INDUSRIAL TRAINING

REPORT
NAME : ATIF TASFIYA BAHOTA
ID : 200051257
SECTION : B
SEMESTER : 7th
CODE : CEE 4790
LOCATION: PWD
TRAINING PERIOD : 2/6/24-27/6/34

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
 Introduction
 Site Visit
 Building Code
 PPR and e-GP
 Construction stages of structural members
 Soil test and test report
 Estimation
 Basics of plumbing engineering
 DPR & RPP
 Training Academy

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INTRODUCTION
ABOUT PWD:
The Public Works Department (PWD) is a critical
government agency responsible for planning, designing,
constructing, and maintaining public infrastructure and
facilities essential for the functioning of society. This
report provides an overview of the role, functions, works,
challenges, and importance of the PWD in ensuring
sustainable development and quality of life for
communities.

PWD has one vision and one mission.

Their vision is, “According to Bangladesh Vision Plan 2021-2041, construction
and maintenance of contemporary and environment-friendly infrastructure with the
aim of building a developed country under the development plan of the
government.”
Their mission is, “Construction of sustainable, eco-friendly and safe government
offices, residences and other buildings and efficient management and regular
maintenance of government infrastructure through best application of modern
engineering technology.”
Role and Functions of PWD :
PWD Bangladesh is responsible for a wide range of functions aimed at
infrastructure development and maintenance:
1.Infrastructure Construction: Planning, designing, and constructing various
infrastructure projects such as roads, bridges, highways, and culverts.
2.Maintenance and Repair: Regular upkeep and maintenance of existing
infrastructure to ensure safety, functionality, and longevity.
3.Flood Control and Water Management: Implementing projects related to flood
control, embankment construction, and water management systems.
4.Public Building Construction: Construction and maintenance of government
buildings, hospitals, schools, and other public facilities.

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5.Urban Planning: Collaborating with urban planners to develop and implement
urban infrastructure projects that support sustainable urbanization.
6.Technical Expertise: Providing technical expertise and advisory services to other
government agencies and local authorities on infrastructure-related matters.
Areas of work of Public Works Department:
1. Construction and maintenance of government buildings and structures.
2. To ensure proper maintenance and management of government abandoned
properties.
3. To play a role in the stability of the quality of construction materials.
4. Construction and maintenance of other government facilities including KPI
facilities.
5. Preparation of structural design and electromechanical design of various
government
installations.
6. Reconstruction, maintenance and renovation of various monuments and
historical structures.
7. Maintenance and development of public parks.
8. Fixation of rent of government offices and residences.
9. Collection of non-tax revenue.
10. Formulation of Schedule of Rates.

Different notable works of PWD are:

1.Establishment of Bangabandhu Medical
College and Hospital, Sunamganj.
2.Construction of Multistoried Building for
Government Offices in Madaripur.
3.Infrastructural development of Ramna Park
at Dhaka and overall beautification including
Ramna Lake.
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4.Modernization of important electrical/ mechanical systems of Prime minister’s
office and Gonobhaban.
5. Development of two mos. Of Park with Modern Facilites & one Play Ground of
PWD’s land at Cox’s Bazar.
6.Construction of 2 nos. Residential Bhaban in premises of Prime Minister’s Office
at Tejgaon.…..and many others.

Among them, different works are ongoing. Such as:

1.Construction of multi-storied government
office building in Sher-E-Bangla Nagar
administrative area of Dhaka.
2.Construction of 123 flats for government
officials and employees in Tejgaon
industrial area of Dhaka.
3.Other modernization works including
construction of residential building for officers at Gate No. 03 of Bangabhaban and
store house adjacent to Deer Park.
4.Construction of Rashtriya Guest House at Plot No. 1, Road No. 84, N-E(M)
Block, Gulshan.
5.Construction of necessary infrastructure (1st phase) to expand the facilities for
visitors to the tomb complex of Father of the Nation Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur
Rahman at Tungipara in Gopalganj district.
6.Modernization of Mirpur Shahid Intellectual Memorial in Dhaka.
7.Acquisition of land for the expansion and development of the existing facility
with the aim of increasing the facilities of visitors to the tomb of Father of the
Nation Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman in Tungipara of Gopalganj district.
8.Father of the Nation Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Social Centre/Park,
Tarakanda, Mymensingh.
9.Construction and electrical modernization of Toshakhana, Durbar Hall, Cabinet
Hall, Kitchen and Shelter House among other places inside Banga Bhavan.

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10.Construction of 112 residential flats for government officials of Bangladesh
Parliament Secretariat at Agargaon, Dhaka.
…….and many others.
Importance of PWD Bangladesh:
PWD Bangladesh plays a pivotal role in the socio-economic development of the
country:
1.Economic Growth: Infrastructure projects undertaken by PWD Bangladesh
contribute to economic growth by improving transportation networks, facilitating
trade, and attracting investments.
2.Connectivity: Development of roads and bridges enhances connectivity between
rural and urban areas, promoting socio-economic integration and access to markets
and services.
3.Disaster Management: Infrastructure projects related to flood control and
embankments help mitigate the impact of natural disasters, safeguarding lives and
livelihoods.
4.Public Health and Education: Construction of public buildings such as hospitals
and schools improves access to essential services and education, thereby enhancing
public health and educational outcomes.
5.Employment Generation: Infrastructure projects undertaken by PWD Bangladesh
generate employment opportunities, contributing to poverty reduction and socio-
economic development.
PWD specialized units are:
1.PWD Health Wing
2.Planning Unit
3.PWD Structural Design Units
4.Electro Mechanical Unit
5.PWD MIS Circle, Dhaka
6.PWD Training Academy and Testing Laboratory
7.Wood Workshop

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8.Arboriculture Division.

Challenges Faced by PWD :

Despite its critical role, PWD faces several challenges:
1.Funding Constraints: Limited budget allocations often hinder the timely
implementation of infrastructure projects and maintenance activities.
2.Capacity Constraints: Shortage of skilled manpower and technical expertise
poses challenges in managing and executing complex infrastructure projects.
3.Environmental Considerations: Adhering to environmental regulations and
mitigating environmental impacts of infrastructure projects requires careful
planning and execution.
4.Maintenance Backlog: Ensuring timely maintenance and repair of existing
infrastructure to prevent deterioration and ensure safety remains a challenge.
5.Urbanization Pressures: Rapid urbanization places additional demands on
infrastructure development and urban planning, necessitating efficient management
and resource allocation.

Technological Advancements:
PWD has embraced technological advancements to enhance efficiency and
effectiveness:
1.Digital Mapping and GIS: Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are used for
accurate planning, mapping, and monitoring of infrastructure projects.
2.Remote Sensing and Drone Technology: Used for surveying, monitoring
construction progress, and assessing infrastructure conditions in hard-to-reach
areas.
3.Building Information Modeling (BIM): BIM improves design accuracy and
project coordination, reducing construction costs and timelines.
4.Smart Infrastructure: Implementation of smart technologies in infrastructure
enhances operational efficiency, maintenance, and service delivery.

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PWD Bangladesh plays a pivotal role in infrastructure development and
maintenance, contributing significantly to the socio-economic development of the
country. Addressing challenges through strategic planning, innovation, and
capacity building will be crucial for PWD Bangladesh to meet growing
infrastructure demands and ensure sustainable development in Bangladesh.

SITE VISITS:
SUPREME COURT, RECORD BUILDING:
For the project of the
Record Building, one and
half years was taken for
completion. Among them.
five and half months has
already ended. The building
will be of 17 floors
including 3 basements.
Thirty eight feet soil has been cut beyond the existing ground level for constructing
three basements. The work for second layer basement is going on right now.
Beyond thirty eight feet there is a layer of concrete
of two and half inch for preparing the bed for
construction. After it a membrane layer will be
attached on the surface for ensuring that no water
from soil can come in contact with the building
materials.
Then mat foundation will be built witnessing the stability of soil and column
position. Then bracing will be provided for each layer for ensuring the stability of
king post while building each layer. Shore pile has already been built. Gravity
retaining wall will be built 5 feet away from the built shore pile. And the space will
be filled with sand. First slab will be built at twelve feet from the surface. And the
first bracing will be removed during building the second slab and so on. Some
consequences like building may collapse during removal of bracing may take place
if it is not built properly. The building has a land area of 22300 square feet built on

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a total area of 33639.81 square feet. Civil Aviation height limit is not
recommended.

OFFICERS’ CLUB, BAILEY ROAD. DHAKA

For the project of the officers’ club, four and half years was taken for completion.
Among them, four and half years has already ended. The building is completed.
Only the casting of wall and finishing works are remained. It is built under PWD.
But originally built by Padma Associates and Engineers’ Limited selected by open
tender method. Total budget of the building is 423 crores. The club is open
exclusively to government officers and officers of semi-government or
autonomous bodies. Other professionals, such as those from banks and insurance
companies, may also apply for membership.

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Facilities:
1.Library: The club boasts a well-equipped library.
2.Auditorium: A newly built two-story auditorium.
3.Sports Facilities: Three tennis courts, badminton, table tennis, billiards, cards,
and chess.
4.Swimming Pool: A refreshing swimming pool.
5.Health Club: Facilities for fitness and wellness.
6.Contributory Dinners: Regularly organized social events.
7.Housie Sessions: Periodic game sessions3.
8.Management: An elected executive committee oversees the club’s operations.
The committee
serves a term of two years
9.Women’s Committee: Engaged in social welfare activities.
….. and many more.
The building is of total 12 floors and 3
basements. We visited the constructed 12
floors of building. The mortar casting is 12
mm for walls and 6 mm for beams and
columns. In some walls, solid blocks of sand
and cement are used as it is more reliable and
can absorb less water than bricks. We saw the
building of auditorium where ms steels are
placed for 60 feet height.
Then we were taken to the rooftop where swimming pool will be built.
Reinforcements are only placed there. Cubic blocks and chairs are placed there for
maintaining cover.

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Some features of newly built building are:
1. Exterior glass- The exterior glass of the buildings will be such that it will let
only 20% of sound and heat to enter. So that it will also help in less electricity
consumption. The glass is of 8 mm glass 12 mm gas and 8 mm glass .
2. RWH- It has also a system of rain water harvesting. The harvested rain water
will be used in toilet.
3.Water reuse- Waste water will be used for different purposes except drinking.
4. Infinity pool .
5. Zero sludge system- It will help to reduce waste
6. BMS – The building has a special type of management system like fans and
lights will be on and off depending on motions of people. It will help in resource
consumption.

JOYEETA FOUNDATION
The Joyeeta Foundation is a Bangladesh government initiative under the Ministry
of Women and Children Affairs. Its mission is to empower women entrepreneurs
by providing financing and support. The foundation manages supply chains,
enhances women’s capacities, and fosters self-reliance. Additionally, it creates
opportunities for women to showcase and sell their products. The foundation plans
to construct the Joyeeta Tower on approximately 20 khatas of land in a vibrant
commercial area within Dhaka metropolitan city. The tower aims to serve as a hub
for various activities related to women’s entrepreneurship, self-reliance, and

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development. The main office of the
Joyeeta Foundation is situated at
Concord Royal Court (5th Floor), Road
no. 27 (Old) 16 (New), Dhanmondi,
Dhaka. The foundation operates across
various areas, including capacity
development, financial support, and
skill development for women
entrepreneurs. The foundation provides
financial support through initiatives like the Revolving Capital Support Fund for
individual women entrepreneurs and women entrepreneurs’ associations. They
collaborate with AB Bank PLC to facilitate loan distribution. The building is of 12
floors with two basements. At first, it was proposed for 5 basements. But due to
surrounding infrastructures, two basements are built here.
A deep tubewell will be built here in front of the building. We were briefed about
the design of tubewell. Designing a tubewell involves several important
considerations. The the major steps involved are:
1.Location of the Well: Choose a location based on water availability, depth, and
quality. Consider proximity to the area where water will be used. Geological
surveys and hydrogeological maps can help identify suitable spots.
2.Type of Well: Decide whether it will be an open well or a tubewell. Tubewells
are commonly used for groundwater extraction. Experimental bores (trial bores)
provide essential information about water availability.
3.Construction Method: Drilling (boring) is the process used to create the opening
in the ground. It is of 780 ft case boring. Different drilling methods include cable
tool, hydraulic rotary, and reverse rotary.
4.Strainer Type Wells: If developing a strainer type well: Locate strainers against
the water-bearing strata. Use plain pipes against other strata. 100 ft strainer is used
here.
5.Casing and Screen: Select suitable casing size and material. Determine the length
and location of the screen. Consider slot size, shape, and percentage of opening.
6.Gravel Pack (if needed): Design the gravel pack to prevent sand from entering
the well. Gravel packs are essential for some wells.

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7. Submersible pump is used here. It is of 40 to 60 HP.
The design specifics will depend on factors like local conditions, water demand,
and available resources.
We were given a briefing about DGU glass which is of 8 mm glass 12 mm argon
gas and 8 mm glass. A Double Glazing Unit, also
known as an Insulated Glass Unit (IGU), is a
combination of two or more glass panes separated
by a spacer and sealed to form an airtight unit. The
space between the glass panes is typically filled
with air or an insulating gas, such as argon or
krypton. The purpose of this construction is to
create a barrier that reduces heat transfer, sound
transmission, and condensation.
Advantages of DGU Glass:
1.Enhanced Thermal Insulation: The primary benefit of DGU glass is its superior
thermal insulation properties. The trapped air or gas acts as an insulator, reducing
heat transfer between the inside and outside of a building. This helps to maintain a
comfortable indoor temperature, reduce reliance on heating or cooling systems,
and ultimately lower energy costs.
2.Noise Reduction: DGU glass provides excellent sound insulation, making it ideal
for areas affected by external noise sources, such as busy streets or airports. The
multiple glass layers and the air or gas gap in between effectively dampen sound
vibrations, creating a quieter and more peaceful indoor environment.
3.Condensation Control: Condensation can be a common problem on single-pane
windows, leading to moisture build-up, mold growth, and potential damage. DGU
glass minimizes the risk of condensation by keeping the outer pane at a slightly
higher temperature, reducing the likelihood of moisture forming on the inner
surface.
4.UV Protection: DGU glass can offer protection against harmful ultraviolet (UV)
radiation. The multiple glass layers help to filter out a significant portion of UV
rays, which can fade furniture, fabrics, and artwork over time. This protection not
only preserves the aesthetic appeal of interiors but also helps to safeguard
occupants from UV-related health risks.

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Except these, we were taken to the auditorium area which is of 22 ft height and 250
seat capacity.
Then we were taken to the swimming pool area, food court area, grocery area,
rooftop etc.

PUBLIC LIBRARY, DHAKA

The Sufia Kamal National Public Library in Dhaka is currently undergoing a
significant transformation. Here are the details:
History and Relocation:
The library was originally established in 1954 at the current space of Dhaka
University Central Library. It was later shifted to its present location in Shahbagh
in 1978. The building was designed by architect Muzharul Islam. In 2017, a new
design for the library was selected through a competition. The winning design,
submitted jointly by Cubeinside Design Ltd and Dcon Design Studio, will guide
the library’s renovation. Due to bureaucratic complications, only the national
library (Sufia Kamal National Public Library) will undergo renovation at this time.
Renovation Plans:

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The Tk524 crore project aims to modernize the library and enhance its facilities.
The new design divides the library complex into two separate nine-storied
buildings. The existing library building will remain in the south. A glass plaza,
adjacent to the museum complex, will serve as the digital library in the north. A
200-feet long center space between the buildings will feature an open area for the
public, complete with a giant water fountain. Two auditoriums will be constructed
underground for public events, including the Shawkat Osman auditorium. The
iconic pyramid-shaped stairs in front of the national library will be replaced by
long parallel stairs. Additionally, a ten-storied residential building for library staff
will be part of the main complex.

There will be two buildings. One RC building and one steel building. RC building
will be of 9 floors consisting of all the offices. Steel building of 8 floors will
consist of the libraries, daycare center, kids’ corner etc.

There will be two basements of 25 feet consisting of two auditoriums at one

basement and car parking at the other. Auditoriums are kept at the basement, so

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that mass gathering and hazards remain far away from the silence of library.
Footings have been provided at the intersections of beams.

There will be 3 rooms for seminars capacity of 150 people. It will be at the
basements, construction joints have been there for the difference in times of
constructions. Most of the part of the building is made of architectural wall but the
seminar rooms are made of brick wall. There will remain a plaza at the center of
two buildings.

BUILDING CODE
History of Building Code, necessity and Application:
Building Code is a set of local laws relating to how buildings should be designed
or built, especially so that they are safe and of acceptable quality.

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1.A building code is a set of rules that specify the standards for constructed objects
such as buildings.
2.The main purpose of building codes is to protect public health, safety and general
welfare as they relate to the construction and occupancy of buildings and
structures.
History of building code:
1)The earliest known written building code is included in the Code of Hammurabi,
which dates from approximately 1772 BC.
2)The Code of Hammurabi is a Babylonian legal text. It is the longest, best
organised and best preserved legal text from the ancient Near East. It is written in
the Old Babylonian dialect of Akkadian, supposedly by Hammurabi, sixth king of
the First Dynasty of Babylon.
3) In modern era, building codes have been modified and revised through abundant
of research, experiment, study and by learning from disasters.
Brief List of present building codes:
1. International Building Code (IBC) developed by ICC
2. American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)
3. European Standard (EURO Code )
4. Indian Standard (IS)
5. National Building Code of Canada (NBCC)
6. New Zealand Standard (NZS)
7. British Standard (BS)
8. Italian Building Code ( Italian NTC)
9. Bangladesh National Building Code (BNBC)
British Era Construction
1. Old high court building
2. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Dhaka
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3. Court building, Chittagong
4. Jagannath College,Dhaka
5. Chief Justice’s residence, Dhaka
6. Armanitola Government High School,
Dhaka(1904)
7. Reigster’s Building, BUET, Dhaka
8. Minister’s Bunglow at Eskaton, Dhaka. National Assembly Hall in Dhaka

9. Salimullah Muslim Hall, Dhaka University.

Pre Liberation Construction
1) Motijheel Commercial Area, 1948
2) Dhanmondi residential Area.1948
3) Tejgaon Industrial area
4) Police Academy, Sardah, Rajshahi.
5) BARD, Comilla.
6) Rajshahi Medical College and Hospital 560 Model Mosque
7) Dhaka University Library, Dhaka.
8) Home Economics College, Dhaka
9) Eden Girls College, Dhaka
10) kala Bhaban, Dhaka University
11) Institute of fine Arts, Dhaka
12) National Board of Revenue, Dhaka
13) Azimpur government housing
Post Liberation Construction
1. Bangladesh Civil Service Academy BTV headquarter

2. Shishu Academy, Dhaka

3. Supreme Court Annex, Dhaka

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4. Bangladesh Agriculture Research
Institute, Gazipur.
5. Public Administration training centre
6. Bangladesh Institute of Development
Studies, Dhaka
7. The Hajj Camp, Dhaka
8. Bangladesh Secretariat.
9. Passport Bhaban, Dhaka. Bhumi Bhaban, Dhaka

10. Planning Commission , Dhaka.

11. Public Health Engineering Bhaban,
Dhaka
12. Marine Academy Chittagong
13. BSMMU MedicalUniversity, Dhaka
14. Police Head Quarters , Dhaka
Some on going Construction Azimpur New Govt. Housing

1) Azimpur 20+2B storied Govt Housing

2) 20+2B secretariat Building
3) 20+2B storied Govt Housing,
Chittagong
4) 6 Storied - 20 Storied Govt Housing,
Chittagong
5) 20 Storied NBR Building, Dhaka.
6) Poilce Fari, Thana, Fire service
Building.
7) 560 Nos model mosque
8) 20+ 2B Officer’s Club, Bailey Road. Barishal Metropolitan police HQ

9) Divisional and district Jails.

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10) 15 Storied dormitory at BPATC
11) 20 Storied Govt Housing, Mirpur
12) 20 Storied Govt Housing, Azimpur,
13) 13 Storied Govt Housing, Tejgaon,
Dhaka.
14) 13 Storied Govt Housing, Jhigatola,
Dhaka. Police Fari

15) 6 Storied Circuit house

16) B+8 Foreign ministry Building
17) 15+ B Bar council Building

BNBC-2020
1. In 1952, an act to provide for the prevention of haphazard construction of
buildings and excavation of tanks which are likely to interfere with the planning of
certain areas in Bangladesh was published, known as Building Construct Act-1952.
2. First building code of Bangladesh was drafted in 1993. In 2006, the code was
gazetted and became an act.
3. Ministry of Housing and Public Works formed a steering committee with the
responsibility of Updating BNBC 1993 by a G.O. having circular no. Section 8/IM
5/93(part) 812 (28) in 2008.
4. In February 11, 2021, BNBC-2006 was replaced by
BNBC-2020 and gazetted.
Purpose:
(1) The purpose of this Code is to establish minimum standards for design,
construction, quality of materials, use and occupancy, location and maintenance of
all buildings within Bangladesh in order to safeguard, within achievable limits,
life, limb, health, property and public welfare.
(2) The installation and use of certain equipment, services and appurtenances
related, connected or attached

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to such buildings are also regulated herein to achieve the same purpose.
(3) The expressed intent of this Code is to ensure public safety, health and general
welfare as they are affected by the construction, alteration, repair, removal,
demolition, use or occupancy of buildings, structures or premises, through
structural strength, stability, means of egress, safety from fire and other hazards,
sanitation, light and ventilation.
Structure:
1.It consists of 10 parts with 49 chapters published in 3 volumes.
BNBC-2020: Volume-1
 Part-1: Scope and Definition
 Part-2: Administration and Enforcement
 Part-3: General Building Requirements, Control and Regulation
 Part-4: Fire Protection
 Part-5: Building Materials
BNBC-2020: Volume-2
 Part-6: Structural Design
BNBC-2020: Volume-3
 Part-7: Construction Practices and safety
 Part-8: Building Services
 Part-9: Addition, Alteration to, Change of Use of Existing Buildings
 Part-10: Signs and Outdoor Display
BNBC-2020: Volume-2
Part-6: Structural Design
 CHAPTER 1 DEFINITIONS AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
 CHAPTER 2 LOADS ON BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES
 CHAPTER 3 SOILS AND FOUNDATIONS
 CHAPTER 4 BAMBOO
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 CHAPTER 5 CONCRETE MATERIAL
 CHAPTER 6 STRENGTH DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE
STRUCTURES
 CHAPTER 7 MASONRY STRUCTURES
 CHAPTER 8 DETAILING OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES
 CHAPTER 9 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE STRUCTURES
 CHAPTER 10 STEEL STRUCTURES
 CHAPTER 11 TIMBER
 CHAPTER 12 FERROCEMENT STRUCTURES
 CHAPTER 13 STEEL-CONCRETE COMPOSITE STRUCTURAL
MEMBERS.

PPR
Public Procurement Regulations (PPR) are a critical framework that governs how
government entities and organizations procure goods, services, and works. The
objective of PPR is to ensure transparency, fairness, efficiency, and accountability
in the expenditure of public funds. This report provides an overview of PPR, its
key components, importance, challenges, and impact on procurement processes.
PPR typically include the following key components:
1.Legal Framework: Enactment of laws, regulations, and policies that govern
public procurement activities. This framework establishes the rules and procedures
that procurement officials and stakeholders must follow.
2.Procurement Planning: Requirement for thorough planning and budgeting of
procurement needs to align with organizational objectives and priorities. This
includes identifying requirements, assessing risks, and developing procurement
strategies.

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3.Bidding and Tendering: Procedures for soliciting bids or proposals from potential
suppliers, contractors, or service providers through competitive processes. This
ensures open competition and encourages participation from qualified vendors.
4.Evaluation and Selection: Criteria and methods for evaluating bids or proposals
to select the most suitable supplier based on factors such as price, quality, technical
specifications, and compliance with contractual requirements.
5.Contract Management: Guidelines for managing contracts throughout their
lifecycle, including monitoring performance, enforcing terms and conditions,
resolving disputes, and ensuring compliance with regulations.
6.Transparency and Accountability: Requirements for maintaining transparency in
procurement processes by documenting decisions, disclosing information to
stakeholders, and ensuring accountability for actions taken.

Importance of PPR
PPR plays a crucial role in promoting good governance and effective use of public
resources:
1.Transparency: Ensures that procurement processes are conducted openly, with
clear rules and criteria that are accessible to all stakeholders.
2.Fair Competition: Promotes fair competition among suppliers and contractors,
preventing favoritism and ensuring that contracts are awarded based on merit.
3.Efficiency: Streamlines procurement processes, reduces delays, and enhances
decision-making through standardized procedures and guidelines.
4.Cost Savings: Improves value for money by promoting competitive pricing and
efficient use of public funds.
5.Accountability: Holds procurement officials accountable for their decisions and
actions, reducing the risk of corruption or mismanagement.
6.Challenges in Implementing PPR
Despite its benefits, the implementation of PPR can face several challenges:
7.Complexity: PPR frameworks can be complex and voluminous, making them
difficult to interpret and apply consistently.

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8.Capacity Constraints: Insufficient technical expertise and resources among
procurement officials and stakeholders to effectively implement and comply with
PPR requirements.
9.Resistance to Change: Resistance from stakeholders accustomed to traditional
procurement methods or reluctant to adopt new processes and technologies.
10.Monitoring and Enforcement: Challenges in monitoring compliance with PPR
and enforcing regulations consistently across all procurement activities.
Impact of PPR
The adoption and effective implementation of PPR can have several positive
impacts on procurement processes and outcomes:
1.Enhanced Transparency: Increases trust and confidence in public procurement
processes by providing stakeholders with visibility into decision-making and
outcomes.
2.Improved Efficiency: Reduces procurement cycle times, minimizes delays, and
improves resource allocation through standardized procedures and guidelines.
3.Reduced Corruption: Mitigates risks of corruption and fraud through clear rules,
competitive bidding, and strict accountability measures.
4.Promotion of Innovation: Encourages innovation and creativity among suppliers
and contractors competing for public contracts.
5.Better Value for Money: Optimizes the use of public funds by ensuring that
contracts are awarded based on merit and delivering high-quality goods, services,
and works.
Public Procurement Regulations (PPR) are essential for promoting transparency,
fairness, efficiency, and accountability in the expenditure of public funds. By
addressing challenges and maximizing the benefits of PPR, governments and
organizations can enhance governance, optimize procurement outcomes, and
contribute to sustainable development.

e-GP
Electronic Government Procurement (e-GP) is a digital system that revolutionizes
the traditional procurement process by leveraging technology to conduct, manage,
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and monitor procurement activities electronically. This report provides an
overview of e-GP, its objectives, features, benefits, implementation, challenges,
and its impact on public procurement efficiency and transparency.
Objectives of e-GP
The primary objectives of implementing e-GP systems include:
1.Transparency: Enhancing transparency in procurement processes by making
information readily accessible to all stakeholders.
2.Efficiency: Streamlining procurement processes to reduce time and
administrative costs.
3.Fair Competition: Promoting fair competition among suppliers and contractors
through standardized and automated bidding processes.
4.Accountability: Improving accountability by maintaining auditable electronic
records of procurement activities.
5.Cost Savings: Optimizing the use of public funds by promoting competitive
pricing and efficient procurement practices.
Key Features of e-GP
e-GP systems typically incorporate the following key features:
1.Online Registration: Suppliers and contractors can register online to participate
in procurement opportunities.
2.Electronic Bidding: Bids or proposals are submitted electronically through a
secure platform.
3.Bid Evaluation: Automated evaluation of bids based on predefined criteria and
scoring mechanisms.
4.Contract Management: Digital management of contracts, including amendments,
performance monitoring, and payments.
5.Real-time Monitoring: Stakeholders can monitor procurement progress and status
in real-time.
6.Electronic Payments: Facilitation of electronic payments to suppliers and
contractors, reducing delays and paperwork.

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Benefits of e-GP
The adoption of e-GP systems offers several benefits to governments and
organizations:
1.Enhanced Transparency: Increases transparency by providing stakeholders with
access to procurement information and decision-making processes.
2.Improved Efficiency: Reduces procurement cycle times, minimizes paperwork,
and enhances decision-making through automated processes.
3.Cost Efficiency: Lowers transaction costs associated with traditional
procurement methods, including printing, postage, and administrative overheads.
4.Reduced Corruption: Mitigates risks of corruption and favoritism by enforcing
standardized and auditable procurement procedures.
5.Accessibility: Increases access to procurement opportunities for small and
medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and marginalized groups through a transparent
and inclusive bidding process.
Implementation of e-GP
The implementation of e-GP involves several key steps:
1.Legal Framework: Enacting or amending procurement laws and regulations to
accommodate electronic procurement methods.
2.Infrastructure Development: Developing secure and robust IT infrastructure,
including e-GP portals and databases.
3.Capacity Building: Training procurement officials, suppliers, and contractors on
e-GP usage, procedures, and compliance requirements.
4.Stakeholder Engagement: Collaborating with government agencies, private
sector partners, and development partners to promote awareness and adoption of e-
GP.
5.Pilot Projects: Conducting pilot projects to test and refine e-GP systems before
full-scale implementation across all procurement activities.
Challenges in Adopting e-GP
Despite its benefits, the adoption of e-GP systems can face challenges:

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1.Technological Readiness: Ensuring adequate IT infrastructure, connectivity, and
cybersecurity measures to support e-GP operations.
2.Capacity Constraints: Building technical capacity among procurement officials
and stakeholders to effectively use and manage e-GP systems.
3.Resistance to Change: Overcoming resistance from stakeholders accustomed to
traditional procurement methods or skeptical of new technologies.
4.Legal and Regulatory Compliance: Adhering to legal and regulatory frameworks
governing electronic transactions, data protection, and cybersecurity.
5.Cost of Implementation: Initial investment in infrastructure and training may be
substantial, requiring careful budget planning and resource allocation.
Impact of e-GP
The implementation of e-GP systems has a transformative impact on public
procurement practices and outcomes:
1.Enhanced Transparency and Accountability: Improves governance by providing
stakeholders with visibility into procurement processes and outcomes.
2.Streamlined Processes: Reduces procurement cycle times, minimizes delays, and
improves resource allocation through automated workflows.
3.Cost Savings: Lowers administrative costs, transaction costs, and procurement-
related expenses.
4.Increased Competition: Promotes fair competition among suppliers and
contractors, leading to better value for money and quality of goods, services, and
works.
5.Facilitates Economic Growth: Supports economic development by creating
opportunities for SMEs and fostering innovation in procurement practices.
e-GP systems play a crucial role in modernizing public procurement practices,
promoting transparency, efficiency, and accountability in the expenditure of public
funds. By addressing challenges and maximizing the benefits of e-GP,
governments and organizations can optimize procurement outcomes and contribute
to sustainable development goals.

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CONSTRUCTION STAGES OF STRUCTURAL MEMBERS
Column
Columns are vital structural elements in building construction, providing vertical
support for the entire structure and transferring loads from the superstructure to the
foundation. This report outlines the stages involved in constructing columns,
emphasizing the processes, materials, and quality control measures typically
employed to ensure structural integrity and safety.
1. Planning and Design
Before construction begins, thorough planning and detailed design are essential:
Structural Design: Columns are designed based on structural calculations
considering building codes, loads, and architectural requirements.
Material Selection: Choose appropriate materials such as reinforced concrete, steel,
or composite materials based on structural demands and environmental conditions.
Placement and Layout: Determine column locations and grid layout according to
architectural drawings and structural plans.
2. Site Preparation
Preparation of the construction site involves:
Excavation: Clearing the area where columns will be constructed, ensuring proper
foundation soil conditions.
Formwork Installation: Setting up formwork (typically made of wood, steel, or
aluminum) to mold the shape and dimensions of columns.
3. Concrete Pouring
Concrete pouring is a critical stage in column construction:
Mixing: Properly mix concrete to achieve the required strength and durability.
Reinforcement Installation: Place reinforcement bars (rebar) inside the formwork
to enhance column strength and resist tensile forces.

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Pouring: Pour concrete into the formwork, ensuring it fills completely and
consolidates without voids or segregation.
4. Curing
After pouring concrete, curing is essential to achieve optimal strength and
durability:
Moisture Retention: Maintain proper moisture levels by covering the concrete with
wet burlap, plastic sheets, or using curing compounds.
Temperature Control: Prevent rapid temperature changes that could affect concrete
hydration and strength development.
5. Formwork Removal
Once the concrete achieves sufficient strength (typically after 24-48 hours),
formwork removal begins:
Careful Dismantling: Remove formwork systematically to prevent damage to the
concrete structure.
Surface Inspection: Inspect column surfaces for defects, cracks, or imperfections
that may require repair.
6. Finishing and Quality Control
After formwork removal, finishing and quality checks are conducted:
Surface Finishing: Smooth and finish column surfaces to achieve the desired
appearance.
Dimensional Accuracy: Verify column dimensions and alignment with
architectural and structural drawings.
Non-Destructive Testing (NDT): Conduct NDT methods such as ultrasound or
rebound hammer tests to assess concrete quality and integrity.
7. Protection and Maintenance
Protect columns from environmental factors and ensure long-term durability:
Waterproofing: Apply waterproofing coatings or membranes to protect columns
from moisture ingress.

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Maintenance Planning: Develop a maintenance plan to inspect, repair, and
reinforce columns periodically throughout their lifespan.

Stairs
Stairs are essential architectural elements that provide vertical access between
different levels of a building. Constructing stairs involves several stages, each
crucial for ensuring structural integrity, safety, and aesthetic appeal. This report
outlines the construction stages of stairs, detailing processes, materials, and quality
control measures commonly employed in the construction industry.
1. Planning and Design
Before construction begins, thorough planning and detailed design are essential:
Functional Design: Determine the type of stairs (straight, spiral, L-shaped, etc.)
based on architectural requirements, space constraints, and user needs.
Dimensional Considerations: Calculate dimensions such as tread depth, riser
height, and overall staircase dimensions to meet building codes and safety
standards.
Material Selection: Choose appropriate materials such as concrete, steel, wood, or
a combination thereof, based on structural and aesthetic considerations.
2. Site Preparation
Preparation of the construction site involves:
Marking Out: Mark the location and layout of the stairs based on architectural
drawings and design specifications.
Excavation and Foundation: Prepare the foundation for the stairs, ensuring
adequate support and stability.
3. Formwork and Reinforcement
For concrete stairs, formwork and reinforcement are critical stages:
Formwork Installation: Set up formwork (typically made of wood, steel, or
prefabricated systems) to mold the shape and dimensions of the stairs.
Reinforcement Installation: Place reinforcement bars (rebar) within the formwork
to enhance structural strength and durability, particularly in concrete stairs.
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4. Concrete Pouring
Concrete pouring is a key step in constructing concrete stairs:
Concrete Mixing: Prepare concrete mixtures with the appropriate strength and
consistency.
Pouring and Consolidation: Pour concrete into the formwork, ensuring it fills
completely and consolidates to remove air pockets and achieve uniformity.
5. Curing and Formwork Removal
After pouring concrete, curing and formwork removal are essential:
Curing: Maintain adequate moisture levels and temperature conditions to facilitate
proper concrete hydration and strength development.
Formwork Removal: Carefully dismantle formwork after concrete has sufficiently
cured, ensuring structural integrity and minimizing damage to the newly formed
stairs.
6. Finishing
Once formwork is removed, finishing works are undertaken:
Surface Finishing: Smooth and finish stair surfaces to achieve desired texture and
appearance.
Edge Profiling: Shape and detail stair edges for safety and aesthetic purposes.

Slabs
Slabs are horizontal structural elements used in building construction to provide
floors and ceilings between levels. Constructing slabs involves several critical
stages to ensure structural integrity, durability, and functionality. This report
provides a comprehensive overview of the construction stages of slabs, including
processes, materials, quality control measures, and considerations for different
types of slabs.
1. Planning and Design
Before commencing construction, thorough planning and detailed design are
essential:

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Structural Design: Determine slab type (e.g., flat slab, ribbed slab, waffle slab)
based on structural requirements, loads, span lengths, and architectural
considerations.
Material Selection: Choose suitable materials such as reinforced concrete, precast
concrete, or composite materials based on structural design and environmental
conditions.
Support System Design: Plan the support system (beams, columns, walls) that will
carry slab loads and provide stability.
2. Formwork Installation
Formwork is crucial for shaping the slab and supporting wet concrete during
pouring:
Formwork Material: Select formwork materials (e.g., timber, steel, aluminum)
based on construction requirements, reusability, and ease of assembly.
Formwork Assembly: Erect formwork according to the slab design, ensuring
proper alignment, dimensions, and support.
3. Reinforcement Installation
Reinforcement bars (rebar) enhance the strength and durability of concrete slabs:
Rebar Layout: Place reinforcement bars as per structural drawings and
specifications, ensuring proper spacing, lap lengths, and cover requirements.
Spacer Installation: Install spacers to maintain rebar positions within the slab
thickness and ensure concrete cover.
4. Concrete Pouring
Concrete pouring is a critical stage in slab construction:
Concrete Mixing: Prepare concrete mixtures with the required strength,
workability, and durability characteristics.
Pouring and Compaction: Pour concrete into the formwork, ensuring uniform
distribution and consolidation to eliminate air voids and achieve structural
integrity.
Vibration: Use vibration equipment to compact concrete and remove trapped air
for dense and durable slabs.

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5. Curing
Curing is essential to achieve optimal concrete strength and durability:
Curing Method: Implement curing methods such as water curing, curing
compounds, or membrane curing to maintain moisture and temperature conditions.
Duration: Monitor curing duration based on concrete type and ambient conditions
to ensure proper hydration and strength development.

Beams
Beams are critical structural elements in building construction that carry loads
from slabs and transfer them to columns or walls. The construction of beams
involves several stages, each essential for ensuring structural integrity, durability,
and safety. This report provides a comprehensive overview of the construction
stages of beams, highlighting processes, materials, quality control measures, and
considerations for efficient and effective construction practices.
1. Planning and Design
Before commencing beam construction, thorough planning and detailed design are
crucial:
Structural Design: Determine beam types (e.g., reinforced concrete beams, steel
beams) based on structural calculations, architectural requirements, and building
codes.
Load Analysis: Analyze loads (dead loads, live loads, wind loads) to determine
beam dimensions, spacing, and reinforcement requirements.
Material Selection: Choose suitable materials (e.g., concrete, steel) based on
structural demands, durability considerations, and environmental factors.
2. Formwork Installation
Formwork is essential for shaping and supporting wet concrete during beam
construction:
Formwork Material: Select formwork materials (e.g., timber, steel, aluminum)
based on construction requirements, reusability, and ease of assembly.

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Formwork Assembly: Erect formwork according to structural drawings and
specifications, ensuring proper alignment, dimensions, and support.
3. Reinforcement Placement
Reinforcement bars (rebar) enhance the strength and durability of concrete beams:
Rebar Layout: Place reinforcement bars as per structural drawings and
specifications, ensuring proper spacing, lap lengths, and cover requirements.
Spacer Installation: Install spacers to maintain rebar positions within the beam
section and ensure adequate concrete cover.
4. Concrete Pouring
Concrete pouring is a critical stage in beam construction:
Concrete Mixing: Prepare concrete mixtures with the required strength,
workability, and durability characteristics.
Pouring and Compaction: Pour concrete into the formwork, ensuring it fills
completely and consolidates to eliminate air voids and achieve structural integrity.
Vibration: Use vibration equipment to compact concrete and remove trapped air
for dense and durable beams.
5. Curing
Curing is essential to achieve optimal concrete strength and durability:
Curing Method: Implement curing methods such as water curing, curing
compounds, or membrane curing to maintain moisture and temperature conditions.
Duration: Monitor curing duration based on concrete type and ambient conditions
to ensure proper hydration and strength development.

SOIL TEST AND TEST REPORT

A soil report for building construction provides critical information about the soil's
composition, stability, and load-bearing capacity at a construction site. This report
aims to outline the basics of soil, soil types relevant to construction, types of soil
tests essential for assessing suitability, and the components of a soil test report.

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Soil is a complex mixture of minerals, organic matter, water, air, and living
organisms. Its properties vary significantly depending on factors such as
composition, texture, structure, and moisture content. In construction, soil's ability
to bear weight (bearing capacity) and resist settlement are crucial considerations.
Soil Types
The classification of soil types in construction is based on their ability to support
structures and their engineering properties:
Granular Soils:
Sand: Coarse-grained soil with good drainage and load-bearing capacity.
Gravel: Larger particles than sand, suitable for foundations and drainage.
Cohesive Soils:
Clay: Fine-grained soil with high water retention, prone to swelling and shrinking.
Silt: Medium-grained soil with properties between clay and sand.
Organic Soils:
Peat: Composed of organic matter, low load-bearing capacity, prone to settling.
Types of Soil Tests
Soil testing for construction involves evaluating various properties to ensure the
soil can support the intended structure safely and effectively. Key types of soil
tests include:
Standard Penetration Test (SPT):
Measures the soil's resistance to penetration under dynamic loading, providing
information on soil strength and bearing capacity.
Soil Boring and Sampling:
Involves drilling boreholes to extract soil samples at different depths for laboratory
analysis of composition and properties.
Compaction Tests:
Determine the soil's ability to be compacted to achieve desired density and strength
for foundations and earthworks.

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Proctor Test:
Measures the maximum density achievable for soil compaction, critical for road
construction and structural fills.
Shear Strength Tests:
Assess the soil's resistance to internal friction and cohesion, crucial for stability
against sliding and slope failures.
Components of a Soil Test Report for Construction
A comprehensive soil test report includes detailed findings and recommendations
essential for construction planning and design:
Site Information: Location, depth of boreholes, and date of sampling.
Laboratory Test Results:
Physical Properties: Soil classification (sand, silt, clay percentages), moisture
content, density.
Engineering Properties: Shear strength parameters, bearing capacity,
compressibility.

Background of writing Estimate, Preparation of Rough Estimate ,

Outline of Detailed Estimate
Estimation
It is a determination of the construction costs for any given project. The estimate is
then used for programming and funding proposes. Preparing the estimate requires
knowledge of construction methods, fabrication processes and construction costs
based on the measurement and payment section in the Specifications.
TYPE OF ESTIMATES
• Preliminary Estimate
• Detail Estimate
REQUIREMENTS OF PRELIMINARY ESTIMATE
• Request letter from requiring body

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• Approved site plan by the Department of Architecture
• Approved building plan by the Department of Architecture
• If approved building plan is not available, in case of urgency, preliminary
estimates may be prepared based on
space requirement furnished by the Department of Architecture
CHECK LIST BEFORE PREPARATION OF
PRELIMINARY ESTIMATE
• Apparent soil condition and approximate cost for sub-soil investigation
• Need for site improvement and approach road
• Source for water supply
• Surface water & sewerage disposal • Source of power supply
• Source of gas supply
• Need for special type boundary wall or retaining wall • Structure type and
structural system
• Additional cost in foundation due to poor soil condition
• Special type foundation: Raft or pile
DETAIL ESTIMATE SHALL CONTAIN
• Report
• Detail Building Plan, Elevation, Section and Structural Drawings
• Detail measurement of each individual item along with their information in
drawings, sites etc
• An abstract of cost • Proposed works specially boundary wall, gate, road, external
water supply, sewerage line shown in red
DETAILED ESTIMATES ARE PREPARED
• For preparation of tender documents and bill of quantity
• For according technical sanction

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• To receive fund through “schedule process” from the revenue budget • For
administrative approval of items of works, which are not components of approved
scheme
IMPORTANT POINTS TO REMEMBER
• Rates of items not covered by PWD’s schedule of rate shall be accompanied by
analysis
• Site improvement by carted earth must be accompanied by contour map duly
signed by appropriate authority
• Detail estimate of approved projects implemented through ADP must not be sent
to Chief Engineer’s Office for checking and approval. Additional Chief Engineer
has the full power to approve it
• Detail estimates sent to Chief Engineer’s office require prior approval of
respective SE and ACE.

BASICS OF PLUMBING ENGINEERING AND ITS

APPLICATION
Introduction to plumbing engineering
● Plumbing engineering is a specialized field that involves the design,
installation, and maintenance of plumbing systems within buildings and
infrastructure.
● It encompasses the planning and implementation of water supply,
drainage, and wastewater systems to ensure the safe and efficient flow of
water and the proper disposal of waste.
● Plumbing engineers apply scientific and engineering principles to develop
plumbing designs that meet building codes, regulations, and industry
standards.

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Scope of Plumbing Engineering:
● Designing water supply systems: Determine the optimal layout, pipe sizing, and
fixture selection
● Designing drainage systems: Plan and design the drainage and wastewater
systems to efficiently remove and dispose of wastewater and prevent backups or
water damage.
● Plumbing system calculations: Perform calculations to determine water demand,
pressure requirements, fixture units, and flow rates to ensure adequate system
performance.
● Sustainability and water conservation: Incorporate water-efficient fixtures,
rainwater harvesting systems, and other sustainable practices to minimize water
usage and promote environmental conservation.
● Compliance with codes and regulations
Scope of Plumbing:
A. Water supply system for
a. Human consumption like drinking, culinary purpose, washing and bathing
i. Cold water
ii. Hot water
iii. Chilled water
b. Fire fighting by water jetting on fire
i. Dry riser system
ii. Wet riser system
iii. Recreational purpose e.g. for swimming pools, fountains, water falls etc.
B. Waste disposal from buildings
Conveying human excreta waste by flushing water and flowing sanitary
wastewater through pipes to safe disposal point.
C. Rain water management
Utilizing maximum rainwater for human consumption and other purposes

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and disposing of rest.
D. Gas supply
For using as fuel and live saving gas supply in hospitals, clinic etc.
E. Heating and Cooling System
Installation and maintenance of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC)
systems. This can include connecting pipes, radiators, boilers, and other
components related to heating and cooling.
Basic Objective of Plumbing
● To bring an adequate and potable supply of hot and cold water to the inhabitants
of a house
● To drain all wastewater and sewage discharge from fixtures into the public sewer
or a private disposal system.
Importance of Plumbing Engineering in Building
Design and Construction
● Safety and public health: Plumbing systems play a critical role in providing safe
and clean water for drinking, cooking, and sanitation purposes, as well as removing
and disposing of wastewater. Proper plumbing design and installation are essential
to prevent waterborne diseases and ensure public health.
● Building functionality: Plumbing systems contribute to the functionality and
usability of buildings. Well-designed plumbing systems ensure consistent water
supply, efficient drainage, and reliable operation of fixtures and appliances.
● Building longevity and durability: Properly designed plumbing systems that
consider factors such as pipe materials, corrosion prevention, and maintenance
requirements can enhance the durability and longevity of the building
infrastructure.
● Energy efficiency: Plumbing engineering involves considerations for energy-
efficient water heating systems, insulation, and circulation design, which can
contribute to reduced energy consumption and operational costs.
● Sustainability and environmental impact: Plumbing engineering plays a vital role
in promoting sustainable practices by incorporating water-efficient fixtures,

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greywater reuse systems, and rainwater harvesting, thus reducing the overall
environmental impact of a building.
Roles and Responsibilities of Plumbing Engineers:
● Designing plumbing systems: Plumbing engineers create detailed plumbing
system designs, including pipe layouts, fixture placement, equipment selection, and
sizing calculations.
● Collaboration with other professionals: Plumbing engineers work closely with
architects, mechanical engineers and other stakeholders to integrate plumbing
systems seamlessly within the building design and coordinate with other building
systems.
● Code compliance: Plumbing engineers ensure that plumbing designs adhere to
applicable codes, regulations, and industry standards, including plumbing, health,
safety, and accessibility codes.
● Cost estimation: Plumbing engineers provide cost estimates for plumbing
materials, equipment, and labor, helping stakeholders in budgeting and project
planning.
● Construction oversight: Plumbing engineers may provide construction
administration services, including site visits, inspections, and coordination with
contractors to ensure proper installation and compliance with design specifications.
● Maintenance and system optimization: Plumbing engineers may be involved in
maintenance planning, troubleshooting, and optimization of plumbing systems to
ensure long-term performance and efficiency.
Plumbing Systems and Components
Water Supply System
•Type of Water Sources
•Water Distribution Network
•Water Storage and pumping system
Drainage and Waste Water System
•Drainage system components
•Waste water treatment and disposal

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•Storm water management
Plumbing Fixtures and Appliances
•Types of fixtures
•Fixture selection and sizing
•Water efficient fixture and appliances
Plumbing Systems and Components (Water Supply System)
Type of Water Sources
1.Municipal Water
•Most Common Sources of Water
•Treated distribute water from large-scale sources such as rivers, lakes or reservoir
2.Well Water
• Obtained from underground through well
• Common in rural area
• May require treatment or filtration
3.Rain Water Harvesting
• Collecting and storing rain later for later use
• Used as supplementary use
• Collected from roof top and stored in cistern
Water Distribution Network
1.Transmission Main
•Large-dia pipe
2.Distribution Main
•Intermediate size pipe
3.Service Line
•Distributing to individual buildings

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4.Valves and Fittings
•Control the flow, pressure, and direction of water within the distribution network
Water Storage and pumping system
1.Water Storage Tank
•Store water
•Can be elevated or ground level
2.Booster Pumping System
•Increase water pressure to ensure adequate water supply
3.Pressure Reducing Valves
•Reduce excessive water pressure

DPP AND RPP

Development Project Proposal (DPP)
A development project proposal serves as a comprehensive roadmap for initiating
and executing a project. It typically includes the following key elements:
1.Project Overview: This section provides a concise summary of the project,
describing its purpose, objectives, and intended outcomes.
2.Technical Specifications: Detailed technical specifications are crucial in a civil
engineering context. This includes specifics such as materials to be used,
construction methods, structural design parameters, and compliance with relevant
codes and standards. For example, specifications might outline the use of
reinforced concrete for bridge construction to ensure durability and safety.
3.Activities and Timeline: A clear outline of activities and their respective
timelines is essential for project planning and management. This section details
phases of work, from initial surveys and design development to construction,
testing, and commissioning. It ensures that all project stakeholders understand the
sequence of tasks and deadlines.
4.Budget and Resource Allocation: The financial aspect of the proposal outlines
the estimated costs associated with different project components. It includes

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expenses for materials, equipment, labor, consultants, permits, and contingency
funds. Accurate budgeting is critical for securing funding and managing project
finances effectively.
5.Risk Management: Identification and mitigation of potential risks are integral to
project proposals. Civil engineers assess risks such as geological challenges,
adverse weather conditions, regulatory hurdles, and financial uncertainties.
Strategies for risk mitigation, contingency plans, and monitoring mechanisms are
outlined to minimize disruptions and ensure project success.
Revised Project Proposal (RPP)
A revised project proposal reflects modifications made to the initial proposal based
on feedback, changing circumstances, or new project requirements. Key aspects of
a revised proposal may include:
1.Enhanced Objectives: Revised proposals often refine or expand project
objectives to better align with community needs, technological advancements, or
sustainability goals.
2.Innovative Approaches: Incorporation of new technologies, methodologies, or
design innovations can enhance project efficiency, sustainability, and long-term
viability. Revised proposals may introduce smart infrastructure solutions,
renewable energy integration, or advanced materials to optimize performance and
reduce environmental impact.
3.Stakeholder Engagement: Stakeholder engagement is emphasized in revised
proposals to foster community participation, address concerns, and build support
for the project. This may involve conducting additional consultations, public
meetings, or collaborative workshops to ensure project alignment with community
aspirations and priorities.
4.Updated Budget and Resources: Revisions often entail adjustments to the budget
and resource allocation to accommodate new project elements, cost fluctuations, or
unforeseen challenges.
Financial planning in revised proposals reflects a balanced approach to resource
utilization, cost effectiveness, and financial sustainability.

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TRAINING ACADEMY
Tests for structural members are done in training academy. Like-
Types of Tests on Bricks for Building Construction Works -
1. Absorption Test on Bricks Absorption test is conducted on brick to find out the
amount of moisture content absorbed by brick under extreme conditions.
2. Crushing Strength or Compressive Strength Test on Bricks.
3. Hardness Test on Bricks.
4. Shape and Size Test on Bricks.
5. Color Test of Bricks.
6. Soundness Test of Bricks.
7. Structure of Bricks.
8. Efflorescence Test on Bricks.
Tests conducted on aggregates include:
1.Sieve Analysis
2Aggregate Crushing Test
3.Aggregate Impact Test
4.Aggregate Abrasion Test
5.Shape Test (Flakiness index test and Elongation index test)
6.Soundness Test
7.Specific Gravity and Water Absorption Test
8.Bitumen Adhesion Test.
Tests of Concrete:
1. Slump test before leaving the batching plant and on arrival on site This is to
determine the workability of concrete in terms of slump test.
2. Compressive strength test (this a common quality tests of concrete).
3. Water Permeability test.

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4. Rapid Chloride Ion Penetration Test.
5. Water Absorption Test.
6. Initial Surface Absorption Test.
Tests performed on steel structures include:
1.Bend testing on shear stud
2.Bolt tightening or torque test
3.Magnetic particle inspection test for welding
4.Ultrasonic testing for welding
5.Visual test for welding
6.Dye penetrant
7.Radiographic
8.Impact test (Charpy test and Izod test)

The syllabus content covered are sufficient for the topics we covered in industrial
training.

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