PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF WATER

COLLECTED FROM THE VICINITY OF

MAWLANA BHASHANI SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
UNIVERSITY CAMPUS AREA

AN INTERNSHIP REPORT SUBMITTED FOR THE PARTIAL

FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS OF B.Sc. (Hons.)
4th YEAR 2nd SEMESTER

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY

MAWLANA BHASHANI SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY,

SANTOSH, TANGAIL-1902

SUBMITTED BY

Md. Tanzimur Rahman Tanjil (CH 19009)

Akash Paul (CH 19010)

Dipanker Munshi (CH 19015)

Md. Rakibul Hasan Rian (CH 19016)

Shefat Jahan Sristy (CH 19018)

SESSION: 2018-2019, COURSE CODE: CHEM-4207

APRIL, 2024
 APPROVAL

This internship report entitled “Physico-Chemical Analysis of water collected from

the vicinity of Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University Campus
Area” prepared and submitted by Md. Tanzimur Rahman Tanjil (CH 19009), Akash
Paul (CH 19010), Dipanker Munshi (CH 19015), Md. Rakibul Hasan Rian (CH 19016),
Shefat Jahan Sristy (CH 19018) in the partial fulfillment for the degree of B.Sc. (Hons.)
in Chemistry is recommended for acceptance.

Supervisor

________________________________________

Muhammad Abul Kashem Liton

Associate Professor

Department of Chemistry

Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Santosh, Tangail-1902

Joint Supervisor

________________________________________

Dr. Md. Ferdous Alam

Principal Scientific Officer

NRCD, INST

Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Ganakbari, Savar, Dhaka-1349

 Approved as to the style and content by

Chairman of the Department

____________________________________________

Professor Dr. Mohammad Khademul Islam

Department of Chemistry

Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Santosh, Tangail-1902

 “DEDICATED TO MY BELOVED PARENTS,

RESPECTED TEACHERS AND ALL OF MY WELL-WISHERS”

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

To the Almighty Allah, we offer our sincere appreciation for giving us the wonderful
opportunity to work as an intern at the highly esteemed and well-equipped Atomic
Energy Research Establishment (AERE), Savar, Dhaka-1349, Bangladesh.

We would like to express our gratitude to our supervisor, Muhammad Abul Kashem
Liton, Associate Professor, Department of Chemistry, MBSTU, for his support and
encouragement during this program, as well as for his constant assistance with
productive discussions, constructive criticism, and invaluable suggestions.

We would like to extend our heartfelt gratitude to our co-supervisor, Dr. Md. Ferdous
Alam, Principal Scientific Officer, NRCD, INST, AERE, for taking the time out of his
hectic schedule to supervise. This internship has been completed successfully because
of his meticulous guidance and boundless patience.

We are very grateful to our joint supervisor, Dr. Salma Sultana, Chief Scientific
Officer and Head, NRCD, INST, AERE, for her support during the internship program.
We would also like to thank Md. Abbas Ali, Md. Tara Mia, and Md. Ajahar for their
help during the training program in the AERE.

We would like to express our humble regards to Professor Dr. Mohammad Khademul
Islam, Chairman, Department of Chemistry, Mawlana Bhashani Science and
Technology University, for his well-suited advice, wise direction, and support in
continuing our work.

We also wish to offer our respect to all of the teachers in the Department of Chemistry,
MBSTU and thankful to other members of this department for their excellent
cooperation with us.

Md. Tanzimur Rahman Tanjil (CH 19009)

Akash Paul (CH 19010)
Dipanker Munshi (CH 19015)
Md. Rakibul Hasan Rian (CH 19016)
Shefat Jahan Sristy (CH 19018)
Department of Chemistry, MBSTU
Session: 2018-2019
 ABSTRACT

In the present study, Physico-chemical characteristics of surface water samples

collected from 6 different locations around MBSTU campus area have been assessed.
Physico-chemical characterization of different parameters of different samples was
done using standard methods. Among the physical parameters we have determined pH,
EC, TDS, salinity, resistivity, temperature. We also determined the total hardness, total
alkalinity, amount of calcium (Ca2+), chloride (Cl-), nitrate (NO3-), sulphate (SO42-) and
silica (SiO2). The analysis of the examined water quality parameters showed that the
physico-chemical parameters were found to be at or above the standard values in certain
places, offering a risk to public health as well as issues with agriculture, industry, and
the environment while the maximum water quality parameters were existed within the
permissible limits of World Health Organization (WHO) and Bangladesh Bureau of
Statistics (BBS) Guideline.

VI
 ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE REPORT

MBSTU Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University

BSMRH Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Hall

AERE Atomic Energy Research Establishment

INST Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology

NRCD Nuclear and Radiation Chemistry Division

WHO World Health Organization

BBS Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics

DW Drinking Water

PW Pond Water

RW River Water

CW Cannel Water

TW Tubewell Water

HW Hall Water

EC Electrical Conductivity

TDS Total Dissolved Solid

TH Total Hardness

TA Total Alkalinity

NA Not Available

ND Not Detected

VII
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

APPROVAL ................................................................................................................. II

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .......................................................................................... V

ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................... VI

ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE REPORT ...................................................... VII

INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................ 1

1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 2

1.1 Atomic Energy Research Establishment (AERE), Savar, Dhaka .................. 3

1.1.1 History.................................................................................................... 3

1.1.2 Institutes / Units in AERE ...................................................................... 4

1.2 General Remarks ............................................................................................ 4

1.2.1 Water ...................................................................................................... 4

1.2.2 Distribution of water on earth ................................................................ 5

1.2.3 Types of water ........................................................................................ 6

1.2.4 Properties of water ................................................................................. 9

1.2.5 Sources of Water .................................................................................. 10

1.2.6 Quality of water ................................................................................... 15

1.2.7 Guideline values for contaminants in drinking water: ......................... 15

1.3 Aims and Objectives of this work ................................................................ 17

REVIEW OF LITERATURE ................................................................................... 18

2 Review of Literature ............................................................................................ 19

MATERIALS AND METHODS ............................................................................... 24

3 Materials and Methods ......................................................................................... 25

3.1 Sampling ...................................................................................................... 25

3.1.1 Sampling Area ...................................................................................... 25

VIII
 3.2 Reagents and Glasswares ............................................................................. 26

3.3 Instrumentation ............................................................................................ 27

3.4 Physical Analysis of Collected Water Sample ............................................. 27

3.4.1 Analysis of pH ..................................................................................... 27

3.4.2 Analysis of Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solid (TDS),

Temperature, Salinity and Resistivity .................................................................. 28

3.5 Chemical Analysis of Collected Water Sample ........................................... 28

3.5.1 Determinations of Total Alkalinity ...................................................... 28

3.5.2 Determinations of Total Hardness (TH)............................................... 30

3.5.3 Analysis of Chloride (Cl-) by using Argentometric Method ................ 31

3.5.4 Analysis of Nitrate (NO3-) by using Spectrophotometry Method ........ 33

3.5.5 Analysis of Sulfate (SO42-) by using Turbidimetric Method ............... 34

3.5.6 Analysis of Phosphate (PO43-) by Spectrophotometry Method ........... 35

3.5.7 Analysis of Silica (SiO2) by using Spectrophotometry Method .......... 36

3.5.8 Analysis of Calcium (Ca2+) by using Titrimetric Method ................... 37

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ................................................................................. 38

4 Results and Discussion ........................................................................................ 39

4.1 Physical Parameters Characterization of water sample ............................... 39

4.1.1 pH ......................................................................................................... 39

4.1.2 Electrical Conductivity (EC)................................................................ 40

4.1.3 Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) ................................................................ 40

4.1.4 Salinity ................................................................................................. 41

4.1.5 Resistivity ............................................................................................ 42

4.2 Chemical Characteristics of water sample ................................................... 42

4.2.1 Total Hardness (TH) ............................................................................ 42

4.2.2 Total Alkalinity (TA) ............................................................................ 44

IX
 4.2.3 Chloride (Cl-) ....................................................................................... 45

4.2.4 Nitrate (NO3 -) ...................................................................................... 47

4.2.5 Sulfate (SO4 2-) ..................................................................................... 48

4.2.6 Phosphate (PO43-) ................................................................................. 49

4.2.7 Silica (SiO2) ......................................................................................... 50

4.2.8 Calcium (Ca2+) ..................................................................................... 51

CONCLUSION .......................................................................................................... 54

REFERENCES........................................................................................................... 56

X
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1: Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, AERE, Savar, Dhaka........... 3

Figure 1.2: Water Distribution on Earth......................................................................... 5

Figure 1.3: Tap Water ..................................................................................................... 6

Figure 1.4: Mineral Water .............................................................................................. 6

Figure 1.5: Spring Water ................................................................................................ 7

Figure 1.6: Well Water ................................................................................................... 7

Figure 1.7: Distilled Water ............................................................................................. 8

Figure 1.8: Sparkling Water ........................................................................................... 9

Figure 1.9: Rivers of Bangladesh................................................................................. 12

Figure 1.10: Ground Water .......................................................................................... 13

Figure 3.1: The Pre-sampling procedures .................................................................... 25

Figure 3.2: HI-2211 Hanna Bench Top pH Meter ....................................................... 27

Figure 3.3: HANNA HI5522 Benchtop EC/TDS/Salinity/Resistivity Meter .............. 28

Figure 4.1: The pH values of different water samples ................................................. 40

Figure 4.2: The EC values of different water samples ................................................. 40

Figure 4.3: The TDS values of different water samples .............................................. 41

Figure 4.4: The Salinity of different water samples..................................................... 41

Figure 4.5: Amount of Chloride in different water samples ........................................ 46

Figure 4.6: Calibration Curve for Nitrate .................................................................... 47

Figure 4.7: Amount of Nitrate in different water samples ........................................... 47

Figure 4.8: Calibration Curve for Sulfate .................................................................... 48

Figure 4.9: Amount of Sulfate in different water samples ........................................... 48

Figure 4.10: Calibration Curve for Phosphate ............................................................. 49

Figure 4.11: Amount of Phosphate in different water samples .................................... 49

XI
Figure 4.12: Calibration Curve for Silica .................................................................... 50

Figure 4.13: Amount of Silica in different water samples ........................................... 50

Figure 4.14: Amount of Calcium in different water samples ....................................... 52

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1.1: World Health Organization (WHO) and Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics
(BBS) contaminants in drinking water. ................................................................ 16

Table 3.1: The locations of collected water samples ................................................... 26

Table 3.2: The Total Hardness scale ............................................................................ 30

Table 4.1: The physical parameter data of collected water sample. ............................ 39

Table 4.2: Titration data for Total Hardness of collected water samples. .................... 42

Table 4.3: Hardness of water samples .......................................................................... 43

Table 4.4: The titration value of the Total Alkalinity from collected water samples. .. 44

Table 4.5: Titration data for determination of Chloride (Cl-) from collected water
samples. ................................................................................................................ 45

Table 4.6: Titration data for determination of Calcium (Ca2+) from collected water
samples ................................................................................................................. 51

XII
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Chapter One Introduction

1 Introduction

Before graduating, an internship provides an invaluable opportunity for students to

network and establish significant career connections. It is an experiential learning
opportunity. Students enrolled in this training program must leave university in order
to apply what they have learnt to the organization afterward. Chemistry students benefit
greatly from it since it helps them apply their knowledge in real-world situations,
teaches them how to be productive and prevent mistakes, and instills in them the
confidence that they can make a difference. In general, universities of Bangladesh
undergo their internship course in the final year. In that way, the Department of
chemistry, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University (MBSTU) has used
this internship course as a technique and approach to evaluating their students
technically before they graduate with a bachelor's degree. It is a part of the syllabus and
one of the important subjects for all students of the chemistry department as a condition
for obtaining a certificate of bachelor's degree. Hence, for performing this training
course, we have sought and found a place to undergo our internship in Atomic Energy
Research and Establishment (AERE). This organization provides students with learning
opportunities in the workplace to receive practical experience to develop knowledge.
We have done our internship in that organization (AERE) in the final year for four
weeks. After four weeks of internship, we returned to university with the experience of
technological knowledge, teamwork, procedure, receiving training on safety
techniques, testing various materials, etc. we also learned deep knowledge for using
different chemical instruments and gather knowledge for outlining new research which
beneficial to our country. The journey was not very smooth. In this journey, industries
and other sectors are anterior various technological and scientific problems. By
developing technology, supplying governments and non-governmental organizations
with analytical help, and transferring created technologies to entrepreneurs for
commercialization, AERE is making a significant contribution to the nation's economy.
The country's entrepreneurship is boosted by AERE laboratories. A research complex
was to be established to produce resource individuals with training. These research
programs results have already shown to be profitable. Several individual business
owners have expressed a strong desire to use these findings for profit.

2|Page
Chapter One Introduction

1.1 Atomic Energy Research Establishment (AERE), Savar, Dhaka

Atomic Energy Research Establishment (AERE) is a major research set-up of

Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission (BAEC) for peaceful application of nuclear
energy in various fields of physical, biological and engineering sciences. AERE planned
in 1974 and came into existence in 1975 by the acquisition of 259 acres of land at
Ganakbari, Savar which is about 40 km away from Dhaka City and about 4km north of
National Martyrs’ Memorial at Savar. The AERE started its journey as a development
project and the development process is going on.

Figure 1.1: Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, AERE, Savar, Dhaka.

1.1.1 History

President Sheikh Mujibur Rahman ordered the establishment of an atomic research

institute on 27 January 1973. Most of the research centers and educational institutions
of Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission were in West Pakistan. After the Bangladesh
Liberation war, Bangladesh only possessed were Atomic Energy Centre in
Dhaka, Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture and three nuclear medical
centers. Atomic Energy Research Establishment was established in 1975 at
Ganakbari, Savar Upazila, Bangladesh. It was placed under the administration of
Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, which had been facing manpower shortages
since the Independence of Bangladesh in 1971.

3|Page
Chapter One Introduction

In 1986 a 3MWth TRIGA Mark-II research reactor was added to the establishment. The
institution campus also has an AERE clinic, a Central Administration Division building,
and a Central Finance and Accounts Division building. In 1999 the plan was placed to
build Energy Unit, Central Engineering Workshop, and Central Library to add to the
establishment.

1.1.2 Institutes / Units in AERE

At present, thirteen research institutes are housed in AERE compound that are
conducting research and development activities mainly by using peaceful application
of nuclear energy and technology. The research Institutes are as follows:

1. Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology (INST)

2. Institute of Food and Radiation Biology (IFRB)
3. Institute of Electronics (IE)
4. Institute of Computer Science (ICS)
5. Center for Research Reactor (CRR)
6. Institute of Nuclear Minerals (INM)
7. Institute of Tissue Banking and Biomaterial Research (ITBBR)
8. Institute of Energy Science (IES)
9. Institute of Radiation and Polymer Technology (IRPT)
10. Central Engineering Facilities (CEF)
11. Scientific Information Unit (SIU)
12. Training Institute (TI)
13. Nuclear Medical Physics Institute (NMPI)

1.2 General Remarks

1.2.1 Water

Of all the natural resources, water is unarguably the most essential and appreciated. Life
began in water and the spirit is nurtured by water. It is a universal solvent and as a
solvent, it provides the ionic balance and nutrients, which support all forms of life.
Water is one of the most abundant resources on Earth, covering three-fourths of the
planet’s surface [1]. Water is fundamental to life on our planet, but this precious
resource is increasingly in demand and under threat. In the world, human beings are
under terrific threat concerning unwanted changes in the characteristics like the
physical, chemical and biological status of water, air and soil. Water is one of the most

4|Page
Chapter One Introduction

important and copious components of the ecosystem. All living organisms on the earth
need water for their existence and growth [2]. Life and health depend on freshwater,
which is an important topic of public health and welfare [3]. About 71 percent of the
Earth's surface is covered with water, but only 2.5% of this amount can be considered
freshwater. Water contamination is a common problem all over the world due to
geological and anthropogenic activities. For drinking, domestic, agricultural, or
industrial purposes, it is indispensable to test the water for estimating different physic-
chemical parameters before it is used as most of the population is dependent on
groundwater as the only source of drinking water supply. Groundwater is believed to
be comparatively much cleaner and free from pollution than surface water. But
prolonged discharge of industrial effluents, domestic sewage and solid waste dump
causes the groundwater to become polluted and created health problems. The problems
of groundwater quality are much more acute in areas that are densely populated, thickly
industrialized and have shallow groundwater tables [4].

1.2.2 Distribution of water on earth

The distribution of water on the Earth’s surface is extremely uneven. Only 3% of the
water on the surface is fresh; the remaining 97% resides in the ocean. Of freshwater,
69% resides in glaciers, 30% underground, and less than 1% is in lakes, rivers, and
swamps. Looked at another way, only one percent of the water on the Earth’s surface is
usable by humans, and 99% of the usable quantity is situated underground. Earth’s
oceans contain 97% of the planet's water, so just 3% is fresh water, water with low
concentrations of salts.

Figure 1.2: Water Distribution on Earth

Most fresh water is trapped as ice in the vast glaciers and ice sheets of Greenland. A
storage location for water such as an ocean, glacier, pond, or even the atmosphere is

5|Page
Chapter One Introduction

known as a reservoir' A water molecule may pass through a reservoir very quickly or
may remain for much longer. The amount of time a molecule stays in a reservoir is
known as its residence time.

1.2.3 Types of water

Water can be distinguished by its source, content, treatment, and consistency.

1.2.3.1 Tap water

The water that comes straight out of the faucet is known as tap water, and it may or may
not be safe to drink. It is frequently used for cleaning, cooking, gardening, and laundry,
among other home tasks. It must adhere to the rules established by the regional
municipal authorities.

Figure 1.3: Tap Water

1.2.3.2 Mineral water

Water that naturally includes minerals is known as mineral water. Because it comes
from subterranean sources, it is abundant in minerals including manganese, calcium,
and magnesium. The water cannot have any more minerals added to it.

Figure 1.4: Mineral Water

6|Page
Chapter One Introduction

Additionally, the water cannot be treated in any way prior to bottling, with the exception
of certain limited processes like carbonation and the removal of iron or manganese. It
has a reputation for being healthy drinking water because of the needed minerals.
Different brands of mineral water may include different amounts of minerals; some may
contain more than others. The water has a distinctively saline taste due to the minerals
present.

1.2.3.3 Spring water

Rainwater that has collected below ground often has a tendency to "leak" out as a spring
or puddle. Since natural spring water is underground and not filtered by a communal
water system, it is nevertheless regarded as safe for human consumption.

Figure 1.5: Spring Water

1.2.3.4 Well water

Rain causes water to flow down and seep through the soil's internal fissures, below the
surface, creating underground lakes. This gradually occurs in rural areas where water
extracted from deep wells, a source of water. Direct groundwater extraction and
transportation to the source of human water supply is accomplished via deep wells.

Figure 1.6: Well Water

7|Page
Chapter One Introduction

1.2.3.5 Purified water

Water that has undergone purification treatment at a plant after being extracted from its
source is known as purified water. To make something fit for drinking and other uses,
it must be purified by eliminating all microorganisms, impurities, and dissolved
substances. To have clean water to drink, we may either install a water filter at home or
buy it from the shops.

1.2.3.6 Distilled Water

Distilled water, also known as demineralized water, has undergone reverse osmosis and
distillation to eliminate all of its minerals and salt. Although it is a pure type of water,
drinking it is generally not advised. As a result of this procedure, the water loses most
of its natural minerals and becomes devoid of all salts, which can lead to mineral
shortages. If you drink this water, you can lose magnesium, potassium, sodium, and
chloride rapidly.

Figure 1.7: Distilled Water

1.2.3.7 Sparkling water

Sparkling water is simply regular water that has been carbonated to give it the same
fizziness as sodas. Sparkling water is created by adding carbon dioxide to any type of
water, including spring, filtered, or even mineral water.

8|Page
Chapter One Introduction

Figure 1.8: Sparkling Water

1.2.4 Properties of water

When looking at Earth from space, it seems blue. The majority of the world is covered
with water, which gives the color blue its hue. Since we use water for nearly
everything—drinking, bathing, cooking, etc.—we ought to be aware of its
characteristics. The human body is made of water to a degree of 65. For life to exist on
Earth, water is necessary. Earth's surface has an unequal distribution of water. It
dissolves practically all polar solutes and creates a significant solvent. So let's examine
its characteristics and determine why it is significant.

1.2.4.1 Physical Properties of Water

Water has many unique physical properties. It exists in all three physical states of
matter: solid, liquid and gas at atmospheric temperatures & pressures. Water has a very
high specific heat capacity and a high heat of vaporization. Both properties arise due to
extensive hydrogen bonding between water molecules [5]. Water's very high specific
heat capacity is a good medium for spreading the earth's heat. Water has high density,
which depends on the dissolved solids and temperature of the water. Water is physically
unique because it is less dense as solid (ice) than as a liquid. The maximum density of
liquid water occurs at 40° C [6]. Because of its molecules' strong cohesion, water has a
higher surface tension than other liquids. Water can pass through plant roots thanks to
a process called capillary action, which is facilitated by surface tension. One substance
where a solid state can float on top of a liquid state is water. Intermolecular hydrogen
bonds between water molecules give rise to a number of characteristics of water,
including its viscosity, melting and boiling points, and gradual heating and cooling
rates. Water has a dielectric constant that is high. Water vaporizes at a very high

9|Page
Chapter One Introduction

temperature as well. Most gases, including O2, CO2, N2, H2, SO3, and NH3, can dissolve
in water.

1.2.4.2 Chemical Properties of Water

Water's capacity to function as both a base and an acid (a proton donor) is one of its
most significant chemical characteristics (a proton acceptor). It is the characteristic that
distinguishes amphoteric compounds. Water is perfect for life because of its numerous
special qualities. Water is a chemical compound with the formula H2O that has a curved
structure. Because of hydrogen bonding, which produces a positive electrical charge in
each hydrogen atom and a negative charge in each oxygen atom, water molecules are
polar and remain liquid at normal temperature. Although water is thermally stable, it
separates into glasses of hydrogen and oxygen at higher temperatures. A very little
amount of ionization can occur in water, but in pure water, the proportions of hydronium
and hydroxide ions are equal. Pure water is hence neutral. Being an amphoteric
molecule, water may function as both a base and an acid. Water functions as an
oxidizing agent by oxidizing carbon to carbon monoxide and a reducing agent by
reducing chlorine gas to hydrogen chloride.

1.2.5 Sources of Water

1.2.5.1 Surface Water

Surface water refers to water that is visible on the Earth's surface, such as in lakes,
rivers, streams, wetlands, and oceans. It is a critical resource for a variety of purposes,
including drinking, irrigation, navigation, fishing, and recreation. In Bangladesh,
surface water is used for drinking purposes, farming, and fishing. Mills and industries
are dumping chemical and hazardous wastes into numerous rivers posing health risks
to people. Since the dawn of society and progress, threats continue to exist side by side
with development initiatives. As a young delta, the river channels are constantly shifting
[3]. According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), surface
water accounts for approximately 1% of the Earth's total water resources. It is
continuously replenished by precipitation and runoff from the land, and it is the source
of approximately 60% of the water used in the United States. One of the key factors
affecting surface water quality is the presence of pollutants. Pollutants can come from
a variety of sources, including agricultural runoff, industrial discharge, and municipal
wastewater. These pollutants can have a significant impact on aquatic ecosystems, as

10 | P a g e
Chapter One Introduction

well as human health and the economy. The management of surface water resources
involves a variety of activities, including monitoring and assessing water quality,
regulating and permitting activities that may impact water quality, and developing
strategies for protecting and restoring aquatic ecosystems. This requires coordination
among various stakeholders, including government agencies, industry and the public.
In addition to its importance for human and environmental health, surface water also
plays a critical role in the water cycle. It serves as a primary source of water for plants
and animals, and it helps to regulate global climate patterns by absorbing and releasing
heat.

1.2.5.1.1 River Water

River valleys provide transport routes, are significant sites of culture, and have
excellent agricultural land due to their alluvial soils. Rivers that can be navigated are
crucial for trade and have shaped city locations. Nearly every significant town, city, and
commercial district in Bangladesh is situated alongside a river. For example, Dhaka is
situated alongside the Buriganga, Narayanganj beside the Shitalakshya, Chittagong
beside the Karnafuli, and Mymensingh beside the Brahmaputra. Waterways with
adequate volume, speed, and slope can generate hydroelectric power. The Karnafuli
river in the Chittagong region is used to generate hydroelectricity at Kaptai. Bangladesh
has predominantly four major river systems - (1) the Brahmaputra-Jamuna, (2) the
Ganges-Padma, (3) the Surma-Meghna, and (4) the Chittagong region river system.
However, the Brahmaputra is the 22nd longest (2,850 km) and the Ganges is the 30th
longest (2,510 km) river in the world. Once, the rivers of Bangladesh were its lifeblood,
but pollution is now a major national problem, mainly owing to the ever-increasing
development activities surrounding riverbank areas that lack appropriate environmental
protection. Such rivers are vast reservoirs for numerous fish and different aquatic
species. The river water is utilized inconceivably for maintaining the water system,
energy generation, navigation, amusement, and numerous industrial and domestic
purposes. Changes in the quality of inland surface water are typically caused by
industrial operations and seasonal variations in river flow. Rapid and unplanned urban
sprawl, industrial growth, and population pressure have made the city an
environmentally polluted area. The waterways of Bangladesh have become more
polluted due to the excessive usage of pesticides in the surrounding river lands,

11 | P a g e
Chapter One Introduction

unrestricted urbanization, lack of well-planned construction along riverbanks, and

population expansion [3].

Figure 1.9: Rivers of Bangladesh

In central Dhaka, the Dhaleshwari River is one of the main distributaries on the left
bank of the Jamuna River, which has a length of 160 km and an average depth of around
37 m. In its surrounding territories, this river makes a significant contribution to socio-
economic development. The Dhaleshwari receives substantial amounts of municipal
waste, surface runoff, unregulated industrial waste, and directly or indirectly treated
sewage waste from Savar City. These contaminants pollute the river water making it

12 | P a g e
Chapter One Introduction

unsuitable for use and harming aquatic life forms. Most notably, the physicochemical
quality of the river has deteriorated, and most of the water quality parameters do not
meet the minimum standard guidelines for safe drinking water by World Health
Organization (WHO). Contaminated water intake may be associated with several
illnesses such as cancer, congenital abnormalities, central nervous system problems,
endocrine system disturbance and heart disease. Blue baby diseases, gastric cancer, and
other disorders are also associated with nitrate and nitrite-contaminated water diseases.
Biological diversity as well as other aquatic communities, including fish, is declining,
putting the rivers of Dhaka, such as Dhaleshwari, at risk of becoming “dead” rivers in
the coming days [3].

1.2.5.2 Ground Water

Soil holes and cracks in rock formations contain groundwater beneath the surface of
the Earth. It serves as the main supply of water for domestic, industrial, agricultural,
and drinking purposes in many nations. Especially in Asia's growing agricultural
economy, it is an essential resource for the food security and livelihoods of billions of
people.

Globally, groundwater supplies approximately 50% of the current potable water supply,
40% of industrial water demand, and 20% of irrigation water [5]. In Asia and the
Pacific, approximately 32% of the population uses groundwater as a source of drinking
water [6].

Figure 1.10: Ground Water

13 | P a g e
Chapter One Introduction

It is a critical component of socio-economic development because water is required in

all aspects of life, and the multi-sectorial natural development of water sources, as well
as sanitation, agriculture, industry, urban development, hydropower generation,
transportation, recreation, low and flat land management, and other activities, must be
recognized [7]. Groundwater has some important advantages over surface water as a
source of water supply: it is generally of higher quality, is better protected from possible
pollution including infection, is less subject to seasonal and perennial fluctuations, is
much more uniformly distributed over large areas than surface water, is readily
available where it is needed, and usually requires less treatment before use, even for
drinking and other potable purposes [8].Groundwater contamination occurs when man-
made products such as gasoline, oil, road salts and chemicals get into the groundwater
and cause it to become unsafe and unfit for human use. Materials from the land’s surface
can move through the soil and end up in the groundwater. For example, pesticides and
fertilizers can find their way into groundwater supplies over time. Road salt, toxic
substances from mining sites, and used motor oil also may seep into groundwater. In
addition, it is possible for untreated waste from septic tanks and toxic chemicals from
underground storage tanks and leaky landfills to contaminate groundwater.

1.2.5.3 Rain Water

Rainwater is a natural source of water that falls from the sky in the form of rain, snow,
sleet or hail. Rainwater harvesting is the process of collecting and storing rainwater for
later use. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), rainwater harvesting
can be a cost effective and sustainable solution to address water scarcity in many parts
of the world. Rainwater harvesting was the main source of water supply for potable and
non-potable uses in the old days because the water supply systems were not developed
yet. The method of harvesting rainwater at that time was simple and primary. The usage
of the collected water volume from rainwater harvesting was direct and without any
treatment. The rainwater was mostly collected from roofs, and some was collected
directly. Based on the size of the catchment, rainwater harvesting systems can be
divided into medium and small. The medium size is a system that collects rainwater
from catchment areas in educational institutions, airports, army camps, and others.
Small systems collect rainwater from the roof of houses. Water can be also collected
from open areas and stored in a depression of land or basins. The storage from the
rainwater harvesting system can be used for portable and non-potable uses. It is

14 | P a g e
Chapter One Introduction

preferable to integrate the rainwater harvesting systems with the existing conventional
water supply systems. This will help to meet the increasing demand for water supply
and contribute to the sustainability of the water supply. Many countries around the
world are still promoting the usage of harvested rainwater for potable and non-potable
uses. Examples of these countries are the USA, Germany, Australia, China, and Japan.
The volume of rainwater collected is different from place to place. For example, based
on a pilot project in Zambia, Africa, a volume of 10m3 of rainwater was collected
annually [9].

1.2.6 Quality of water

The term "water quality" describes the physical, chemical, and biological properties of
water according to usage requirements. Consider water quality as an indicator of how
suitable the water is for a certain purpose based on certain physical, chemical, and
biological properties. Numerous parameters are used to measure the quality of water,
including the amount of dissolved oxygen in the water, the number of bacteria present,
the salinity or salt content of the water and the amounts of suspended particles
(turbidity). Water quality in some bodies of water can also be assessed by measuring
the amounts of pesticides, herbicides, heavy metals, and other toxins, as well as the
quantity of tiny algae. It is not easy to state if water is excellent or terrible, even though
scientific measurements are employed to describe water quality. Therefore, the decision
is usually based on the use of the water: is it intended for irrigation, drinking, or some
other purpose? People's health may be at risk from low-quality water. Ecosystems may
also be in danger of health problems due to poor water quality.

1.2.7 Guideline values for contaminants in drinking water:

Since water is necessary for life, everyone must have access to a sufficient (appropriate,
safe, and accessible) supply. There are observable health benefits to expanding access
to clean drinking water. Water that meets safety standards can be used for all routine
household needs, including personal hygiene. Packaged water and ice meant for human
consumption are covered by the standards. Higher-quality water might be needed,
nevertheless, in some unique situations, such as renal dialysis and contact lens cleaning,
or for specific uses in the manufacturing of food and medication. Drinking water
pollution may give rise to a significant number of grave health risks. Generally, the

15 | P a g e
Chapter One Introduction

quality of groundwater is compared to drinking water standards established by national

and international organizations to ascertain whether it is fit for human consumption.

Table 1.1: World Health Organization (WHO) and Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics
(BBS) contaminants in drinking water.

Standard Values given by Organizations

Parameters
WHO BBS

pH 6.5-8.0 6.5-8.5

EC 750 μS/cm 2000 μS/cm

TDS 1000 mg/L 1000 mg/L

Hardness 200-500 mg/L 200 mg/L

Alkalinity 100 mg/L 20-220 mg/L

Calcium 75 mg/L 75 mg/L

Magnesium 50 mg/L 35 mg/L

Chloride 250 mg/L 600 mg/L

Nitrate 10 mg/L 45 mg/L

Sulfate 250 mg/L 400 mg/L

Silica 100 mg/L 100 mg/L

Iron 0.3 mg/L 0.5 mg/L

Arsenic 0.01 mg/L 0.05 mg/L

Phosphate 5.0 mg/L 6.0 mg/L

16 | P a g e
Chapter One Introduction

1.3 Aims and Objectives of this work

The purpose of this study is to comprehensively analyze the physico-chemical

characteristics of different ground and surface water sources. Specific objectives
include:

a) Assessing the quality of ground and surface water in various geographical

locations around MBSTU campus area.
b) Identifying potential sources of contamination affecting water quality.
c) Investigating patterns and trends in physico-chemical parameters among
different water sources.
d) Evaluating the suitability of water for various purposes such as drinking,
agricultural, and industrial use.
e) Providing valuable insights for water resource management, environmental
conservation, and public health protection efforts.
f) Contributing to the body of knowledge concerning water quality assessment and
facilitating evidence-based decision-making by policymakers, researchers, and
stakeholders.

Overall, the study aims to enhance understanding of ground and surface water quality,
identify areas of concern, and inform strategies for sustainable water management and
conservation.

17 | P a g e
 CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Chapter Two Review of Literature

2 Review of Literature

A few papers pertaining to the physico-chemical traits and features are included in this
section. In noninitial districts, a study was carried out to evaluate the groundwater's
suitability for irrigation and drinking uses (Uttarakhand, India), Pre- and post-monsoon
seasons saw the collection of fourteen groundwater samples, which were then examined
for a variety of water quality elements. In order to assess the hydro-chemical and
bacteriological data, BBS and WHO standards were consulted. According to the study,
around 10% of the samples had total dissolved solids concentrations over the desired
limit of 500 mg/L, approximately 30% had alkalinity values over the acceptable limit
of 200 mg/L, and 15% had total hardness values over the desirable limit of 300 mg/L.
The hand pump and tube well water samples did not exhibit any signs of bacterial
contamination, according to the bacteriological investigation of the samples. Three
distinct techniques were used to examine the iron concentration of groundwater samples
collected from different locations within AERE Bangladesh: titrimetric methods,
atomic absorption spectrophotometry, and UV-visible spectrophotometry. Ten samples
of groundwater were taken and examined. The ranges for iron content determined by
titrimetric, UV-visible spectrophotometry, and atomic absorption spectrophotometry
were 0.052-5.890 ppm, 0.0606-6.060 ppm, and 0.139-50584 ppm, respectively.
Samples of drinking water from open wells and hand tube wells in the Indian village of
Doe Singh Khera, Uttar Pradesh, have been analyzed by Pandey et al. The
physiochemical, microbiological, and metal properties of the samples, as well as their
impact on public health, were examined. The data analysis showed that while Cl-, SO42-
, and other metals were within the WHO-recommended permitted levels for drinking
water, pH, TDS, NO3-, F-, Pb, Fe, coliform, and fecal coliform bacteria were beyond
the maximum permissible limits for drinking water. The town may have fluorosis
disease as a result of the high F-content found in drinking water sources, hand pumps,
and open wells.

In order to evaluate the chemical quality of water that was collected from sources of
water supply in Cambodia, Feldman et al.44 conducted a study. The most significant
metric of health and aesthetic concern, according to the results, was dissolved arsenic.
In numerous densely inhabited locations, elevated amounts of arsenic (some above 500
ug/L) were found in moderately deep aquifers, indicating the need for additional
research to determine whether arsenic pollution occurs in this region.

19 | P a g e
Chapter Two Review of Literature

Manganese, fluoride, and nitrate are other pollutants that pose health risks. Aesthetic
concerns about iron, manganese, hardness, and total dissolved solids have also had a
negative effect on many groundwater sources. Customers have rejected recently
installed water supplies due to elevated levels of these parameters, frequently choosing
surface water sources that were unsuitable for consumption due to bacteria.

Rahman et al. carried out a study to assess the Tongi Thana drinking water quality in
Bangladesh's Gazipur district. pH, EC, TDS, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, P, As,
HCO3-, CI-, SO42-, and NO3- were measured among the parameters. Since every water
sample was alkaline, it was referred to as fresh water. The amounts of As, Fe, Zn, Cu,
P, Cl-, NO3-, and SO42- in water samples were under the "acceptable level," meaning
that no ionic toxicity was present, according to drinking water standards.

An investigation on the hydro-chemical process and quality of groundwater from a

structurally deformed granitic terrain in Hyderabad, India, was conducted using
geochemical methods. To determine whether water was suitable for drinking and
agriculture, a number of trace elements (Fe, Mn, Be, Al, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Sr,
Mo, Cd, Sb, Ba, Pb, and U) as well as main ions and minor elements were accurately
measured in shallow and dug wells. While several trace elements (Fe, Mn, Al, Be, Co,
Pb, U, and Zn) altered in dug wells and bore wells, analytical data revealed that pH and
main ion chemistry did not change appreciably. Although it was proven that the water
was safe to drink, it wasn't.

Twenty hand pumps from Puskar, a holy town, were the subject of a physicochemical
and bacteriological analysis. The outcome's potability was assessed by comparing it to
IS: 10500, 1993 requirements. The bacteriological potability of six samples was
determined. While hand pumps located distant from Sarovar and in densely populated
areas have greater sodium concentrations along with nitrate concentrations, the hand
pumps in the research region close to Puskar Savorer have better quality. Every pair of
physicochemical properties that might possibly exist has correlations determined. For
TDS, total alkalinity, total hardness, chloride, and sulfate, the correlation coefficient
between EC and calcium is at its highest (>9.0). Since groundwater quality monitoring
requires quick assessments, a linear regression model was created for these two
parameters. A trilinear diagram was created for the geochemical properties of
groundwater. It was evident from the piping diagram that the predominant ions in the
groundwater are sulfate, chloride, and sodium.

20 | P a g e
Chapter Two Review of Literature

In a study, the water drinking habits of a Bangladeshi rural population afflicted by

arsenic were examined. The study's conclusions probably helped estimate the risk
associated with looking into drinking water toxins like arsenic. In all, 640 people took
part in this cross-sectional study, which examined how arsenic affects Bangladesh's
rural population. The study indicated that the average daily consumption of water for
drinking purposes was 73.04 ml/kg/d (71.24-74.84 ml/kg/d), greater than the
consumption of water by the populations of Taiwan and the US. The significantly higher
lifetime cancer mortality and other morbidity risks from arsenic among the Bangladeshi
population compared to the US or Taiwanese populations may be caused by this
differential in per capita drinking water usage. Cooking water also containing arsenic
was studied, which might potentially raise the risk even further. The study's conclusions
demonstrated the pressing need for Bangladesh to implement a comprehensive water
supply program, with a focus on the population most impacted by arsenic.

An assessment of the groundwater quality in Pulutan in Bangladesh's Mymensingh

district was carried out. The following parameters were measured in water samples
taken from 14 deep tube wells: pH, EC, TDS, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe, P, B, NO3-, SO42-
, CI-, CO2, and HCO3-. The region's groundwater might be used for long-term irrigation
without risk. But given the concentration of Fe, some of those could not be appropriate
for industrial or drinking usage.

Bangladesh is a riverine country having approximately 230 large and small rivers.
These rivers are large reservoirs of a wide variety of fish species and other aquatic
resources. The river water is used vastly for irrigation, electricity generation,
navigation, recreation and many industrial and domestic purposes. However, the
excessive use of various agrochemicals in the nearby lands of the rivers, uncontrolled
urbanization, lack of well-planned development on the river banks, rapid
industrialization and population growth are increasingly polluted the rivers of
Bangladesh. Many publications are available around the world describing the heavy
metal contamination of water; their effect on human health risk, corrosion; scaling
tendency. Some of them are briefly discussed in this report. Due to the number of
references collected from various sources, also some lacks; emission is possible.

Bhatnagar and Singh (2010) studied the primary production and fish production
patterns in village ponds under different management practices. With a more or less
narrow range of primary production, varying fish production and growth rates were

21 | P a g e
Chapter Two Review of Literature

recorded, indicating the influence of a combination of environmental and management

factors. Sudden and considerable fluctuations in dissolved oxygen concentration and
pH impair the proper functioning of other trophic communities, supported the
dominance of decomposition processes, i.e., anaerobiosis, and lead to further
degradation and loss of the control functions of the whole water ecosystem. The
increased organic load can be considered a general signal of reaching the instability of
the aquatic ecosystem and a decrease in production efficiency [10].

A few students of Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University were analysis
the Physicochemical Parameters, Anions and Major Heavy Metals of the Dhaleshwari
River Water, Tangail, Bangladesh. Their study was conducted at the three selected
locations of the Dhaleshwari River from March to May 2016 for physicochemical
parameters: color, odor, temperature, pH, DO, BOD, EC, TDS; anions: F-, CI-, Br-, NO3,
NO2- , SO4- , and PO43- and major heavy metals: Pb, Cd, Cr, Hg and As to estimate the
current water pollution profile of the river. The analysis results of the water body
regarding the studied water quality parameters revealed that the quality of water in the
selected regions of the Dhaleshwari River is almost suitable for fishing, domestic and
irrigation purposes. The water is safe for aquatic biota and human beings and also for
industrial use without further treatment. Although adequate measures and treatment
should be carried out in the water body for microbial contaminations before use for
human consumption [11].

Nandini (1999) studied the variations in physical and chemica1 parameters and
plankton community structure from urban-based sewage stabilization ponds in Delhi.
The quantified physicochemical variables were temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen,
soluble reactive phosphorus, total phosphorus, nitrate-nitrogen and chlorophyll-a. A
qualitative analysis of the phytoplankton in all the ponds was made. Among
zooplankton, rotífers, cladocerans, and copepods were identified and quantified. In this
study, we compare the water quality parameters of Dhaleshwari River with Nuclear
Power Plant grade water and the deviation of the result of our samples from the standard
value is assessed. Although the present situation is not serious and alarming enough,
the river water requires intensive monitoring to improve its quality for better and
sustainable management [12].

Two researchers from Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University collected
samples, during the period from April 2013 to March 2014, from five different stations

22 | P a g e
Chapter Two Review of Literature

of the Bheramara point to analyze different physicochemical parameters such as

transparency, temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids
(TDS), dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), alkalinity and
hardness. The mean values of all the water quality parameters except BOD were within
the standard level for aquatic environments. The study also depicted that the water
quality of the Padma River is much better and suitable for aquatic environments. To
maintain a sound environment and healthy ecosystem of the river, it is obvious to raise
awareness regarding water quality problems and river management through education,
monitoring and research [13].

A researcher from Jahangirnagar University investigated the seasonal variations in

physicochemical and biological aspects and to identify the quality of the water of the
Padma River at Paturia Ghat, Manikganj. It was suitable for irrigation, fisheries,
recreational, industrial and navigation purposes but not suitable for drinking purposes.
The fertility of the sediment carried out by the river was also high which was suitable
for agriculture. The present study was conducted to assess the water quality of the river
concerning physicochemical parameters, anions and major heavy metals concentrations
and to compare the findings with the surface water quality standards for Bangladesh
[14].

23 | P a g e
 CHAPTER THREE

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Chapter Three Materials and Methods

3 Materials and Methods

3.1 Sampling

A total number of 6 samples from a total of 6 locations of Mawlana Bhashani Science

and Technology University campus and nearby areas were collected in thoroughly
cleaned one 1 L capacity bottles and stored at an appropriate temperature with required
precautions till the analysis was completed.

The Pre-sampling procedures were as follows:

Wash the bottle

with Liquid Soap

Rinse with Wash with Tap

Sample Water

Clean with De- Clean With 5%

ionized Water HNO3

Figure 3.1: The Pre-sampling procedures

Precaution:

a) The Cork should be closed in such a way that there is no air or bubble inside the
bottles.
b) The bottles should be kept in a clean place to avoid contamination.

3.1.1 Sampling Area

Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University (MBSTU) is one of the leading
public University in Bangladesh. We collected the samples from MBSTU campus and
the nearby river called Louhajang river (branch of Dhaleshwari river), Tangail. The
river flows past Tangail city, Karotia and Jamurki before joining the Bangshi. The
Louhajang is linked with the Dhaleshwari. The average depth is 1 meter and maximum
depth is 3 meters.

25 | P a g e
Chapter Three Materials and Methods

Table 3.1: The locations of collected water samples

Sample ID Latitude Longitude Name of the Place

S-1 (DW) 24.233593 89.892086 First Gate, MBSTU

S-2 (PW) 24.234754 89.890390 Shahjaman Dighi, MBSTU

S-3 (RW) 24.263080 89.905633 Louhajang River, Kagmara

S-4 (CW) 24.236899 89.892271 Cannel, MBSTU

S-5 (TW) 24.235070 89.889751 Darbar Hall, MBSTU

S-6 (HW) 24.238945 89.890595 BSMRH, MBSTU

3.2 Reagents and Glasswares

▪ Reagents ▪ Glasswares

▪ 1L Plastic Bottle
▪ Standard Solution (1000 ppm)
▪ Filter Paper
▪ 5% Nitric Acid (HNO3)
▪ Funnel
▪ Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4)
▪ Filtration Stand
▪ Sodium Carbonate (Na2CO3)
▪ Measuring Cylinder
▪ Potassium Nitrate (KNO3)
▪ Volumetric Flasks
▪ Buffer Solution
▪ Pipettes (5ml, 25 ml and 50 ml)
▪ Hydrochloric Acid (HCl)
▪ Burette
▪ Silver Nitrate (AgNO3)
▪ Conical Flask
▪ Acetic Acid (CH3COOH)
▪ Beaker
▪ Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate
▪ Watch glass
▪ Potassium Chromate (K2CrO4)
▪ Spatula
▪ Ascorbic Acid Solution
▪ Micropipette
▪ Sodium EDTA (Na2- EDTA)
▪ Dropper
▪ Ammonium Molybdate
▪ Rotatory magnet
▪ Potassium Sulphate (K2SO4)
▪ Forceps
▪ Potassium Antimony Tartrate

26 | P a g e
Chapter Three Materials and Methods

3.3 Instrumentation

Instrumentation is the process of constructing research instruments that could be

used appropriately in gathering data. Selecting suitable research instrumentation is
crucial for conducting accurate and reliable experiments.

The following instruments were used in the experiments-

a) Analytical Balance
b) pH Meter
c) Electrical Conductivity Meter
d) TDS Meter
e) Thermostat
f) Digital Hotplate & Magnetic Stirrer
g) UV-Vis Spectrophotometer

3.4 Physical Analysis of Collected Water Sample

3.4.1 Analysis of pH

pH was measured using the HI-2211 Hanna Bench Top pH Meter. This is done by
dipping the electrode of the meter into the sample. The electrode was washed with
deionized water and dried with tissue paper between readings. All readings were taken
around 190C to 210C and results were tabulated in Table 4.1

Figure 3.2: HI-2211 Hanna Bench Top pH Meter

27 | P a g e
Chapter Three Materials and Methods

3.4.2 Analysis of Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solid

(TDS), Temperature, Salinity and Resistivity

Electrical Conductance (EC), Total Dissolved Solid (TDS), Salinity, and Temperature
Resistivity were measured using the HANNA HI5522 Benchtop EC / TDS / Salinity /
Resistivity Meter. The electrode of the meter was immersed into the sample contained
in a beaker. Between successive readings, the electrode was washed with deionized
water and dried with tissue paper.

Figure 3.3: HANNA HI5522 Benchtop EC/TDS/Salinity/Resistivity Meter

3.5 Chemical Analysis of Collected Water Sample

3.5.1 Determinations of Total Alkalinity

Alkalinity is a measure of the buffering capacity of water, or the capacity of bases to

neutralize acids. The presence of buffering materials helps neutralize acids as they are
added to the water. These buffering materials are primarily the bases bicarbonate
(HCO3-), and carbonate (CO32-), and occasionally hydroxide (OH-), borates, silicates,
phosphates, ammonium, sulfides, and organic ligands.

Reagents:

a) 0.02N Sodium carbonate (Na2CO3)

b) 0.02N Sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
c) Phenolphthalein Indicator
d) Methyl orange indicator

Preparation of 0.02N Sodium carbonate (Na2CO3):

0.105g Na2CO3 (MW 105.99) was taken into a 100 mL volumetric flask and up to
marked with deionized water to make sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) solution.

28 | P a g e
Chapter Three Materials and Methods

Preparation of 0.02N Sulfuric acid (H2SO4): 2.7 mL of Sulfuric acid (98%) was taken
into a 100 mL volumetric flask and up to marked with de-ionized water and obtained
N/50 or 0.02 N H2SO4.

Standardization of 0.02N H2SO4 solution by 0.02N Na2CO3 solution: At First 0.02N

H2SO4 solution was standardized by 0.02N Na2CO3 solution. 25 mL of Na2CO3 solution
was taken in a flask. Then 1-2 drops of phenolphthalein indicator were added. Then
titrated with 0.02N H2SO4.

Then using the equation and measure the actual strength of H2SO4 solution
(standardized H2SO4 solution)

𝐍𝟏 𝐍𝟐
𝐕𝟏 × = 𝐕𝟐 ×
𝐞𝟏 𝐞𝟐

Where, V1 = Volume of Na2CO3, N1 = Normality of Na2CO3, e1 = Equivalent number

of Na2CO3, V2 = Volume of H2SO4, N2 = Normality of H2SO4, e2 = Equivalent number
of H2SO4.

Procedure:

a) 50 mL of sample was taken in a conical flask. Then 2 drops of Phenolphthalein

indicator were added, the solution became pink.
b) Then titrated with 0.02N H2SO4 up to end point determination (pink to
colorless).
c) Then again 2 drops methyl orange indicator were added, the solutions became
yellow.
d) Then titrated with 0.02N H2SO4 up to end point determination (yellow to pink).
The required vol. of 0.02N H2SO4 at the first step is A and the required vol. of
0.02 N H2SO4 at the second step is B.
e) There were no changes that occurred due to the methyl orange indicator, then
B=0. So, it can be considered that CO32- ion concentration was at a very low
level which cannot be measured. So, the total alkalinity represents the
concentration of HCO3- ion in water.
f) Three replicates were used for each sample to get an accurate and précised
result.

29 | P a g e
Chapter Three Materials and Methods

Calculation:

Then using the equation and measure the total alkalinity of sample.

(𝐀 + 𝐁) × 𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐠𝐭𝐡 𝐨𝐟 𝐇𝟐 𝐒𝐎𝟒 × 𝟓𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎

𝐓𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐀𝐥𝐤𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐲 (𝐦𝐠/𝐋) =
𝐕𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 (𝐦𝐋)

Where, A = Volume required to delocalize phenolphthalein indicator.

B = Volume required at the end point using methyl orange indicator.

3.5.2 Determinations of Total Hardness (TH)

The hardness of water depends on the presence of soluble calcium and magnesium salts.
Temporary hardness is due to the presence of calcium and magnesium bicarbonates.
Permanent hardness is due to the presence of other salts of calcium and magnesium in
the water. The sum of the permanent and temporary hardness is the total hardness of
water. The total hardness scale is as follows:

Table 3.2: The Total Hardness scale

Degree of Water Hardness Dissolved conc. of Ca2+ and Mg2+ (mg/L)

Soft < 60

Moderate Hard 61 – 120

Hard 121 – 180

Very Hard >180

Reagents:

Preparation of standard Na2-EDTA (0.01M) solution: 0.93075g of analytical reagent

grade Na2 -EDTA was weighed and dissolved in deionized water in 250 mL volumetric
flask and then made up to mark with de-ionized water.

Buffer solution (pH-10): Mg-EDTA (0.50 g) and NH4Cl (7.00 g) were dissolved in 50
mL of deionized water. In this solution, 56.8 mL of concentrated Ammonia solution
was added and diluted with deionized water into a 250 mL volumetric flask.

Preparation of Eriochrome Black-T / Mordant Black indicator (0.5%): 0.5 g

Eriochrome Black-T was taken into a 100 ml volumetric flask and then made up to
mark with de-ionized water.

30 | P a g e
Chapter Three Materials and Methods

Standardization of EDTA solution:

a) 20 mL of the calcium standard solution was taken into a 250 mL conical flask
and dilute to 100 mL, preferably with deionized water.
b) 4 mL of the buffer solution and 2-3 drops of Eriochrome Black-T solution were
added.
c) The color of the solution became claret or violet.
d) Titrated with the EDTA solution, rather rapidly at the beginning and slowly
towards the end of the titration.
e) The EDTA solution was added until the color of the solution started to change
from claret or violet to blue and then to a distinct blue end point.

Procedure:

a) 25 mL of the sample was taken into a 100 mL conical flask.

b) 2 mL of buffer solution was added to each sample with a micropipette and 2-3
drops of Eriochrome Black T indicator was added to each sample with a dropper
(wine red).
c) 0.01M Na2-EDTA solution was placed into a burette and the titration was carried
out until color changes from dark purple to blue. That was the end point of the
titration. The data was recorded and tabulated in Table 4.2.

Calculation:

𝐕𝐨𝐥. 𝐨𝐟 𝐍𝐚𝟐 − 𝐄𝐃𝐓𝐀 × 𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐠𝐭𝐡 𝐨𝐟 𝐍𝐚𝟐 − 𝐄𝐃𝐓𝐀 × 𝟓𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎

𝐓𝐇(𝐦𝐠/𝐋) =
𝐕𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 (𝐦𝐋)

The overall hardness was calculated of the samples using this equation. The obtained
data was then summarized in Table 4.3.

3.5.3 Analysis of Chloride (Cl-) by using Argentometric Method

This is a titrimetric method. An indicator, potassium chromate, is added to the sample,

which loosely binds up a few chloride ions. Silver nitrate solution is then titrated into
the sample, producing the fine white precipitate, silver chloride. When all the free
chloride ions are complexed in this reaction, the silver nitrate takes the bound chloride
ions from the indicator, producing the blood red precipitate, silver chromate, marking
the end of the titration. A standard of 500 mg/L chloride ion is run along with the sample
analysis and standardized as part of the procedure.

31 | P a g e
Chapter Three Materials and Methods

Reagents:

a) AgNO3 solution: 0.59875g 0.0141N AgNO3 solution was dissolved in 250mL

de-ionized water.
b) NaCl solution: 0.206g 0.0141N NaCl Solution is dissolved in 250mL de-
ionized water.
c) 5% Potassium Chromate (K2CrO4) solution indicator.

Standardization of 0.0141N AgNO3 solution by 0.0141N NaCl solution:

a) First, standardized 0.0141N AgNO3 solution by 0.0141N NaCl solution.

b) 25 mL of AgNO3 solution was taken in a flask and 1 drop of K2CrO4 Solution
(5%) was added.
c) Then titrated with 0.0141N NaCl Solution.
d) The actual strength of AgNO3 solution was measured by using the following
equation (standardized AgNO3 solution).

𝐍𝟏 𝐍𝟐
𝐕𝟏 × = 𝐕𝟐 ×
𝐞𝟏 𝐞𝟐

Where, V1 = Volume of NaCl, N1 = Normality of NaCl, e1 = Equivalent number of

NaCl, V2 = Volume of AgNO3, N2 = Normality of AgNO3, e2 = Equivalent number of
AgNO3.

Procedure:

a) 25 ml of sample was pipette out in a conical flask. 1 - 2 drops of 5% Potassium

Chromate indicator added to each flask.
b) The standard AgNO3 solution was taken into a burette.
c) When color converted from milky white to brick red, endpoint has been reached
and titration was concluded.
d) This process was repeated three times for each sample to get a precise result.
e) Next the amount of AgNO3 (mL) was recorded at the end point (brick red).

Calculation:

(𝐀 − 𝐁) × 𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐠𝐭𝐡 𝐨𝐟 𝐀𝐠𝐍𝐎𝟑 × 𝟑𝟑. 𝟒𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎

𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐚𝐦𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐂𝐡𝐥𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐝𝐞 (𝐦𝐠⁄𝐋) =
𝐕𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 (𝐦𝐋)

Where, A = Volume (mL) titrated for sample,

B = Volume (mL) titrated for blank.

32 | P a g e
Chapter Three Materials and Methods

3.5.4 Analysis of Nitrate (NO3-) by using Spectrophotometry Method

Nitrate analysis by UV spectrophotometry is a widely used method for determining the

concentration of nitrates in various samples, including soil, water, and plant tissues.
Here is a general overview of the method:

Sample Preparation: The first step is to prepare the sample. In general, the sample is
digested using a strong acid such as sulfuric acid, followed by dilution to a known
volume.

Calibration Curve: Next, a calibration curve is generated by preparing a series of

standard solutions with known concentrations of nitrate. The calibration curve is
typically constructed by measuring the absorbance of each standard solution at a
specific wavelength using a UV spectrophotometer.

Measurement: Once the calibration curve is prepared, the absorbance of the sample is
measured at the same wavelength as the standard solutions. The concentration of nitrate
in the sample can then be calculated by comparing the absorbance to the calibration
curve.

It is important to note that there are various factors that can affect the accuracy and
precision of the method, including the wavelength used for measurement, interference
from other substances in the sample, and the quality of the reagents used.

Reagents:

a) Potassium nitrate (KNO3)

b) Hydrochloric acid (HCl)

Preparation of 1N HCl Solution: 2.073 mL of HCl (MW 36.5) was taken in a 25-mL
volumetric flask and up to the mark with deionized water to make diluted 1N HCl
solution.

Preparation of stock solution: 0.16306 g of KNO3 (MW 101.10) was taken in 100 mL
of volumetric flask to prepare 100 ppm NO3- stock solution and then prepared 0ppm,
0.5 ppm, 1 ppm, 2ppm, 4ppm, and 8ppm 25 ml working standard.

Standard solution treatment procedure: 0.125 mL of a 100ppm solution was taken

in a 25 mL conical flask and then added 0.5 mL of 1N HCl mixed thoroughly and up to
the mark with deionized water. This is a 0.5 ppm treated standard solution. In this way,
we made 1ppm, 2ppm, 4ppm, and 8ppm in 25 mL of each standard solution to make a
33 | P a g e
Chapter Three Materials and Methods

calibration curve. Then measured absorbance at ~220nm wavelength by UV

spectrophotometer and recorded the data on notebook.

Sample Treatment Procedure:

a) 25 mL of water sample was taken in a 50 mL volumetric flask.

b) 0.5 mL 1N HCl was added to it.
c) Then the sample was taken up to mark with de-ionized water, labeled and the
measurements were done as quickly as possible.
d) Then measured the absorbance at 220nm wavelength by UV spectrophotometer
and recorded the data in a notebook.

3.5.5 Analysis of Sulfate (SO42-) by using Turbidimetric Method

The turbidimetric method for sulfate determination is a common technique used in

analytical chemistry to measure the concentration of sulfate ions in a solution. This
method is based on the fact that sulfate ions react with barium ions to form insoluble
barium sulfate, which causes the solution to become turbid.

Reagents:

a) 7.5g Hexahydrate Magnesium Chloride (MgCl2.6H2O)

b) 1.25g Trihydrate Sodium Acetate (CH3COONa.3H2O)
c) 0.25g Potassium Nitrate (KNO3)
d) 5mL Acetic Acid (CH3COOH)
e) 0.0275g Sodium Sulfate (Na2SO4)
f) Barium Chloride (BaCl2)
g) Potassium Sulphate (K2SO4)

Preparation of Buffer: At first, 7.5g Hexahydrate Magnesium Chloride

(MgCl2.6H2O), 1.25g Trihydrate sodium acetate (CH3COONa.3H2O), 0.25g Potassium
Nitrate (KNO3), 5mL Acetic Acid (CH3COOH) (99% pure) and 0.0275g Sodium
Sulphate (Na2SO4) were mixed in a 250ml volumetric flask and up to the marked with
deionized water.

Preparation of Stock Solution: 0.181 g of K2SO4 (MW 174.2) was taken in 100 mL
volumetric flask and up to the mark with de-ionized water to make primary standard
1000ppm SO42- stock solution then we made a secondary standard 50ppm solution in

34 | P a g e
Chapter Three Materials and Methods

50mL volumetric flask from 1000ppm solution. From this, we made 0ppm, 1ppm,
2ppm, 3ppm, 4ppm, 6ppm 25 mL of each standard solution.

Standard Solution and Sample Treatment Procedure:

At first, 25ml of standard solution and sample were taken in a 50ml beaker and then
added 10ml buffer solution and mixed with stirring apparatus. While stirring, a spoonful
of BaCl2 was added and stirred for 90 seconds at a constant speed (approx. 150 rpm).
Then wait 15 mins to complete the reaction. Then measured absorbance at ~ 420nm
wavelength by UV-Spectrophotometer.

3.5.6 Analysis of Phosphate (PO43-) by Spectrophotometry Method

Phosphate (PO43-) analysis by UV spectrophotometry is a widely used method for

determining the concentration of phosphates in various samples.

Reagents:

a) Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate, KH2PO4

b) Sulfuric Acid Solution, H2SO4
c) Potassium Antimony Tartrate Solution
d) Ammonium Molybdate Solution
e) Ascorbic Acid Solution

Preparation of Stock Solution: 0.14327g of KH2PO4 (MW- 136.07) was taken into
100 ml volumetric flask then up to the marked with de-ionized water to make 1000 ppm
PO43- solution. Then we made a secondary standard solution of 100ppm in 50mL
volumetric flask from 1000ppm solution. From it, we made 0ppm. 0.5ppm, 1.0ppm,
2.0ppm, 4.0ppm, 8.0ppm working standard solution in 100mL volumetric flask.

Preparation of Combined Reagent: By combining 125mL of 2.5M H2SO4 (Prepared

by 35mL of conc. H2SO4 in 250 mL volumetric flask then rest of the volume filled with
de-ionized water), 12.5mL Potassium Antimony Tartrate Solution (Prepared by
dissolving 0.1371g PAT in 100 ml of de-ionized water) and 37.5mL Ammonium
Molybdate Solution (Prepared by dissolving 2g AM in 50mL de-ionized water), 75mL
Ascorbic Acid Solution (1.76g AA in 100mL de-ionized water). The solution was
thoroughly shaken and stored in plastic bottle.

Standard Solution and Sample Treatment Procedure: 0.5mL of PO43- solution was
taken from 100ppm stock solution in a 100 mL volumetric flask. Then 13mL of

35 | P a g e
Chapter Three Materials and Methods

combined reagent was added and up to the marked with de-ionized water. This was 0.5
ppm PO43- standard solution. In that way, we made 1ppm, 2ppm, 4ppm and 8ppm
standard solutions to make calibration curves. For the sample, 25mL of sample in a
100mL volumetric flask was taken. Then 13mL combined reagent were added and up
to the marked with de-ionized water.

Then measured the absorbance at ~ 880nm wavelength by UV-Spectrophotometer.

3.5.7 Analysis of Silica (SiO2) by using Spectrophotometry Method

Usually, Silica (SiO2) presents ppm/ppb level in natural water, can be measured
quantitatively by UV-Spectrophotometer.

Reagents:

a) Ammonium Molybdate [(NH4)6Mo7O24.4H2O]

b) Oxalic Acid [H2C2O4.2H2O]
c) Hydrochloric Acid [1:1 HCl Solution]

Preparation of Ammonium Molybdate Solution: 5.3g of Ammonium Molybdate

[(NH4)6Mo7O24.4H2O MW- 1235.8] was taken and dissolved in 50 mL volumetric flask
by de-ionized water (heated continuously to dissolved).

Preparation of Oxalic Acid Solution: 10g Oxalic Acid [(H2C2O4.2H2O MW- 126.07)]
was dissolved in 100mL de-ionized water.

Preparation of HCl (1:1) Solution: 10mL Conc. HCl was taken in 10mL deionized
water to made 20mL of 1:1 HCl solution.

Preparation of Standard Solutions: Prepared 5 standards containing 5ppm, 10ppm,

20ppm, 40ppm and 80ppm from 1000ppm silica standard and a blank.

Standard solution and Sample Treatment: 25mL of the filtered sample was taken in
a 50mL plastic Pyrex volumetric flask. Then 0.5mL of HCl (1:1) solution, 1mL of
Molybdate solution was added and shaken the mixture for 1 or 2 minutes. Waited
exactly for 5 minutes and added 0.75mL of oxalic acid solution. Light yellow color
appeared. Again, waited exactly for 1 minute. Then measured the absorbance at ~
425nm employing cell length 1cm.

36 | P a g e
Chapter Three Materials and Methods

3.5.8 Analysis of Calcium (Ca2+) by using Titrimetric Method

Calcium (Ca2+) in water can be measured quantitatively by titration method.

Reagents:

Preparation of Na2-EDTA solution: 0.93075 g of Na2-EDTA (M.W- 372.24) was

weighed out and then made up to 250 mL with de-ionized water.

Preparation of NaOH solution (2M): 8.00 g of NaOH was dissolved in 50 mL de-

ionized water in a 100 mL volumetric flask, it was then made up to mark.

Preparation of Murexide indicator: 10 g NaCl salt was mixed with 0.3 g Murexide
indicator powder and grind homogeneously. This solid mixture was used as an
indicator.

Procedure:

a) 50mL of the sample was pipette out into a conical flask and 2.0-3.0mL NaOH
solution was added to it (pH should be around 12-13).
b) 0.2g of indicator mixture was added to the water. The color of the solution
turned pink.
c) Na2-EDTA solution was placed into a burette and the titration was carried out
until the color changed from pink to purple. That was the point of the titration.

Calculation:

The formula for determining Calcium (Ca2+) is given below:

𝐕 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 × 𝐃𝐅
𝐓𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐦𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐂𝐚𝟐+ (𝐦𝐠⁄𝐋) =
𝐕𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐒𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 (𝐦𝐋)

Here, V= Volume of Na2-EDTA required to complete the titration, DF= Dilution

factor.

37 | P a g e
 CHAPTER FOUR

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Chapter Four Results and Discussion

4 Results and Discussion

4.1 Physical Parameters Characterization of water sample

Physical water quality parameters are observed as a result of physical changes in the
water. Physical parameter of water can provide in the moment values and aid in
determining the best course of action for a specific waterbody, whether a treatment is
needed or an aeration system should be installed.

Table 4.1: The physical parameter data of collected water sample.

Sample Sample pH EC TDS Temperature Resistivity Salinity

ID Source (µS/cm) (ppm) (0C) (kΩ cm) (ppt)

S-1 DW 7.34 199.6 109.4 19.2 5.02 0.02

S-2 PW 7.16 305.6 168.3 20.6 3.27 0.07

S-3 RW 6.91 476.9 262.3 20.7 2.10 0.16

S-4 CW 6.98 618.0 339.6 20.9 1.62 0.24

S-5 TW 6.94 286.7 157.6 20.8 3.49 0.06

S-6 HW 6.86 455.4 250.4 20.8 2.20 0.15

4.1.1 pH

The minimum and maximum pH values 6.86 and 7.34, were observed respectively in
the sample “S-6 (HW)” and sample “S-1 (DW)”. The maximum samples had a pH near
to neutrality. There is no health-based guideline for pH, although a range of 6.5-8.0 is
suggested by WHO (World Health Organization) and 6.5-8.5 is suggested BBS
(Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics). All of the sampling locations were within the
recommended pH range.

39 | P a g e
Chapter Four Results and Discussion

7.34

7.16

6.98

6.94
6.91

6.86
DW PW RW CW TW HW

Figure 4.1: The pH values of different water samples

4.1.2 Electrical Conductivity (EC)

618
476.9

455.4
305.6

286.7
199.6

DW PW RW CW TW HW

Figure 4.2: The EC values of different water samples

The maximum value of EC was observed in the sample “S-4 (CW)” 618μS/cm and the
minimum value of EC was observed in the sample “S-1 (DW)” 199.6μS/cm. WHO
standard of 750μS/cm and BBS standard of 2000μS/cm had been taken into
consideration. All 6 sampling locations showed EC values within the standard limit.

4.1.3 Total Dissolved Solid (TDS)

TDS, in the surface and drinking water is mainly due to inorganic salts (principally
bicarbonates, calcium, magnesium and chlorides) and dissolved organic matter. All
sample values ranged from 339.6mg/L in sample “S-4 (CW)” which was the highest
value in all the samples and the lowest value of the sample “S-1 (DW)” which was
109.4mg/L. According to BBS and WHO guidelines for TDS up to 1000mg/L is the

40 | P a g e
Chapter Four Results and Discussion

acceptable limit for surface and drinking water. All the sampling locations were within
the standard limit.

339.6
262.3

250.4
168.3

157.6
109.4

DW PW RW CW TW HW

Figure 4.3: The TDS values of different water samples

4.1.4 Salinity
0.24
0.16

0.15
0.07

0.06
0.02

DW PW RW CW TW HW

Figure 4.4: The Salinity of different water samples

Salinity is the saltiness or amount of salt dissolved in a body of water which is called
saline. It is usually measured in g/L or g/Kg or ppt (grams of salt per liter/kilogram of
water, the latter is dimensionless). The highest value of the sample was in sample “S-4
(CW)” which was 0.24ppt and the lowest value in sample “S-1 (DW)” which was
0.02ppt.

41 | P a g e
Chapter Four Results and Discussion

4.1.5 Resistivity

In water is the measure of the ability of water to resist. An electrical current is directly
related to the amount of dissolved salt in the water. Resistivity is measured in ohms.
The minimum resistivity value was found 1.62kΩ-cm in sample “S-4 (CW)” and the
maximum resistivity value was 5.02kΩ-cm in our sample “S-1 (DW)”.

4.2 Chemical Characteristics of water sample

The chemical parameters of water include- Total Alkalinity, Amount of Chloride, Total
Hardness, Amount of Sulfate, Amount of Nitrate, Amount of Phosphate etc.

4.2.1 Total Hardness (TH)

Table 4.2: Titration data for Total Hardness of collected water samples.

Sample No. of Amount of Burette Reading of Average

Source Observation Sample (mL) Na2-EDTA (mL) (mL)

IBR FBR Difference

01 25 0.00 2.10 2.10

DW 2.05
02 25 2.10 4.10 2.00

01 25 4.10 7.20 3.10

PW 3.10
02 25 7.20 10.30 3.10

01 25 10.30 16.40 6.10

RW 6.05
02 25 16.40 22.40 6.00

01 25 22.40 29.00 6.60

CW 6.55
02 25 29.00 35.50 6.50

01 25 35.50 39.20 3.70

TW 3.70
02 25 39.20 42.90 3.70

01 25 43.00 49.00 6.00

HW 6.00
02 25 39.00 45.00 6.00

42 | P a g e
Chapter Four Results and Discussion

Calculation:
2.05× 0.001× 50 × 1000
For, “S-1 (DW)” Total Hardness(mg/L) = = 41 mg/L
25

3.10× 0.001× 50 × 1000

For, “S-2 (PW)” Total Hardness(mg/L) = = 62 mg/L
25

6.05× 0.001× 50 × 1000

For, “S-3 (RW)” Total Hardness(mg/L) = = 121 mg/L
25

6.55× 0.001× 50 × 1000

For, “S-4 (CW)” Total Hardness(mg/L) = = 131 mg/L
25

3.70× 0.001× 50 × 1000

For, “S-5 (TW)” Total Hardness(mg/L) = = 74 mg/L
25

6.00× 0.001× 50 × 1000

For, “S-6 (HW)” Total Hardness(mg/L) = = 120 mg/L
25

The maximum value of Total Hardness in “S-4 (CW)” was 131 mg/L which was
considered as a hard water and the minimum value in “S-1 (DW)” was 41 mg/L which
was soft water. According to WHO, how hard the water samples are given in the
following chart:

Table 4.3: Hardness of water samples

Sample Concentration (mg/L) Hardness

DW 41 Soft

PW 62 Moderate Hard

RW 121 Hard

CW 131 Hard

TW 74 Moderate Hard

HW 120 Moderate Hard

43 | P a g e
Chapter Four Results and Discussion

4.2.2 Total Alkalinity (TA)

Table 4.4: The titration value of the Total Alkalinity from collected water samples.

Sample No. of Amount of Burette Reading of Average

Source Observation Sample (mL) H2SO4 (mL) (mL)

IBR FBR Difference

01 25 0.00 1.10 1.10

DW 1.10
02 25 2.00 3.10 1.10

01 25 3.00 7.50 4.50

PW 4.45
02 25 8.00 12.40 4.40

01 25 13.00 19.80 6.80

RW 6.85
02 25 20.00 26.90 6.90

01 25 27.10 35.90 8.80

CW 8.70
02 25 0.00 8.60 8.60

01 25 8.60 12.90 4.30

TW 4.35
02 25 12.90 17.30 4.40

01 25 17.30 25.10 7.80

HW 7.80
02 25 25.10 32.90 7.80

Calculation:
(0 + 1.10) × 0.02 × 50 × 1000
For, “S-1 (DW)” Total Alkalinity (mg/L) = = 44 mg/L
25

(0 + 4.45) × 0.02 × 50 × 1000

For, “S-2 (PW)” Total Alkalinity (mg/L) = = 178 mg/L
25

(0 + 6.85) × 0.02 × 50 × 1000

For, “S-3 (RW)” Total Alkalinity (mg/L) = = 274 mg/L
25

(0 + 8.70) × 0.02 × 50 × 1000

For, “S-4 (CW)” Total Alkalinity (mg/L) = = 348 mg/L
25

44 | P a g e
Chapter Four Results and Discussion

(0 + 4.35) × 0.02 × 50 × 1000

For, “S-5 (TW)” Total Alkalinity (mg/L) = = 174 mg/L
25

(0 + 7.80) × 0.02 × 50 × 1000

For, “S-6 (HW)” Total Alkalinity (mg/L) = = 312 mg/L
25

The maximum value of Total Alkalinity of sample “S-4 (CW)” was 348mg/L and
minimum value was found 44mg/L in sample “S-1 (DW)”.

The higher concentration of Total Alkalinity can cause a bitter taste, scaling on the pipe
and stomach problems.

4.2.3 Chloride (Cl-)

Table 4.5: Titration data for determination of Chloride (Cl-) from collected water
samples.

Sample No. of Amount of Burette Reading of Average

Source Observation Sample (mL) AgNO3 (mL) (mL)

IBR FBR Difference

01 25 31.00 32.80 1.80

DW 1.75
02 25 32.80 34.50 1.70

01 25 34.50 37.50 3.00

PW 2.95
02 25 37.50 40.40 2.90

01 25 40.40 42.60 2.20

RW 2.20
02 25 42.60 44.80 2.20

01 25 35.00 42.60 7.60

CW 7.70
02 25 34.00 41.80 7.80

01 25 41.80 43.10 1.30

TW 1.30
02 25 43.10 44.40 1.30

01 25 36.00 37.50 1.50

HW 1.50
02 25 37.50 39.00 1.50

45 | P a g e
Chapter Four Results and Discussion

Calculation:
1.75 × 0.0121 × 1000
For, “S-1 (DW)” Amount of Cl− (mg/L) = = 0.847 mg/L
25

2.95 × 0.0121 × 1000

For, “S-2 (PW)” Amount of Cl− (mg/L) = = 1.428 mg/L
25

2.20 × 0.0121 × 1000

For, “S-3 (RW)” Amount of Cl− (mg/L) = = 1.065 mg/L
25

7.70 × 0.0121 × 1000

For, “S-4 (CW)” Amount of Cl− (mg/L) = = 3.727 mg/L
25

1.30 × 0.0121 × 1000

For, “S-5 (TW)” Amount of Cl− (mg/L) = = 0.629 mg/L
25

1.50 × 0.0121 × 1000

For, “S-6 (HW)” Amount of Cl− (mg/L) = = 0.726 mg/L
25

The value ranges from 0.629mg/L in sample “S-5 (TW)” which was minimum and
3.727mg/L in sample “S-4 (CW)” which was maximum.

These values are represented in the following chart:

Amount of Chloride in different water sample

3.727

1.428
1.065
0.847
0.629
0.2863

DW PW RW CW TW HW

Conc. (mg/L)

Figure 4.5: Amount of Chloride in different water samples

46 | P a g e
Chapter Four Results and Discussion

4.2.4 Nitrate (NO3 -)

For the detection of Nitrate (NO3-), We made a Calibration Curve by measuring the
absorbance at wavelength ~ 220nm using UV-Vis Spectrophotometer.

C al i brat i on C urve for Ni t rat e (NO 3 - )

0.5

0.4 R² = 0.9976

0.3
Absorbance

0.2

0.1

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
-0.1
Concentration (mg/L)

Figure 4.6: Calibration Curve for Nitrate

Nitrate Concentration (mg/L) is measured by the UV-Vis Spectrophotometer, is given

in the following chart:

Amount of Nitrate in Different water sample

15.8372

5.2541
3.6229
1.934
0.465 0.2863

DW PW RW CW TW HW

Conc. (mg/L)

Figure 4.7: Amount of Nitrate in different water samples

47 | P a g e
Chapter Four Results and Discussion

4.2.5 Sulfate (SO4 2-)

For the detection of Sulfate (SO4 2-), We made a calibration curve by measuring the
absorbance at wavelength ~ 420nm using UV-Vis Spectrophotometer.

C al i brat i on C urve for S ul fat e (S O 4 2 - )

7

6
R² = 0.9393
5
Conc (mg/L)

0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12
-1
Absorbance

Figure 4.8: Calibration Curve for Sulfate

Sulfate concentration (mg/L) is measured by the UV-Vis Spectrophotometer, is given

in the following chart:

Amount of Sulfate in different water sample

13.7355
12.491

2.4952 2.9228 2.7757

1.5154

DW PW RW CW TW HW

Conc. (mg/L)

Figure 4.9: Amount of Sulfate in different water samples

48 | P a g e
Chapter Four Results and Discussion

4.2.6 Phosphate (PO43-)

For the detection of Phosphate (PO43-), We made a calibration curve by measuring the
absorbance at wavelength ~ 880nm using UV-Vis Spectrophotometer.

C al i brat i on C urve for P hosphat e (P O 4 3 - )

1.2

1
R² = 0.9691
0.8
Absorbance

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Concentration (mg/L)

Figure 4.10: Calibration Curve for Phosphate

Phosphate Concentration (mg/L) is measured by the UV-Vis Spectrophotometer, is

given in the following chart:

Amount of Phosphate in Different water sample

15.8372

5.2541
3.6229
1.934
0.465 0.2863

DW PW RW CW TW HW

Conc. (mg/L)

Figure 4.11: Amount of Phosphate in different water samples

49 | P a g e
Chapter Four Results and Discussion

4.2.7 Silica (SiO2)

For the detection of Silica (SiO2), We made a Calibration Curve by UV-Vis

Spectrophotometer then measured the absorbance at ~ 425nm employing cell length
1cm.

C al i brat i on C urve for S i l i ca (S i O 2 )

1.4

1.2
R² = 0.9883
1
Absorbance

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Concentration (mg/L)

Figure 4.12: Calibration Curve for Silica

Silica Concentration (mg/L) is measured by the UV-Vis Spectrophotometer, is given in

the following chart:

Amount of Silica (SiO2) in Different water sample

63.9955 62.496
55.22

41.9865

30.292

4.9672

DW PW RW CW TW HW

Conc. (mg/L)

Figure 4.13: Amount of Silica in different water samples

50 | P a g e
Chapter Four Results and Discussion

4.2.8 Calcium (Ca2+)

Table 4.6: Titration data for determination of Calcium (Ca2+) from collected water
samples.

Sample No. of Amount of Burette Reading of Average

Source Observation Sample (mL) Na2-EDTA (mL) (mL)

IBR FBR Difference

01 50 0.00 1.30 1.30

DW 1.25
02 50 1.30 2.50 1.20

01 50 3.00 5.10 2.10

PW 2.05
02 50 5.10 7.10 2.00

01 50 7.10 11.20 4.10

RW 4.15
02 50 11.20 15.30 4.20

01 50 15.30 20.60 5.30

CW 5.25
02 50 20.60 25.80 5.20

01 50 25.80 27.00 1.20

TW 1.20
02 50 27.00 28.20 1.20

01 50 29.00 33.10 4.10

HW 4.15
02 50 33.10 37.30 4.20

Calculation:
1.25 × 1000 ×1
For, “S-1 (DW)” Amount of Ca2+ (mg/L) = = 25 mg/L
50

2.05 × 1000 ×1
For, “S-2 (PW)” Amount of Ca2+ (mg/L) = = 41 mg/L
50

4.15 × 1000 ×1
For, “S-3 (RW)” Amount of Ca2+ (mg/L) = = 83 mg/L
50

5.25 × 1000 ×1
For, “S-4 (CW)” Amount of Ca2+ (mg/L) = = 105 mg/L
50

51 | P a g e
Chapter Four Results and Discussion

1.20 × 1000 ×1
For, “S-5 (TW)” Amount of Ca2+ (mg/L) = = 24 mg/L
50

4.15 × 1000 ×1
For, “S-6 (HW)” Amount of Ca2+ (mg/L) = = 83 mg/L
50

These values are represented in the chart below:

Amount of Calcium in different water sample

105

83 83

41

25 24

DW PW RW CW TW HW

Conc. (mg/L)

Figure 4.14: Amount of Calcium in different water samples

52 | P a g e
CONCLUSION
 Conclusion

Conclusion

Interpretation of physico-chemical analysis reveals that the water at the vicinity of

Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University campus area have been found
within the limit concerning the standard values, while these parameters have exceeded
at some samples. The analytical results of physical and chemical parameter of collected
water in a few locations of MBSTU campus area indicate that the quality of these waters
is not suitable for aquatic lives and human consumption, irrigation, fishing and
livestock. Pollution from various sources enters the water system mainly either by direct
discharges or surface runoff from agricultural, industrial and municipal pollutant
sources.

pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solid (TDS), total hardness (TH),
salinity, amount of silica (SiO2) and amount of sulfate (SO42-) of all the samples were
found to be at acceptable levels (Table 1.1). Total alkalinity (TA) value of cannel water
(CW) and water of hall (HW) exceeded the upper acceptable limits of World Health
Organization (WHO) as well as the value of river water (RW) slightly exceeded the
upper acceptable limits of Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS). The concentration of
chloride (Cl-) was not detected for a few samples and for some other samples slightly
exceeded the upper acceptable limits. Nitrate (NO3-), phosphate (PO43-) & calcium
(Ca2+) concentration for most of the water samples were found to be at acceptable levels
but was slightly exceeded for the cannel water (CW).

In this regard, future studies on the microbial load of water bodies, fish species,
sediments, phytoplankton and zooplankton should be carried out for a longer period to
get a precise idea about the water quality and aquatic environment of the MBSTU
campus area waters.

54 | P a g e
REFERENCES
 References

References

[1] A.Y. Al-Ghamdi, M. El-Shahate, I. Saraya, A.O. Al-Ghamdi and S.A. Zabin
“Study of the Physico-chemical Properties of the Surface and Ground Water.”
American Journal of Environmental Sciences 10.3 (2014): 219-235.

[2] M. Shoeb, F. Sharmin, M.N. Islam, L. Nahar, R. Islam and N. Parvin

“Assessment of Physico-Chemical Parameters of Water Samples Collected
from the Southern Part of Bangladesh.” Dhaka University Journal of Science
70.1 (2022): 49-57.

[3] M.A.S. Islam, M.E. Hossain, and N. Majed “Assessment of physicochemical

properties and comparative pollution status of the Dhaleshwari River in
Bangladesh.” Earth 2.4 (2021): 696-714.

[4] V.T. Patil and P.R. Patil “Physicochemical analysis of selected groundwater
samples of Amalner Town in Jalgaon District, Maharashtra, India.” E-Journal
of Chemistry 7.1 (2010): 111-116.

[5] A.S. Qureshi, Z. Ahmed and T.J. Krupnik “Groundwater management in

Bangladesh: An analysis of problems and opportunities.” International Maize
and Wheat Improvement Center 2.1 (2014): 9-10.

[6] N. Carrard, T. Foster and J. Willetts “Groundwater as a source of drinking

water in southeast Asia and the Pacific: A multi-country review of current
reliance and resource concerns.” Water 11.8 (2019): 1605.

[7] M.T. Håkan and M.M. Sanctuary “Making water a part of economic
development: The economic benefits of improved water management and
services." Stockholm International Water Institute (2015): 80-108.

[8] R. Vijay, P.K. Mohapatra and K. Puja “Assessment of groundwater quality in

Puri City, India: an impact of anthropogenic activities.” Environmental
Monitoring and Assessment 177 (2011): 409-418.

[9] M.J.M.M. Noor, T.A. Mohammed and A.H. Ghazali “Study on potential uses of
rainwater harvesting in urban areas.” Putrajaya Malaysia (2006).

56 | P a g e
 References

[10] B. Anita and G. Singh “Culture fisheries in village ponds: a multi-location

study in Haryana, India.” Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America
1.5 (2010): 961-968.

[11] M.A. Ahsan, M.A.B. Siddique, M.A. Munni, M.A. Akbor, A. Shakila and
M.M. Younus “Analysis of physicochemical parameters, anions and major
heavy metals of the Dhaleshwari river water, Tangail, Bangladesh.” American
Journal of Environmental Protection 7.2 (2018): 29-39.

[12] S. Nandini “Variations in physical and chemical parameters and plankton

community structure in a series of sewage-stabilization ponds.” Revista de
biología tropical 47.1 (1999): 149-156.

[13] Y.N. Jolly, S. Akter, J. Kabir, A. Islam and S. Akbar “Trace elements
contamination in the river Padma.” Bangladesh Journal of Physics 13 (2013):
95-102.

[14] A. Ashfaque "Ecological studies of the river Padma at Mawa Ghat,

Munshiganj, I. Physico-chemical properties." Pakistan Journal of Biological
Sciences 7.11 (2004): 1865- 1869.

57 | P a g e