it every night.
• I like Cricket I watch it every night.
• I like Cricket and I watch it every night.

INCOMPLETE OR MINOR SENTENCES

1. Used in conversation
2. Is not a formal sentence
3. Can represent the whole sentence
4. Avoids repeated words
5. Also known as elliptic sentences
6. OR: defective sentences

Examples:
 Will you come tomorrow?
 What?
 (Instead of) what did you say?

COMMA IT-IS
• The Wrong use of Comma:
1. Instead of Full stop
2. Unnecessary use

• Simply misuse of Comma is known as Comma-IT IS

Examples:
 I want to be a teacher, therefore, I study hard.
 I want to be a teacher. Therefore, I study hard.

BY: ABDULLAH FARAHD

 CHAPTER 2
COMMAS
A comma is a punctuation mark which is used for different
purposes, such as separation of parts, sitting apart the words in a
general series and etc within a sentence, thus a comma always
shows flow of meaning of sentence not the end of the sentence,
whereas a full stop (period) can show the completion or end of
the sentence.

WHEN TO USE A COMMA

 Between the two main clauses of a Compound Sentence.
E.g. he wants to go, and meet his friend.

 To set off the parts of a series within a sentence.

E.g. he bought a car, house, land and an aero plane.

 Sometimes inside the Complex Sentence between the

main clause and subordinate clause(s).
E.g. He is a friend of Khan, who is a friend of mine.

 Used within a sentence to set off the ADRESSEE part of

the sentence.
E.g. Ahmad, do you know Khesrow?
E.g. I will call you, Ahmad.

 To set off the interjections or asides within a sentence.

E.g. Of course, I will come tomorrow.
E.g. I will, of course, come tomorrow.
E.g. I will come tomorrow, of course.

BY: ABDULLAH FARAHD

BY: ABDULLAH FARAHD