Ciência Rural,Morphological

Santa Maria, v.55:1,

changes e20230375,
in soybean cultivars2025
subjected to apical dominance removal at phenological stages.
http://doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20230375
1
ISSNe 1678-4596
Biology

Morphological changes in soybean cultivars subjected to apical

dominance removal at phenological stages

Júlia Letícia Cassel1* Gabriele Molinari Rother2 Bruno Alcides Maldaner3

Bruna Dalcin Pimenta3 Rodrigo Luiz Ludwig3 Daniela Batista dos Santos3
1
Escola de Ciências Agrárias, Inovação e Negócios, Universidade de Passo Fundo (UPF), 99052-900, Passo Fundo, RS, Brasil. E-mail:
casseljulia12@gmail.com. *Corresponding author.
2
Universidade de Cruz Alta (Unicruz), Cruz Alta, RS, Brasil.
3
Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Sul (IFRS), Ibirubá, RS, Brasil.

ABSTRACT: This study evaluated the effect of removing apical dominance at phenological stages on the agronomic traits of soybean cultivars.
The experiment was conducted in the 2020/2021 growing season inthe teaching-experimental area of the Federal Institute of Education,
Science and Technology of Rio Grande do Sul, Campus Ibirubá, under a randomized block design in a split-plot arrangement, with three
replications. The main plots were composed of five soybean cultivars (DM53i54 IPRO, Zeus IPRO, Lanza IPRO, DM5958 IPRO, and Delta
IPRO), and the subplots consisted of the phenological stages of apical dominance removal (control, V2, V4, and V6). Morphological traits were
evaluated at different stages. Differences were observed between cultivars, which followed their pre-defined morphologies. Apical dominance
removal reduced aspects such as the number of nodes and legumes on the main stem and the first legumeinsertion height. Cultivars developed
branching mechanismsas a compensation strategy, increasing the number of legumes on the branches by up to 130%. The removal of the shoot
apex can modify morphological aspects in soybean plants,but their yield tends to be maintained.
Key words: pinching, branching, yield components, harvest index, phytohormone.

Alterações morfológicas de cultivares de soja submetidos à remoção

da dominância apical em estádios fenológicos

RESUMO: O presente artigo objetiva avaliar o efeito da remoção da dominância apical em estádios fenológicos, nos caracteres agronômicos
de cultivares de soja. O experimento foi implantado na área didática-experimental do Instituto Federal de Educação e Tecnologia do Rio Grande
do Sul, Campus Ibirubá, na safra 2020/2021, sob delineamento de blocos ao acaso, em arranjo de parcelas subdivididas, com três repetições.
As parcelas principais eram compostas pelos cinco cultivares (DM53i54 IPRO, Zeus IPRO, Lança IPRO, DM5958 IPRO e Delta IPRO) e as
subparcelas, pelos estádios fenológicos de remoção de dominância apical (testemunha, V2, V4 e V6). As características morfológicas foram
avaliadas em diferentes estádios. Como resultados, verificaram-se diferenças entre os cultivares, que seguiram suas morfologias pré-definidas.
A remoção de dominância apical, reduziu aspectos como o número de nós e legumes na haste principal, além da altura de inserção do primeiro
legume. Como estratégia de compensação, os cultivares desenvolvem mecanismos de ramificação, acrescendo até 130% no número de legumes
nos ramos. Verifica-se que a remoção do ápice caulinar é capaz de modificar aspectos morfológicos em plantas de soja, contudo, seu rendimento
tende a ser mantido.
Palavras-chave: despontamento, ramificação, componentes de rendimento, índice de colheita, fitormônio.

INTRODUCTION to create cultivars with taller plants and higher oil and
protein contents in the seeds, in addition to changing
Soybean (Glycine max) is one of the most the days for flowering and maturity, compared to
important crops in Brazil. The growing demand for the old cultivars of the South region; although, there
this product, favorable economic aspects, and the are differences between macroregions in Brazil
small area of agricultural frontiers to be explored (MILIOLI et al., 2022). However, some of these
have led to great pressure on breeding programs in improved cultivars may be less rustic and have less
the search for high yields (BHUIYAN et al., 2024), tolerance to biotic factors, such as pests and diseases,
tolerance to biotic and abiotic factors (SOUSA et al., and abiotic factors, such as hail.
2022; LI et al., 2022), and grains with higher protein The apical meristem, reported at the shoot
content (LIU et al., 2023), among other desired apex, is an important plant growth point. It produces
aspects. Plant breeding has been able, in recent years, the auxin, a phytohormone originating from the amino

Received 07.13.23 Approved 05.30.24 Returned by the author 07.20.24

CR-2023-0375.R2 Ciência Rural, v.55, n.1, 2025.
Editors: Leandro Souza da Silva Diego Follmann
2 Cassel et al.

acid tryptophan, acting in plant processes such as (EMBRAPA, 2006). The area used to set up the
apical dominance and stem elongation. KERBAUY experiment had been cultivated under the no-tillage
(2019) calls pinchingor topping the removal of system for over 10 years.
the shoot apex. The shoot apex normally exhibits The experiment consisted of randomized
dominance over the lateral axillary buds during the blocks arranged in a split-plot design withthree
vegetative growth of plants. If the apex of the stem is replications. The main plots (3.15 m x 16 m) were
cut or broken, the remaining axillary buds are freed made up of soybean cultivars and the subplots (3.15
from this apical dominance and lateral branches m x 4 m) consisted of soybean phenological stages in
begin to grow. Studies involving the application of which the stem apex of the plants was removed. The
plant hormones, such as the direct application of plots were composed of seven soybean rows, and the
cytokinin on the lateral bud (antagonize the inhibitory treatments of dominance removal were applied to the
effect of auxin) or through strigolactones (negatively three central rows. Only 2 m of these central rows were
affect the synthesis of PIN proteins, involved in auxin used for assessments, respecting the border limits.
transport), have been increasing in soybean and other The evaluated cultivars were DM53i54
crops (BERTOLIN et al., 2010). IPRO, Zeus IPRO, Lanza IPRO, DM5958 IPRO, and
Plant development depends on a fine Delta IPRO, which belong to maturation groups 5.4,
adjustment of local auxin gradients (CASSEL et al., 5.5, 5.8, 5.8, and 5.9, respectively. The phenological
2021).Thus, studies that evaluate the agronomic traits stages of removal of apical dominance, added to
of soybean cultivars in management conditions that a control, were V2, V4, and V6, according to the
change the plant hormonal dynamics are essential. development scale proposed by FEHR & CAVINESS
The mechanical removal of the shoot apex has been (1977), referring to the first, third, and fifth trifoliate
little reported in the literature although satisfactory leaves completely developed, or two, four, and six
production is often reported in commercial plantations nodes on the main stem, respectively. This process
even after hail events. From a practical point of view, was conducted through cuts of the shoot apex using
the mechanical removal of the shoot apex could scissors, that is, through physical removal.
drive management changesif there is a scientifically Sowing was conducted following
proven contribution without affecting crop yield. the population recommended for each cultivar,
This may include the selection of genetic materials while fertilization and phytosanitary management
with the potential to adapt to regional soil and practices were carried out according to the technical
climate conditions, as well as morphological changes recommendation for the crop, homogeneously
that improve the effectiveness of the application of between plots. The cultivars were harvested when
phytosanitary products in the lower third of plants, they reached physiological maturity, with cuts close
resulting in better disease control. to the soil to keep the plants intact for the evaluation
In this context, this study evaluated the of yield components.
effect of removing the apical meristem at different The analyses were performed in situ
phenological stages on the agronomic traits of and ex situ (after harvest). Plant height (PH) was
soybean cultivars. evaluated in situ at the R6 phenological stage and
consisted of the distance between the soil level to the
MATERIALS AND METHODS apex of the stem, in centimeters. The following traits
were evaluatedafter final maturation and harvest: first
The experiment was set up in the 2020/2021 legume insertion (FLI) – distance from the soil level
growing season in the teaching and experimental area and the insertion of the first legume on the main stem;
of the Federal Institute of Education, Science and total number of nodes on the main stem (NMS) –
Technology of Rio Grande do Sul, Campus Ibirubá. sum of all existing nodes on the main stem; number
The area is located in the physiographic region of of legumes on the main stem (LMS) – counting of
the Medium Plateau, Rio Grande do Sul, with a Cfa legumes in the stem; number of legumeson the
(humid subtropical) climate (MORENO, 1961), at 416 branches (LB) – counting of legumes in the branches;
m above sea level and a south latitude of 28°37′39″ number of total legumes per plant (TL) – sum of the
and west longitude of 53°05′23″. The climate data number of legumes in the branches and main stem of
during the field research period showed accumulated the plant; number of grains per legume (G/L) – the
precipitation equal to 624.4 mm, while the mean number of grains per plant divided by the number of
temperature was 22.2 °C. The soil is classified as legumes; number of grains per plant (G/P) – counting
an Oxisol (Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico típico) of the total number of grains in a plant; thousand-

Ciência Rural, v.55, n.1, 2025.

 Morphological changes in soybean cultivars subjected to apical dominance removal at phenological stages. 3

grainweight (TGW) – counting of eight repetitions of difference between cultivars, in which later cultivars
100 grains, averaged and extrapolated to the weight had lower thousand-grain weights and, consequently,
of one thousand grains; and harvest index (HI) – lower harvest indices.
obtained by dividing the grain yield by the biological Furthermore, the morphology and height
yield of each replication. of the cultivars are different, significantly affecting
The data were subjected to analysis of the canopy behavior and plant population per
variance (ANOVA – F test) at a 5% probability of hectare. Therefore, these variables can modify the
error and, when significant, the means were compared yield of agricultural areas and require further studies
by the Tukey test at a 5% probability of error. regarding the relationships between plant height,
production capacity per plant, and density.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The number of grains per legume,
thousand-grain weight, and harvest index did not
The differences in the morphological traits vary statistically considering the phenological stages
of the cultivars were significant for plant height, first of apical dominance removal when compared tothe
legumeinsertion height, number of nodes on the main control without pinching (Table 3).
stem, number of legumes on the main stem and branches, Some of these traits such as the number
number of legumes and grains per plant, thousand-grain of grains per legume, are already described as stable
weight,and harvest index (Tables 1 and 2). within the genetic and phenotypic variations of
These results are due to the predefined soybean plants. DURLI et al. (2020) observed no
morphology of each cultivar, which has different variation in this component regardless of the cultivar
branching habits (ranging from medium to high), in or defoliation, corroborating the present study.
addition to different growth habits and plant heights. The harvest index showed novariation
HE et al. (2022) emphasized that traits such as the (Table 3). In this sense, plants that had their stem
number of legumes (an organ homologous to the apex removed showed higher branch development
leaf) per plant are determinants of grain yield and but were efficient in grain production, being able to
quality. Therefore, taller plants have more nodes and, maintain the harvest index. In other words, the plants
consequently, a higher number of legumes, with an maintained their biomass through lateral shootseven
increase in the number of grains per plant. after pinching, which enabled the maintenance of
Variables such as thousand-grainweight and reproductive organs.
the harvest index can influence the yield and efficiency First legume insertion height (cm)
of cultivars in translocating photoassimilates for was reduced in the most advanced stage of apical
grain production (PARANHOS et al., 1991). In the dominance removal, reaching a variation of up to
present study, these components showed a significant 40% relative to the control (Table 3). This component

Table 1 - Summary of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) table for plant height (PH), first legume insertion height (FLI), number of nodes on the
main stem (NMS), number of legumes on the main stem (LMS), number of legumes on the branches (LB), number of total legumes per
plant (TL), number of grains per legume (G/L), number of grains per plant (G/P), thousand-grain weight (TGW), and harvest index (HI).

SV DF ---------------------------------------------------------------------QM--------------------------------------------------------------------------
PH FLI NMS LMS LB TL G/L G/P TGW HI
Block 2 92.461* 0.26 ns 27.12* 57.92ns 0.91ns 73.36ns 0.598ns 507.07 ns 1.80 ns 0.009ns
Cultivar (A) 4 1632.21* 42.57* 98.38* 537.44* 993.79* 1081.95* 0.270ns 5683.79* 4563.48* 0.044*
* * ns ns ns ns ns ns ns *
Block A 8 56.043 5.07 4.24 13.57 17.15 35.53 0.226 162.81 592.30 0.003ns
Phenologica
3 37.340* 147.82* 156.06* 1479.53* 1672.92* 329.77* 0.174ns 2311.94* 496.67ns 0.008 ns
l stage (B)
A*B 12 41.332* 26.89ns 13.12ns 55.26 ns 262.63* 301.35* 0.274ns 1790.14* 1129.37* 0.024*
Residual 30 12.017 13.47 6.98 48.87 41.15 53.03 0.301 298.23 225.77 0.006
Total 59

SV = source of variation; DF = degrees of freedom; MS = mean square.

*
Significant at a 5% probability of error.
ns
Not significant at a 5% probability of error.

Ciência Rural, v.55, n.1, 2025.

4 Cassel et al.

Table 2 - Yield components of soybean cultivars DM53i54 IPRO, Zeus IPRO, Spear IPRO, DM5958 IPRO, and Delta IPRO.

Variable -------------------------------------------------------------Cultivar------------------------------------------------------------------------
DM53i54 IPRO Zeus IPRO Lança IPRO DM5958 IPRO Delta IPRO
PH 78.18 e 83.83 d 95.83 c 100.85 b 106.13 a
FLI 11.82 b 13.04 ab 16.49 a 15.40 ab 13.45 ab
NMS 11.40 c 10.21 c 12.74 bc 15.81 ab 16.93 a
LMS 21.03 b 18.14 b 20.53 b 28.14 ab 34.39 a
LB 26.48 b 30.94 b 48.46 a 26.76 b 30.34 b
TL 47.51 b 49.08 b 68.99 a 54.87 b 64.76 a
G/L 2.50ns 2.54 2.47 2.47 2.42
G/P 117.85 b 124.15 b 169.96 a 134.07 a 154.85 a
TGW 202.26 a 203.21 a 183.19 b 183.63 b 155.21 c
HI 0.57 a 0.54 ab 0.54 ab 0.43 c 0.46 bc

Means followed by the same letter in the row do not differ from each other by the Tukey test at a 5% significance.
ns
No significant difference between the means by the Tukey test at a 5% significance.
Legend: AP – plant height at R6 phenological stage (cm); FLI – first legume insertion height(cm); NMS – number of nodes on the main
stem; LMS – number of legumes on the main stem; LB – number of legumes on the branches; TL – mean number of total legumes per
plant; G/L – number of grains per legume; G/P – number of grains per plant; TGW – thousand-grainweight (g); and HI – harvest index.

is directly related to mechanical harvesting, as it REZENDE & CARVALHO (2007) reported that
determines the adjustment of the cutting height of plants suitable for mechanized harvesting have a
the combine harvester (MAUAD et al., 2010). In this height between 60 and 120 cm and a first legume
case, a cutting height below the ideal limit leads to insertionheight between 10 and 12 cm.
difficulty in collecting the legumes, increasing crop In addition to the influence of removing
losses. In contrast, plants with very high first legume apical dominance, other factors are also described as
insertion heights have the production potential influencing the first legume insertion height. One of
reduced, as the lower nodes are only vegetative. them is density, and the higher the density, the higher

Table 3 - Mean yield components of cultivars subjected to apical dominance removal at different phenological stages.

Variable ------------------------------------Phenological stage of apical dominance removal-------------------------------------

Control V2 V4 V6
PH 92.12 ab 92.80 ab 95.26 a 91.66 b
FLI 16.02 a 16.62 a 13.84 a 9.68 b
NMS 18.03 a 11.09 b 13.26 b 11.30 b
LMS 38.54 a 19.87 b 23.63 b 15.74 b
LB 18.60 c 30.77 b 38.19 a 42.79 a
TL 57.13 ab 50.65 b 61.82 a 58.54 a
G/L 2.48ns 2.48 2.50 2.47
G/P 140.16 ab 123.51b 153.30 a 143.72 a
TGW 189.05ns 190.55 177.71 184.69
HI 0.53ns 0.51 0.52 0.48

Means followed by the same letter in the row do not differ from each other by the Tukey test at a 5% significance.
ns
No significant difference between the means by the Tukey test at a 5% significance.
Legend: AP – plant height at R6 phenological stage (cm); FLI – first legumeinsertion height(cm); NMS – number of nodes on the main
stem; LMS – number of legumes on the main stem; LB – number of legumeson the branches; TL – mean number of total legumes per
plant; G/L – number of grains per legume; G/P – number of grains per plant; TGW – thousand-grainweight (g); and HI – harvest index.

Ciência Rural, v.55, n.1, 2025.

 Morphological changes in soybean cultivars subjected to apical dominance removal at phenological stages. 5

the height at which the legumeis inserted (MAUAD AUTHORS’ CONTRIBUTIONS

et al., 2010), as plants have higher competition for
light, thus tending to higher growth (etiolation) and JLC and DBS conceived and designed the
experiments. JLC, GMR, BAM, and DBS performed the
shading of the lower third (CARMO et al., 2018). experiments. JLC, GMR, BAM, RLL, BDP, and DBS prepared the
The number of nodes and legumes on the draft manuscript. All authors critically reviewed the manuscript
main stem was drastically reduced byremoving the and approved its final version.
shoot apex (reaching a 38.5% and 59.2% reduction,
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