OUTLINE OF THE CHAPTER 1. Industries — Introduction Industries 2. Need for industries in the world 3. Factors affecting the location of industries 4, Types of industries — On the basis of raw materials, management and size 5, Important industries and their distribution in the world (a) Iron and steel (b) Cotton textile (c) Sugar (d) Shipbuilding (e) Fishing (f) Automobile (g) Information Technology 6. Pollution due to industries and its prevention 1, INDUSTRIES-INTRODUCTION Manufacturing industries play an important role in modem times. They satisfy a number of man’s ‘growing needs and provide employment to more and more people in all the countries. © Manufacturing has been changing fast with the rise of human technological achievement. It has, therefore, become very complex at present, compared to what it was a hundred years back. ‘© Manufacturing now varies from making very simple household industrial goods, like a tea pot, to a very complex modem goods like computers. © Manufacturing involves processing of goods, as most of the materials available in nature or produced by man cannot be used directly. For ‘example, cotton must be ginned, spun and woven for human use. Mineral oil must be refined to bring it into successful uses. ‘Therefore, the processes by which the natural products are made convenient for human use are 64 called manufacturing. And the activities related to manufacturing are broadly covered by the term industry. Manufacturing Industries ‘The conversion of raw material into finished products with the help of machinery is called ‘manufacturing. Manufacturing industry consists of heavy machinery which is operated with power, where ‘raw material is processed into finished goods and in which human efforts and skills have been put in, The ‘modem manufacturing industry involves the use of a variety of raw materials, large amount of power, huge amount of capital, skilful labourers and. automatic electronic controls for the equipment. 2. NEED FOR INDUSTRIES IN THE ‘WORLD India was industrially backward in 1947 and resources were grossly under utilized. Geography Class-7About 56.6% of the GDP was accounted by the primary sector-agriculture, forestry, fishing, mining and quarrying, Manufacturing construction, electricity gas and water supply accounted for only 15% of the GDP. Hence, there was urgent need for development of the industrial sector. The government initiated the process of industralization through the industrial policies. It is a proven fact that a country with strong industrial sector has shown higher economic growth, improved national income and higher standard of living. Therefore, indusérialisation has played an important role in improving the economic conditions of various countries like America and Japan. Industries are the yardstick of a country’s economy. A country cannot survive on its agriculture alone, Rapid industrialisation is the key to fast progress, e.g. America and Japan. Hence, it is necessary to utili the available resources efficiently, like minerals and power resources. 3. FACTORS AFFECTING THE LOCATION OF INDUSTRIES Broadly speaking, the infrastructure of an industry depends on the following : (i) Geographical factors involving raw materials, power supply, water, labour, transport, market, site and climate, (ii) Non-geographical factors like capital, government policies, bank and eredit facilities and an efficient organisation, (i) Geographical Factors © Raw materials are the resources supplied to industries for subsequent manufacturing processes. For example, agricultural product minerals, timber, etc. At times the establishment of an industry is determined by the location of the raw materials required; for example, sugar industry is always located in the close vicinity of sugarcane fields, iron and steel industry is located near the iron ore and coalficlds as the transport cost reduces considerably. Geography Class-7 © Power supply is the most important requirement ‘of a modem industry. Thermal and hydroelectric power are the main sources of electric power. Most of the industries tend to concentrate near the sources of energy. For example, the Tata Iron and Steel Industry at Jamshedpur and the aluminium producing unit at Korba (Chhattisgarh). ‘© Water supply is vital for proper functioning of some industries like chemicals, food processing, and textiles. Hence, they are located near the sources of water like a river or canal * Transport is necessary to bring in the heavy raw material and supply of the finished product to its destination. The development of railways in India connecting the port towns with hinterland determined the location of many heavy industries around Calcutta (now Kolkata), Mumbai and Madras (now Chennai). Many industries are also located near navigable rivers, canals and sea coasts. The main aim is to save the cost of transportation. © The survey of market and demand is necessary while setting up an industry. The entire process of manufacturing is useless until the finished product reaches its market. For example, woollens have a better market scope in the north which experiences. extreme cold, while in south, which practically has no winter, the demand for the woollens will be nearly negligible. Secondly, nearness to market saves on transportation cost. Moreover, a ready market is essential for perishable commodities. ‘© Labour is a very important requirement for any industry. Mostly small-scale industries tend to set up near the areas where abundant supply of labour is available. In case of large-scale industry such as iron and steel, a whole township is set up in order to provide necessary supply of labour. © Climate affects the location of certain industries such as cotton textile industry. This needs warm ‘and humid climate because the thread manufac tured tends to break in dry climate. For example, Mumbai in Maharashtra is the most important cotton textile centre. Its moderate climate is ideal for cotton textile industry.‘* Mostly major cities have good banking and credit facilities which are necessary for setting up large- scale industries. * The government plays an important role in planning and location of industries besides solving problems of public, pollution and other disparities. overnment also sets up industrial zones where ipplies land, water and electricity TYPES OF INDUSTRIES Industries can be classified on the basis of sources of raw materials, management, size and others like location and nature of product, ete. (See Fig. 5.1). Inasteture Raw Materials (a) On the basis of consumption of raw materials, there are two type of industries : heavy industry and (ii) Non-Geographical Factors light industry. © Capital is one of the most important factors while © Heavy Industry needs more capital, Fig 5.1(a) : Factors affecting location of an industry Village Khadi Coir Handicraft setting up an industry as most of the industries are capital-intensive and require a huge investment, Mostly financiers and capitalists are available in major cities. Therefore most of the major cities are industrial centres. Efficient and enterprising organisation and management is essential for running an industry as it tackles labour problems and avoids strikes and lockouts, It is more important for a large-scale industry. Technical know-how is also necessary, especially in the highly specialised industry sophisticated equipment, skilled and unskilled labour and large quantity of raw material. Its finished products are also heavy. Examples : Iron and steel industry, locomotives and automobiles. © Light Industry needs less capital, less number of workers and its finished products are light in weight. Examples : Electric goods, TV sets and sewing machines. Classification of Industries Raw materials Management Size Others Light Heavy Squrce Agro-based Mineral-based Sugar Jute Cotton Veg. oil Food processing Dairy Animal-based — Forest-based Poultry Hides and Skin Location (Cottage) Function Ancillary Lisp lies r Primary Secondary Tertiary =| Cracker Bidi Shoes ali or Basic or Consumer Fig 5.1(b) : Classification of industries Geography Class-7(b) On the basis of sources of raw materials, Size industries can be classified as agro-based, mineral-based, On the basis of size, the industries can be classified animal-based and forest-based industries. as below. © Agro-based industries are those which depend on agriculture for the supply of their raw materials Examples : Sugar, jute, cotton, vegetable oil and food processing industries. © Mineral-based industries which receive their raw materials from minerals Examples : Iron and steel, aluminium, cement and shipbuilding industries. © Animal-based industries depend on animals for their supply of raw materials. Examples : Woollens, silk, dairy products, poultry, hides and skins and leather industries. © Forest-based industries which receive their raw materials from the forest products. Examples : Paper, cardboard, tanning of leather, lac and timber industries. Some of the pharmaceutical * Large-scale industries which employ larg number of workers in each unit and produce on a large scale with huge investment on raw material and machinery. Examples : Automobiles, iron and steel © Medium-scale industries employ neither too large nor too small number of workers. Examples : Cycle, radio and paper mills * Small-seale industries are small industries run by individuals in which a few workers are ‘employed and goods produced are mostly for daily consumption. depend on forest products and medicinal plants for the manufacture of drugs. Management (a) Private sector industries are managed and ‘owned by individual industrialists or firms manufacturing engineering and electronic ‘goods (b) Public sector industries are owned and controlled by state or central government. These industries comprise public utilities like railways, transport services, post and telegraph, refineries, irrigation projects and defence establishments. Examples : Companies like Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited, Hindustan Aeronautics Limited and Electronic Corporation of India. (©) Joint sector industries are jointly managed by the private firms and the State or Central Government Examples : Oil India Limited. © Cooperative sector industries are owned and managed on cooperative basis by those who are producers of raw materials. Example : Sugar mills run by farmers producing sugareane. Geography Class-7 Fig 5.2(a) : Small Scale Industry-Bakery Examples : Rice mill, flour mill and bakery. * Cottage industries are family enterprises. These use limited mechanical power, capital and local raw materials. These produce simple but often artistic products for local market. Example : Khadi, coir making, handicraft, etc 5. IMPORTANT INDUSTRIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION IN THE WORLD {a) Iron and Steel Industry The iron and steel industry is the basic or key industry of modem age and forms the backbone of the industrial economy. Mast of the important industries like automobile, locomotives, railway sleepers, shipbuilding, machine and tools and ‘manufacture of defence equipment ete. depend 67ARCTICOCEAN ae. ARCTICOCEAN of NORTH ATLANTIC. PACIFIC. es ee Ocean, OCEAN PACIFIC ‘OCEAN -_ sourm TNDIAN OGEAN PACIFIC \ =e > & Pe. | deiner SOUTH 2) Vee? ATLANTIC. comp, ocean : Fig. 5.2(b) : World — Distribution of Iron & Stee! Industry on iron and steel industry. stable government and an extensive domestic + Requirement of Iron and Stee! Industry — and international market. The basic requirements for the development The leading producers in USA are the Great of iron and steel industry are raw materials Lake region, Alabama, Pittsburg, Youngstown like iron ore, limestone, dolomite, manganese region, Lake Erie region and Cleveland, ferro-alloys, fuel, large supply of freshwater Europe - In Europe United Kingdom, Sweden, for cooling process, huge 1, big market; France, Germany, Italy, Poland, Belgium and sufficient labour and efficient transport. Austria are the leading producers Distribution of Iron and Steel Industry Gif) Russia — Ural region, Ukrain and Magnita are Many countries in the world have developed iron chief regions. and steel industry. Some of them have their own raw materials and others import it @_USA~ fron and Steet Industry at Detroit (USA) Detroit, an important centre of automobile industry in USA, is situated in the Michigan state. The city is located on the Detroit river which connects Lake Erie in the south and Lake St. Claire in the north. The leading position of USA in the iron and steel industry in the world is due to several favourable factors. These include high grade iron ore, coking coal, water power, efficient transport facilities, huge capital resources, a Fig. 5.3 : tron Industry 68 Geography Class-7(iv) In Asia, China and Japan are the leading producers. Other countries include Brazil, Columbia, Venezuela and Chile in South America and Algeria, Egypt and South Attica in Africa, In India there are ten integrated iron and steel plants. Tata steel is one of the oldest steel plants in the private sector. ‘Today India is the ninth largest steel producing country in the world. The major steel plants in India are as follows — Tata iron and steel company Bhilai steel plant Rourkela stee! plant ‘Visakhapatnam Durgapur Salem Bhadravati Bokaro Vijaynagar steel plant widespread industries in the world, Textile means woven fabric. A variety of materials are used for making cloth : Raw materials of plant origin — cotton, jute, flax and hemp. Materials of animal fibre, wool and silk. Material of chemical origin for synthetic fibres — rayon, nylon and polyester. Cloths found in Egyptian tombs date back to 5500 BC. Cloth was made from cotton in India about 5000 years ago. © The change from handmade textiles to machine-made textiles occured first in England. Now it has become a common practice. © The making of cloth involves five processes, , carding (to make fibre parallel), spinning (to make yam), weaving (to tum yarn into cloth), dying and processing. Indian iron and steel company Wlodia Biaaa (b) Cotton Textile Industry Important countries with textile industries are as ‘Textile industry is one of the oldest and follows : ARCTIC OCEAN ATLANTIC. OCEAN + souTH PACIFIC OCEAN ARCTIC OCEAN Te] Main contes oftextie industry Fig. 5.4 : World ~ Distribution of textile industries Geography Class-770 * USA — The main centres are Boston, Lowell, Bradford, New York, Atlanta and Philadelphia. © China — Important centres are Shanghai, Tienstin, Gwangzhau and Lanchow. +» UK — Great Britain is the birth place of modem textile industry. Chief centres of industry are Manchester, Bolton, Bury, Glasgow, Preston and Blackbum, © Japan — Osaka is known as Manchester of Japan. isa leading centre for the large spinning, mills. Japan is dependent upon the imported raw Indonesia Kenya Russia France Germany China Cotton Textil ‘materials from India, China, Sudan, Egypt and ISA. The industry is export oriented. The main feature is high quality and low price. Industry in India © Although the textile mills are located in more than 80 towns in India, but most of them are in Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat (Ahmedabad), West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh and Odisha. © Mumbai is rightly called the Co:tonopolis of India, The id as black soil, plenty of freshwater, transport facility and rich hinterland are some of the factors for the development of the textile industry in this region I geographical factors such (c) Sugar Industry + Sugar has a universal demand. It is made from sugarcane and sugarbeet. The humid tropical regions use sugarcane for making sugar, while the temperate regions use sugarbeet. Sugar mills in the cane and beet producing areas. Both are perishable commodities, and thus should be transported to the mills immediately after harvest for processing, The ma Cuba, Br Russia, France, USA, Germany, China and in sugar producing countries are India, Indonesia and Kenya. a ay Q 4 Se f _ ie \ Fig. 5.6 : World ~ Distribution of sugar industry Geography Class-7e sugar from sugarbeet. The | trade in sugar is regularised ational Sugar Council, which n 50 members. India, the leading producers of ttar Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra, desh, Telangana, Karnataka, Punjab and Haryana. dustry in Brazil Production 2013-14 tonnes, raw value) Thailand 12 USA 6 } 5.8 : World sugar production (qd * ) Ship-Building Industry r floating The constructi f : ruction of ships and othe! ele is known as ship-building. Normally. Gop takes Place ina specialised facility known raphy ay, though ships as a shipyard. The construction of boats is a similar activity called boat building. Ship-building is a worldwide industry. This industry is developed where soft wood is available. But nowadays, large quantities to build ships. It also on the sea ports. Ship-building is an attractive industry for developing nations. Japan used ship- building in the 1950s and 1960s to rebuild its industrial structure. South Korea started ship-building industry in the 1970s. In South Korea, Hundai is one of the best shipyards in the world. In Europe, very large shipyards have been developed in Rotterdam, Amsterdam, Antwerp, Hamburg, Genoa, Lisbon, Merseyside, Tyneside, Clydeside and Portsmouth. In North America, the industry are New York, Buffalo, Cleveland and Major shipyards of Japa! Yokohama, Kawasaki, n the World. ‘mode of transportation d, the ship: f e er the world, ~ a or forms an integral part © Moreover, wit __As ships are th r OV! pment of nations.Sore ON es ce (e) - Samsung Heavy . Daewoo ship-buildin 10. i . also increas ine coal world 10 terms of tonnage are as follows 7 be s Shanghai Wa gaofias ~ Shang! a as Luvabore p-bu Iding - Matus Ps. Hyundai, Mipo - Use an sg ear ‘4 sicunea, Japa ip-building — Naw: Mitsubishi Heavy Industry — Nagas Hyundai Samko - Samako, South Industry — GeoJe- aki, Japan h Korea South Korea i g — Okpo, South Korea Hyundai Heavy Industry — Ulsan, South Korea Fishing Industry The fishing industry includes any industry or activity concerned with taking, culturing processing, preserving, storing, transporting, marketing or selling fish or fish products. It is defined by the food and agricultural organization, as recreational, subsistence and commercial fishing. The commercial activity is aimed at delivery of the fish and other seafood products for human consumption. Directly or indirectly the livelihood of 500 million in developin countries depends on fisheries. : Major Fishing Grounds of the World a ‘ae aa types of fishes are found . Every year, around 8.5 tonnes of fish are caught all over fie ia » Most of it is found ia Hemisphere. There are fi a grounds in the world, Thess mai 1, The North West Pacific Reg southward from the outer in the north to the Central p in the Philippines islands. j Salm ing Carb, Flery, q Cod, e most important” commereial fishing is a de a highly organised industry fishing methods. > The North East Atlantic an Waters of the Arctic. It ex Iceland to Mediterranean sh the European countries, esp Denmark, Spain, Iceland and Ui Shallow waters of the North Dogger bank, are important fishing is carried out all round 11: Dogger Bai 7 ig al wi . nk Wind Farm Is @ el fang being developed in three ph » B and C - located between © 190k thei ™ from the North East coast ° ' nearest points. C ‘ 2 lected they will become the shore wind farm. the Northwest Atlantic. Th® the Gulf Stream and the | ' ie aFast Pacific : This extends valifonia along the western sh of this region. Fig. 5.14 : Fishing in Chennai, India Blue Revolution is a remarkable increase in the production of fish and marine products It is also known as Neel or Nili Kranti Mission in India which was launched in 1985-1990 during the 7th Five-Year Plan. The main objective is to develop, manage, and promote fisheries to double the 5, The West Central Pacific : It extends from farmers income. e Philippines and Ludonciek southward > Australian coast. A wide variety of : Grand Bank (f) Automobile Industry flourish in this extensive region. The automobile industry has made 4 é tremendous improvement in quality and Together with Indian Ocean, this area quantity. This industry has been developed nprises a major marine environment. cover the past hundred years. This industry is India — India is one of the major producers Jocated where there is abundance of cheap in the world. The fishing industry and skillful labour, good demand and easy is mainly concentrated along the coastline. availability of power supply. perc atu 7 several big and small automobile industries of main centres are Tamil Nadu, Maharshtra, jn Europe and USA. Gujarat, Kerala, Kamataka, Goa, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, and West Bengal. Fishing Industry 73—— cers are nce. Many e emerged m Germany porations s F ts like Gene? al British Leyland of 1 Mercedes of Germany, enault of France The world’s USA, Japan, companies or ¢ with internat Motors and For of UK, Volkswagon an¢ Fiat of Italy, Pe igeot and Ri af Datsun and Toyota of Japan, etc. ar ma centres 5 e major car making ¢ In USA, the j me are Detroit, Chicago and Atlanta. the main centres are London, Oxford, ngham and in Germany, Dusseldorf. The other Moscow, Tokyo, Berlin, Stuttgart and important centres are Paris, Sydney and Melbourne: In India — Automobile manufacturing centres are situated Chennai, Pune, Gurugram, New Delhi, Mumbai, Hosur, anad in Gujarat. Sonepat, ‘ (g) Information Technology Information Technology (IT) — It is the use of computers to store, retrieve, trans and manipulate data or information, often in the context of a business or other enterprise. Itis considered to be a subset of information and communications technology (ICT). IT industry has become one of the most robust industries in the world. IT, more than any other industry or economic facet, has greater productivity, particularly in the developed world and therefore it is a key driver of global economic growth. e Information technology and the hardware, along with software associated with the IT industry, are an integral part of nearly every major global industry. ° eae Technology in Bengaluru (India) engaluru, the capital of Karnataka state, is located in the Deccan Plateau of India. At an — of about 900 metres above the sea — the city is known for its mild cli ughout the year, ° Whitefield is now a major part of Great ater u where most of the IT compari s are located. jndustrie: a Fig. 5.16 ; Information Technol Since the fifties, many of India’s public Sey It tech industries, such as Bharat Electronig Ltd. (BEL), Hindustant Aeronautics Ltd (HAL) Indian Telephone Industries (ITI), Bharat Hea) Electricals Ltd (BHEL), were established Bengaluru by the Government of India. Bengaluru has always been regarded as an city. It has the following advantages for location of industries : » presence of many high-tech industries, » highly educated and skilled labour » strong educational system for science ai engineering, ¢ strong support from the State and C governments, * relatively low rents and low cost of I In the last 20 years, many pri electronics companies have been the city. The electronics and computer indus! technology industry in India. —_ Many multinational companies, Motorola, Deutsche Bank, Citi get much of their so: done in Bengaluru. The electronic city aims | for the information tec other centres in IndiaFig. 5.17 : Water pollution Our atmosphere gets polluted when ted air is harmfu poisonous gases. The pi The industries emit many types of gases w not only air pollution but change the compos atmosphere also. Pollutants are generated by ii in large quantities e Pollutants are formed by burning of coal, Bane combustion of oil, use of chemicals, smelting, oil a refining, etc. Major air pollutants \ oxide (combustion of oil), sulphur dioxide h (burning of coal), carbon monoxide (combusti ! of oil), lead oxide (automobiles) and particulate Ee matter (dust, smoke, fumes, bacteria etc). Acid r rain also pollutes air, € nitrogen n e Air pollution is a complicated process. Its effects on health can be easily understood but i is difficult to establish the degree of relationship between air pollution and illness, | © Its simple effects are irritation of eyes, nose and throat, discomfort, dizziness, naus. breathing trouble, etc, e When the exposure is prolon; : ged, the pollu Penetrate deep into the body and eae bronchitis, Tung cancer, internal bleeding, blocka; 5 of respiratory system, etc, Severe effects Sd functioning of Kidneys, ed, vomiting, Fig. 5.18 : Air pollution by induct Measures. It is virtually impossipj man made emissions of. osphere. It is more sensible to aim aj 1 of the pollutants to a point so that serious i adopted. They are remedial and legislative mea Remedial Measures : The following measures can be taken. energy resources. The use of wind and: energy in industries should be encouré (iv) Fabric filters and bag filters should b in industries. ‘3 (v) Electro Static Precipitators (ESP) sho installed on chimneys emitting sme (vi) Sulphur dioxide produced by con fossil fuels can be removed from g Flue Gas Sulphurisation method. Legislative Measures : Air polluti checked by introducing laws and strict ¢ of laws, ee In India, Air Act was enacted in 19 and control air pollution and improve tl of air. It was amended later to make itHo Ree Oooo noo: OPES EEE Sas SCORCH Saas Nee vided an environment in ae formation are shared through It degrade i the rotation of labour, OT use. The j ts , coe and make it unfit or harmful gases or min es can be in the form of dissolved é erals or in sus ¢ spent is harmful for man, animals ° P cee waste isa 2 of water | Pollution. Various indust ‘e chemicals, | ed techinoP Paper, tanning, dyeing, textiles, j | 4 ate i : : 4 . SU 1 _ con edit and modify any page on Wikipedia. Oil refineries, ete. produce ee Gas uter virus Was named ‘Creeper,’ industrial waste, both in solid and liquid form. Impure water | | Is are 5.1 billion internet users, and © The entire waste is thrown into water bodies or i access on their mobile phones, in open low lying areas. This waste affects the : surface water as well as groundwater. mation Technology in the e Urban waste, agricultural activities and oil spills are other sources of water pollution. | Tr ed in San Francisco is the __ Water pollution can spread epidemic diseases \ | . ng IT centre of the world. _ like cholera, dysentery, typhoid, diarrhoea, ete. Water \ | ). age contaminated, with mercury causes minamata disease | y and the water contaminated with fibres of asbestos n can cause /ung cancer. Polluted groundwater used for | bally dominant in software irrigation damages crops. | n galuru is the largest cenit of Polluted water of rivers, canals and oceans causes | | 2 s the Silicon Valley of India. death of acquatic life. Polluted water can make | | e Pune Hyderabad, Gurugram, the soil saline or alkaline. | Kolkata and Noida. Protection Measures : Various measures have China has become the dominant peen recommended to check water pollution. | 1 wide for hardware ete. (i) The industrial waste should be collected from known as Samsung Digital city source and managed on scientific ae I microchip memory. (ii) The industries should be provided with waste tment facilities. Z for hard vee ee ; : is globally ne eitaon (iii) Big industries should be asked to reuse its | : meee Tsukubo, science e liquid waste after treatment. | 1 wwn for its research Cosi (iv) Big industries should be covered by legislative | measures, i.€. effective implementation of 1 | , "Hy s laws. ‘ : ne ‘ould upload your brain to a computer: would (v) Environmental understanding and awareness : ee should be promoted at all levels of society. eae Morals should we program into intelligent The Government of India enacted the ‘Water Act Tethinage lution. It was amended in , * 2086 ten in 1974 to check water po’ Thunched in 1986 t0 *hnology make us happier? 1988. Ganga Action Plan was laune! 5 6 Po) Jean its water. Ly oa n set up in many AND oe DUE TO INDUSTRIES * botnet hits oa river. Other ; , TS PREVENTION cities located on the banks of) sahmaputra } , Water hemes like Clean Yamuna River, Bi | Pollution ee in planning stages. er ig iz t Commission, ete. are 7 Polluted when some impurities Preset = Y Clags.7