ɯɰ́ cu úńλɯ́ úńμ

Oúsa etrueti
Grammar of Ousse
mɥnn̄ uɯm (by maantha)
Page Chapter

4 Chapter 1: Introduction

12 Chapter 2: Nouns

22 Chapter 3: Verbs
33 Chapter 4: Tense and Mood

38 Chapter 5: Pronouns and Adpositions

52 Chapter 6: Modi cation of Nouns
57 Chapter 7: Modal verbs and expressions

66 Chapter 8: Clauses and questions

71 Chapter 9: Speech Scenes

89 Chapter 10: Ousse dictionary

2
 Gloss Signi cation
I, II, III, IV Noun Classes (I-human; II-animate; III-inanimate; IV-abstract)
Verb Classes (I-kho; II-sa; III-the)
NOM Nominative Case
ACC Accusative Case
DAT Dative Case
GEN Genitive Case
INDEF Inde nite number (de nite if unmarked)
PROX Proximal Pronoun (this)
DIST Distal pronoun (that)
PRO Pronominal form (i.e. mágir vs. mag-)
POSS Possessive pronoun
1, 2, 3 Grammatical persons
S, P Grammatical numbers
SUBJ Subjunctive mood (indicative if unmarked)
PTCP Verbal participle
INF Verbal in nitive
PROG Progressive aspect (lo constructions)
PASS Passive voice (mo constructions)

MID Middle voice (mo constructions)

INCH Inchoative aspect (ka constructions)
OBL Obligative mood (re constructions)
PERF Terminative-perfective aspect (sa constructions)
DESI Desiderative mood (ta constructions)
INTS Intensi er

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 Grammar of Ousse

Chapter 1. Introduction

Ousse [English: /u:s/] [Ousse: ɰɰ́ cɯɯ́ /ɔ.u:so/] is a language created for worldbuilding purposes by
maantha. Designed as a language for lore-writing and philosophical inquiry, Ousse is more methodical
and precise than my previous projects, namely Athama. It is spoken in a country named Indaha, a vast
southern kingdom of Il Ghoag.

I began designing Ousse in 2021, partly as a distraction from my dissertation research, partly as an
experiment in fusional morphology. Ousse was inspired by French, Latin, German, Arabic, English,
Hebrew and Swahili. In the early stages, I found the number of declensions and desinences to
memorize annoying, as I would constantly need to refer to my notes. Any interested in learning Ousse
will need to commit case endings and conjugation patterns to memory. Luckily, all Ousse verbs are
regular, so the hard part is in the memorization.

In a future work, I hope to expand on Ousse derivational morphology, pragmatic and syntax. Right
now, this grammar provides the basics for using and understanding Ousse, although Oúsou script
presents its own challenges for readers.

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 Grammar of Ousse

Phonology

Sketches in this manual represent the New Enezinese dialect of Ousse, spoken in the capital district of
Gházila, the Ravién plateau and the greater portion of il Kanibar.

labial coronal dorsal

plosives pb t d ɟ <j> kgq

nasals m n

sibilants v s z ð <dh> ɣ <h/gh>

liquids l ʀ
glides w <u> j <i>

front central back

closed i i: u u:

middle e ɛ: ɐ ɔ ɔ:

open aː

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 Grammar of Ousse

Vowel length in Ousse romanization is represented with an acute accent.

Diphthongs emerge from vowel changes at a syllable boundary in Old Ousse. Note that in all
diphthongs, short-length <a> is pronounced [a] not [ɐ].

IPA example
[aj] ŋuμŋμy dhaidhíl
[ðajði:l] (. nger)

[aw] cuɯ́ cɯɯ́ sausou

[sawso] (existence)

[ja] muńλμuŋɥɯ́ matriadháu

[mɐtʀjaðaːw] (serf, peon)

[jɔ] λμɯn̄ μy riodil

[ʀjɔdil] (sleep)

[wa] ɥɯ́ yɯ́ uçuɯ́ áuluazau

[aːwlwazɐw] (midwife, doula)

[we] yɯ́ úçúμy luezeil

[lwezeil] (o ce, workplace)

[wi] q̄ɯ́μcμy guisil

[gwisil] (chariot, cart)

Allophony

Syllable- nal (but not word- nal) [ɣ] is written as <h>. If [ɣ] appears before a voiceless stop, it
devoices to [x].

oúsou IPA transcription romanization meaning

ɯn̄gq́μy [dɔxkil] dohkil alcoholic beverage

çɯ́ nugq̄ɯɯ́ [zunɐɣgo] zunahgou borderline

ńɥguɯ́ [taːɣɐw] tághau renegade, brute

ɯgńɯɯ́ [ɔxto] ohtou outcome, consequence

μ́nn̄ɥgɯɯ́ [ĩ:ndaːɣo] Índághou Indaha, land of safe haven

ɯ́ uq̄n̄μy [wɐɣdil] uahdil tilapia

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 Grammar of Ousse

When [k] precedes a long vowel, it becomes [q] <ǵ> .

oúsou IPA transcription romanization meaning

q́uμ́y [kɐ.i:l] kaíl crying, shrieking

ǵɥ́μý [qɛ:.i:l] qéíl screaming

ǵɥɱμń [qaːvit] qávit it took [ ]

q́ɯɱuń [kɔvɐt] kovat it took [ ]

The nominative and accusative de nite articles for the fourth noun class are pronounced [o],
rather than [ɔw]. The same is true for the plural nominative and accusative; in other cases, one
pronounces <o> as [ɔ].

oúsou IPA transcription romanization meaning

yɰńμnɯɯ́ [lɔ:tino] lótinou the purpose [ ]/[ ]

yɰńμnɰɯ́ [lɔ:tino:] lótinóu the purposes ]/[ ]

yɰńμnɯc [lɔ:tinɔs] lótinos the purpose [ ]

yɰńμnɯm [lɔ:tinɔm] lótinom the purpose [ ]

Ousse writing system

Ousse is written in an ancient writing system called Oúsou súgis. Throughout this book, you will nd
dialogues and exercises written in Ousse script as well as in a standardized romanization. A table
outlining each character and its corresponding name, romanization scheme and pronunciation is
provided below.

Some notes on the writing system

Ousse vowels can be either neutral (mɯɱμ́ú) or long (ńɰ́ q́μmú). In Ousse romanization, vowel length is
marked by an acute accents ( á ). In Oúsou script, vowel length is marked by a tail (çμnɥ).

There are several dialects of Ousse. The one described in this textbook is the dialect spoken in the
capital district: New Enezinese. In New Enezinese Ousse (Oúsou Íbeom Énzin) nal <n> is typically
nasalized, especially when the preceding vowel sound is long.

Capitalization only occurs in Ousse romanization. It exclusively denotes a proper noun.

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 Grammar of Ousse

When <gh> appears before a nal consonant, it is often written simply as <h>. An example of this is the
word dahtil (”crooked, bent thing”). This word is pronounced [dɐxt]: /ɣ/ becomes unvoiced an
unvoiced nal consonant sound.

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 Grammar of Ousse

Oúsou characters

character name IPA tran,ption romanization

m umou [m] Mm
ɱ uvou [v] Vv
ḿ upou [p] Pp
m̄ ubou [b] Bb
n anou [n] Nn
ŋ adhou [ð] Dhdh
ń atou [t] Tt
n̄ adou [d] Dd
ŋ̄ ghóvidou adh [ɟ] Jj

g eghou [ɣ] Ghgh

q́ ekou [k] Kk
q̄ egou [g] Gg
ǵ ghóvidou ek [q] Qq
c isou [s] Ss
ç izou [z] Zz
λ irou [ʁ] Rr
y ilou [l~w] Ll
u ádhou [ɐ] Aa
ɥ túkimou ádh [aː] Áá
ú édhou [e] Ee
ɥ́ túkimou édh [ɛ:] Éé
μ ídhou [i~j] Ii
μ́ túkimou ídh [i:] Íí
ɯ ódhou [ɔ] Oo
ɰ túkimou ódh [ɔ:] Óó
ɯ́ údhou [u~w] Uu
ɰ́ túkimou údh [u:] Úú
— védíl (full stop) .

- dheltil (connector) -
vodíl (interrobang) !/?
. bengil (separator) ,
⎧⎫ banéil (parenthesis) ()
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 Grammar of Ousse

Numbers

Ousse uses a simple base-ten number system, but writes its numbers using only seven individual characters. These are the
characters for the numbers 1 through 5, as well as the character for 10 and the character for 100. All other numbers must be
written using only these characters. For example, to write “eight" in Ousse, one would write the characters for 53. To write the
number “ fty-three,” one would write “5[x]10 and 3.”

glyph name number

o vas 1
ρ íb 2
ó tet 3
ρ́ ost 4
σ biza 5
σo tóm 6

σρ gitar 7
σó bano 8
σρ́ déi 9
σ́ qúr 10
σ́-o qúr ú vas 11

σ́-ρ qúr ú íb 12
σ́-ó qúr ú tet 13
σ́-ρ́ qúr ú ost 14
σ́-σ qúr ú biza 15

σ́-σ́ qúr ú tóm 16

... ... ...
ρσ́ íbóu qúr 20
ρσ́-o íbóu qúr ú vas 21
ρσ́-ρ íbóu qúr ú íb 22

óσ́ tetóu qúr 30

δ uaqúr 100

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 Grammar of Ousse

Ousse numbering requires a bit of math, and may be challenging at rst. Here are some general rules.

A hyphen (dheltil) is used in Ousse script to distinguish between digits in di�erent places (ie 'the
tens place' vs 'the hundreds place’). For example, to write the number “seventy-nine” in Ousse,
we rst need to write out seventy (which is 5[+]2 [x] 10) and nine (5[+]4) . These two numbers are
written σρσ́ and σρ́. A hyphen is used to glue these pieces together, while also distinguishing the
tens and the ones places. The same is true for digits larger than 100. For example, to write the
number “four thousand three hundred and eleven" one would rst write out four thousand
(4x10x 100), three hundred (3 x 100) and eleven (10 [+] 1) then glue the string of digits together
with hyphens : ρ́σδ́ -óδ-σ́-o. It may be helpful to think of the hyphen as a comma, but instead of
commas appearing every interval of three (to mark the thousands place), the comma in Ousse
appears after each place.
Beginning with twenty, digits use the article for the fourth noun class, in the plural. The
expression “twenty” (íbóu qúr) means something like “two tens.” To write this in the singular
(íbou qúr) would be incorrect. The same is true for all multiples of ten: 30 (tetóu qúr), 40 (ostóu qúr),
50 (bizaóu qúr).
Numbers falling between multiples of ten are written in a regular manner, mirroring the forms
for digits 11 through 19: [tens place] ú [ones place]. Sometimes, the plural de nite genitive is
used (especially with uaqúr) to express digital place when there is ambiguity.

σσ́-σó [58]
bizaóu qúr ú bano

σóσ́-σρ [87]
banóu qúr ú gitar

ρ́σ-́ σ [45]
ostóu qúr ú biza

ρ́σδ́ -óδ-σ́-o [4311]

_ostóu qur uaqúrom, tetóu uaqúrom qúr ú vas __

ρ́δδ-σρσ́δ-σóδ-σ́-σρ́ [47819]
ostóu uaqúr uaqúróm, gitaróu qúr uaquróm, banóu uaqúróm qúr ú déi

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 Grammar of Ousse

Chapter 2. Nouns

In this chapter, we will look at how nouns are constructed. Ousse nouns are composed of a noun-article
pairings. The noun does not change form at all. Grammatical information is conveyed by the ísaughóu
— the article:

[ḿuq́μgunɯɯ́ ] pakighanou — noun class, or to which semantic category a noun belongs

gágau (the agricultural worker [ 1] )
áudhaibeil (the horse [ 2] )
tambil (the toy [ 3] )
Oúsou (Ousse language [ 4] )
[ɰ́ ŋɰɯ́ ] údhóu — grammatical number, or whether something described is singular or plural in
number.
gágau (the agricultural worker [ ] ) v. gágáu (the agricultural workers [ ] )
tambil (the toy [ ] ) v. tambíl (the toys [ ] )
[ńɯ́ mɰcɯɯ́ ] tumósou — grammatical case, or how a given nount interacts with a given verb.
gágau (the agricultural worker [ ] ) v. gágas (the agricultural worker [ ] )
áudhaibeil (the horse [ ] ) v. áudhaibeit (the horse [ ])
Oúsou (Ousse language [ / ] ) v. Oúsom (Ousse language [ ])

[ńɰ́ ncɯɯ́ ] túnsou — grammatical de niteness, or whether the object is the speci c thing being
discussed or a thing among others.
gágau (the agricultural worker [ ]) v. gáge (an agricultural work [ . ]) v. gági (some
agricultural work [ . ])

áudhaibeit (the horse [ . ]) v. áudhaibeta (a horse [ . . ]) v. áudhaibete (some

horses [ . . ])

tambír (the toys [ . . ] ) v. tambre (the toys [ . . ])

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 Grammar of Ousse

Noun classes

Ousse has four noun classes, corresponding to four distinct forms of being. The rst noun class ( [ 1] )
describes human beings. The second noun class ( [ 2] ) describes animals, spirits, deities and other
animate beings. Infections (treated as spirits) are also included in the second noun class. Plants,
however, are considered among inanimate objects ( [ 3] ) in the third noun class. Finally, abstract
nouns belong to the fourth noun class ( [ 4] ).

Noun classes are conveyed primarily through stem vowels. These are often visible in articles, as well as
in nouns themselves.

The following table o�ers a sampling of words from each noun class.

Each noun class has its own case marking scheme. For all noun classes, the plural de nite is formed
through vowel length.

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 Grammar of Ousse

nc1 : humans nc2 : animates

ɥŋμyuɯ́ ádhilau q̄ɥ́q́ńμy géktil

(the man) (the sheep)

ǵɥyuɯ́ qálau gμ́uɯ́ μy ghíauil

(the woman) (the locust)

yɥnμnuɯ́ láninau ɯ́ uɱɥ́μy uavéil

(the friend) (the bee)

yɯ́ ucɥɯ́ luasáu múm̄ uɯ́ μy mebauil

(the worker) (the pox infection)

ɥɯ́ yɯ́ ucɥɯ́ áuluasáu gɰycμy ghólsil

(the caretaker) (the jackal)

çɥmuɯ́ zámau ḿɥ́cμy pésil

(the deputy) (the elephant)

nc3 : inanimates nc4 : abstractions

q̄ɯm̄ uńμy gobatil q̄ɰńμnɯɯ́ gótinou

(the altar) (the sentence)

q̄úμ́y geíl ɯɰ́ n̄ ɯɯ́ oúdou

(the house) (the skill)

ǵɥɱμŋɥ́nμy qávidhénil q̄ɰ́ɱμḿɯɯ́ gúvipou

(the kingdom) (the weight)

λɥ́n̄μq̄μy rédigil ńɰ́ gçɯɯ́ túhzou

(the tree) (the experience)

ḿμcḿμy pispil guɱɥ́ɯɯ́ ghavéou

(the path) (the swelling)

n̄ uyńμy daltil cɰ́ nɯɯ́ súnou

(the tool) (the su ering)

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 Grammar of Ousse

The rst noun class (cɥçum ḿuq́μgunɯɯ́ , sázam pakighanou) contains human agents. It is unique in its
vowel changes for the inde nite singular and plural. For this noun class, the endings are -e [INDEF.S]
and -i [INDEF.PL] .

NC1. ɥŋμyuɯ́ (ádhilau) - man

number & de niteness case script romanization

singular de nite nominative ɥŋμyuɯ́ ádhilau

accusative ɥŋμyuń ádhilat

dative / prep. ɥŋμyuc ádhilas

genitive ɥŋμyum ádhilam

plural de nite nominative ɥŋμyɥɯ́ ádhiláu

accusative ɥŋμyɥń ádhilát

dative / prep. ɥŋμyɥc ádhilás

genitive ɥŋμyɥm ádhilám

singular inde nite nominative ɥŋμyú ádhile

accusative ɥŋμyńú ádhilte

dative / prep. ɥŋμycú ádhilse

genitive ɥŋμymú ádhilme

plural inde nite nominative ɥŋμyμ ádhili

accusative ɥŋμyńμ ádhilti

dative / prep. ɥŋμycμ ádhilsi

genitive ɥŋμymμ ádhilmi

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 Grammar of Ousse

The second noun class corresponds to animals, spirits and other living beings. The nominative and
genitive articles are identical for NC2 and NC3. However, NC2 articles have distinct dative and
accusative forms. The consonants for NC2 and NC1 articles are identical, with -t- appearing in the
accusative and -s- in the dative, regardless of de niteness or number.

NC2. gúyucμy (ghelasil) - hound

number & de niteness case script romanization

singular de nite nominative gúyucμy ghelasil

accusative gúyucμń ghelasit

dative / prep. gúyucμc ghelasis

genitive gúyucμm ghelasim

plural de nite nominative gúyucμ́y ghelasíl

accusative gúyucμ́ń ghelasít

dative / prep. gúyucμ́c ghelasís

genitive gúyucμ́m ghelasím

singular inde nite nominative gúyucu ghelasa

accusative gúyucńu ghelasta

dative / prep. gúyuc-cu ghelas-sa

genitive gúyucmu ghelasma

plural inde nite nominative gúyucú ghelase

accusative gúyucńú ghelaste

dative / prep. gúyuc-cú ghelas-se

genitive gúyucmú ghelasme

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 Grammar of Ousse

The third noun class corresponds to inanimate objects, as well as most physical matter. Objects
available to the senses are typically categorized under the third noun class. The third and fourth noun
classes do not distinguish between nominative and accusative cases. The third noun class has unique
dative constructions, which use the consonant root -r-.

NC3. ńuɯ́ cμy (tausil) - eye

number & de niteness case script romanization

singular de nite nominative ńuɯ́ cμy tausil

accusative ńuɯ́ cμy tausil

dative / prep. ńuɯ́ cμλ tausir

genitive ńuɯ́ cμm tausim

plural de nite nominative ńuɯ́ cμ́y tausíl

accusative ńuɯ́ cμ́y tausíl

dative / prep. ńuɯ́ cμ́λ tausír

genitive ńuɯ́ cμ́m tausím

singular inde nite nominative ńuɯ́ cu tausa

accusative ńuɯ́ cu tausa

dative / prep. ńuɯ́ cλu tausra

genitive ńuɯ́ cmu tausma

plural inde nite nominative ńuɯ́ cú tause

accusative ńuɯ́ cú tause

dative / prep. ńuɯ́ cλú tausre

genitive ńuɯ́ cmú tausme

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 Grammar of Ousse

The fourth noun class corresponds to abstractions and concepts. These are typically things which
cannot be touched or observed. One also nds the in nitive forms of all verbs in this class: adhasusou
(traveling), edarosusou (refusing), dhedinusou (opining).

Although nouns like kindness and fullness or annoyance may strike English speakers as uncountable,
Ousse often treats abstract nouns as countable instances. De niteness often has a weakly lexifying
in uence on Ousse, often accomplishing shades of meaning. (See Note 2.3).

NC4. ɯ́ uλnɯɯ́ (uarnou) - sound

number & de niteness case script romanization

singular de nite nominative ɯ́ uλnɯɯ́ uarnou

accusative ɯ́ uλnɯɯ́ uarnou

dative / prep. ɯ́ uλnɯc uarnos

genitive ɯ́ uλnɯm uarnom

plural de nite nominative ɯ́ uλnɰɯ́ uarnóu

accusative ɯ́ uλnɰɯ́ uarnóu

dative / prep. ɯ́ uλnɰc uarnós

genitive ɯ́ uλnɰm uarnóm

singular de nite nominative ɯ́ uλnu uarna

accusative ɯ́ uλnu uarna

dative / prep. ɯ́ uλncu uarnsa

genitive ɯ́ uλn-mu uarn-ma

plural inde nite nominative ɯ́ uλnú uarne

accusative ɯ́ uλnú uarne

dative / prep. ɯ́ uλncú uarnse

genitive ɯ́ uλn-mú uarn-me

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 Grammar of Ousse

Notes

1. Because articles convey integral semantic information about a noun and are always present,
Ousse syntax is characterized by its free word order.

(1) umɯ gúyucμń m̄ ɥ́ńμ́λ—

amo ghelasit bétír.
give.1S dog-ACC food.DAT
I give the food to the dog.

(2) gúyucμń m̄ ɥ́ńμ́λ umɯ—

ghelasit bétír amo.

dog-ACC food.DAT give.1S.

I give the food to the dog.

(3) m̄ ɥ́ńμ́λ gúyucμń umɯ—

bétír ghelasit amo.
food.DAT dog-ACC give.1S.
I give the food to the dog.

In the above examples, changing the order in which objects appear does not a ect meaning.

2. Because Ousse phonotactics forbid gemination, written Ousse places a hyphen between two "like"
sounds in a noun-article pairings. The hyphen does not represent anything sonically, but helps to
distinguish between ambiguous forms on the page.
ladosa (a kind gesture [ / ] ) v. lados-sa (a kind gesture [ ])
gótine (some sentences [ / ] ) v. gótin-me (some sentences [ ])

ghárdat (the merchantwoman [ ] ) v. ghárd-te (a merchantwoman [ ])

tóhza (a story [ / ] ) v. tóhz-sa (a story [ ])

3. Personal possessive pronouns are often omitted in Ousse. Rather than saying manau ámi, for
example, Ousse speakers simply say ámiau, “the mother.” Without context, “the mother” is
understood to mean simply “my mother” or “your mother.”

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 Grammar of Ousse

Noun positions

There are two positions (iésóu) in which a noun can appear: primary and secondary. Thus far, we have
only considered nouns in their primary position. In this default form, the noun is followed by its
article.

noun class script transliteration translation

humans ǵɥyuɯ́ qálau the woman

animates m̄ μ́λmμy bírmil the cat

inanimates ńumm̄ μy tambil the toy

abstractions gɰ́ q̄ɯɯ́ ghúgou the earth

Articles may detach from and then precede their nouns. This is called secondary position. In certain
cases, such as during modi cation (See Chapter 6) or in prepositional phrases (See Chapter 5), a noun
must appear in secondary position. Position type does not a�ect article morphology.

noun class script transliteration translation

humans uɯ́ ǵɥy au qál the woman

animates μy m̄ μ́λm il bírm the cat

inanimates μy ńumm̄ il tamb the toy

abstractions ɯɯ́ gɰ́ q̄ ou ghúg the earth

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 Grammar of Ousse

The words sampled above are instances of consonant- nal nouns. Asides from the aforementioned
insertion of a hyphen between like sounds at the noun-article boundary, consonant- nal nouns do not
generally interact with articles. Likewise, dissimilar vowel sounds do not typically impact article
morphology. When a noun ends with the same vowel sound as its article, it produces a single long
vowel. This creates many situations in Ousse where ambiguity is possible, often relating to
grammatical number. For this reason, Ousse speakers will pronounce some words in one position over
another, especially when ambiguities are possible.

Translation Primary Position Secondary Position

the worker [ ] yɯ́ uçɥɯ́ luazáu uɯ́ yɯ́ uçu au luaza

the workers [ ] yɯ́ uçɥɯ́ luazáu ɥɯ́ yɯ́ uçu áu luaza

the real thing [ ] un̄ ɥ́ńμ́y adétíl μy un̄ ɥ́ńμ il adéti

the real things [ ] un̄ ɥ́ńμ́y adétíl μ́y un̄ ɥ́ńμ íl adéti
some villages [ . ] q́μλcuμgɥ́ kirsaighé ú q́μλcuμgú e kirsaighe

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 Grammar of Ousse

Chapter 3. Verbs

Ousse verbs undergo similar morphological changes as nouns. Rather than being composed of noun-
article pairings, verbs are structured by a verb-desinence system. Grammatical desinences (erétinou)
convey:

palósou — verb class, or the governing rules for verbal morphology.

go (I speak [ 1.1 ] ) v. sa (I am [ 2.1 ] ) v. de (I know [ 3.1 ] )
godhanou — grammatical person, or the subject of a given verb.
go (I speak [ 1.1 ] ) v. gosi (you speak [ 1.2 ] ) v. gost (he/she/it speaks [ 1.3 ] )
oúdhou — grammatical number, or the number of subjects of a given verb.
go (I speak [ 1.1 ] ) v. gó (we speak [ 1.1 ] )
sám (you are [ 2.2 ] ) v. saim (you pl. speak [ 2.2 ] )
dinat (he/she/it knows [ 3.3 ] ) v. dinem (they know [ 3.3 ] )
oghasou — tense, or the time during which an event takes place.
go (I speak [ 1.1 ] ) v. gor (I spoke [ 1.1 . ] ) v. gok (we speak [ 1.1 . ])
sám (you are [ 2.2 ] ) v. sáb (you were [ 2.2 . ] ) v. ság (you will be [ 2.2 . ])

dinat (he/she/it knows [ 3.3 ] ) v. didhat (he/she/it knew [ 3.3 . ]) v. dizat (he/she/it
will know [ 3.3 . ] )
orakou — mood, or the context in which verbal information is conveyed.
go (I speak [ 1.1 ] ) v. gas (I speak [ 1.1 . ])

sám (you speak [ 2.2 ] ) v. suem (you pl. speak [ 2.2 . ])

dinat (he/she/it knows [ 3.3 ] ) v. donat (he/she/it knows [ 3.3 . ])

Mood and tense will be introduced in Chapter 4.

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 Grammar of Ousse

Verb classes

Each verb class has its own distinct conjugation scheme. The scheme determines the shape of
grammatical desinences and subjunctive ablaut changes. Desinence morphology, like article
morphology, is regular.

1. The desinence is composed of two parts : the vowel stem and the semantic handle. Vowel stems
convey mood and verb class information, whereas the handle conveys information about person,
number and tense.

(4) n̄μq̄ɯ

dig -o -∅
verb stem handle
address IND 1S
I speak.

(5) ɥncɯmu

áns -o -ma
verb stem handle
become SUB 2S
You become «subjunctive».

(6) um̄ ɯŋúm

ab -o -dhem
verb stem handle
eat SUBJ 3P.PRET
They ate « subjunctive ».

2. Changes to the vowel stem follow the following pattern.

Verb Class Indicative Subjunctive

VC 1 : kho o a

VC2 : sa a o

VC3 : the e o

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 Grammar of Ousse

3. Changes to the consonant sounds of the semantic handle primarily re ect tense distinction and
are best studied using Old Ousse phonology. Ousse has since experienced a number of sound
changes that obscure the regularity of desinence morphology.
Verb Class Present Preterit Future

VC 1 : kho -s- -r- -k-

khoset (he speaks) khoret (he spoke) khoket (he will speak)
VC2 : sa -m- -b- -g-
samat (he is) sabat (he was) sagat (he will be)
VC3 : the -n- -d- -z-
thenat (he knows) thedat (he knew) thezat (he will know)

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 Grammar of Ousse

VC1 : kho verbs

Verbs in the rst noun class follow a conjugation scheme modeled on the Old Ousse verb kho (I speak).
In the indicative, it is recognizable by its o vowel stem. In this group are the basal verbs go (I speak), mo
(I put), and lo (I do), as well as compound and phrasal verbs formed from them.

Note : Only a change in vowel length distinguishes the rst-person singular and the rst-
person plural indicative desinences of this group.

go, “I say” mo, “I put” lo, “I do”

q̄ɯ go mɯ mo yɯ lo
[gɔ] (I say) [mɔ] (I put) [lɔ] (I do)

q̄ɯcμ gosi mɯcμ mosi yɯcμ losi

[gɔsi] (you say) [mɔsi] (you put) [lɔsi] (you do)

q̄ɯcń gost mɯcń most yɯcń lost

[gɔst] (it says) [mɔst] (it puts) [lɔst] (it does)

q̄ɰ gó mɰ mó yɰ ló
[gɔ:] (we say) [mɔ:] (we put) [lɔ:] (we do)

q̄ɰc gós mɰc mós yɰc lós

[gɔ:s] (you say) [mɔ:s] (you put) [lɔ:s] (you do)

q̄ɯcμm gosim mɯcμm mosim yɯcμm losim

[gɔsim] (they say) [mɔsim] (they put) [lɔsim] (they do)

q̄ɯcɯ́ c gosus mɯcɯ́ c mosus yɯcɯ́ c losus

[gɔsus] (to say) [mɔsus] (to put) [lɔsus] (to do)

q̄ɯcɰ gosó mɯcɰ mosó yɯcɰ losó

[gɔsɔ:] (saying / said) [mɔsɔ:] (putting / put) [lɔsɔ:] (doing / done)

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 Grammar of Ousse

VC2: sa verbs

The second verb class models the changes to the Old Ousse and Ousse verb sa (I am). In the indicative, it
is recognizable by its a vowel stem. In this group are the basal verbs sa (I am), ka (I take), dha (I move my
body), and ta (I see), as well as compound and phrasal verbs formed from them. Keep in mind that <k>
before a long vowel becomes <q>.

sa, “I am” ka, “I take” dha, “I move”

cu sa q́u ka ŋu dha
[sɐ] (I am) [kɐ] (I take) [ðɐ] (I move)

cɥm sám ǵɥm qám ŋɥm dhám

[saːm] (you are) [qaːm] (you take) [ðaːm] (you move)

cɥnń sánt ǵɥnń qánt ŋɥnń dhánt

[sãːnt] (it is) [qãːnt] (it takes) [dãːnt] (it moves)

cuμ sai q́uμ kai ŋuμ dhai

[saj] (we are) [kaj] (we take) [ðaj] (we move)

cuμm saim quμm kaim ŋ̄uμm dhaim

[sajm] (you are) [kajm] (you take) [ðajm] (you move)

cumμm samim q́umμm kamim ŋumμm dhamim

[sɐmim] (they are) [kɐmim] (they take) [ðɐmim] (they move)

cumɯ́ c samus q́umɯ́ c kamus ŋumɯ́ c dhamus

[sɐmus] (to be) [kɐmus] (to take) [ðɐmus] (to move)

cumuμ samai q́umuμ kamai ŋumuμ dhamai

[sɐmaj] (being / been) [kɐmaj] (taking / taken) [ðɐmaj] (moving / moved)

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 Grammar of Ousse

VC3: the verbs

Desinence morphology for the third noun class models changes to the Old Ousse verb the (I sense, I
know). In Old Ousse, the form was recognizable by <e>, although this sound often into <\i> in Ousse, if
it wasn't completely elided. In this group are the basal verbs de (I know), re (I have) and be (I eat), as
well as compound and phrasal verbs formed from them.

de, “I know” re, “I have” be, “I eat”

n̄ú de λú re m̄ ú be
[de] (I know) [ʀe] (I have) [be] (I eat)

n̄μnu dina λμnu rina m̄ μnu bina

[dinɐ] (you know) [ʀinɐ] (you have) [binɐ] (you eat)

n̄μnuń dinat λμnuń rinat m̄ μnuń binat

[dinɐt] (it knows) [ʀinɐt] (it has) [binɐt] (it eats)

n̄ɥ́ dé λɥ́ ré m̄ ɥ́ bé
[dɛ:] (we know) [ʀɛ:] (we have) [bɛ:] (we eat)

n̄ɥ́n dén λɥ́n rén m̄ ɥ́n bén

[dɛ̃:n] (you know) [ʀɛ̃:n] (you have) [bɛ̃:n] (you eat)

n̄μnúm dinem λμnúm rinem m̄ μnúm binem

[dinem] (they know) [ʀinem] (they have) [binem] (they eat)

n̄μnɯ́ c dinus λμnɯ́ c rinus mμnɯ́ c binus

[dinus] (to know) [ʀinus] (to have) [binus] (to eat)

n̄μnɥ́ diné λμnɥ́ riné m̄ μnɥ́ biné

[dinɛ:] (knowing / known) [ʀinɛ:] (having / had) [binɛ:] (eating / eaten)

In addition to the three verb classes (kho, sa, and the) there are also three verb types (lósóu lune) : basal,
compound and phrasal. Basal verbs are composed of a simple consonant root and desinence pair. In
this chapter, we have only considered basal verbs, like ta (I see), dha (I move), and go (I speak).

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 Grammar of Ousse

Compound verbs

Compound verbs are formed from the combination of an adposition (see chapter 5) with a basal verb.
Compound verbs are considered distinct units with their own meaning.

+go (I speak) +sa (I am) +de (I sense)

at+ uq̄ɯ ago ucu asa un̄ú ade

(from, for) [ɐgɔ] (I state) [ɐsɐ] (I arrive) [ɐde] (I realize)

tu+ ńɯ́ q̄ɯ tugo ńɯ́ cu tusa ńɯ́ n̄ú tude

(to, at, against) [tugɔ] (I ask) [tusɐ] (I am from) [tude] (I perceive)

dhe+ ŋúq̄ɯ dhego ŋúcu dhesa ŋún̄ú dhede

(about, next to) [ðegɔ] (I discuss) [ðesɐ] (I concern) [ðede] (I question)

et+ úq̄ɯ ego úcu esa ún̄ú ede

(with) [egɔ] (I advise) [esɐ] (I belong to) [ede] (I sympathize)

ur+ ɯ́ λq̄ɯ urgo ɯ́ λcu ursa urde urde

(without) [uʀgɔ] (I lie) [uʀsɐ] (I grieve) [uʀde] (I don't know)

Each compound verb has its own case dependencies and these may look di�erent from of the basal
forms of a verb. For instance, some verbs take direct objects (accusative) while others take indirect
objects (dative). Some case dependencies have conditional rules or change their semantic sense
depending on the noun class of its objects.

ago (I state, I respond) can take an accusative object for a statement, or a dative object for a
respondent.
speaker NOM statement ACC + addressee DAT

(7) ǵɥgnɯɯ́ uq̄ɯ—

qáhn-ou ago.
name-ACC state.1S
qaːxno ɐgɔ
I say my name.

(8) guy nμńuλɯc yɰńμn uq̄ucμ cum n̄u

ghal nitar-os lótin agasi sam da?
toward which-DAT purpose state.2S 1S.DAT NEG
ɣɐw nitɐʀɔs lɔ:tin ɐgɐsi sɐm dɐ
Why won't you answer me?

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 Grammar of Ousse

tusa (I am from, I originate) takes a dative object.

originator NOM origin DAT

(9) μλ q́unμm̄ uλ ńɯ́ cɥnń ɥmμuɯ́ —

ir Kanibar tusánt ámi-au.
il Kanibar.DAT be_from.3S mother-ART
iʀ kɐnibɐʀ tusãːnt aːmjɐw

My mother is from il Kanibar.

tuka (I pick up) takes an accusative object, then a dative helper.

seizer NOM seized thing ACC + tool DAT

(10) ńɯ́ ǵɥnń ɥŋμyuɯ́ m̄ μ́λmńu—

tuqánt ádhil-au bírm-ta.

seize.3S man-NOM cat-ACC.INDEF
tuqãːnt aːðilɐw bi:ʀmtɐ.
The man picks up a cat.

dhelo (I join; I marry) takes a dative object, then an accusative object.

joiner NOM group / marriage partner B DAT + marriage partner A ACC

(11) ŋúyɯcń ŋɥλńuɯ́ yɥnμncμ—

dhelost dhárt-au lánin-si.

unite.3S child-NOM friend-DAT.INDEF.PL
ðelɔst ðaːʀtɐw laːninsi
The child joins some friends.

(12) n̄úyɯcɯ́ c ńɥnń ɥŋμyuλuń n̄ɥycuɯ́ q̄ɥq́ńuc q́uyɥλ—

dhelosus tánt ádhilar-at dáls-au gákt-as kalár.

unite.PTCP DES.3S son-ACC elder-NOM shepherd-DAT daughter
ðelɔsus tãːnt aːðilɐʀɐt daːlsɐw gaːktɐs kɐlaːʀ
The old man married his son to the shepherd's daughter.

tugo (I ask) takes an accusative object, then a dative object.

sollicitor NOM sollicited person ACC question / requested info DAT

(13) ńɯ́ q̄ɯcń ɥmμuɯ́ ǵɥyuń ǵɥgn—

tugost ámi-au qál-at qáhn-os.
ask.3S mother-NOM woman-ACC name-DAT
tugɔst aːmjɐw qaːlɐt qaːɣnɔs.

My mother asks for the woman's name.

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 Grammar of Ousse

ede (I sympathize) takes an accusative object.

(14) ɥm̄ μuλ ún̄ɥ́—

ábi-at edé
father-ACC sympathize.1P
aːbjɐt edɛ:

We sympathize with your father.

ure (I abuse) takes an accusative object.

(15) ǵɥyuɯ́ n̄ɥ́λμń q̄úyuc ɯ́ λμnuń

qál-au dér-ít ghelas urinat!

woman-NOM none-ACC.PL dog abuse.3s
qaːlɐw dɛ:ʀi:t ɣelɐs uʀinɐt
My wife does not abuse our dogs!

dhego (I discuss) takes an accusative object for a discussion topic, and an additional dative object
for a discussion partner.
speaker NOM topic ACC + discussant DAT

(16) ńuq́ ŋúq̄ɯcμm

tak dhegosim.
3S.INAM.ACC discuss.3P
tɐk ðegɔsim
They discuss it

(17) ńuq́ ŋúq̄ɯq́ ɥmμɥnuc—

tak dhegok ámiánas.

3S.INAM.ACC discuss.1S.FUT mat_grandmother-DAT
tɐk ðegɔk aːmi.aːnɐs
I'll discuss it with your (maternal) grandmother.

Phrasal verbs

Finally, Ousse has a number of verbal constructions consisting of a bound verb and a noun. These are
known as phrasal verbs and appear very commonly in the language. An example of a phrasal verb is lo
ladosa, “to do a kind thing.” Taking a dative object, lo ladosa, “to do a kind thing,” is a distinct and for
the most part immutable sentence construction. The expression would not make sense with another
verb, such as mo, nor a modi ed case or de niteness. Only number can be adjusted, the case of lo
ladose, “to do some kind things.”

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 Grammar of Ousse

re rúmou (I know about) takes a genitive object. topic GEN

(18) λú n̄ɰcɯɯ́ λɰ́ m m̄ μ́λmμm

re dós-ou rúm bírm-im.
have.1S many-ACC knowledge cat-GEN
ʀe dɔ:so ʀu:m bi:ʀmim

I know a lot about cats.

sa gúmorou (I am few) takes no object.

(19) yun̄ɯcuɯ́ λɥn̄ cɥnń q̄ɰ́mɯλɯɯ́ —

lados-au rád sánt gúmor-ou

kindness-NOM person be.3s small_group-ACC
lɐdɔsɐw ʀaːd sãːnt gu:mɔʀo
Kind people are rare.

mo sonira (I strike) takes an accusative object. assailed ACC

(20) mɰ n̄ɥ́λ-λu cɯnμ gúyucμ́ń

mó dér-ra soni ghelas-ít

put.1P none-DAT.INDEF harm dog-ACC.PL
mɔ: dɛ:ʀ.ʀɐ sɔni ɣɐlesi:t
We never strike our dogs.

lo ladosa (I do a kind thing) takes a dative object.

(21) ɥm̄ μuɯ́ cum yɯcń yucɯcu

ábi-au sam lost lados-a.
father-NOM 1S.DAT do.3s kindness-ACC.INDEF
aːbjɐw sɐm lɔst lɐdɔsɐ.

Your father does me a favor.

ka ghaigir (I disinter) takes an assusative object.

(22) n̄uyɯ́ λμy q́umμm guμq̄μλ

dalur-il kamim ghaig-ir.
gold-ACC take.3s ground-DAT
dɐluʀil kɐmim ɣajgiʀ.
They unearth gold.

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 Grammar of Ousse

ka kaninir (I catch re) takes no object.

(23) q̄úμ́y ǵɥnń q́unμnμλ

geíl qánt kanin-ir
house-NOM take.3s re-DAT
ge.i:l qãːnt kɐnin-iʀ.

Our house is on re!

de uadhióu (I can count) takes no object.

(24) ɥq̄μq́uɯ́ q̄úμ́uλ n̄μnuń ɯ́ uŋμɰɯ́ —

ágik-au geí-ar dinat uadhi-óu.

every_person-NOM servant know.3s number-ACC.PL
aːgikɐw ge.i:ɐʀ dinɐt wɐðjo:
All our servants know how to count.

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 Grammar of Ousse

Chapter 4. Tense and Mood

In the previous chapter, we looked at the three di�erent forms of Ousse verbs for the present
indicative tense. In this chapter, we’ll expand our familiarity with Ousse’s tense and mood
conjugations. Each verb group has its own distinct conjugation schemes, but the forms are all regular.

Tense

Ousse uses a simple tripartite tense system, split into the present, past and future tenses. Each verb
group changes its handle consonants to modulate tense.

(25) n̄μq̄ɯ

dig -o -∅
verb stem handle
address IND 1S

I speak.

(26) n̄μq̄ɯq́

dig -o -k
verb stem handle
address IND 1S.FUT

I will speak.

(27) um̄ μnúm

ab -i -nem
verb stem handle
eat IND 1S

They eat.

(28) um̄ μŋúm

ab -i -dhem
verb stem handle
eat IND 1S.PRET

They ate.

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 Grammar of Ousse

VC1 : kho verbs

Present Preterit Future

q̄ɯ go q̄ɯλ gor q̄ɯq́ gok

[gɔ] (I say) [gɔʀ] (I said) [gɔk] (I will say)

q̄ɯcμ gosi q̄ɯλμ gori q̄ɯq́μ goki

[gɔsi] (you say) [gɔʀi] (you said) [gɔki] (you will say)

q̄ɯcń gost q̄ɯλń gort q̄ɯq́ń gokt

[gɔst] (it says) [gɔʀt] (it said) [gɔkt] (it will say)

q̄ɰ gó q̄ɰλ gór q̄ɰq́ gók

[gɔ:] (we say) [gɔʀt] (we said) [gɔ:k] (we will say)

q̄ɰc gós q̄ɰλμc góris q̄ɰq́μc gókis

[gɔ:s] (you say) [gɔ:ʀis] (you said) [gɔ:kis] (you will say)

q̄ɯcμm gosim q̄ɯλμm gorim q̄ɯq́μm gokim

[gɔsim] (they say) [gɔʀim] (they said) [gɔkim] (they will say)

VC2: sa verbs

Present Preterit Future

cu sa cum̄ sab cuq̄ sag

[sɐ] (I am) [sɐb] (I was) [sɐg] (I will be)

cɥm sám cɥm̄ sáb cɥq̄ ság

[saːm] (you are) [saːb] (you were) [saːg] (you will be)

cɥnń sánt cɥɱμń sávit cɥgń sáht

[sãːnt] (it is) [saːvit] (it was) [saːxt] (it will be)

cuμ sai cuμm̄ saib cuμq̄ saig

[saj] (we are) [sajb] (we were) [sajg] (we will be)

cuμm saim cuμɱu saiva cuμgu saigha

[sajm] (you are) [sajvɐ] (you were) [sajɣɐ] (you will be)

cumμm samim cuɱμm savim cugμm saghim

[sɐmim] (they are) [sɐvim] (they were) [sɐɣim] (they will be)

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 Grammar of Ousse

VC3: the verbs

Present Present Future

n̄μnu dina n̄μŋu didha n̄μçu diza

[dinɐ] (you know) [diðɐ] (you knew) [dizɐ] (you will know)

n̄μnuń dinat n̄μŋuń didhat n̄μçuń dizat

[dinɐt] (it knows) [diðɐt] (it knew) [dizɐt] (it will know)

n̄ɥ́ dé n̄ɥ́n̄ déd n̄ɥ́ç déz

[dɛ:] (we know) [dɛ:d] (we knew) [dɛ:z] (we will know)

n̄ɥ́n dén n̄ɥ́ŋu dédha n̄ɥ́çu déza

[dɛ̃:n] (you know) [dɛ:ðɐ] (you knew) [dɛ:zɐ] (you will know)

n̄μnúm dinem n̄μŋúm didhem n̄μçúm dizem

[dinem] (they know) [diðem] (they knew) [dizem] (they will know)

Mood

Ousse has two moods: indicative and subjunctive. The indicative is used to provide statements of fact
and to establish a semantic 'ground.' In contrast, the subjunctive describes relationships to and
conditions concerning the semantic ground. In sentences where both moods appear, subjunctive
clauses are subordinate to indicative clauses, which take semantic precedence in sentences where the
two appear.

The subjunctive is used in Ousse to form questions, express commands, form relative clauses, express
necessity or voice ethical concerns. In these latter two cases, subjunctive mood is combined with tense
to form special tense-mood connotations.

The Ousse subjunctive is formed by replacing the vowel stem for each verb class with its corresponding
vowel. For VC1 kho verbs, the vowel becomes a; for for VC2 sa verbs, the vowel becomes o; for VC3 the
verbs, the vowel becomes o; Sound changes have since altered verbal forms, leading to a number of
phonemic irregularities.

(29) cɯmu nɯ ɥmμmuc—

soma no ámim-as.
be.2S.SUBJ 2S.NOM good_person.DAT
sɔmɐ nɔ aːmimɐs.

Be good / Behave yourself.

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 Grammar of Ousse

(30) nμńuλɯɯ́ q̄uɯ́ λμc

nitar-ou gauris
what_thing-ACC speak.2S.PRET
nitɐʀo gawʀis

What did you (pl.) say?

(31) ǵɥyuɯ́ ɥńμλuń ún̄ɯ́μŋu

qál-au átir-at eduidha

woman-NOM DIST-ACC sympathize.2P.SUBJ.PRET
qaːlɐw aːtiʀɐt e.dwiðɐ

The woman you should sympathize with

VC1: kho verbs

Present Preterit Future

q̄uc gas q̄uλ gar q̄uq́ gak

[gɐs] (I speak) [gɐʀ] (I spoke ) [gɐk] (I will speak)

q̄ucμ gasi q̄uλμ gari q̄uq́μ gaki

[gɐsi] (you say) [gɐʀi] (you said) [gɐki] (you will say)

q̄ucń gast q̄uλń gart q̄uq́ń gakt

[gɐst] (it says) [gɐʀt] (it said) [gɐkt] (it will say)

q̄uɯ́ gau q̄uɯ́ λ gaur q̄uɯ́ q́ gauk

[gaw] (we say) [gawʀ] (we said) [gawk] (we will say)

q̄uɯ́ c gaus q̄uɯ́ λμc gauris q̄uɯ́ q́μc gaukis

[gaws] (you say) [gawʀis] (you said) [gawkis] (you will say)

q̄ucμm gasim q̄uλμm garim q̄uq́μm gakim

[gɐsim] (they say) [gɐʀim] (they said) [gɐkim] (they will say)

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 Grammar of Ousse

VC2: sa verbs

Present Preterit Future

cɯm som cɯm̄ sob cɯq̄ sog

[sɔm] (I am) [sɔb] (I was) [sɔg] (I will be)

cɯmu soma cɯɱu sova cɯgu sogha

[sɔmɐ] (you are) [sɔvɐ] (you were) [sɔɣɐ] (you will be)

cɯnuń somat cɯɱuń sovat cɯguń soghat

[sɔmɐt] (it is) [sɔvɐt] (it was) [sɔɣɐt] (it will be)

cɯ́ ú sue cɯ́ úm̄ sueb cɯ́ úq̄ sueg

[swe] (we are) [sweb] (we were) [sweg] (we will be)

cɯ́ úm suem cɯ́ úɱu sueva cɯ́ úgu suegha

[swem] (you are) [swevɐ] (you were) [sweɣɐ] (you will be)

cɯmμm somim cɯɱμm sovim cugim soghim

[sɔmim] (they are) [sɔvim] (they were) [sɔɣim] (they will be)

VC3: the verbs

Present Preterit Future

n̄ɯn don n̄ún̄ dod n̄ɯç doz

[dɔ̃n] (I know) [dɔd] (I knew) [dɔz] (I will know)

n̄ɯnu dona n̄ɯŋu dodha n̄ɯçu doza

[dɔnɐ] (you know) [dɔðɐ] (you knew) [dɔzɐ] (you will know)

n̄ɯnuń donat n̄ɯŋuń dodhat n̄ɯçuń dozat

[dɔnɐ] (it knows) [dɔðɐt] (it knew) [dɔzɐt] (it will know)

n̄ɯ́μ dui n̄ɯ́μn̄ duid n̄ɯ́μç duiz

[dwi] (we know) [dwid] (we knew) [dwiz] (we will know)

n̄ɯ́ɥ́n duin n̄ɯ́μŋu duidha n̄ɯ́ɥ́çu duiza

[dwĩn] (you know) [dwiðɐ] (you knew) [dwizɐ] (you will know)

n̄ɯnμm donim n̄ɯŋμm dodhim n̄ɯçμm dozim

[dɔnim] (they know) [dɔðim] (they knew) [dɔzim] (they will know)

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 Grammar of Ousse

Chapter 5. Pronouns and Adpositions

With knowledge of the shapes of nouns and verbs, it becomes possible to form the most elementary
sentences. When any detail or additional information is needed, an adpositions and pronouns are at
hand. This chapter will look at these structures more closely, and o�er a detailed overview of how
these words function in the language.

Personal Pronouns

Ousse has pronouns roughly analogous to those found in English, with the exception (for certain
speakers, at least) of the plural second person nos. Ousse pronouns have di�erent declined forms for
case.

nominative accusative dative possessive

1st person singular mu ma ńum tam cum sam mun- man-

[mɐ] [tɐm] [sɐm] [mɐn]

1st person plural μum iam ńɥμm táim cɥμm sáim μum- iam-
[jɐm] [taːjm] [saːjm] [jɐm]

2nd person singular nɯ no ńɯn ton cɯn son nɯn- non-

[nɔ] [tɔ̃n] [sɔ̃:n] [nɔn]

3rd person singular cμ si ńɯc tis cμc sis cμnc- sins-

[si] [tis] [sis] [sins]

3rd person plural cμcɯ́ sisu ńɯc tis cμc sis cμnc- sins-
[sisu] [tis] [sis] [sins]

3rd person singular, q́ɯ́ ku ńuq́ tak cuq́ sak cμnc- sins-
inanimate [ku] [tɐk] [sɐk] [sins]

3rd person plural, ńuq́ɯ́ taku ńuq́ɯ́ taku cuq́ sak cμnc- sins-
inanimate [tɐku] [tɐku] [sɐk] [sins]

Nominative pronouns appear only sparingly in written Ousse, as conjugated nouns already convey
information about subjects.

Genitive personal pronouns act like modi ers, attaching to the article.

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 Grammar of Ousse

(32) munuɯ́ ɥmμ

man-au ámi
1S.POSS-ART mother
mɐnɐw aːmi

my mother

(33) μumμ ɥλn

iam-i árn
1P.POSS-INDEF.PL kin
jɐmi aːʀn

some of my kinsmen

(34) cμncmu m̄ μ́λm ŋμλńμy

sins-ma bírm dhirt-il

3S.POSS-INDEF.GEN cat young-ART
sinsmɐ bi:ʀm ðiʀtil

one of his cat's young

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 Grammar of Ousse

Demonstrative Pronouns

Demonstrative pronouns, along with other stem-changing nouns, have corresponding forms for each
of the four noun classes. These special pronouns must match the noun class of the words they are
modifying.

m-q̄-λ (here) -ń-λ (there) q́-ń- (yon)

NC1: human mɥq̄μλuɯ́ ɥńμλuɯ́ ǵɥńuɯ́

mágirau átirau qátau
[maːgiʀɐw] (this person) [aːtiʀɐw] (that person) [qaːtɐw] (another person)

NC2: animal / mɥ́qμ

̄ λμy ɥ́ńμλμy ǵɥ́ńμy
spirit mégiril étiril qétil
[mɛ:giʀil] (this animal) [ɛ:tiʀil] (that animal) [qɛ:til] (another animal)

NC3: inanimate mɥ́qμ

̄ λμy ɥ́ńμλμy ǵɥ́ńμy
mégiril étiril qétil
[mɛ:giʀil] (this thing) [ɛ:tiʀil] (that thing) [qɛ:til] (another thing)

NC4: abstract mɰq̄μλɯɯ́ ɰńμλɯɯ́ ǵɰńɯɯ́

mógirou ótirou qótou
[mɔ:giʀo] (this concept) [ːɔtiʀo] (that concept) [qɔ:to] (another concept)

attached forms muq̄- / múq̄- / mɰq̄- uń- / úń- / ɯń- q́uń- / q́úń- / q́ɯń-
mag- / meg- / mog- at-/ et-/ ot- kat- / ket- / kot-
[mɐg meg mɔg] (this) [ɐt et ɔt] (that) [kɐt ket kɔt] (another)

time mɥ́qμ
̄ gɯ́ c ɥ́ńμgɯ́ c ǵɥ́ńμgɯ́ c
mégighus étighus qétighus
[mɛ:giɣus] (now) [ɛ:tiɣus] (then) [qɛ:tiɣus] (another time)

place múńɥ́c úńɥ́c q́úńɥ́c

metés etés ketés
[metɛ:s] (here) [etɛ:s] (there) [ketɛ:s] (another place)

As stated above, pronouns must match the nouns they are replacing. If the replaced word is an abstract
noun, one must use mógirou (“this concept”) or ótirou as its substitution.

Although there is no ne rule, there is a general tendency to associate accusative pronouns with -ń-λ
(there) words and dative & nominative pronouns with m-q̄-λ (here) words.

Attached forms appear before articles in shorter expressions, meaning “this” and “that” more directly
than the nominal pronouns. Attached forms for m-q̄-λ (here) and -ń-λ (there) are always de nite,
whereas attached forms of q́-ń- (yon) are always inde nite.

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 Grammar of Ousse

(35) muq̄ɥɯ́ ɥŋμy

mag-áu ádhil
PROX.I-NOM.PL man
mɐgaw aːðil

these men

(36) mɯq̄ɰm q̄ɰçɯ

mog-óm gózo
PROX.IV-NOM.GEN.PL discourse
mɔgɔ:m gɔ:zɔ

of these words

(37) úńμń úɱɥ́ŋú

̄ λ

et-it evéjer
DIST.II-ACC zebra
etit evɛ:ɟeʀ

that zebra (accusative)

(38) gun q́ɯńcu úλμq́

ghan kot-sa erik

through another—IV-INDEF.DAT manner
ɣɐ̃n kɔtsɐ eʀik

by another means

(39) q́uńu cɥq́c

kat-a sáks
another.I-INDEF woodcarver
kɐtɐ saːks

another woodcarver

(40) ɯńɯɯ́ ɯgń

ot-ou oht
DIST.IV-ACC consequence
ɔto ɔxt

another outcome (accusative)

(41) úńμ́y m̄ uλμm

etís barim
DIST.II-DAT.PL leopard
eti:s bɐʀim

those leopards (dative)

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 Grammar of Ousse

(42) q́úńú ɯ́ uμ́m̄

ket-e uaíb
another.III-INDEF spoon
kete wɐ.i:b

some other spoons

Pronouns in Ousse play an important role in the creation of relative clauses. Rather than using a word
like “that” or a distinct relative pronoun like “whom" to describe the subjects or objects of relative
clauses, Ousse uses its demonstrative pronouns. The above tendencies which associate the accusative
and dative with -ń-λ (there) and the nominative and genitive with m-q̄-λ (here) also apply here. We’ll
return to this topic in subsequent chapters.

(43) ǵɥyuɯ́ mɥq̄μλum yɯnɯ́ nɯɯ́ n̄ɯnu

qál-au mághir-am lonun-ou dona

woman-NOM PROX.PRO.I-GEN acquaintance-ACC know.2S.SUBJ
qaːlɐw maːɣiʀɐm lɔnuno dɔnɐ

the woman you know

(44) ɥŋμyɥɯ́ ɥńμλɥń q̄uλ

ádhil-áu átir-át gar

man-NOM.PL DIST.PRO-ACC.PL speak.1S.PRET.SUBJ
aːðilaw aːtiʀaːt gɐʀ

the men to whom I spoke

(45) cɥ́q́cμy ɥún̄μλ ɥ́ńμλ ɯ́ ɥ́gn̄μc yuλ cɰ́ q́ńλu—

séks-il ed-ir étir uéhd-is lar súkt-a.

knife-ACC with-DAT DIST.PRO.III carp-DAT do.1S.SUBJ.PRET cutting-INDEF
sɛ:ksil ediʀ ɛ:tiʀ wɛ:ɣdis lɐʀ su:ktɐ

the knife (accusative) with which I cut the sh

(46) n̄ɯλμq́μy mɥ́gμλμλ ɥm̄ μuɯ́ ńum muλń

dorik-il méghir-ir ábi-au tam mart

sword-NOM PROX.PRO.III-DAT father-NOM 1S.ACC put.3S.SUBJ.PRET
dɔʀikil mɛ:ɣiʀiʀ aːbjɐw tɐm mɐʀt

the sword my father gave me

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 Grammar of Ousse

(47) λɥn̄μq̄ɯɯ́ λɰ́ m ɰńμλɯm n̄ɯ́μn

rádig-ou rúm ótir-om duin

plant-IV.NOM knowledge DIST.PRO.IV-GEN know.2P.SUBJ
ʀaːdigo ʀu:m ɔ:tiʀɔm dwin

what you (pl.) know about plants

The pronouns for time and place in Ousse function di�erently from other pronouns as rare purely
adverbial constructions. These words do not take articles.

(48) múńɥ́c úλumɯɯ́ n̄ɯgq́μm

metés eram-ou dohk-im

here interdiction-NOM alcohol-GEN
metɛ:s eʀɐmo dɔxkim
No alcohol allowed (here)

(49) uŋɯm̄ u úńɥ́c gun nμńuλɯc úλμq́

adhoba etés ghan nitar-os erik
go.2S.SUBJ.PRET there through WH-DAT manner
ɐðɔbɐ etɛ:s ɣɐn nitɐʀɔs eʀik

How did you get there?

(50) ńuq́ ŋúq̄uɯ́ q́ ǵɥ́ńμgɯ́ c—

tak dhegauk qétighus.

3S.INAM.ACC discuss.1P.SUBJ.FUT another_time
tɐk ðegawk qɛ:tiɣus

Let’s talk about it later.

(51) ɥ́ńμgɯ́ c n̄ún̄ n̄ɰλɯɯ́ yɯnɯ́ nɯɯ́ munum λɥn̄—

étighus déd dór-ou lonun-ou man-am rád.

then know.2S none.IV-NOM acquaintance-ACC 1S.POSS-GEN person
ɛ:tiɣus dɛ:n dɔ:ʀo lɔnuno mɐnɐm ʀaːd

You didn't know me then.

(52) mɥ́qμ
̄ gɯ́ c n̄ú m̄ μɯcμy—

mégighus de bios-il
now know.1S hunger-ACC
mɛ:giɣus de bjɔsil

Now I am hungry.

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 Grammar of Ousse

Interrogative Pronouns

Interrogative pronouns are not as varied in Ousse, coming in one essential form for all noun class,
which is nitar. The articles for each noun class are then added for further context.

n-ń-λ (which)

NC1: human nμńuλuɯ́ nitarau

[nitɐʀɐw] (which person)

NC2: animal / spirit nμńuλμy nitaril

[nitɐʀil] (which animal)

NC3: inanimate nμńuλμy nitaril

[nitɐʀil] (which thing)

NC4: abstract nμńuλɯɯ́ nitarou

[nitɐʀo] (which concept)

attached forms nμń- nit-

[nit] (which)

time nμ́ńμgɯ́ c nítighus

[ni:tiɣus] (when)

place nμńɥ́c nités

[nitɛ:s] (where)

manner ⎧gun⎫ nμńuλɯc úλμq́ [ghan] nitaros erik?

[nitɐʀɔs eʀik] (how?)

purpose ⎧guy⎫ nμńuλɯc yɰńμn [ghal] nitaros lótin

[ɣɐn nitɐʀɔs lɔ:tin] (why?)

amount nμńuλɯɯ́ ɯɰ́ ŋ nitarou oúdh

[nitɐʀo ɔ.u:ð] (how many ?)

Ousse lacks pure relative pronouns: there are no direct equivalents for “who" or “whom” or “what" in
Ousse. Rather, Ousse speakers use demonstrative pronouns declined for the relevant case of the object
within the noun clause.

(53) nμńuλμy ɥ́ńμλμy cɯmuń

nitar-il étir-il somat?

WH.N-NOM DIST.N-NOM be.3S.SUBJ?
nitɐʀil ɛ:tiʀil sɔmɐt

What is that thing?

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 Grammar of Ousse

(54) nμńuλuń ǵɥy q̄uλμ

nitarat qál gari?

nitɐʀɐt qaːl gɐʀi

To which woman did you speak?

(55) nμńuλɯɯ́ ɯ́ ɰŋ un̄ɥ́μm λɯnúm

nitar-ou uódh adé-im ronem?

WH.N-IV.NOM quantity shell-GEN have.3S.SUBJ
nitɐʀo ɔ.u:ð aːdɛ:im ʀɔnem

How much money do they have?

(56) nμńɯɯ́ ǵɥgn ɥmμuλuɯ́ n̄ɯnuń

nit-ou qáhn ámiar-au donat?

WH-IV.NOM name sister-NOM know.3S.SUBJ
nito qaːxn aːmjɐʀɐw dɔnɐt

What is your sister's name?

(57) nμ́ńμgɯ́ c ɥm̄ μuɯ́ ucɯguń

nítighus ábi-au asoghat?
when father-ART arrive.3S.FUT.SUBJ
ni:tiɣus aːbjɐw ɐsɔɣɐt

When will your father arrive?

The attached form of n-ń-λ (which) (nit-) functions identically to the English pronoun “which” when
attached to an article. Where English speakers might follow up and ask “which one,” Ousse speakers
use the word for the corresponding noun class. Like m-q̄-λ (here) and -ń-λ (there) attached forms, n-ń-
λ (which) only take de nite articles.

(58) nμńuɯ́ ǵɥy

nit-au qál?
WH-I.NOM woman?
nitɐw qaːl

which woman?

(59) nμńuλuɯ́
nitar-au?
WH.PRO-I.NOM?
nitɐʀɐw

which one (person)?

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 Grammar of Ousse

(60) nμńμy ɥɯ́ ŋuμm̄ ú

nit-il áudhaibe
WH-II.NOM horse
nitil aːuðɐibe

which horse?

(61) nμńuλμy

nitar-il?
WH-PRO-II.NOM?
nitɐʀil

which one (animal)?

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 Grammar of Ousse

Adpositions

Adpositions are words that connote contextual information about nouns and verbs. Ousse adpositions
mainly come in the form of prepositions, appearing before the article of words declined obligatorily in
the dative case. However, when adpositions are used with personal dative pronouns, they appear as
postpositions.

(62) cɰncq́μλ

sóns-kir
2P.DAT-inside
sɔ̃:nskiʀ
within you all

(63) cɥμmμ́n

sáim-ín
1P.DAT-away
saːjmi:n

within you all

(64) cμc-çún

sis-zen
3P.DAT-behind
siszen

behind them

(65) cumɯ́ uń

samuat
3S.DAT-to
sɐmwat

o of me

Adpositions come in three distinct categories : sessile and motile. These are used to describe spatial
(and by extension temporal) relations. Sessile adpositions describe static relations, while motile
adpositions suggest motion from one place to another.

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 Grammar of Ousse

Sessile Adpositions

script romanization translation example

ńɯ́ tu to, for cɯnńɯ́

sontu
(for you)
uń at [ad-] to, at un̄μλ q̄úμ́
adir geí
(at the house)
úń et [ed-] with, and ún̄cu q̄μgń
edsa gíht
(with a goat)
ɯ́ λ ur without ɯ́ λɯc çɰ́ n̄
uros zúd
(without honor)
ŋú dhe about, beside ŋúcu ɱúq̄u
dhesa vega
(about a cow)
gun ghan through, across, by gunɯc q̄uçμcɰn
ghanos gazisón
(all night long)
q́μλ kir inside, within q́μλμλ çún̄μ
kirir zedi
(inside a palace)
ńɯmμ tomi outside, around ńɯmμ́λ q̄ú
tomír gebit
(outside the temple)
çɯ́ zu above, atop çɯ́ cu q̄úçuɯ́
zusa gezau
(atop a donkey)
μ́ í below, underfoot ŋ̄μ́λ guμq̄
jír ghaig
(beneath the soil)
çún zen with back to, ahead of, before çún munuc ɥm̄ μuλ
zen manas ábiar
(older than my brother)
n̄μ di facing, in front of, after n̄μuc q̄ɥńc
dias gáts
(before the queen)

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 Grammar of Ousse

Motile Adpositions

script romanization translation example

ɥm ám into umμλ q̄úμ́

ámir geí
(into the house)
muń mat out of muńμλ gɰg
matir ghóg
(out of the ground)
guy ghal towards guyuc ɥŋμy
ghalas ádhil
(towards the man)
μ́n ín away from μ́nμ́c m̄ λɯm
ínís brom
(away from the lions)
ɯ́ u ua over ɯ́ ɥc ŋɥλń
uás dhárt
(over the child)
cuɯ́ sau under cuɯ́ λú q́úλμλ
saure kerir
(under some leaves)
ɥɯ́ áu onto, on top of ɥɯ́ cu q̄ɥ́c
áusa gés
(onto a horse)
ɯ́ uń uat o� of, down from ɯ́ uńμλ cúɯ́ ɯq́
uatir seuok
(o� the roof)
gɯ́ ghu behind, to the rear gɯ́ cμncuc ɥŋμy
ghu sinsas ádhil
(behind her husband)
uλ ar to the front, forward uλμλ n̄ɯ́ɥ́ arir dué
(to the front)
umɯ amo to the right, with help from umɯλu q̄úμ́
amoir geí
(to the right of the house)
ún̄u eda to the left, despite ún̄uɯc ŋɯyu
edaos dhola
(despite evil)

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 Grammar of Ousse

Certain spelling changes are applicable:

To avoid confusion with the attached forms of nouns from the -ń-λ (there) family, at and et are
written and spoken with n̄ <d> when attached to articles. When attached to dative personal
pronouns or detached, these words use their normal spelling.

(66) un̄μλ çún̄μ

ad-ir zedi
to-DAT palace
ɐdiʀ zedi
to the palace

(67) uń úńμλ çún̄μ

at et-ir zedi
to DIST.III-DAT palace
ɐt etiʀ zedi
to that palace

(68) ún̄cú yɥnμn

ed-se lánin
with-DAT.INDEF friend
edse laːnin

with a friend

(69) úń nɯncú yɥnμn

et non-se lánin
with 2S.POSS-DAT.INDEF friend
et nɔ̃nse laːnin

with a friend of yours

The spelling rules outlined in chapter 2 also apply to prepositions. When a preposition ending
with a vowel sound (regardless of length) is combined with an article beginning with the same
vowel (regardless of length), the vowel sound is always expressed as long.

(70) ńɯmμ́λ q̄úm̄ μń

tomi-ir gebit
outside-DAT temple
around the temple

(71) ńɥ́ḿɯ́ u n̄μ́c m̄ μ́λm

tépu-a di-is bírm

mouse-NOM.INDEF ahead-DAT cat

a mouse in front of the cat

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 Grammar of Ousse

The pronoun í presents a special case, as it has a distinct form when it is attached to an article
beginning with <i> or <í>. When attached, this consonant is pronounced and spelled with an
initial ŋ̄ <ɟ>.

(72) μ́λu q̄úçɯc

í-ra gezos
beneath-III.DAT.INDEF shadow
i:ʀɐ gezɔs
In a shaded area

(73) ŋ̄μ́λ q̄úçɯc

jír gezos
beneath.III.DAT shadow
ɟi:ʀ gezɔs
In its shadow

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 Grammar of Ousse

Chapter 6. Modification of Nouns

It can be argued that Ousse lacks proper adjectives, or that all nouns can be functionally as adjectives.
The process of a noun becoming an adjective is called modi cation (atrótinou). While modi cation is
used rather liberally, there are some general conventions for how it can be done. In this chapter, we’ll
examine these conventions and better familiarize ourselves with the distinct forms of a handful of
modi ers.

There are two forms of modi cation: genitive and descriptive. Genitive modi cation forms a genitive
relationship between modi er and modi ed, akin to the genitive ending ’s in English.

(74) ǵɥyuɯ́ ɥmμ

qál-au ami
woman-NOM mother
qaːlɐw aːmi

My wife’s mother

(75) ɥmμuɯ́ ǵɥyum

ámi-au qál-am
mother-NOM wife-GEN
aːmjɐw qaːlɐm

My wife’s mother

(76) ǵɥɱμn̄ɯc cúμ́m̄

qávid-os seíb
king-IV.DAT humiliation
qaːvidɔs se.i:b

to the king’s embarrassment

(77) ǵɥńμλuɯ́ ɥŋμy

qátir-au ádhil
another_person-NOM man
qaːtiʀɐw aːðil

someone’s husband

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 Grammar of Ousse

(78) uń ɥmμɯc ɥɯ́ q́uɯ́ ŋɯ

at ámi-os áukaudho
against mother-IV.ART.DAT consent
ɐt aːmjɔs aːwkawðɔ

against her mother's wishes

Descriptive modi cation applies characteristics of the modi er to the modi ed.

(79) ǵɥyuɯ́ úń çɯλq́μλ n̄ɰn̄

qál-au et zork-ir dód

woman-DAT with gray-III.DAT head_hair
qaːlɐw et zɔʀkiʀ dɔ:d

the gray-haired woman

(80) yun̄ɯcuɯ́ ɰ́ ŋ̄uq́ɥɯ́ ɯmɥ́

lados-au ú jaka-au omé

kindness-I.NOM CONJ sensible-I.NOM maternal aunt
lɐdɔsɐw u: ɟɐkaːw ɔmɛ:

my kind and caring aunt

(81) mugμuɯ́ ɥm̄ μuλ

maghi-au ábiar
smallest-I.NOM brother
mɐɣjɐw aːbjɐʀ

my youngest brother

(82) ɰnn̄uλq́u n̄ɯλμq́

óndark-a dorik
bronze-I.INDEF.ACC sword
ɔ̃:ndɐʀkɐ dɔʀik

a bronze sword

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In the above examples, some words of one noun class are modifying nouns of another. Certain words
have been derived to describe the qualities of particular form of being (like animals), but may be
applicable to another noun class through a process of analogy. A good example of this is the word díhk,
which is a NC2 word.

n̄μgq́μy díhkil
[di:xkil] (the clever animal)

from n-q̄-q́ (wisdom)

n̄μ́gq́uɯ́ ŋɥλń
díhkau dhárt
(the clever child)

n̄μ́gq́ɯɯ́ m̄ ɯ́ n̄uɯ́ λ
díhkou budaur
(the clever idea)

The word ‘clever’, despite having a dominate connotation with animals and spirits, is often used to
describe the characteristics of other kinds of nouns. The same is true for many Ousse words, but not all
of them. Certain nouns (known as stem-changing modi ers), which must correspond in noun class to
the object they are modifying. In the previous chapter, you encountered the demonstrative pronouns
m-q̄-λ (here), -ń-λ (there) and q́-ń- (yon) which change their stems vowels according to noun class.
Stem-changing modi ers function identically to these.

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q̄-∅-m (few) n̄-c-∅ (several) n̄-λ-∅ (none)

NC1 q̄ɥmuɯ́ gámau n̄ɥcuɯ́ dásau n̄ɥλuɯ́ dárau

(few people) (many people) (no person)
NC2 q̄ɥ́mμy gémil n̄ɥ́cμy désil nɥ́λμy déril
(few animals) (many animals) (no animal)
NC3 q̄ɥ́mμy gémil n̄ɥ́cμy désil n̄ɥ́λμy déril
(few objects) (many things) (no thing)
NC4 q̄ɰmɯɯ́ gómou n̄ɰcɯɯ́ dósou n̄ɰλɯɯ́ dórou
(few concepts) (many concepts) (no concept)
∅-q̄-q́ (all) ∅-q́-n (large) m-g-∅ (small)

NC1 ɥq̄μq́uɯ́ ágikau ɥq́μnuɯ́ ákinau mɥguɯ́ mághau

(every person) (the large person) (the small person)
NC2 ̄ q́μy égikil
ɥ́qμ ɥ́q́μnμy ékinil mɥ́gμy méghil
(every animal) (the large animal) (the small animal)
NC3 ̄ q́μy égikil
ɥ́qμ ɥ́q́μnμy ékinil mɥ́gμy méghil
(every animal) (the large thing) (the small thing)
NC4 ɰq̄μq́ɯɯ́ ógikou ɰq́μnɯɯ́ ókinou mɰgɯɯ́ móghou
(every concept) (the large concept) (the small concept)
∅-m-m (good) ŋ-y-∅ (bad) c-y-ń (fast)

NC1 ɥmμmuɯ́ ámimau ŋɥɯ́ uɯ́ dháuau cɥɯ́ ńuɯ́ sáutau

(the good person) (the bad person) (the fast person)
NC2 ɥ́mμmμy émimil ŋɥ́yμy dhélil cɥ́yńμy séltil
(the good animal) (the bad animal) (the fast animal)
NC3 ɥ́mμmμy émimil ŋɥ́yμy dhélil cɥ́yńμy séltil
(the good thing) (the bad thing) (the fast thing)
NC4 ɰmμmɯɯ́ ómimou ŋɰɯ́ ɯɯ́ dhóuou cɰɯ́ ńɯɯ́ sóutou
(the good concept) (the bad concept) (the fast concept)

Some stem-changing nouns suggest inherit plurality. For these cases, it is not necessary to decline
articles for the de nite plural.

(83) n̄ú q̄ɰmɯɯ́ yɯnɯ́ n cμncɯm—

de góm-ou lonun sins-om.

know.1S few_concept-IV.ACC familiarity 3S.INAM-GEN
de gɔ:mo lɔnun sinsɔm

I don’t know much about it.

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(84) cɥnń ŋɰɯ́ u ŋ̄un—

sánt dhóu-a jan.

be.3S bad-concept-IV.ACC.INDEF idea
sãːnt ðɔ:wɐ ɟɐ̃n

This is a bad idea.

(85) ɥq̄μq́uɯ́ ńɯ́ uc λɥn̄—

ágik-au tu-as rád

every_person-I.NOM against-DAT person
aːgikɐw tuɐ.s ʀaːd

Every man for himself

(86) q̄ɥmɥɯ́ yɯcμm ńum μ́ŋumuμ—

gám-áu losim tam índhamai.

few_persons-NOM.PL do.3S 1S.ACC advance.PTCP
gaːmɐw lɔsim tɐm inðɐmaj

Few can beat me.

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Chapter 7. Modal verbs and expressions

Modal verbs and modal expressions are used to form complex phrases. These expressions make use of
the participle and in nitive verb forms of verbs. With modal verbs, a wide variety of grammatical
aspects and moods become available to add subtle nuance to a sentence.

VC1 kho VC2 sa VC3 the

in nitive q̄ɯcɯ́ c gosus cumɯ́ c samus n̄μnɯ́ c dinus

(to say) (to be) (to know)
participle q̄ɯcɰ gosó cumuμ samai n̄μnɥ́ diné
(saying / said) (being / been) (knowing / known)

Infinitive expressions

In nitive expressions use a verb’s in nitive form to create nouns. In nitive verbs are always treated
like abstract nouns. Phrasal nouns may change form when in an in nitive expression. Items marked
in the nominative or accusative case in a phrasal verb appear in the genitive in in nitive
expressions. Genitivization can be expressed through genitive modi cation or through case marking.

(89) úλumɯɯ́ num̄ μnɯm m̄ μnɯ́ c—

eram-ou nabin-om binus

interdiction-NOM smoke-IV.GEN eat.INF
eʀɐmo nɐbinɔm binus

No smoking allowed.

(90) guɯ́ cu q̄únɯ́ nɯɯ́ yɯcɯ́

ghausa genun-ou losus.

desire.1s cooking-ACC do.INF
ɣaw.sɐ genuno lɔsus.

I like to cook.

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(91) n̄ɰλɯɯ́ ɯ́ λq̄ɯcɯ́ c ɥmq́uq̄—

dór-ou urgosus ámkag.

none.NC4-ACC lie.INF consume.1S.FUT
dɔ:ʀo uʀgɔsus aːmkɐg.

I won't tolerate lying.

(92) q́ucɯ́ cɯɯ́ ɰ́ n̄μcμm yɯcń mɯcɰ ńum cɯnμλu—

kasusou údisim lost mosó tam soni-ra.

wind-INDEF.ACC take.INF PROG.3S put.PTCP 1S.ACC harm-DAT.INDEF
kɐsuso u:disim lɔst mɔsɔ: tɐm sɔniʀɐ.

It hurts to inhale.

Ousse speakers will often use in nitive expressions to form dependent clauses.

(93) ɥŋμyɯɯ́ cumɯ́ c n̄μnuń gɥλŋuλuɯ́ . n̄ɥλuɯ́ gɥλn̄ λɥn̄ú cɥnń—

ádhil-ou samus dinat ghárdhar-au, dár-au ghárd

man-IV.DAT be.GER know.3S male_merchant-NOM none_NC1-NOM merchant
aːðilo sɐmus dinɐt ɣaːʀðɐʀɐw daːʀɐw ɣaːʀd

rád-e sánt.
person-NOM.INDEF be.3s
ʀaːde saːnt

Being a man makes one a merchantman, rather than a merchant(woman).

(94) ɯɰ́ cɯc q̄ɯcɯ́ c . ǵɥyuɯ́ n̄μŋuń q̄ɰ́mɯɯ́ ńɥɯ́ —

Oús-os gosus, qál-au didhat gúm-ou Táu.

Ousse-ART.DAT speak.GER woman-NOM know.3s few.ART-ACC Taal
ɔ.u:sɔs gɔsus qaːlɐw diðɐt gu:mo taːu.
Because she spoke Ousse, the woman could understand a little Taal.

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Modal Expressions

Modal expressions are composed of a modal verb and a verbal participle. As participles, verbs no
longer conjugate and function similarly to adverbs. Rather, modal verbs are conjugated to form a
variety of di�erent expressions. We will examine each one individually.

Lo + participle : progressive aspect

The combination of the verb lo and the verbal participle creates an progressive aspect in Ousse, with
imperfective and habitual connotations. Certain stative phrasal verbs, such as lo riné gógou (“to be X
years old”) require this modal verb. In all tenses and both moods, lo + participle expressions convey
habituality and duration.

(95) úńμy q̄çuɯ́ yɯcń yɯcɰ ǵɥ́μú—

et-il gzau lost losó qéi-e.

DIST.PROX-III.NOM donkey PROG.3S do.PTCP screaming-ACC.INDEF
etil gzɐw lɔst lɔsɔ: qɛ:je

That donkey is always braying.

(96) yɰ m̄ μnɥ́ ǵugɯ́ μy cɰńμḿɯc—

ló biné qaghuil sótipos.

PROG.1S eat.PTCP rice-ACC sunrise-DAT
lɔ: binɛ: qaːɣuil sɔ:tipɔs

We often eat rice in the morning.

(97) yɯλ λμnɥ́ μ́m̄ɯm ǵɰ́ λú q̄ɰgu—

lor riné íbom qúr-e gogha

PROG.1S have.PTCP twenty.GEN-ACC.INDEF harvest cycle
lɔʀ ʀinɛ: i:bɔmqu:ʀe gɔɣɐ

I was about twenty years old.

(98) μɯcń cumuμ ɥḿcɯɯ́ ɥ́ńμq̄ɯ́c—

lost samai áps-e étighus.

PROG.3S be.INF beautiful-INDEF.NOM then
lɔst sɐmaj aːpse ɛ:tiɣus

he was very handsome then.

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Mo + participle: passive voice

When used with a verbal participle, mo forms a version of the passive voice. Passive voice can only be
constructed with active verbs. Passive constructions conjugate mo for the patient of the passive verbal
construction.

(99) ŋɥλńuɯ́ mɯcń ɯ́ λŋumuμ—

dhárt-au most urdhamai.

child-NOM PASS.3S leave.INF
ðaːʀtɐw mɔst uʀðɐmaj

The child was abandoned.

(100) q́ɯ́ mucń m̄ μnɥ́

ku mast biné?
3S.INAM PASS.3S.SUBJ eat.INF
ku mɐst binɛ:

Was it eaten?

(101) múq̄μ́y ɯ́ uμm̄ muq́ń yɯcɯ ucɯyu—

meg-il uaib makt losó asol-a.

PROX-NOM cloth PASS.3S.FUT.SUBJ do.PART washing-NC4.ACC.INDEF
megil wajb mɐkt lɔsɔ: ɐsɔlɐ.

This cloth needs to be cleaned.

(102) ńɥgɥɯ́ mɯλμm q́umuμ cμq́ucμλ—

tágh-áu morim kamai sikas-os.

brute-NC1.ART.PL PASS.3P.PRET take.PRTC sacri ce-DAT
taːɣaːw mɔʀim kɐmaj sikɐsiʀ

The rebels were put to death.

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Mo + infinitive: middle voice

When used with a verbal in nitive, mo forms a middle voice. This construction is used rather sparingly
(and often interchangeably) with the passive voice, although middle voice constructions require no
distinct subject.

(103) mɯcń mɯcɯ́ c q̄λun̄μλ—

most mosus grad-ir.

MID.3S put.INF tear-DAT
mɔst mɔsus gʀɐdiʀ.

It broke.

(104) mɯq́μm μ́nλμnɯ́ c ɥ́qμ

̄ q́μy ɰmçμ́m gumm̄ —

mokim ínrinus égik-íl ómz-ím ghamb.

MID.3P.FUT lose.INF every.III-NOM.PL nursing-III.GEN.PL tooth
mɔkim ĩ:nʀinus ɛ:giki:l ɔ:mzi:m ɣɐmb

All the baby teeth will fall out.

(105) gun nμńuλɯc úλμq́ mɯλń ucumɯ́ c

ghan nitar-os erik mort asamus?

through which-DAT manner MID.3S.PRET appear.INF
ɣɐ̃ nitɐʀɔs eʀik mɔʀt ɐsɐmus

How did it happen?

(106) n̄ɰ́μɯλɯc ńɰ́ cq́ɯɯ́ mɯq́ń q́ucɯ́ c—

dúior-os túsk-ou mokt kasus.

du:jɔʀɔs tu:sko mɔkt kɐsus.
tomorrow-DAT cold-NOM MID.3S.FUT take.INF

Tomorrow it will be cold.

(107) ɯ́ un̄umɯ́ c mɯλ—

uadamus mor.
descend.INF MID.1S.PRET
wɐdɐmus mɔʀ

I fell.

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Ka + participle : inchoative aspect

When used as a modal verb, ka suggests the beginning of an action.

(108) q̄çuɯ́ μy ǵɥnń yɯcɰ ǵɥ́μu—

gzau-il qánt losó qéi-a.

donkey-NOM INCH.3S do.PTCP screaming-INDEF.ACC
gzɐwil qãːnt lɔsɔ: qɛ:jɐ

The donkey started screaming.

(109) q̄úçuɯ́ μy ǵɥnń yɯcɰ ńɥɯ́ q̄ɰcɯɯ́ —

íb-áu ádhil kavim gosó Táugós-ou.

two-NOM.PL man INCH.3P do.PTCP Taal_language-DEF.ACC
i:baːw aːðil kɐvim gɔsɔ: taːwgɔ:so

The two men started speaking in Taal.

(110) n̄ucμuɯ́ ŋɥλń ǵɥgń çɯ́ ŋumuμ ńɯmμɯc ɱucú—

dasi-au dhárt qáht zudhamai tomi-os vase.

more-ART.DEF child INCH.3P walk.INF around-DAT rst
dɐsjɐw ðaːʀt qaːxt zuðɐmaj tɔmjɔs vɐse.

Most children start walking around age one.

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Re + participle : obligative mood

When used as a modal verb, re (I have) forms an obligative mood in both the indicative and subjunctive
for all tenses. It can be translated as “have to” or “must.

(111) ɰ́ mμɯɯ́ n̄μnuń . λμnuń ŋún̄μnɥ́ ɥmμuɯ́ q́uyɥλuń ɥŋμy—

úmi-ou dinat: rinat dhediné ámi-au kalár-at

matrilineage-NOM know.1S: OBL.3S consider.PTCP mother-NOM daughter-ACC
u:mjo dinɐt ʀinɐt ðedinɛ: aːmjɐw kɐlaːʀɐt

ádhil.
husband
aːðil

A mother’s duty mandates that she must choose her daughter’s husband.

(112) nμńuλɯc yɰńμn λɯŋμm çúnŋumuμ ɯńɯc cɰ́ yń

nitar-os lótin rodhim zendhamai ot-os súlt?

which-DAT purpose OBL.3P.PRET.SUBJ depart.PTCP DIST-DAT speed
nitɐʀɔs lɔ:tin ʀɔðim zẽnðɐmaj ɔtɔs su:lt

Why did they need to leave so quickly?

(113) λún̄ ńuq́ yɯcɰ .&nbsp; λɯnu ɥnq́umuμ ɯńɯɯ́ ńɯ́ úy

red tak losó; rona ánkamai ot-ou tuel

OBL.3S.PRET 3S.INAM do.PTCP; OBL.2S ingest.PTCP DIST-ACC truth
ʀed tɐk lɔsɔ: ʀɔnɐ ãːnkɐmaj ɔto twel

I had to do it, you must believe me.

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Sa + participle : terminative-perfect aspect

A terminative aspect is formed by using sa as a modal verb. Such expressions suggest the end of an
action, naturally contrasting expressions formed with ka. Modal expressions cannot be formed using
the indicative future of sa.

(114) cu m̄ μnɥ́—

sa biné.
PERF.1S eat.PTCP
sɐ binɛ:

I am done eating.

(115) cɥɱμń yɯcɰ ǵúμu q̄çuɯ́ μy—

sávit losó qéi-a gzau-il.

PERF.3S.PRET do.PTCP screaming-INDEF donkey-NOM
saːvit lɔsɔ: qɛ:jɐ gzɐwil

The donkey stopped screaming.

(116) μ́m̄ɥɯ́ ɥŋμy cuɱμm q̄ɯcɯ ńuɯ́ q̄ɰcɯɯ́ q́uɱμm q́úńuλɯc q̄ɯcɰ ɯɯ́ cɯɯ́ —

íb-áu ádhil savim gosó Táugós-ou, kavim

two-NOM.PL man PERF.3P.PRET speak.PTCP Taal_language-ACC, INCH.3P.PRET
i:baːu aːðil savim gɔsɔ: taːwgɔ:so kɐvim

ketar-os gosó Oús-ou.

again-DAT speak.PTCP Ousse-ACC
ketɐʀɔs gɔsɔ: ɔu:so
The two men stopped speaking in Taal and started speaking in Ousse again.

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Ta + participle / infinitive : desiderative mood

Finally, the basal verb ta is used to form a desiderative mood in all tenses and both moods. Ta is unique
in its ability to attach to both the participle and the in nitive. In the present subjunctive, ta functions
a bit like “please” in English.

(117) ńuμɱu m̄ μnɥ́ m̄ ɥ́ńμλú mɰλ ńɯnc—

taiva biné bétire mór tóns

DES.2P.PRET eat.PTCP food-DAT.PL.INDEF put.1S 2P.ACC
tajvɐ binɛ: bɛ:tiʀe mɔ:ʀ tɔ̃:ns

You were hungry so we fed you.

(118) ńɯ́ mu úŋumuμ ńum—

toma edhamai tam.

DES.2S accompany.PTCP 1S.ACC
tɔmɐ eðɐmɐi tɐm

Please come with me.

(119) ńɯ́ ú n̄ɰλɯɯ́ q̄ɯcɯ́ c

tue dór-ou gosus.

DES.2S none.IV-ACC speak.INF
twe dɔ:ʀo gɔsus

Please no talking.

(120) gúyucμy ńɥnń muŋumuμ—

ghelasil tánt madhamai.

dog-NOM DES.3S exit.PTCP
ɣelɐsil tãːnt mɐðɐmaj

The dog is looking for a way out.

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Chapter 8. Clauses and questions

In this nal chapter, we will examine some examples of the varieties of clauses that can be constructed
in Ousse. These constructions include questions, commands, relative clauses and adverbs.

Questions and commands

Both questions and commands are formed by using the subjunctive. Questions can often be
distinguished from commands by using a form of n-ń-λ (which), but some questions, such as "is it
hot?,” must be intuited. It is a general convention that questions position the verb last. Ousse script
represents questions and commands with a vódíl ( ). Questions are possible using the subjunctive
with any tense

(121) ǵɥyuɯ́ cɥm—

qál-au sám
woman-NOM be.2S
qaːlɐw saːm

You are a woman.

(122) ǵɥyuɯ́ cɯmu

qál-au soma?
woman-NOM be.2S.SUBJ
qaːlɐw sɔmɐ

Are you a woman?

(123) ǵɥgnɰɯ́ cum uq̄ɰc—

qáhn-óu sam agós.

name-ACC.PL 1S.DAT state.2S
qaːɣno: saːm ɐgɔ:s

You pl tell me your names.

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(124) ǵɥgnɰɯ́ cum uq̄uɯ́ c

qáhn-óu sam agaus?

name-ACC.PL 1S.DAT state.2S.SUBJ
qaːxno: saːm ɐgaws

Are you telling me your names?

(125) cμc q̄ɯλń—

sis gort.
3S.DAT speak.3S.PRET
sis gɔʀt

He spoke to her.

Commands are formed by using a verb in the subjunctive for any person. It is a general convention to
include an emphatic nominative pronoun. In the rst-person singular, a command suggests personal
desire, akin to ta modal expressions. Commands, however, cannot be formed with the past or future
tenses.

(126) ǵɥyuɯ́ cɯmu nɯ—

qál-au soma no!

woman-NOM be.2S 2S.NOM
qaːlɐw sɔmɐ nɔ

Be a woman!

(127) nɯc ǵɥgnɰɯ́ ńum uq̄uɯ́ c—

nos qáhn-óu tam agaus!

2P.NOM name-NOM 1S.ACC state.2P.SUBJ
nɔs qaːxno: tɐm ɐgaws

Tell me your names !

(128) mucμ nɯ q̄ɯcɰ mɥgμλuń ɥńμλɥc—

masi no gosó mághir-at átir-ás.

put.2S.SUBJ 2S.NOM speak.PTCP PROX.PRO.I-ACC DIST.PRO.I-DAT.PL
mɐsi nɔ gɔsɔ: maːɣiʀɐt aːtiʀaːs

Have him speak to the others.

(129) mu yuc ǵɥ́μμu—

ma las qéi-a.
1S.NOM do.1S.SUBJ screaming-ACC.INDEF
mɐ lɐs qɛ:jɐ

I want to scream.

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(130) q́ɯ́ú m̄ μnɥ́—

kue biné.
INCH.1P eat.PTCP
kwe binɛ:

Let’s eat.

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Relative Clauses

Relative clauses are formed using the subjunctive. General convention creates a tendency among Ousse
speakers to use the subjunctive verb as a 'closing bracket' for relative clauses, marking the end of
relative clauses. It is also necessary to use demonstrative pronouns when there is ambiguity between
the subject of an independent clause and the object of a relative clause.

(131) ńu ǵɥyńú q̄ɯcɰ yucń—

ta qál-te gosó last.

see.1S woman-ACC.INDEF speak.PTCP do.3S.SUBJ
tɐ qaːlte gɔsɔ: lɐst

I see a woman who is talking.

(132) ńu ǵɥyú ɥq́μnuń uńɥçú guɯ́ q̄ɯcɰ yucń—*

ta qál-te ákin-at atáz-e ghaugosó

see.1S woman-ACC.INDEF DIST.PRO.I-ACC guard-NOM.INDEF address.PTCP
tɐ qaːlte aːkinɐt ɐtaːze ɣawgɔsɔ:

last.
PROG.3S.SUBJ
lɐst

I see a woman being addressed by a sentinel.

(133) n̄ɯnu λɥn̄uń ɥńμλuɯ́ ɯńɰɯ́ yuλń

dona lonun-ou rád-am ótiróu lart?

know.2S familiarity-ACC person-GEN DIST.PRO.IV-PL.ACC do.3S.SUB.PRET
dɔnɐ lɔnuno ʀaːdɐm ɔ:tiʀo: lɐʀt

Do you know the man who did these things?

(134) ɰλnú cɥnń ɥɯ́ ŋuμm̄ úμy mɥ́qμ

̄ λμc múq̄ɥ́c uŋɯm̄ —

órn-e sánt áudhaibe-il mégir-is megés adhob

red-NOM.INDEF be.3S horse-NOM PROX.PRO.II-DAT here go.1S.SUBJ.PRET
ɔ:ʀne saːnt aːwðɐibeil mɛ:giʀis megɛ:s ɐðɔb

The horse I rode here on is red.

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Adverbial Expressions

Ousse only has a handful of native adverbs, such as the word ghudhaus (“thus, then, and so”). As a
means of emphasis or description, Ousse speakers will use modi ers conjugated to the dative
abstract de nite singular (-os). Any noun can be turned into an adverbial expression this way.

(135) gɯ́ ŋuɯ́ c cɯmuμ

ghudhaus somai?
then be.2P.SUBJ
ɣuðaws sɔmɐi

So what happened next?

(136) yɯcń ńuq́ ɰmμmɯc—

lost tak ómimos.

speak.3S 3S.INAM goodness-DAT
lɔst tɐk ɔ:mimɔs

You did it well.

(137) q̄ɯcμm cɯ́ μ́m̄ɯc—

gosim suíb-os.
speak.3P shame-DAT
gɔsim swi:bɔs

They speak shamefully.

(138) nɯc uŋɯ́ úm cɰɯ́ ńɯc—

nos adhuem sóutos!

2S.NOM go.2S.SUBJ fast-DAT
nɔs ɐðwem sɔ:wtɔs

Run away quickly!

(139) ńɯ́ ú m̄ μnɥ́ m̄ ɰ́ nn̄ɯc— n̄uɯ́ . gɯ́ ŋuɯ́ c m̄ ɯ́ nμńɯc—

toma biné búnd-os. dau, ghudhaus bunit-os.

DES.2P eat.PTCP slow-DAT. no, then slower-DAT
tɔmɐ binɛ: bũ:ndɔs daw ɣuðaws bunitɔs

Please eat slowly. No, even slower.

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Chapter 9. Speech Scenes

Below you will fi nd some sample dialogues in Ousse, designed to demonstrate the variety of registers
and manners of speech. Each dialogue is accompanied with a scenario key providing context about the
dialogue.

Greetings between peers

Scenario: Two freemen cross paths

Touak λɰ́ mɯc guq̄ɯ́ λu yɥnuɯ́

rúm-os Ghagura lán-au
knowledge-DAT Ghagura peer-NOM
ʀu:mɔs ɣɐguʀɐ laːnɐw
Greetings, Ghagura

Ghagura num̄ ɯ́ nɯc ńɯɯ́ uq́

nabun-os, Touak.
greetings, Touak.
nɐbunɔs tɔwɐk
Greetings, Touak.

Touak nμńɯɯ́ ḿɰ́ n̄μ λɯnu ～

nit-ou púdi rona?
which-ACC status have.2S
nito pu:di ʀɔnɐ
How are you?

Ghagura u ɰmμm ńuq́u— ɰ́ nɯ ～

a ómim, taka. ú no?
ACC.INDEF goodness thank_you. CONJ 2S.NOM?
aː ɔ:mim tɐkɐ. u: nɔ

I'm doing well, thank you. How are you?

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Touak ɥ ɰncuɯ́ c . ǵɥyuμ ǵɥnń yɯcɰ q̄ɯ́ gmɯɯ́ ɱucúuc ɥŋμyuλ—

a ónsaus, qál-au qánt losó gúhm-ou
ACC.INDEF wellbeing, women-NOM INCH.3S do.PTCP birth-NOM
aː ɔ̃:nsaws qaːlɐw qãːnt lɔsɔ: gu:ɣmo

vase-as ádhilar
first-DAT son
vɐseɐs aːðilɐʀ.

I'm doing great. My wife just gave birth to our first son.

Ghagura ɯ́ uμ ńɯ́ úm uλμnɥ́ uλŋ̄ɯçɰɯ́ çɯ́ q̄ɰńμn ～

uai— tuem ariné arjozo-ou zugótin!
wow— DES.2S accept.PTCP sincere-ACC congratulations.
wɐj twem ɐʀinɛ: ɐʀɟɔzo: zugɔ:tin
Wow! Congratulations to you and your wife.

Touak ńuq́u- μ́nn̄μḿɯcɯɯ́ n̄μnu— uμ . çúnŋu ńɯn . yun̄ɯcɯc ～

taka— óndipos-ou dina. ai, zendha ton, lados-os!
thank_you— appreciation have.2S. oof, depart.1S 2S.ACC, kindness-DAT
tɐkɐ ɔ:ndipɔso dinɐ. ɐj zɛ̃:nðɐ tɔn. lɐdɔsɔs
Thank you, I appreciate it. Oof, I must go. See you!

Ghagura ńɰ́ q́μmɯc ńɯɯ́ uq́—

túkim-os, Touak.
strength-DAT, Touak.
tu:kimɔs tɔwɐk
Be well, Touak.

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Introductions

Scenario: A freeman (Ghagura) greet two noblemen (al Tarb, Rugal am Tarb).

Ghagura çɯ́ n̄ú ńɰnc uń ńuλm̄ ɯɰ́ cμncuń ɥ́ŋɥŋμ—

zude tóns at Tarb ú sins-at édhádhi.
acknowledge_honor.1S 2P.ACC al Tarb-ACC CONJ 3S.POSS-I.ACC companion
zude tɔ̃:ns ɐttɐʀb u: sinsɐt ɛ:ðaːði

Greetings, lord al Tarb and guests.

alTarb çɰ́ n̄ɯc guq̄ɯ́ λu— u ɱúμu ńɯmu yɯcɰ n̄ɰλu μɯɯ́ uḿ cunn̄μ— nμńuλɯɯ́
λɯnu ～
zúdos, Ghagura. a veia, toma losó
honor-DAT, Ghagura. INDEF.NOM plea, DES.2S do.PTCP
zu:dɔs ɣɐguʀɐ. ɐ vejɐ tɔmɐ lɔsɔ:

dór-a iouap san-di. nitar-ou rona?

none.IV-INDEF.ACC obeisance 1S.DAT-before. which.PRO-ACC have.2S.SUBJ
dɔ:ʀɐ jɔwɐp sãndi. nitɐʀo ʀɔnɐ
Hello, Ghagura. Please, there's no need to bow. How are you?

Ghagura n̄ú ɰncuɯ́ cɯɯ́ ńuq́u— nμńuλuɯ́ cɯmuń mɥq̄μλuɯ́ yɥn ńɯn úŋɯmuń ～
de ónsaus-ou, taka. nitar-au somat mágir-au lán
know.1S wellbeing-ACC, thank_you. who-NOM be.3S PROX.I-NOM peer
de ɔ̃:nsawso tɐkɐ. nitɐʀɐw sɔmɐt maːgiʀɐw lãː

ton edhomat?
2S.ACC accompany.3S.SUBJ
tɔn eðɔmɐt
I am well, thank you. Who is this you are traveling with?

alTarb mɥq̄μλuɯ́ cɥnń λɯ́ q̄uy ɰ́ ŋμyɰ́ m̄ μuɯ́ um ńuλm̄ —

mágir-au sánt Rugal údhilúbi-au am Tarb.

PROX.PRO.I-NOM be.3S Rugal nephew-NOM al-GEN Tarb
maːgiʀɐw sãːnt ʀugɐl u:ðilu:bjɐw ɐmtɐʀb

This is my nephew Rugal am Tarb.

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Rugal uλn̄ɰ́ μɯɯ́ uλŋɥnń— n̄μq̄ɯcń ńum munuɯ́ ɯm̄ μ́ n̄ɯ́ yμλcu λɰ́ m nɯnum .
guq̄ɯ́ λu ɰnŋ̄uŋunuɯ́ —
ardúi-ou ardhánt. digost tam man-au obí
fortune-NOM lead.3S. report.3S 1S.ACC 1S.POSS-II.NOM uncle
ɐʀdu:jo ɐʀðãːnt. digɔst tɐm mɐnɐw ɔbi:

dúlir-sa rúm non-am, Ghagura ónjadhan-au.

wealth-DAT.INDEF knowledge 2S.POSS-I.GEN Ghagura doctor-NOM.
du:liʀsɐ ʀu:m nɔnɐm ɣɐguʀɐ ɔ:nɟaðɐnɐw
It's a pleasure to meet you. My uncle has told me a lot about you, sir Ghagura.

Ghagura ɯɯ́ uλn̄ɰ́ μ umɯcń ńum mɯq̄ɯɯ́ ɥɯ́ çɰ́ n̄— ɰm̄ μ́uɯ́ cɥnń q̄ɥɱμú ɰ́ ŋ̄uq́uú
ŋúŋɥλμ gúnɯ́ ɰnɯm— yɥnuɯ́ mɯcń ɰnq̄ɯcɰ guyɯc cumɯ́ c cμncum
gunλμuq́u—
ou ardúi amost tam mog-ou áuzúd. obí-au sánt
NOM fortune give.3S 1S.ACC PROX.IV-NOM honor. father-NOM be.3S
o ɐʀdu:j ɐmɔst tɐm mɔgo aːwzu:d. ɔbi:ɐw sãːnt

gávi-e ú jaka-e dhedhári ghenuón-om. lán-au

honorable-INDEF CONJ sensible-INDEF steward country-GEN. peer-NOM
gaːvje u: ɟakɐ.e ðeðaːʀi ɣenwɔ:nɔm. lãːnɐw

most óngosó ghal-os samus sins-am ghanriaka.

PASS.3S bless.PTCP toward-DAT be.INF 3S.POSS-I.GEN heir
mɔst ɔ̃:ngɔsɔ: ɣɐlɔs sɐmus sinsɐm ɣɐnʀjakɐ
The pleasure is mine. Your uncle is a great man and a fine steward of the province. You
are blessed and highly favored to succeed him.

alTarb cɥm ɯ́ un̄ɰ́ cɯc úńλɯ́ uçú munɥm çɥm gɯ́ ŋuɯ́ c cu ɯ́ un̄ɰ́ cɯc ǵɥcuú μ́cɥŋμn—
sám uadús-os etruaz-e man-ám zám, ghudhaus sa
be.2S excess.DAT kind-INDEF 1S.POSS-PL.GEN deputy then be.1S
saːm uɐdu:sɔs etʀwɐze mɐnaːm zaːm ɣuðɐws sɐ

uadús-os qása-e ísádhin.

excess-DAT ungrateful-INDEF superior
uɐdu:sɔs qaːsɐ.e i:saːðin.
You are too kind a vassal and I am too thankless a lord.

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Requests and Questions

Scenario: A noblewoman (al Ápsina) visits a fabric merchant (Súasus)

alÁpsina çɰ́ n̄ɯc cɯnuλ

zúd-os son-ar
honor-DAT 2S.DAT-facing
zu:dɔs sɔnɐʀ

Greetings onto you.

Súasus ɰncuɯ́ cɯc munuɯ́ yunɥλ— guy nμńuλɯc ɱɰq̄ ńɯ́ yuc ～
ónsaus-os, man-au lanár. ghal nitar-os vóg
goodness-DAT 1S.POSS-NOM peer_F. towards which-DAT endgoal
ɔ:nsawsɔs mɐnɐw lɐnaːʀ. ɣɐw nitɐʀɔs vɔ:g

tulas?
serve.1S.SUBJ
tulɐs
Greetings, my lady. How may I be of service?

alÁpsina ɯ́ uμm̄ ú ńu q́umuμ guλɯn̄ɯc

uaib-e ta kamai gharod-os
cloth-ACC.INDEF.PL DES.1S take.PTCP commerce-DAT
wajbe tɐ kɐmaj ɣɐʀɔdɔs
I'd like to purchase some fabric.

Súasus μ́n̄nú— nμńuλɯɯ́ yɯ́ nú ɯ́ uμm̄ μm ɥnn̄ɯnu ～

ídné. nitar-ou lune uaib-im ándona?
understood. which-IV.NOM category cloth-GEN seek.2S.SUBJ
i:dnɛ: nitɐʀo lune wajbim ãːndɔnɐ
Alright. What kind of fabric are you looking for?

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alÁpsina çɯ́ n̄úc q́ɯ́ yɰ́ mɯ́ μɯɯ́ m̄ ɥ́nq̄ gɯ́ ŋuɯ́ c ɥ́ḿcúλu ɥnn̄ú
zudez kulúmui-ou béng, ghudhaus épser-a
V.honor_witness.1S.FUT niece-IV.ACC union, then finery-ACC.INDEF
zudez kulu:mwi.o bɛ̃:g ɣuðaws ɛ:pseʀɐ

ánde.
seek.1S
ãːnde

I am going to my niece's wedding, so I would like something fine.

Súasus yɰ úλμnɥ́ q́úyuńú μm m̄ μɥ́ ɰ́ μm m̄ ɯŋɰ́ — gɯ́ ŋuɯ́ c μum muɯ́ uçn̄μλ
ŋɥ́μmúλμy—

ló eriné kelat-e im biré úim bodhú.

do.1P carry.PTCP unit-ACC.INDEF.PL GEN silk CONJ.GEN cotton.
lɔ: eʀinɛ: kelɐte im biʀɛ: u:im bɔðu:

ghudhaus iam mau azd-ir dhéimer-il.

then 1P.NOM put.1P.SUBJ design-DAT mantle-NOM
ɣuðaws jɐm mɐw ɐzdiʀ ðɛ:jmeʀil
We have bolts of wild silk and cotton. We can also embroider your gown.

alÁpsina ńu n̄μńumuμ ɥ́ńμλμy m̄ μλɥ́μm—

ta ditamai étir-il biré-im.
DES.1S inspect.PTCP PROX.PRO.III-ACC silk-GEN
tɐ ditɐmaj ɛ:tiʀil biʀɛ:im
I'd like to see the silk fabric.

uy ɥḿcμnu ɯ́ uμm̄ μy n̄μńɥnń . ńuq́ ɯ́ un̄λμnuń . ńuq́ ɯ́ uyɯcń

al Ápsina uaib-il ditánt, tak uadrinat,
al Ápsina-NOM cloth-ACC inspect.3S, 3S.INAM.ACC take_down,
ɐlaːpsinɐ wajbil ditãːnt tɐk wɐdʀinɐt

tak ualost
3S.INAM.ACC expand.3S
tɐk wɐlɔst

Al Ápsina inspects the bolt, unfolding it and stretching it out.

Súasus ɯ́ uμm̄ μy yunɥλuń n̄μcɯmuń ～

uaib-il lanár-at disomat?
cloth-NOM peer_F-ACC please.3S.SUBJ
wajbil lɐnaːʀɐt disɔmɐt

Is the fabric satisfactory, my lady?

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alÁpsina ɯmú . gɯ́ ŋuɯ́ c ɥnn̄ú ńuq́ ɥ́ńμλμy mucń mɯcɰ n̄únμq̄μλ ɰ́ mucń mɯcɰ uçn̄μλ
—
ome, ghudhaus ánde tak étir-il mast
yes, then seek.1S 3S.INAM.ACC DIST.PRO.III-NOM PASS.3S.SUBJ
ɔme ɣudaws ãːnde tɐk ɛ:tiʀil mɐst

mosó denig-ir ú mast mosó azd-ir

put.PTCP dye-DAT CONJ PASS.3S.SUBJ put.PTCP design-DAT
mɔsɔ: denigiʀ u: mɐst mɔsɔ: ɐzdiʀ
It is, but I would like it dyed and embroidered.

Súasus μ́n̄nɥ́ munuɯ́ yunɥλ— nμńuλɯɯ́ ńuḿɯc n̄únμq̄μm ɰ́ nμńuλɯɯ́ uλq́ uçn̄μm
ɥnn̄ɯnuń yunɥλuɯ́ ～
ídné, man-au lanár. nitar-ou tapos denig-im ú
understood, 1S.POSS-I.NOM peer_F. which-IV.NOM color dye-GEN CONJ
i:dnɛ: mɐnɐw lɐnaːʀ. nitɐʀo tɐpɔs denigim u:

nitar-ou ark azd-im ándonat lanár-au?

which-IV.NOM pattern design-GEN seek.3S.SUBJ
nitɐʀo ɐʀk ɐzdim ãːndɔnɐt lɐnaːʀɐw

Of course, my lady. What color dye should we use, and what pattern should we
embroider?

alÁpsina ɯ́ uμm̄ μy mɯq́ń mɯcɰ n̄únμŋμλ ɯmɯ́ un̄μcɯm ńuḿɯc guyɯc ɯmɰçμn̄
q̄ɥɱμɥnɯm ɰ́ mμ— uλq́ɯm q́únq́uμ́m cúcɯ́ ń mucμ uçn̄μλ ɰńμλɯɯ́ cɥnń ～
uλq́ɯɯ́ munɯm ɥ́ńɯ́ λn—

uaib-il mokt mosó denig-ir omuadis-om tapos

cloth-GEN PASS.3S.FUT put.PTCP dye-DAT indigo_color-GEN color
waːjbil mɔkt mɔsɔ: denigiʀ ɔmwɐdisɔm tɐpɔs

ghal-os omózid gávián-om úmi. ark-om

toward-DAT image noblewoman-GEN maternal_line. pattern-GEN
ɣɐlɔs ɔmɔ:zid gaːvjaːnɔm u:mi. ɐʀkɔm

kenka-ím sesut masi azd-ir? ótir-ou sánt

kola-GEN flowers put.2S.SUBJ design-DAT? DIST.PRO.IV-NOM be.3S
kenkɐi:m sesut mɐsi ɐzdiʀ ɔ:tiʀo sãːnt

ark-ou man-om éturn.

pattern-NOM 1S.POSS-IV.GEN clan
ɐʀko mɐnɔm ɛ:tuʀn

I would like the fabric dyed indigo, to reflect my noble heritage. Can you embroider the
fabric with kola flowers? That is my clan's emblem.

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Súasus ɰńμλɰɯ́ mɯq́μm gɯ́ yɯuɰ— nμńuλɯɯ́ guɯ́ ŋuńɯn úŋɯmuń ŋɥ́μmúλμy ～
ótir-óu mokim ghulosó. nitar-ou ghaudhaton
DIST.PRO.IV-NOM.PL PASS.3P.FUT achieve.PTCP. which-IV.NOM deadline
ɔ:tiʀo: mɔkim ɣulɔsɔ:. nitɐʀo ɣawðɐtɔn

edhomat dhéimer-il?
accompany.3S.SUBJ mantle-ACC
eðɔmɐt ðɛ:jmeʀil

It shall be done. When do you need your finished gown?

alÁpsina gunɯc m̄ ɰ́ ç mu yuc ńɯ́ mμńɯɯ́ ～

ghan-os búz ma las tumit-ou
during-DAT week 1S.NOM do.1S.SUBJ return-ACC
ɣɐnɔs bu:z mɐ lɐs tumito
I can return for it in one week.

Súasus ɰncuɯ́ cɯc— yunɥλuɯ́ ńɯmuń mɯcɰ q́umuμ ɰ́ ŋɰɯ́ mɥ́ńμgɯ́ c m̄ ɰ́ cμ

ńɯmuń uλμnɥ́ çúnɰc uńλɰńμn ～
ónsaus-os. lanár-au tomat mosó kamai údho-ou
goodness-DAT. peer_F-NOM DES.3S PASS.PTCP take.PTCP total-ACC
ɔ̃:nsawso lɐnaːʀɐw tɔmɐt mɔsɔ: kɐmaj u:ðo:

métighus bú si tomat ariné zen-ós atrótin?

now or 3S.NOM DES.3S wait.PTCP after-DAT.PL adjustment
mɛ:tiɣus bu: si tɔmɐt ɐʀinɛ: zenɔ:s ɐtʀɔ:tin
Splendid. Shall we measure you now or would you prefer to wait for the adjustments?

alÁpsina ńɯmu q́umuμ munɰɯ́ ɰ́ ŋɯ çúnɯc ńɯ́ mμń

toma kamai man-óu údho zen-os tumit
DES.2S.SUBJ take.PTCP 1S.POSS-IV.ACC.PL total after-DAT return
tɔmɐ kɐmaj mɐno u:ðɔ zenɔs tumit
You may measure me when I return.

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Súasus ɰnn̄μnɥ́— m̄ μλɥ́μy q́úyuń n̄μnuń δσ́μ́y un̄ɥ́— mɯcɯ́ cɯɯ́ n̄únμq̄μλ ɯ́ uμm̄ μm
n̄μnuń gɯ́ ŋuɯ́ c σoσ́μ́y un̄ɥ́ . gɯ́ ŋuɯ́ c mɯcɯ́ cɯɯ́ uçn̄μλ n̄μnuń ρδμ́y un̄ɥ́—
ɰ́ ŋɯɯ́ n̄μnuń óδ-σρσ́μ́y un̄ɥ́—

óndiné. biré-il kelat dinat 110-íl adé. mosus-ou

appreciated. silk-NOM unit know.3S 110-ACC.PL shell. put.INF-NOM
ɔ̃:ndinɛ:. biʀɛ:il kelɐt dinɐt wɐqu:ʀu:qu:ʀi:l ɐdɛ: mɔsuso

denig-ir uaibim dinat ghudhaus 60-íl adé, ghudhaus

dye-DAT cloth-GEN know.3S then 60-ACC.PL shell, then
denigiʀ wajbim dinɐt ɣuðaws tɔ:mɔ:qu:ʀi:l ɐdɛ: ɣuðaws

mosus-ou azd-ir dinat 200-íl adé. údho-ou dinat

put.INF-NOM design-DAT know.3S 200-ACC.PL shell. total-NOM know.3S
mɔsuso ɐzdiʀ dinɐt i:bɔ:qu:ʀi:l ɐdɛ: u:ðɔ: dinɐt

370-íl adé
370-GEN shell
tetɔ:wɐqu:ʀ gitɐʀɔ:qu:ʀi:l ɐdɛ:
Wonderful. The raw silk bolt costs 110 adé. Dyeing the fabric is an additional 60 adé,
and the embroidery costs 200 adé. Your total, then, is 370 adé.

alÁpsina un̄ɥ́μλ umuc ńɯn m̄ ɰ́ umuc ǵɥyuń ～

adé-ir amas ton bú amas qál-at?
shell-DAT give.1S.SUBJ 2S.ACC or give.1S.SUBJ woman-ACC
ɐdɛ:iʀ ɐmɐs tɔ̃n bu: ɐmɐs qaːlɐt
Am I to pay you or your wife?

Súasus ɥmɯ́ ɥçμλú cumuμ yɯ gɯ́ ŋuɯ́ c munuɯ́ yunɥλ umɯq́ń ńuq́ ɥmμuń—
ámuázir-e samai lo, ghudhaus man-au lanár
unmarried-NOM.INDEF be.PTCP do.1S, then 1S.POSS-I.NOM peer_F
aːmwaːzire samaj lɔ ɣuðaws mɐnɐw lɐnaːʀ

amokt tak ámi-at.

give.3S.FUT 3S.INAM.ACC mother-ACC
ɐmɔkt tɐk aːmjɐt

I am still unmarried, my lady, but you may pay my mother.

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Talking about the weather

Scenario: Two domestics make idle chatter

Maruan ɯçɰ́ n̄ unɯ́ μu

ozúd Anuia.
hello Anuia
ɔzu:d ɐnujɐ

Hey, Anuia.

Anuia num̄ ɯ́ muλɯ́ un nμńuλɯɯ́ ～

nabu, Maruan, nitar-ou?
hello, Maruan, which.PRO-IV?
nɐbu mɐʀwɐn nitɐʀo
Hey, Maruan. How are you?

Marw an u ɰmμm ún̄uɰc ɰçμλ—

a ómim, eda-ós ózir.
IV.INDEF goodness, despite-PL.DAT skies
ɐ ɔ:mim edɐ.ɔ:s ɔ:ziʀ
I'm well, despite the weather.

Anuia nμńuλɯɯ́ ńɯ́ ɱɯmń ～ ɯ́ cuyμy ńɯn çúncɯmuń～

nitar-ou tuvomat? usal-il ton
which.PRO-NOM pester.3S.SUBJ? rainy_season-NOM 2S.ACC
nitɐʀo tuvɔmɐt usɐlil tɔn

zensomat?
displease.3S.SUBJ?
zẽnsɔmɐt
What's wrong? You don't like the rains?

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Maruan ɯ́ cuyμy úŋɥnń ɯɯ́ n̄uɯ́ q̄ɯnɯ́ n mɰq̄μλɯm yɯ ńumuμ n̄μnɥ́ n̄ɰgλɯɯ́ —
usal-il edhánt ou daugonun mógirom lo
rainy_season-NOM accompany NOM fever PROX.PRO.IV-GEN PROG.1S
usɐlil eðãːnt o dawgɔnũn mɔ:giʀɔm lɔ

tamai diné dóhr-ou.

DES.PTCP know.PTCP sickness-ACC
tɐmaj dinɛ: dɔ:ɣʀo

The rains bring malaria and I often get sick.

Anuia q̄ɯçμ ɯɯ́ ńɯ́ úy— λɥ́ɱμcú ɥn̄ɯ́ y ŋúŋɯɱu—

gosi ou tuel. révis-e ádul dhedhova.
speak.2S NOM truth. inert-INDEF.PL water avoid.2S.SUBJ.PRET
gɔsi o twel. ʀɛ:vise aːdul ðeðɔvɐ
That's true. Best to stay away from still water.

Maruan yɯλ uq́umuμ ɥn̄ɯ́ yμy gunɯc yɯcɯ́ c ɰçɯ́ n̄-num̄ ɯ́ μm ŋuɯ́ ńú—
dór-ou aghot tu mog-os ghenu. ghudhaus ínta
none.IV-NOM possibility to PROX.IV-DAT country. thus loathe.1S
dɔ:ʀo ɐɣɔt tu mɔgɔs ɣenu. ɣuðaws ĩ:ntɐ

mógh-sa áston-ou usal-im.

small.IV-DAT.INDEF arrival-NOM rainy_season.GEN.
mɔ:ɣsɐ aːstɔno usɐlim.

It is inevitable in this country. So I dread the arrival of the rains.

Anuia cɰńμḿɯc ńum̄ μń ŋuɯ́ ńú gun ɰ́ μ́cu ɯguc—

sótip-os tab it Dhaute, ghan úí-sa oghas.

sunrise-DAT see.1S.PRET ACC Sun Goddess, during short-DAT.INDEF time.
sɔ:tipɔs tɐb it ðawte gɐ̃n u:i:sɐ ɔɣɐs

This morning the sun was out, albeit briefly.

Maruan yɯλ uq́umuμ ɥn̄ɯ́ yμy gunɯc yɯcɯ́ c ɰçɯ́ n̄-num̄ ɯ́ μm ŋuɯ́ ńú—
lor akamai ádul-il ghan-os losus ózud-nabu
PROG.1S.PRET pull.PTCP water.-ACC during-DAT do.INF greetings
lɔʀ ɐkɐmaj aːdulil ɣɐnɔs lɔsus ɔ:zudnɐbu

im Dhaute.
GEN Sun Goddess.
im ðawte.
I was fetching water when the sun came out.

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Anuia mɯcń gunŋumuμ μy ŋuɯ́ ńú mɥ́ńμgɯ́ c— q́μλq̄ɯ . ŋɯguń ɥ́cμyμy ɯńɯc ńɰ́ ɱμn̄
～
most ghandhamai il Dhaute métighus. kirgo: dhoghat
PASS.3S cross.PTCP NOM Sun_goddess now. wonder.1S: move.3S
mɔst ɣɐ̃nðɐmaj il ðawte mɛ:tiɣus. kiʀgɔ ðɔɣɐt

ésil-il ot-os túvib?

rain-NOM DIST-IV.DAT day
ɛ:silil ɔtɔs tu:vib
Now its overcast again. I wonder if it will rain today.

Maruan ńɯ́ ŋu ŋ̄unɯɯ́ — ŋúλμɯńμɰc cɰńμḿ yɯcμm ucumμ q̄ɯnɯ́ nú ún̄uɯc μ́ncuńɯn
μm ŋuɯ́ ńú—
tudha jan-ou; dherioti-ós sótip losim asamai
greet.1S idea-ACC; recent_past-DAT.PL sunrise PROG.3P arrive.PTCP
tuðɐ ɟɐnoː ðeʀiɔtjɔ:s sɔ:tip lɔsim ɐsɐmaj

gonun-e, eda-os ínsaton im Dhaute.

heat-INDEF.PL despite-DAT absence GEN Sun Goddess
gɔnune edɐɔs ĩ:nsɐtɔn im ðawte

I would not mind it; its gotten too hot the past few days, despite the absence of sun.

Anuia ɯɯ́ gúnɯ́ munɯm gɰ́ gm . μλ uɱúμu ńuμq̄μ́m mɯcμm mun̄μnɥ́ μɥ́cɰɯ́ ńɯ́ μλ
ɰńμλ ŋɯmuń ńúcuq́ú—
ou ghenu man-om gúhm, ir Aveia taig-ím, mosim
NOM country 1S.POSS-GEN birth, DAT Aveia mountain-GEN.PL, PASS.3S
o ɣenu mɐnɔm gu:ɣm iʀ ɐvejɐ tajgi:m mɔsim

madiné iés-óu tu-ir ótir dhomat tesak-e.

find.PTCP place-NOM.PL to-DAT DIST.PRO.IV move.3S snow-NOM.INDEF.PL
mɐdinɛ: jɛ:so: tu.iʀ ɔ:tiʀ ðɔmɐt tesɐke.

Where I come from, in mountainous Aveia, there are places where it snows.

Maruan μ́y ńúcuq́ n̄u guncu— nμńɯɯ́ ŋ̄ɯnɰλ λɯnuń ～

íl tesak da ghansa. nitou konór ronat?
NOM.PL snow NEG witness.1S. which-NOM quality have.3S.SUBJ
i:l tesɐk dɐ ɣɐ̃nsɐ. nito kɔnɔ:ʀ ʀɔnɐt

I have never seen snow. What is it like?

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Anuia ńɰ́ cq́u . gɯ́ ŋuɯ́ c—

túska, ghudhaus.
cold-INDEF, thus.
tu:skɐ ɣuðaws

Cold, admittedly.

The two women laugh, then part ways to continue their chores.

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Discussing events

Scenario: A group of children discusses their birthdays

Aktur ɯ́ ɯμ ɯ́ unμq́ . nμ́ńμgɯ́ c n̄ɯnu q̄ɰ́ gmɯɯ́ ～

uoi, Uanik. nítighus dona gúhm-ou?
hark Uanik when know.2S.SUBJ birth-ACC?
wɔj wɐnik ni:tiɣus dɔnɐ gu:ɣmo
Hey, Uanik. When were you born?

Uanik nμńuλɯɯ́ q̄ɯcμ ～ n̄ú q̄ɰ́ gmɯɯ́ gun nɯnɯc q̄ɯgu—

nitar-ou gosi? de gúhm-ou ghan non-os
which.PRO-IV.ACC say.2S.SUBJ? know.1S birth-ACC during 2S.POSS-DAT
nitɐʀo gɔsi de gu:ɣmo ɣɐn nɔnɔs

gogha.
harvest_cycle
gɔɣɐ
What do you mean? I was born the same year as you.

Aktur μ́n̄nɥ́ . munuɯ́ gɰ́ gɯ́ cuλ . gɯ́ ŋuɯ́ c nμńɯɯ́ çɥ́λq́ ～
ídné, man-au ghúghusar, ghudhaus nit-ou zérk?
understood, 1S.POSS-NOM agemate thus which-NOM month
i:dnɛ: mɐnɐw ɣu:ɣusɐʀ ɣuðaws nito zɛ:ʀk
Of course, my agemate, but in what month?

Uanik uμ yɯc μn̄úm̄ u— n̄ú gɰ́ gmɯɯ́ gunɯc çɥ́λq́ ɯ́ m̄ μq́ɯm—

ai, los ideb-a. de gúhm-ou ghan-os zérk

oof do.1S error-ACC.INDEF. know.1S birth-ACC during-DAT month
aj lɔs idebɐ de gu:ɣmo ɣɐnɔs zɛ:ʀk

ubik-om.
fonio_harvest-GEN
ubikɔm.

Oh, I misunderstood. I was born during the fonio harvest.

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Aktur guλɰ́ ～ çúmm̄ μnuń ńum ɯ́ m̄ μq́μy . uλŋɥnń ǵɥ́mm̄ μy—

gharú! zembinat tam ubikil, ardhánt qémbil.
yuck! dissatisfy.3S 1S.ACC fonio-NOM, lead.3S millet-NOM
ɣɐʀu: zembinɐt tɐm ubikil ɐʀðãːnt qɛ:mbil
Yuck, I dislike fonio! I prefer millet.

Uanik uλgɥnń ǵɥ́mm̄ μy gɯ́ ŋuɯ́ c ǵɥ́mm̄ ɯɯ́ cɥnń çɥ́λq́ɯɯ́ unuŋ̄μɯm q̄ɰ́ gm—
ardhánt qémb-il ghudhaus qémb-ou sánt zérk-ou
lead.3S millet-NOM thus millet_harvest-NOM be.3S month-NOM
ɐʀðãːnt qɛ:mbil ɣuðaws qɛ:mbo sãːnt zɛ:ʀko

Anaji-om gúhm.
Anaji-IV.GEN birth
ɐnɐɟiɔm gu:ɣm
You only like millet because Anaji was born during the millet harvest.

Aktur ɯ́ λq̄ɰc ～ munμy n̄ɥ́λμ n̄μnuń úmμmu q̄ɰ́ gm—

urgós! man-il déri dinat emim-a gúhm.
falsehood! 1S.POSS-NOM essential know.3S better-ACC.INDEF birth
uʀgɔ:s mɐnil dɛ:ʀi dinɐt emimɐ gu:ɣm.
You lie! My heart knew a more special birth.

Torian nμ́ńμgɯ́ c n̄ɯnu q̄ɰ́ gmɯɯ́ uq́ńɯ́ λ ～

nítighus dona gúhm-ou, Aktur?
when know.2S.SUBJ birth-ACC Aktur
ni:tiɣus dɔnɐ gu:ɣmo ɐktuʀ
When were you born, Aktur?

Aktur n̄ú q̄ɰ́ gmɯɯ́ ɱucúɯɯ́ ɥmguμq̄ɯm ρ́δ-ρσ́-σ́ ɰ́ μ́—

de gúhm-ou vase-ou ámghaig-om, 426

know.1S birth-ACC first-ACC sowing-GEN, 426
de gu:ɣmo vɐseo aːmɣajgɔm ɔstɔ:wɐqu:ʀ i:bɔ:qu:ʀu:tɔ:m

UI.
era marker
u:wi:

I was born on the first of sowing, 426 UI.

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Torian n̄ɯnu q̄ɰ́ gmɯɯ́ ρ́δ-ρσ́-δ ～ ɯ́ ɯμ uq́μnɯc yɯλ cɯn ńɯ́ n̄μnɥ́— n̄ú q̄ɰ́ gmɯɯ́ ρ́δ-
ρσ́-δ—
dona gúhm-ou 26? uoi, akin-os lor
know.2S.SUBJ birth-ACC 26? hark, larger-DAT PROG.1S.PRET
dɔnɐ gu:ɣmo i:bɔ:qu:ʀu:tɔ:m wɔi ɐkinɔs lɔʀ

son tudiné. de gúhm-ou 27.

2S.DAT consider.PTCP. know.1S birth-ACC 27.
sɔn tu:dinɛ: de gu:ɣmo i:bɔ:qu:ʀu:gitɐʀ
You were born in 26? Wow, I thought you were older. I was born in 27.

Uanik nμńɯɯ́ çúλq́ ～

nit-ou zerk?
which-NOM month
nito zɛ:ʀk

In what month?

Torian n̄ú q̄ɰ́ gmɯɯ́ q̄un μm̄ úɯc um̄ μɯcɯλ—

de gúhm-ou ghan ibe-os abiosor.

know.1S birth-ACC during second-DAT hunger
de gu:ɣmo ɣɐ̃n ibeɔs ɐbjɔsɔʀ
I was born in second hunger.

Aktur nɯnɯc μɥ́c ɯ́ λq̄uλ— q̄ɰ́ gmɯɯ́ gunɯc um̄ μɯcɯλ ńɯ́ ɱɥnń uλn̄ɰ́ μɯɯ́ —
non-os iés urgar. gúhm-ou ghan-os abiosor
2S.POSS-DAT place lie.1S.SUBJ.PRET birth-NOM during-DAT hunger
nɔnɔs jɛ:s uʀgɐʀ. gu:ɣmo ɣɐnɔs ɐbiɔsɔʀ

tuvánt ardúi-ou.
pester.3S fortune-ACC
tuvãːnt ɐʀdu:jo

I would have lied. Being born in the hunger is bad luck.

Uanik ɥq̄μǵɥɯ́ múńɥ́c n̄u cumμm ɱɥnμ . uq́ńɯ́ λ—

ágiq-áu metés da samim váni, Aktur.
every_person-NOM.PL here NEG be.3S deceitful Aktur
aːgiqaːw metɛ:s dɐ sɐmim vaːni ɐktuʀ
Not all of us are liars, Aktur.

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Aktur ńɯmu ńuq́ ɥmq́umuμ . q̄ɥnńm̄ úɱμcu guɥ́ ～

toma tak ámkamai, gánt-bevis-a ghaé!
DESI.2S 3S.INAM.ACC ingest.PTCP dust-vore-NOM.INDEF INTS
tɔmɐ tɐk aːmkɐmɐi gãːntbevisɐ ɣɐ.ɛ:
Eat those words, dust eater!

Uanik nɯnμy m̄ ɥ́c . ú ɥmǵɥcu ǵɥ́mm̄ μm!

nonil bés, e ámqása qémbim!
2S.POSS-NOM mouth INDEF glutton millet-GEN
nɔnil bɛ:s e aːmqaːsɐ qɛ:mbim

Shut up, millet gobbler!

Anaji nμńuλɯɯ́ ŋúq̄uɯ́ c ɥɯ́ ŋɥλń ～

nitar-ou dhegaus áu dhárt?
which.PRO-ACC discuss.2P.SUBJ NOM.PL child
nitɐʀo ðegaws aːw ðaːʀt
What are you boys talking about?

Aktur ɯ́ ɯμ num̄ ɯ́ unuŋ̄μ— ŋúq̄ɰ çúλq́ɰɯ́ μumɰm q̄ɰ́ gm—

uoi, nabu Anaji. dhegó zerk-óu iam-óm gúhm.

hark hello Anaji discuss.1P month-ACC.PL 1P.POSS-GEN.PL birth
wɔj nɐbu ɐnɐɟi. ðegɔ: zɛ:ʀko: iɐmɔ:m gu:ɣm
Oh, hi Anaji! We're talking about when each of us was born.

Anaji ɯmɯ́ ～ nμ́ńμgɯ́ c q̄ɰ́ gmɯɯ́ uq́ńɯ́ λ～ munɯɯ́ q̄ɰ́ gm ucɥɱμń ńɯ́ ɯc m̄ ɯɱμ́
ɯm uλq̄ɯgu—
omu? nítighus gúhm-ou, Aktur? man-ou gúhm asávit tu-os
really when birth-NOM Aktur 1S.POSS-NOM birth arrive.3S at-DAT
ɔmu ni:tiɣus gu:ɣmo ɐktuʀ mɐno gu:ɣm ɐsaːvit tuɔs

boví om argogha.
middle GEN early harvest
bɔvi: ɔm ɐʀgɔɣɐ
Oh really? When were you born, Aktur? Myself, I was born on the ides of early harvest.

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Torian yɯ n̄μnɥ́ yɯcμ n̄μnɥ́ q̄ɰ́ gmɯɯ́ gunɯc ǵɥ́mm̄ —

ló diné losi diné gúhm-ou ghan-os
PROG.1P know.PTCP PROG.2S know.PTCP birth-ACC during-DAT
lɔ: dinɛ: lɔsi inɛ: gu:ɣmo ɣɐnɔs

qémb.
millet_harvest
qɛ:mb

We thought you were born in millet.

Aktur uλgɯq̄umu q̄ɰ́ gm— ɰq́μnɯɯ́ n̄μńɯn ～

argogha-ma gúhm ókin-ou diton!
early_harvest-GEN birth large.IV-NOM signification
ɐʀgɔɣɐmɐ gu:ɣm ɔkino ditɔ̃n
Born in a leap month! That's a big deal.

Anaji n̄μnɥ́ gɯ́ ŋuɯ́ c n̄μnuń mu cum̄ guncumuμ ńúńɰ q̄ɯgu—

diné, ghudhaus dinat ma sab ghansamai

understood thus know.3S 1S.NOM PERF.1S.PRET witness.PTCP
dinɛ: ɣuðaws dinɐt mɐ sɐb ɣɐ̃nsɐmaj

tet-óu gogha.
three-ACC.PL harvest
teto: gɔɣɐ
Indeed, but it also means I have only seen three birthdays.

Uanik uq́ńɯ́ λuɯ́ ŋúyɯ́ ucu cɥnń ŋɥλńɥnu !

Aktur-au dheluasa sánt dhártán-a!

Aktur-NOM spouse be.3S young_child-NOM.INDEF
ɐktuʀɐw ðelwɐsɐ saːnt ðaːʀtãːnɐ

*to Torian* Aktur's future bride is a toddler!

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Chapter 10. Ousse dictionary

muŋu q̄úμ́y — madha geíl.

(verb—phras.) I move my house, I move my residence, I move

m — m words away
etym. matda kheyiil. ante. madha [ VC2 I exit, I come out of; I
leave, I depart; I move away. ] geí [ NC3 house, home. ]

muyɯm̄ μc — Malobis. muŋuμq́ú — madhaike.

(noun—NC2) (noun—NC3) shit, dung, waste, refuse
etym. matdaeke. -xkx prosp agent ante. madha [ VC2 I exit, I
a. Malobis, the goddess of crafts and merchants
b. patron of technical knowledge come out of; I leave, I depart; I move away. ] desc. dha madhaikea
c. sometimes called &Aued. [ phras. I shit, I defecate. ]
etym. Malobes. -(b/p)xs ante. ámro [ VC1 I form, I mold, I shape; I muŋɰç — madhóz.
educate; I bring into being, I create, I compose. ] (noun—NC4) burial, interment, funeral
mɥq̄ɰc — Mágós. etym. matdooz. ante. dhóz [ NC3 burial shroud, body bag. ]

(noun—NC4) Maa language mun̄μḿɯc — madipos.

etym. maakhoos. ante. gós [ NC4 speech, talk; chatter; language. ] (noun—NC4) location
mɥλɥn̄ — Márád. etym. matthepos. -(b/p)xs ante. made [ VC3 I find, I locate, I
(noun—NC1) Maa person uncover. ]
etym. Maaratha. root. λ-n̄-∅ "human being" mun̄ɰ́ ɯḿ — madúop.

mɰ́ mu — Múma. (noun—NC4) frying, cooking with oil

(noun—NC2) goddess of sleep, dreams, mind, thoughts etym. matthuwop. root. n̄-ɯ́ -ḿ "oil"
etym. Muuuma. root. m-m-m "low frequency" desc. adha muq̄- — mag-.
Múmais [ phras. [infantile] I go to bed, I go to sleep. ] múmaur (particle—NC1) “this, those” (of a person)
[ NC4 lullaby. ] etym. makh-. root. m-q̄-λ "these things"
mum̄ únμ́ — mabení. muq̄n̄ — magd.
(noun—NC4) deboning (noun—NC3)
etym. matpheniy. mat- root. m̄ -n-μ "bone" desc. lo mabeníou a. any alcholic spirit or beverage
[ phras. I debone. ] b. intoxicant

mun̄ú — made. etym. makhed. root. m-q̄-ŋ "dizziness" desc. magdhar

(verb—VC3) I fi nd, I locate, I uncover [ NC1 vintner, brewer. ] magdhén [ NC3 tavern, place where alcohol
etym. matthe. mat- desc. madipos [ NC4 location. ] can be purchased and consumed. ] ómagd [ NC3 alcohol. ]

mun̄q̄uq̄μc — madgagis. muq̄ŋuλ — magdhar.

(noun—NC4) vomiting, regurgitation (noun—NC1) vintner, brewer
etym. matkhakhis. root. q̄-q̄-c "neck" ante. gagis [ NC3 throat, etym. makhedar. -xr derivation N root. m-q̄-
esophagus. ] ŋ "dizziness" ante. magd [ NC3 any alcholic spirit or beverage;

muŋu — madha. intoxicant. ]

(verb—VC2) muq̄ŋɥ́n — magdhén.

a. I exit, I come out of (noun—NC3) tavern, place where alcohol can be purchased and
b. I leave, I depart consumed
c. I move away etym. makhedene. -xnx derivation N root. m-q̄-
etym. matda. mat- desc. madha geíl [ phras. I move my house, I ŋ "dizziness" ante. magd [ NC3 any alcholic spirit or beverage;
move my residence, I move away. ] madhaike [ NC3 shit, dung, waste, intoxicant. ]
refuse. ]

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mugμ — maghi. muq́u λuɯ́ μ́y — maka rauíl.

(noun—NC4) smallest (verb—phras.) I urinate, I empty my bladder
etym. magi. root. m-g-∅ "small" etym. matka rawiyil.

mugɯ — magho. muq́ɯyɯ́ — makolu.

(verb—VC1) I banish, I drive out, (noun—NC4) abortion
etym. matkho. mat- desc. maghótin [ NC4 banishment, etym. matkolu.
interdiction, curse. ] maguaba [ NC1 banished person. ] mumɯ — mamo.
mugɯ́ — maghu. (verb—VC1) I expel, I kick out, I push out, I extrude
(noun—NC4) smallness [relative] etym. matmo. mat- desc. mamóps [ NC4 abortion. ]
etym. magu. root. m-g-∅ "small" desc. maghuor [ NC4 smaller, mumɰḿc — mamóps.
lesser concept. ] maghuar [ NC1 smaller person. ] maghuer (noun—NC4) abortion
[ NC2 smaller animal. ] maghuer [ NC2 smaller animal. ] mo etym. matmopos. -(b/p)xs ante. mamo [ VC1 I expel, I kick out, I
maghuos [ phras. I make small, I minimize, I downplay. ] push out, I extrude. ]
mugɯ́ uλ — maghuar. munum̄ μn — manabin.
(noun—NC1) smaller person (noun—NC4) smoking
etym. maguar. -xr derivation N root. m-g- etym. matnaphin. mat- ante. nabin [ NC3 vapor, steam, smoke. ]
∅ "small" ante. maghu [ NC4 smallness [relative]. ]
muλɯ́ μ — marui.
mugɯ́ úλ — maghuer. (noun—NC4) worry, anxiety
(noun—NC2) smaller animal etym. maruy. root. m-λ-μ "anxiety"
etym. maguer. -xr derivation N root. m-g-
∅ "small" ante. maghu [ NC4 smallness [relative]. ] mucu — masa.
(verb—VC2) I evolve, I grow, I improve, I change
mugɯ́ úλ — maghuer. etym. masa. desc. masaus [ NC3 growth, development. ]
(noun—NC3) smaller thing, smaller object
mucuɯ́ c — masaus.
etym. maguer. -xr derivation N root. m-g-
(noun—NC3) growth, development
∅ "small" ante. maghu [ NC4 smallness [relative]. ]
ante. masa [ VC2 I evolve, I grow, I improve, I change. ]
mugɯ́ ɯλ — maghuor.
mucuɯ́ cɯɯ́ gɯçɯ́ y — masausou ghozul .
(noun—NC4) smaller, lesser concept
etym. maghuor. root. m-g- (noun—NC4) gardening, landscaping
-xr derivation N
∅ "small" ante. maghu [ NC4 smallness [relative]. ] mucμnuɯ́ — masinau.
(noun—NC4) archery
mugɰńμn — maghótin.
(noun—NC4) banishment, interdiction, curse etym. matsinaw. mat- root. c-n-ɯ́ "projectile" ante. sinau
[ NC3 arrow. ]
etym. matkhoton. -(d/t)xn passive ante. magho [ VC1 I banish, I
drive out,. ] muńλú — matre.

muq̄ɯ — mago. (verb—VC3) I consist of, I am made of, I am characterized by

[DAT]
(verb—VC1)
etym. matre. mat- desc. matrétin [ NC3 substance, matter,
a. I convince, I persuade, I win over, I seduce
material; worth. ] matrioti [ NC4 spirit, nature, substance,
b. I cause, I make happen
personality. ] matriogho [ NC4 basic, rudimentary, simple, elemental,
etym. matkho. mat- desc. mago revóa [ phras. I entertain, I
natural; basal verb. ] matriadha [ NC1 commoner, bound person. ]
make laugh, I tell a joke. ]
muńλμuŋu — matriadha.
muq̄ɯ λúɱɰu — mago revóa.
(noun—NC1) commoner, bound person
(verb—phras.) I entertain, I make laugh, I tell a joke
etym. matreada. -xdx perf agent ante. matre [ VC3 I consist of, I
etym. matkho rebowola. ante. revó [ NC3 laughing. ] mago
am made of, I am characterized by [DAT]. ] desc. il Qántriadha
[ VC1 I convince, I persuade, I win over, I seduce; I cause, I make
[ NC3 common, bound caste. ]
happen. ]
muńλμɯgɯ — matriogho.
muq̄ɯ́ um̄ u — maguaba.
(noun—NC4)
(noun—NC1) banished person
a. basic, rudimentary, simple, elemental, natural
etym. matkhoapha. -xphx perf patient ante. magho [ VC1 I
b. basal verb
banish, I drive out,. ]
ante. matre [ VC3 I consist of, I am made of, I am characterized by
muq́u — maka. [DAT]. ]
(verb—VC2) I empty, I take out the contents of, I hollow out
etym. matka.

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muńλμɯńμ — matrioti. muńɰ́ m̄ μ — matúbi.

(noun—NC4) spirit, nature, substance, personality (noun—NC4) dynasty, royal house
etym. matreoti. -x(d/t)i derivation ante. matre [ VC3 I consist of, etym. matuphuy. mat- root. ∅-m̄ -μ "father" ante. úbi
I am made of, I am characterized by [DAT]. ] [ NC4 patrilineal line of inheritance. ]
muńλɯ — matro. múm̄ uɯ́ — mebau.
(verb—VC1) (noun—NC2) pox infection
a. I express, I convey, I make known etym. mephal. root. m-m̄ -y "pimples"
b. I compose [poetry]
múq̄- — meg-.
etym. matlo. mat- desc. matróko [ NC4 communication, (noun—NC2) “this, those” (of an animal)
particularly nonlinguistic forms of communication. ] matróps etym. mekh-. root. m-q̄-λ "these things"
[ NC4 subjunctive mood. ]
múq̄- — meg-.
muńλɯɰ́ μ — matroúi. (noun—NC3) “this, that” (of an inanimate object)
(noun—NC3) diarrhea, flux, dysentery etym. mekh-. root. m-q̄-λ "these things"
etym. matrowuy. mat- ante. roúi [ NC3 intestines, guts. ]
múq̄ɯ́ n̄ — megud.
muńλɯ́ mɯ́ ɯnɯ — matrumuono. (noun—NC3) dizziness, vertigo
(noun—NC4) instructions, recipe, instructional information etym. mekhud. root. m-q̄-ŋ "dizziness"
etym. matrumuono. -xnx derivation N ante. matrúm
múq̄ɯ́ n̄ — megud.
[ NC4 instruction, teaching, pedagogy. ]
(noun—NC4) nausea, upset stomach
muńλɥn̄ — matrád. etym. mekhud. root. m-q̄-ŋ "dizziness"
(noun—NC2) Matratha, the ephemeral self in Ousse religious
múq̄ɥ́c — megés.
cosmology
(pronoun) here, this palce
etym. matratha. mat- ante. rád [ NC1 person, human being. ]
etym. mekheis.
muńλɥ́ńμn — matrétin.
mμ-mμ — mi-mi.
(noun—NC3)
(noun—NC4) meowing, mewling
a. substance, matter, material etym. mi-mi.
b. worth
mμm̄ ɯɯ́ — mibou.
etym. matreten. -(d/t)xn passive ante. matre [ VC3 I consist of, I
(noun—NC3) pimple, zit, pustule
am made of, I am characterized by [DAT]. ]
etym. miphol. root. m-m̄ -y "pimples"
muńλɰq́ɯ — matróko.
mμq̄un̄ — migad.
(noun—NC4) communication, particularly nonlinguistic forms
(noun—NC4) distortion, interference, meddling
of communication.
etym. mikhad. root. m-q̄-ŋ "dizziness"
etym. matlooko. -xkx prosp agent ante. matro [ VC1 I express, I
convey, I make known; I compose [poetry]. ] mμgu — migha.
(noun—NC2) insect
muńλɰḿc — matróps.
etym. miga. root. m-g-∅ "small"
(noun—NC4) subjunctive mood
etym. matlopos. -(b/p)xs ante. matro [ VC1 I express, I convey, I
make known; I compose [poetry]. ]

muńλɰ́ m — matrúm.
(noun—NC4) instruction, teaching, pedagogy
etym. matrumu. mat- ante. rúm [ NC4 knowledge gained as a
result of observation. ] desc. matrúmar [ NC1 teacher, instructor. ] lo
matrúmou [ phras. I teach, I instruct. ] matrumuono
[ NC4 instructions, recipe, instructional information. ]

muńλɰ́ muλ — matrúmar.

(noun—NC1) teacher, instructor
etym. matrumuar. -xr derivation N root. λ-m-
∅ "knowledge" ante. matrúm [ NC4 instruction, teaching,
pedagogy. ]

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mɯ — mo. mɯ ŋuμńμλ — mo dhaitir.

(verb—VC1) I put, I place, I position, I give, I put forward, I put (verb—phras.) I illuminate, I shine light on, I bring into view, I
out, I omit, I let out highlight
etym. mo. desc. mo údisou [ phras. I exhale, I breathe out. ] mo etym. mo daitir. root. ŋ-∅-ń "light" ante. dhait [ NC3 light. ] mo
ghemabir [ phras. I chew, I gnash, I grind. ] mo rúmos [ phras. I [ VC1 I put, I place, I position, I give, I put forward, I put out, I omit, I
inform, I instruct, I demonstrate. ] mo kaninir [ phras. I set aflame, I let out. ]
set on fire, I burn, I immolate. ] mo gasokra [ phras. I strike, I attack, mɯ ŋɯ́ λńɯc — mo dhurtos.
I hit, I thwack, I wack. ] mo dhurtos [ phras. I make to feel young, I (verb—phras.)
enliven, I entertain; I infantilize. ] mo zúdou [ phras. I honor. ] mo
a. I make to feel young, I enliven, I entertain
dulosou [ phras. I cause to age, I make older. ] mo ámos ghaig b. I infantilize
[ phras. I sow, I grow. ] mo dhaitir [ phras. I illuminate, I shine light
etym. mo duretos. root. ŋ-λ-ń "young" ante. dhurt [ NC4 youth,
on, I bring into view, I highlight. ] mo sonira [ phras. I harm, I cause
young age, childhood. ] mo [ VC1 I put, I place, I position, I give, I put
pain. ] mo gonunir [ phras. I warm up, I make warm. ] mo ámzir
forward, I put out, I omit, I let out. ]
[ phras. I breastfeed, I feed with my breast. ] mo súksou [ phras. to
carve into; to dig. ] mo únimos [ phras. I fix, I set right, I make mɯ ŋɰ́ ńú — mo dhúte.
right. ] mo biosa [ phras. I feed, I give to eat. ] mo gazisos [ phras. I (verb—phras.) I glimmer, I shine, I shimmer, I radiate
darken; I underline, I emphasize, I highlight, I put in bold. ] mo védír etym. mo duutole. root. ŋ-∅-ń "light" ante. mo [ VC1 I put, I
[ phras. I straighten, I make narrow. ] mo dangil [ phras. I paint, I place, I position, I give, I put forward, I put out, I omit, I let
color, I apply makeup to. ] mo gradir [ phras. I break something, I out. ] desc. dhút [ NC4 brillance, glimmer, shimmer, sparkle. ]
separate. ] mo nighulsa [ phras. I sadden, I make sad, I mellow. ] mo mɯ n̄ɯ́ yɯcɯɯ́ — mo dulosou.
dhúte [ phras. I glimmer, I shine, I shimmer, I radiate. ] mo súgisos (verb—phras.) I cause to age, I make older
[ phras. I write, I pen, I transcribe. ] mo nabunil [ phras. I breathe etym. mo thulosol. ante. dulos [ NC4 aging. ] mo [ VC1 I put, I
life into, I animate, I enliven. ] mo qáhnou [ phras. I name, I give the place, I position, I give, I put forward, I put out, I omit, I let out. ]
name. ] mo tadinra [ phras. I please. ] mo bovuse [ phras. I burn, I
mɯ n̄ɰgλɯc — mo dóhros.
char. ] mo idulil [ phras. I make thirsty, I cause thirst. ] móso
(verb—phras.) I sicken, I infect, I spread illness
[ NC4 placement, setting, mise en scène, assemblage, ambiance. ]
etym. mo thogoros. root. n̄-g-λ "sickness, disease"
mɯ um̄ çμn̄ɯɯ́ — mo abzidou.
mɯ úmɰḿcɯɯ́ — mo emópsou.
(verb—phras.) I cure, I resolve, I fix
(verb—phras.) I embark, I set out, I leave
etym. mo atphezidol. ante. abzid [ NC4 curing, healing, treating. ]
etym. mo etmoposol. ante. emóps [ NC4 mooring, landing,
mɯ uλμnμy — mo arinil. disembarkment. ]
(verb—phras.) I bleed
mɯ q̄ucɯq́λu — mo gasokra.
etym. mo arinil.
(verb—phras.) I strike, I attack, I hit, I thwack, I wack
mɯ m̄ μɯcu — mo biosa. etym. mo khasokora. ante. gasok [ NC3 blow, strike, hit, collision. ]
(verb—phras.) I feed, I give to eat mo [ VC1 I put, I place, I position, I give, I put forward, I put out, I
etym. mo pheosola. ante. mo [ VC1 I put, I place, I position, I give, I omit, I let out. ]
put forward, I put out, I omit, I let out. ] bios [ NC4 nourishment,
mɯ q̄uçμcɯc — mo gazisos.
sustenance; meal; (rarely) hunger. ]
(verb—phras.)
mɯ m̄ ɯɱɯ́ cú — mo bovuse.
a. I darken
(verb—phras.) I burn, I char b. I underline, I emphasize, I highlight, I put in bold
etym. mo phobusile. root. m̄ -ɱ-c "burn" ante. bovus [ NC3 burn
etym. mo khazisos. root. q̄-ç-c "darkness" ante. mo [ VC1 I put, I
mark. ] mo [ VC1 I put, I place, I position, I give, I put forward, I put
place, I position, I give, I put forward, I put out, I omit, I let out. ]
out, I omit, I let out. ]
mɯ guλɯn̄ɯc — mo gharodos.
mɯ m̄ ɥ́çúɯc — mo bézeos.
(verb—phras.)
(verb—phras.) I refresh, I fill up a glass, I add more food
a. I sell, I put up for sale
etym. mo pheezeos.
b. I sell ACC for [et] DAT
mɯ n̄unq̄μy — mo dangil.
etym. mo garodos.
(verb—phras.) I paint, I color, I apply makeup to
etym. mo thanegil. root. n̄-n-g "paint" ante. mo [ VC1 I put, I mɯ gúmum̄ μλ — mo ghemabir.
place, I position, I give, I put forward, I put out, I omit, I let out. ] (verb—phras.) I chew, I gnash, I grind
etym. mo gemabos. root. g-m-ɱ "teeth" ante. mo [ VC1 I put, I
mɯ n̄únμq̄μλ — mo denigir. place, I position, I give, I put forward, I put out, I omit, I let out. ]
(verb—phras.) I dye
ghemab [ NC3 back teeth, molars, grinding teeth. ]
etym. mo thenigir. ante. denig [ NC3 dye, temporary colorant;
fabric dye. ]

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 Grammar of Ousse

mɯ q̄μλúɯc — mo gireos. mɯ ɯq̄uq́ɯc — mo ogakos.

(verb—phras.) I fill up, I make full (verb—phras.) I satisfy, I complete
etym. mo khireos. ante. gire [ NC4 fullness. ] etym. mo okhakos. root. ∅-q̄-q́ "all" ante. ogak [ NC4 whole,

mɯ q̄ɯnɯ́ nμλ — mo gonunir. complete, intact; satisfied, content. ]

(verb—phras.) I warm up, I make warm mɯ ɯmɯ́ un̄ɯ́ yμλ — mo omuadulir.
etym. mo khonunir. root. q̄-n-n "heat" ante. gonun [ NC3 heat, (verb—phras.) I boil, I cook with boiling water
warmth (negative); rudeness, callousness. ] mo [ VC1 I put, I place, I mɯ ḿɯ́ nɯμɯc — mo punoios.
position, I give, I put forward, I put out, I omit, I let out. ] (noun—NC3) I straighten out, I iron out, I flatten
mɯ q̄λun̄μλ — mo gradir. etym. mo punoyos. desc. punoi [ NC3 straight, erect. ]
(verb—phras.) I break something, I separate mɯ ǵɥgnɯɯ́ — mo qáhnou.
etym. kheradmo. root. q̄-λ-ŋ "break" ante. grad [ NC3 break, tear, (verb—phras.) I name, I give the name
rift. ] mo [ VC1 I put, I place, I position, I give, I put forward, I put out, etym. mo kaganou. root. q́-g-n "name" ante. mo [ VC1 I put, I
I omit, I let out. ] place, I position, I give, I put forward, I put out, I omit, I let out. ]
mɯ q̄ɯ́ yuμú — mo gulaie. mɯ λɯ́ μn̄μλ — mo ruidir.
(verb—phras.) I cry (verb—phras.) I wake up, I rouse from sleep
etym. mo gulayole. root. q̄-y-μ "salt" ante. gulai [ NC3 tears. ] etym. mo ruidir. ante. ruid [ NC3 wakefulness, alertness. ]
mɯ q̄ɥ́ɱμḿμc — mo gévipis. mɯ λɰ́ mɯc — mo rúmos.
(verb—phras.) I fatten, I overfeed (verb—phras.) I inform, I instruct, I demonstrate
etym. mo khebepis. root. q̄-ɱ-ḿ "heavy" ante. gévip etym. mo rumuos. root. λ-m-∅ "knowledge" ante. rúm
[ NC2 fattened animal. ] [ NC4 knowledge gained as a result of observation. ] mo [ VC1 I put, I
mɯ μn̄ɯ́ yμy — mo idulil. place, I position, I give, I put forward, I put out, I omit, I let out. ]
(verb—phras.) I make thirsty, I cause thirst mɯ cμnuɯ́ u — mo sinaua.
etym. mo ithulil. root. ∅-n̄-y "water" ante. mo [ VC1 I put, I (verb—phras.) I shoot an arrow, I fire an arrow
place, I position, I give, I put forward, I put out, I omit, I let out. ] etym. mo sinawola. ante. sinau [ NC3 arrow. ]
mɯ q́unμnμλ — mo kaninir. mɯ cɯyuɯc — mo solaos.
(verb—phras.) I set aflame, I set on fire, I burn, I immolate (verb—phras.) I protect, I shield
etym. mo kaninir. root. q́-n-n "flame" ante. mo [ VC1 I put, I etym. mo solaos. root. c-y-∅ "shelter"
place, I position, I give, I put forward, I put out, I omit, I let out. ] kanin
mɯ cɯnμλu — mo sonira.
[ NC3 flame, fire. ] desc. arkanin [ NC3 candle, oil lamp. ]
(verb—phras.) I harm, I cause pain
mɯ muŋumɯ́ c — mo madhamus. etym. mo sonira. root. c-n-∅ "pain" ante. soni [ NC3 pain, harm. ]
(verb—phras.) I use the bathroom mo [ VC1 I put, I place, I position, I give, I put forward, I put out, I
etym. mo matdamus. MID omit, I let out. ]
mɯ mun̄ɰ́ ɯḿɯc — mo madúopos. mɯ cɥ́q́cμλ — mo séksir.
(verb—phras.) I fry, I cook with oil (verb—VC2) to cut, to cleave, to slice
etym. lo os matthuwop. etym. mo sekesos.
mɯ mugɯ́ ɯc — mo maghuos. mɯ cɰ́ q̄μcɯc — mo súgisos.
(verb—phras.) I make small, I minimize, I downplay (verb—phras.) I write, I pen, I transcribe
etym. mo maguos. ante. maghu [ NC4 smallness [relative]. ] etym. sukhusmo. root. c-q̄-c "writing" ante. súgis [ NC4 writing,
mɯ num̄ ɯ́ nμy — mo nabunil. script. ] mo [ VC1 I put, I place, I position, I give, I put forward, I put
(verb—phras.) I breathe life into, I animate, I enliven out, I omit, I let out. ]
etym. mo naphunil. root. n-m̄ -n "spirit" ante. mo [ VC1 I put, I mɯ cɰ́ q́cɯɯ́ — mo súksou.
place, I position, I give, I put forward, I put out, I omit, I let (verb—phras.)
out. ] desc. nabunuebe [ NC2 living things, animate being. ]
a. to carve into
mɯ nμgɯ́ ycu — mo nighulsa. b. to dig
(verb—phras.) I sadden, I make sad, I mellow etym. sukusmo. root. c-q́-c "carving" ante. súks [ NC4 carving,
root. n-g-y "sadness" ante. nighul [ NC2 spirit of sadness, bad cutting into. ] mo [ VC1 I put, I place, I position, I give, I put forward, I
energy. ] mo [ VC1 I put, I place, I position, I give, I put forward, I put put out, I omit, I let out. ]
out, I omit, I let out. ]
mɯ cɰ́ nɯ́ ɯc — mo súnuos.
mɯ nɥɯ́ m̄ μλ — mo náubir. (verb—phras.) I throw, I launch, I propel
(verb—phras.) I have sex with [ACC] etym. mo sunuwos. ante. súnu [ NC4 throwing, projecting,
etym. mo nawabir. root. n-ɯ́ -ɱ "fun" ante. náub [ NC3 orgasm. ] catapulting. ]

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 Grammar of Ousse

mɯ ńun̄μnλu — mo tadinra. mɯ μ́ugμλuc — mo íaghiras.

(verb—phras.) I please (verb—phras.) I con, I take advantage of
etym. mo tathinra. root. ń-n̄-n "pleasure" ante. mo [ VC1 I put, I etym. mo yagaras. ante. iághir [ NC1 sweet, indulgent, loving, kind,
place, I position, I give, I put forward, I put out, I omit, I let out. ] doting. ]
mɯ ńɯmuńμλ — mo tomatir. mɯ ɰŋ̄úλμy — mo ójeril.
(verb—phras.) I roll into a cylinder, I roll on its side (verb—phras.) I protect, I safeguard
etym. mo tomatir. root. ń-m-ń "circle" ante. tomat etym. mo othoyeril. desc. ójer [ NC3 shield. ]
[ NC3 cylinder, long rounded object. ] mɯ ɰ́ n̄μcɯɯ́ — mo údisou.
mɯ ńɯ́ mμńμλ — mo tumitir. (verb—phras.) I exhale, I breathe out
(verb—phras.) I roll into a ball, I make round and spherical etym. mo uthusol. root. ∅-n̄-c "sky" ante. údis [ NC4 air, wind. ]
etym. mo tumitir. root. ń-m-ń "circle" mo [ VC1 I put, I place, I position, I give, I put forward, I put out, I

mɯ ɯ́ uμnɯc — mo uainos. omit, I let out. ]

(verb—phras.) I make ugly mɯ ɰ́ nμmɯc — mo únimos.
etym. mo wainos. ante. uain [ NC1 ugly, hideous, unattractive. ] (verb—phras.) I fix, I set right, I make right

mɯ ɯ́ cq́u — mo uska. etym. mo unumos. root. ∅-n-m "justness" ante. mo [ VC1 I put, I
(verb—phras.) I lay an egg place, I position, I give, I put forward, I put out, I omit, I let out. ]

etym. mo usekola. desc. usk [ NC3 egg. ] mɯ ɰ́ λμnɯc — mo úrinos.

mɯ ɯ́ ɥ́μɯc — mo uéios. (verb—phras.) I silence, I make silent

(verb—phras.) I stretch etym. mo urunos.

etym. mo weeyos. root. ɯ́ -∅-μ "vertical" mɯq̄- — mog-.

mɯ ɯ́ μ́nɯc — mo uínos. (noun—NC4) “this, that” (of an abstraction)

(verb—phras.) I dry, I dry out etym. mokh-. root. m-q̄-λ "these things"
etym. mo uyinos. mɯmúm — momem.

mɯ ɱɥ́n̄μ́λ — mo védír. (noun—NC4) whispering, hushed talk

(verb—phras.) I straighten, I make narrow etym. momem. root. m-m-m "low frequency" desc. momémir
etym. mo betheyir. root. ɱ-n̄-μ "vine, line" ante. mo [ VC1 I put, [ NC3 secret. ]

I place, I position, I give, I put forward, I put out, I omit, I let out. ] mɯmɥ́mμλ — momémir.
mɯ çμnuμλ — mo zinair. (noun—NC3) secret

(verb—phras.) I put an end to, I finish, I complete etym. momemer. -xr derivation N root. m-m-m "low

etym. mo zinairi. ante. zina [ NC3 end of something, tail end. ] frequency" ante. momem [ NC4 whispering, hushed talk. ]

mɯ çɰ́ n̄ɯɯ́ — mo zúdou. mɯ́ uç — muaz.

(verb—phras.) I honor (noun—NC1) tasteful, well-composed

etym. zuthumo. root. ç-n̄-∅ "honor" ante. zúd [ NC4 honor. ] mo etym. moaz. -x(z/s) active
[ VC1 I put, I place, I position, I give, I put forward, I put out, I omit, I mɯ́ mum — mumam.
let out. ] (noun—NC4)
mɯ ɥmɯc guμq̄ — mo ámos ghaig. a. humming
b. purring
(verb—phras.) I sow, I grow
c. sleeping, snoring
etym. mo amaos gaig. root. g-∅-g "earth" ante. ghaig [ NC3 soil,
dirt; ground. ] mo [ VC1 I put, I place, I position, I give, I put forward, I etym. mumam. root. m-m-m "low frequency" desc. lo
put out, I omit, I let out. ] mumamou [ phras. I purr, I hum. ]

mɯ ɥmçμλ — mo ámzir. mɥm̄ uμ — mábai.

(verb—phras.) I breastfeed, I feed with my breast (noun—NC1) paternal grandmother, father's mother
etym. mo amazir. root. ∅-m-ç "milk" ante. mo [ VC1 I put, I place, etym. mataphay. mat-
I position, I give, I put forward, I put out, I omit, I let out. ] ámz mɥg — mágh.
[ NC3 breast. ] (noun—NC1) small person, short person
mɯ ɥ́ucɯc — mo éasos. etym. maga. root. m-g-∅ "small"
(verb—phras.) I arouse, I intrigue, I captivate mɥq̄μλ — mágir.
etym. mo eyasos. ante. éas [ NC4 sexual arousal. ] (noun—NC1) this person, these people
etym. makhar. root. m-q̄-λ "these things"

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mɥm — mám.
(noun—NC1) mom, mommy
etym. mama. root. ∅-m-μ "mother" ante. ámi [ NC1 mother. ]
ɱ — v words
mɥńgúç — mátghez.
(noun—NC4) repression, forceful forgetting, expulsion from ɱu — va.
memory (verb—VC2) I touch, I stroke, I put my hands on
etym. mattagez. mat- root. ń-g-ç "experience" ante. tahz etym. ba. desc. vaus [ NC4 touching, fondling, caressing. ] vauti
[ NC4 experience, witnessed thing. ] [ NC4 sexual abuse, rape. ] váz [ NC1 promiscuous, fast, sexually
mɥńλμn — mátrin. liberal. ] eva [ VC2 I fornicate, I have sex [ACC]. ] vádhin
(noun—NC4) exsanguination, bleeding out, death caused by a [ NC1 promiscuous. ]
fatal wound ɱuc — vas.
etym. matarin. mat- ante. arin [ NC3 blood. ] (number—NC4) one
mɥ́g — mégh. etym. bas. root. ɱ-c-∅ "one"
(noun—NC2) small animal, small creature ɱucuɯ́ ŋu — vasaudha.
etym. mege. root. m-g-∅ "small" (noun—NC4) lonelinessness
mɥ́g — mégh. etym. basaoda. -oda root. ɱ-c-∅ "one" desc. vás [ NC1 lone,
(noun—NC3) small object, small thing singular, sole, solitary, alone. ]
etym. mege. root. m-g-∅ "small" ɱucuɯ́ λ — vasaur.
mɥ́q̄μλ — mégir. (noun—NC4) new moon or full moon
(noun—NC2) this animal, these animals etym. basaor. desc. vás [ NC1 lone, singular, sole, solitary, alone. ]
etym. mekher. root. m-q̄-λ "these things" gazisou vasaur [ NC4 new moon. ]

mɥ́q̄μλ — mégir. ɱucú — vase.

(noun—NC3) this thing, these things (number—NC4) first, original, premier
etym. mekher. root. m-q̄-λ "these things" etym. base. root. ɱ-c-∅ "one"

mɰg — mógh. ɱuɯ́ q̄ — vaug.

(noun—NC4) smallest concept (noun—NC4) reasoning, problem solving, analysis, solution
etym. mogo. root. m-g-∅ "small" etym. baug. root. ɱ-∅-g "reason" desc. vaughón
[ NC4 discussion, debate. ]
mɰq̄μλ — mógir.
(noun—NC4) those things, those concepts ɱuɯ́ guλ — vaughar.
etym. mokhor. root. m-q̄-λ "these things" (noun—NC1) smart, rational, intelligent, inquisitive, astute
etym. baugar. -xr derivation N root. ɱ-∅-g "reason"
mɰmμm — mómim.
(noun—NC4) roar, bellow, lowing sound ɱuɯ́ gɰn — vaughón.
etym. momom. root. m-m-m "low frequency" (noun—NC4) discussion, debate
ante. vaug [ NC4 reasoning, problem solving, analysis, solution. ]
mɰcɯ — móso.
(noun—NC4) placement, setting, mise en scène, assemblage, ɱuɯ́ c — vaus.
ambiance (noun—NC4) touching, fondling, caressing
etym. mooso. -xsx prog agent ante. mo [ VC1 I put, I place, I etym. vaus. ante. va [ VC2 I touch, I stroke, I put my hands on. ]
position, I give, I put forward, I put out, I omit, I let out. ] ɱuɯ́ ńμ — vauti.
mɰ́ m̄ μy — múbil. (noun—NC4) sexual abuse, rape
(noun—NC2) smallpox infection etym. vaoti. ante. va [ VC2 I touch, I stroke, I put my hands on. ]
etym. muphul. root. m-m̄ -y "pimples" ɱuμ́ — vaí.
mɰ́ g — múgh. (noun—NC4) pledge, oath
(noun—NC4) smallness [absolute] etym. bayi. root. ɱ-μ-∅ "prayer " desc. go vaía [ phras. I pledge, I
etym. mugu. root. m-g-∅ "small" swear, I make an oath. ]

mɰ́ muɯ́ λ — múmaur. ɱúq̄u — vega.

(noun—NC4) lullaby (noun—NC2) cow, female cow
etym. muumaor. ante. Múma [ NC2 goddess of sleep, dreams, mind, etym. vekha. root. ɱ-q̄-∅ "cow" desc. kaviga [ NC3 herd of
thoughts. ] cattle. ] kavigár [ NC1 cowherd. ]

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ɱúμu — veia. ɱɯ́ μn — vuin.

(noun—NC4) prayer, plea, request (noun—NC1) innocuous, innocent-looking
etym. beya. root. ɱ-μ-∅ "prayer " etym. buin. root. ɱ-∅-n "falsehood"

ɱμq̄ɯ́ — vigu. ɱɥŋμn — vádhin.

(noun—NC2) dwarf buffalo (noun—NC1) promiscuous
etym. bikhu. root. ɱ-q̄-∅ "cow" etym. badan. -(d/t)xn passive ante. va [ VC2 I touch, I stroke, I

ɱμλuc — viras. put my hands on. ]

(noun—NC2) smaller monkey, typically with a tail. ɱɥn̄μ — vádi.
etym. viras. root. ɱ-λ-c "monkey" (noun—NC1) skinny, thin, malnourished
ɱμɯ́ uç — viuaz. etym. bathay. root. ɱ-n̄-μ "vine, line"

(noun—NC3) spit, mucus ɱɥq̄ — vág.

etym. biwaz. root. ɱ-ɯ́ -ç "mucus" (noun—NC1) dullard, idiot, stupid
ɱμɯ́ ɯç — viuoz. etym. bakha. root. ɱ-q̄-∅ "cow"

(noun—NC3) okra ɱɥn — ván.

etym. biwoz. root. ɱ-ɯ́ -ç "mucus" (noun—NC1) lying, deceitful, untruthworthy
ɱɯn̄μ́ — vodí. etym. baan. root. ɱ-∅-n "falsehood"

(noun—NC3) ɱɥλc — várs.

a. vine, shoot (noun—NC2) chimpanzee, bonobo
b. (vulgar) penis etym. varas. root. ɱ-λ-c "monkey"
etym. bothiy. root. ɱ-n̄-μ "vine, line" ɱɥc — vás.
ɱɯq̄u — voga. (noun—NC1) lone, singular, sole, solitary, alone
(noun—NC2) buffalo etym. basa. root. ɱ-c-∅ "one" ante. vasaudha
etym. bokha. root. ɱ-q̄-∅ "cow" [ NC4 lonelinessness. ] vasaur [ NC4 new moon or full moon. ]

ɱɯcu — vosa. ɱɥɯ́ ç — váuz.

(noun—NC4) (noun—NC2) slug
etym. bawaz. root. ɱ-ɯ́ -ç "mucus"
a. grammatical subject
b. ego ɱɥç — váz.
etym. bosa. root. ɱ-c-∅ "one" desc. vosauno [ NC4 nominative (noun—NC1) promiscuous, fast, sexually liberal
case. ] etym. baaz. ante. va [ VC2 I touch, I stroke, I put my hands on. ]

ɱɯcuɯ́ nɯ — vosauno. ɱɥ́n̄μ — védi.

(noun—NC4) nominative case (noun—NC2) snake, serpent
etym. bosaono. -ono ante. vosa [ NC4 grammatical subject; ego. ] etym. bethey. root. ɱ-n̄-μ "vine, line"

ɱλuc — vras. ɱɥ́n̄μ — védi.

(noun—NC2) (noun—NC3)

a. larger, typically tailless monkey a. thin, narrow

b. ape, gibbon, baboon b. line

etym. beras. root. ɱ-λ-c "monkey" etym. bethey. root. ɱ-n̄-μ "vine, line" desc. evédi [ NC3 striped
thing. ]
ɱɯ́ uq́ — vuak.
(noun—NC4) price, cost, expense ɱɥ́q̄ — vég.
etym. bewak. root. ɱ-ɯ́ -q́ "value" (noun—NC4) order, logic, meaning, significance, purpose,
intention
ɱɯ́ n̄uμ — vudai.
etym. beig. root. ɱ-∅-g "reason" ante. végor [ NC4 structure,
(noun—NC3) kinky, tightly coiled hair
hierarchy, chain of command. ]
etym. buthay. root. ɱ-n̄-μ "vine, line"
ɱɥ́guλ — véghar.
ɱɯ́ q̄ɯ — vugo.
(noun—NC1) steward, innkeeper, manager
(noun—NC2) bull, male cow
etym. beigar. -xr derivation N root. ɱ-∅-g "reason"
etym. bukho. root. ɱ-q̄-∅ "cow"
ɱɥ́q̄ɯλ — végor.
ɱɯ́ μq̄ — vuig.
(noun—NC4) structure, hierarchy, chain of command
(noun—NC1) idiotic, stupid, rash, imprudent
etym. beigor. desc. vég [ NC4 order, logic, meaning, significance,
etym. buig. root. ɱ-∅-g "reason"
purpose, intention. ]

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ɱɥ́n — vén. ɱɰ́ q̄ — vúg.

(noun—NC3) lies, deceit, deception (noun—NC4) reason, purpose, aim, goal
etym. been. root. ɱ-∅-n "falsehood" etym. buug. root. ɱ-∅-g "reason"

ɱɥ́λc — vérs. ɱɰ́ ɯç — vúoz.

(noun—NC2) gorilla (noun—NC3) dew, slime, slippery, viscous substance
etym. beres. root. ɱ-λ-c "monkey" desc. vérsar [ NC2 male etym. buwoz. root. ɱ-ɯ́ -ç "mucus" desc. ómvúoz [ NC3 oil. ]
gorilla. ] vúózir [ NC4 viscosity, thickness. ]
ɱɥ́λcuλ — vérsar. ɱɰ́ c — vús.
(noun—NC2) male gorilla (noun—NC4) unique, singular
etym. beresar. root. ɱ-λ-c "monkey" ante. vérs [ NC2 gorilla. ] etym. busu. root. ɱ-c-∅ "one"

ɱɥ́ɯ́ ç — véuz. ɱɰ́ ɰçμλ — vúózir.

(noun—NC2) snail (noun—NC4) viscosity, thickness
etym. bewez. root. ɱ-ɯ́ -ç "mucus" desc. véuzar [ NC1 snail etym. buwozor. -xr derivation N root. ɱ-ɯ́ -
grower, snail fisherman. ] ç "mucus" ante. vúoz [ NC3 dew, slime, slippery, viscous substance. ]

ɱɥ́ɯ́ çuλ — véuzar.

(noun—NC1) snail grower, snail fisherman
etym. bewezar. -xr derivation N root. ɱ-ɯ́ - ḿ — p words
ç "mucus" ante. véuz [ NC2 snail. ]

ɱμ́ɯ — vío.
(noun—NC4) ḿuŋyμń — padhlit.
a. call for aid, call for assistance (noun—NC4) farmlands, fields
b. war call etym. padelit. pa- collective ante. dhelit [ NC3 rows, lines,
etym. biyo. root. ɱ-μ-∅ "prayer " desc. víoil uamb [ NC3 war arrays. ]

drum, war gong. ] lo víóu [ phras. I sound the alarm, I call for aid. ] ḿugɯçɯ́ y — paghozul.
ɱμ́ɯμy ɯ́ umm̄ — víoil uamb. (noun—NC4) aetiology, mythology
(noun—NC3) war drum, war gong etym. pagozul. ante. ghozul [ NC4 creation, genesis, beginning,

etym. biyoil wameb. ante. vío [ NC4 call for aid, call for assistance; formation. ]
war call. ] ḿugnɯ́ — pahnu.

ɱɰq̄ — vóg. (noun—NC4)

(noun—NC4) mission, objective, endgoal, desired outcome a. country, parcels of land
b. foreign countries
etym. boog. root. ɱ-∅-g "reason"
etym. pagenu. ante. ghenu [ NC3 amount of land visible to one's
ɱɰn — vón.
eye; [antiquated] dominion. ]
(noun—NC4) falsehood, falsity
etym. boon. root. ɱ-∅-n "falsehood" desc. vónor [ NC4 false, ḿuμn̄uyń — paidalt.
incorrect, untrue (of a statement). ] (noun—NC4) armory, weapons storehouse
etym. paetthalet. et-, pa- collective root. n̄-y-
ɱɰnɯλ — vónor.
ń "tool" ante. edalt [ NC3 weapon, arms. ]
(noun—NC4) false, incorrect, untrue (of a statement)
etym. boonor. -xr derivation N ante. vón [ NC4 falsehood, ḿuq́μgun — pakighan.
falsity. ] (noun—NC4) noun class
etym. pakegan. root. q́-g-n "name"
ɱɰɯ́ q́ — vóuk.
(noun—NC4) importance, value, significance ḿuyɰc — palós.
etym. bowok. root. ɱ-ɯ́ -q́ "value" desc. nitou vóuk ? [ what does (noun—NC4) verb class
it matter? . ] etym. paloos. pa- collective ante. lós [ NC4 verb. ]

ɱɰɯ́ ǵɰn — vóuqón. ḿuλmμ — parmi.

(noun—NC4) prize, award, accolade (noun—NC4)
etym. bowokono. root. ɱ-ɯ́ -q́ "value" a. college, university
b. chamber
ɱɰ́ n̄μ — vúdi.
(noun—NC4) linearity, straightness, directness, precision etym. paremi. pa- collective ante. remi [ NC3 salon,
etym. buthuy. root. ɱ-n̄-μ "vine, line" classroom. ] desc. parmiar [ NC1 headmaster, head of college, dean. ]

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ḿuλmμuλ — parmiar. ḿúmuɱɥ́n — pemavén.

(noun—NC1) headmaster, head of college, dean (noun—NC2) goose
etym. paremiar. -xr derivation N ante. parmi [ NC4 college, etym. pemabene. root. ḿ-m-ɱ "fowl" ante. pemab [ NC2 duck,
university; chamber. ] waterfowl. ]
ḿuλɥ́n̄μq̄ — parédig. ḿúmμm̄ — pemib.
(noun—NC4) forest (noun—NC2) dove, squab, pigeon
root. λ-n̄-g "plant" etym. pemib. root. ḿ-m-ɱ "fowl"
ḿucμq̄uc — pasigas. ḿúɱum — pevam.
(noun—NC4) literature, thought (noun—NC3) skin
etym. pasekhas. pa- collective root. c-q̄-c "writing" ante. segas etym. pebam. root. ḿ-ɱ-m "skin" desc. pevamén [ NC3 scalp, top
[ NC3 book, scroll, document. ] of the head. ] ómpevam [ NC4 complexion, tone. ]

ḿucɯn̄um — pasodam. ḿúɱumúλ — pevamer.

(noun—NC3) hamlet, grouping of houses, small village (noun—NC3) fold, slit
etym. pasotham. root. c-n̄-m "dwelling" ante. sodam etym. pebamer. root. ḿ-ɱ-m "skin"
[ NC3 house, building; lived in structure. ] ḿúɱumɥ́n — pevamén.
ḿucμ́n̄μm — pasídim. (noun—NC3) scalp, top of the head
(noun—NC3) dormitory, living quarters etym. pebamene. -xnx derivation N root. ḿ-ɱ-
etym. pasethim. root. c-n̄-m "dwelling" ante. sedim [ NC3 room, m "skin" ante. pevam [ NC3 skin. ]
inhabited place. ] ḿμq́ɯ́ c — pikus.
ḿuńuɯ́ c — pataus. (noun—NC2) spider
(noun—NC4) etym. pikus. root. ḿ-q́-c "spider"
a. eyes ḿμq́ɯ́ cɥ́n — pikusén.
b. sight, vision
(noun—NC2) tick, parasitic arachnid or insect
etym. pataos. pa- collective ante. taus [ NC3 eye, eyes. ] etym. pikusene. root. ḿ-q́-c "spider"
ḿuńɰgç — patóhz. ḿμmm̄ — pimb.
(noun—NC4) historical literature (noun—NC2) rooster, cock
etym. patogoz. pa- collective root. ń-g- etym. pimeb. root. ḿ-m-ɱ "fowl" desc. pimbar [ NC1 boy, young
ç "experience" ante. tóhz [ NC4 story, narrative, account. ] man (informal). ]
ḿuɯ́ ɥ́μɥ́n — pauéién. ḿμmm̄ uλ — pimbar.
(noun—NC4) forest, bush, brush (personal name—NC1) boy, young man (informal)
etym. paweeyene. ante. uéién [ NC3 tree, especially a tall one. ] etym. pimebar. ante. pimb [ NC2 rooster, cock. ]
ḿuçn̄uμλ — pazdair. ḿμmɥ́ɱμλ — pimévir.
(noun—NC4) palace district, urban area where nobles live or (noun—NC2) hen, female chicken
build houses etym. pimeber. root. ḿ-m-ɱ "fowl"
etym. pazethaer. pa- collective ante. zedair [ NC3 large home;
ḿμλɯμ — piroi.
small palace. ]
(noun—NC3) small boat, canoe
ḿuçɯ́ λμɯc — pazurios. etym. piroy. root. ḿ-λ-μ "float"
(noun—NC4)
ḿμcuḿ — pisap.
a. an individual's rights (noun—NC3) footpath
b. that which one is owed
etym. pisap. root. ḿ-c-ḿ "path"
etym. pazureos. -x(z/s) active, pa- collective ante. zurios
ḿμcḿ — pisp.
[ NC4 rights, claims, affordances of the honorable; landed title. ]
(noun—NC3) road, thoroughfare, street
ḿúq́ɯ́ c — pekus. etym. pisep. root. ḿ-c-ḿ "path"
(noun—NC3) insect bite
ḿɯn̄u — poda.
etym. pekus. root. ḿ-q́-c "spider"
(noun—NC3) large lake
ḿúmum̄ — pemab. etym. potha. root. ḿ-n̄-∅ "lake"
(noun—NC2) duck, waterfowl
ḿɯn̄uμλ — podair.
etym. pemab. root. ḿ-m-ɱ "fowl" desc. pemavén [ NC2 goose. ]
(noun—NC3) smaller lake, pond
etym. pothaer. -xr derivation N root. ḿ-n̄-∅ "lake"

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ḿɯmum̄ — pomab. ḿɯ́ nɯμ — punoi.

(noun—NC2) partridge, quail, pheasant (noun—NC3) straight, erect
etym. pomab. root. ḿ-m-ɱ "fowl" etym. punoy. root. ḿ-n-μ "square" ante. mo punoios [ NC3 I

ḿɯnμ́ — poní. straighten out, I iron out, I flatten. ]

(noun—NC3) square, cube, box ḿɯ́ λm — purm.
etym. poniy. root. ḿ-n-μ "square" desc. poníer [ NC3 strongbox, (noun—NC3) tree trunk
chest, vault. ] etym. purem. root. ḿ-λ-m "penis"
ḿɯnμ́úλ — poníer. ḿɯ́ ɱum — puvam.
(noun—NC3) strongbox, chest, vault (noun—NC3)
etym. poniyer. root. ḿ-n-μ "square" ante. poní [ NC3 square, a. bark
cube, box. ] b. reptile skin

ḿɯλɥ́ — poré. etym. pubam. root. ḿ-ɱ-m "skin"

(noun—NC3) floatsam, floating material ḿɥq́c — páks.
etym. porey. root. ḿ-λ-μ "float" (noun—NC3)
ḿɯcɯ́ y — posul. a. cobweb, dust bunny, dusty debris
(noun—NC2) male spirit b. spider web

etym. posul. root. ḿ-c-y "male god" etym. pakas. root. ḿ-q́-c "spider"
ḿɯɱμm — povim. ḿɥmλɯ́ úm̄ ú — pámruebe.
(noun—NC3) hide, skin of an animal (noun—NC4) culture
etym. pobim. root. ḿ-ɱ-m "skin" desc. ómpovim [ NC3 leather. ] etym. paamaloephe. -xphx perf patient, pa-
povimer [ NC3 suade, shorn wool. ] collective ante. ámro [ VC1 I form, I mold, I shape; I educate; I bring
ḿɯɱμmúλ — povimer. into being, I create, I compose. ] ámruebe [ NC3 thing that has been
(noun—NC3) suade, shorn wool made; artisanal good. ]
etym. pobimer. -xr derivation N root. ḿ-ɱ- ḿɥmɰḿc — pámóps.
m "skin" ante. povim [ NC3 hide, skin of an animal. ] (noun—NC4) economics, economy, organized trade
ḿɯɱμmúλμy q́ɯɰ́ n̄ — povimeril koúd. etym. paatmopos. ante. amóps [ NC4 trade, exchange. ]
(noun—NC3) mullen ḿɥnμ — páni.
etym. pobimeril kowud. ante. koúd [ NC3 stick, limb, cane, branch, (noun—NC3) court, courtyard, public square
stalk, deadwood; wood, wooden. ] etym. panay. root. ḿ-n-μ "square"
ḿλuμ — prai. ḿɥçn̄ — pázd.
(noun—NC3) large boat or ship, used for open ocean travel (noun—NC4) oeuvre, works of a given artist
etym. peray. root. ḿ-λ-μ "float" desc. praián [ NC1 captain. ] etym. paazed. pa- collective root. ∅-ç-ŋ "design"
ḿλuμɥn — praián. ḿɥ́c — pés.
(noun—NC1) captain (noun—NC2) elephant
etym. perayana. ante. prai [ NC3 large boat or ship, used for open etym. peis. root. ḿ-∅-c "elephant"
ocean travel. ]
ḿɰ́ n̄μ — púdi.
ḿλum — pram. (noun—NC4) emotion, spirit, temperament, status
(noun—NC3) penis etym. puthuy. root. ḿ-n̄-μ "emotion" desc. pújer [ NC2 feelings,
etym. peram. root. ḿ-λ-m "penis" emotions [individual]. ]
ḿλɰ́ m — prúm. ḿɰ́ ŋ̄úλ — pújer.
(noun—NC4) penetration, sexual intercourse (noun—NC2) feelings, emotions [individual]
etym. purum. root. ḿ-λ-m "penis" etym. puthuyer. -xr derivation N root. ḿ-n̄-
ḿcuɯ́ — psau. μ "emotion" ante. púdi [ NC4 emotion, spirit, temperament,
(noun—NC2) god, male deity status. ] desc. gonunil pújer [ NC2 a foul mood, a mean disposition,
etym. pesal. root. ḿ-c-y "male god" catty or rude behavior; “a hot spirit”. ]

ḿɯ́ mm̄ — pumb. ḿɰ́ λμ — púri.

(noun—NC2) guineafowl, guineahen (noun—NC4) floating, flotation, levitating, hovering
etym. pumeb. root. ḿ-m-ɱ "fowl" etym. puruy. root. ḿ-λ-μ "float"

ḿɰ́ cμy — púsil.

(noun—NC4) infertility, barronness
etym. pusul. root. ḿ-c-y "male god"

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m̄ uλμm — barim.

m̄ — b words (noun—NC2) leopard

etym. pharim. root. m̄ -λ-m "cat" desc. barimer [ NC2 cheetah. ]

m̄ uλμmúλ — barimer.
m̄ úμ́q̄ɰc — Beígós. (noun—NC2) cheetah
(noun—NC4) Kpeñ language etym. pharimer. -xr derivation N root. m̄ -λ-m "cat" ante. barim
etym. pheiinkhoos. [ NC2 leopard. ]

m̄ úμ́n — Beín. m̄ uɯ́ ɯm̄ — bauob.

(noun—NC1) () onion
etym. phawob. root. m̄ -ɯ́ -ɱ ""
a. Kpeñ person
b. person of Kpeñ descent m̄ uɱμc — bavis.
etym. Pheiin. Kpeñ (noun—NC3) itching, an itch
etym. phabes. root. m̄ -ɱ-c "burn"
m̄ ɯq́uǵɥ́n — Bokaqén.
(noun—NC3) Bokakein a small zamaine of New Enezin. m̄ uɱɯc — bavos.
etym. Mpokakein. Kpeñ (noun—NC3) soot
etym. phabos. root. m̄ -ɱ-c "burn"
m̄ ɥ́mu — Béma.
(personal name—NC1) A wiseman of Enezin, tasked with m̄ uɱɯ́ μ — bavui.
delivering the prophecy by Ramiz. (noun—NC3) vagina, particularly the vaginal cavity
etym. Phyema. root. m̄ μ-m-∅ "sparrow" etym. phabuy. root. m̄ -ɱ-μ "interior"

m̄ ɥ́nq̄ńɥɯ́ — Béngtáu. m̄ uçɯ — bazo.

(proper noun—NC4) Pengtaal, a Taal kingdom. (noun—NC4) σ - character for “five”
etym. phenegtaal. root. ń-∅-y "belief;"m̄ -n-g "union;" etym. phazo. root. m̄ -ç-∅ "five"

m̄ u-ɯ́ u — ba-ua. m̄ uɥ́nμλ — baénir.

(noun—NC4) barking, sound made by dogs (noun—NC3) pipe for smoking
etym. pha-wa. etym. phaener. -xr derivation N root. m̄ -∅-n "tube" ante. bain
[ NC3 pipe, tube, cylinder; [INDEF] joint. ]
m̄ un̄ú — bade.
(noun—NC3) divine vision, prophecy m̄ ú — be.
etym. phathe. root. m̄ -n̄-∅ "vision" desc. bajana [ NC1 prophet. ] (verb—VC3) I eat, I consume (used less frequently than abe )
etym. phe. desc. bios [ NC4 nourishment, sustenance; meal; (rarely)
m̄ uμn — bain.
hunger. ] béti [ NC3 food, grub. ] béghe [ NC3 edible, consumable,
(noun—NC3)
potable. ] -bévis [ NC2 suffix referring to what an animal eats; -vore. ]
a. pipe, tube, cylinder
be nabinil [ phras. I smoke. ] béze [ NC3 delicious, good to eat,
b. [INDEF] joint
tasty. ]
etym. phaen. root. m̄ -∅-n "tube" desc. baénir [ NC3 pipe for
m̄ ú num̄ μnμy — be nabinil.
smoking. ]
(verb—phras.) I smoke
m̄ uŋ̄unu — bajana. etym. phe naphinil. root. n-m̄ -n "spirit" ante. nabin [ NC3 vapor,
(noun—NC1) prophet steam, smoke. ] be [ VC3 I eat, I consume (used less frequently than
etym. phatheana. -xnx derivation N root. m̄ -n̄- abe ). ]
∅ "vision" ante. bade [ NC3 divine vision, prophecy. ]
m̄ úŋɰ — bedhó.
m̄ umm̄ — bamb. (noun—NC3) white kapok fiber, typically worn by scholastics
(noun—NC3) end etym. phedow. root. m̄ -ŋ-ɯ́ "cotton" desc. bedhóar
etym. phameb. [ NC1 scholastic. ]
m̄ unn̄ — band. m̄ úŋɰuλ — bedhóar.
(noun—NC4) patience (noun—NC1) scholastic
etym. phaned. root. m̄ -n-ŋ "slow" etym. phedowar. root. m̄ -ŋ-ɯ́ "cotton" ante. bedhó [ NC3 white
m̄ unɯ — bano. kapok fiber, typically worn by scholastics. ]
(number—NC4) eight m̄ ún̄ɯ́ — bedu.
etym. phano. root. m̄ -n-∅ "eight" (noun—NC4) dreams, dreaming
m̄ unɥ́ — bané. etym. phethu. root. m̄ -n̄-∅ "vision"
(noun—NC3) ribcage
etym. baney. root. m̄ -n-μ "bone"

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m̄ únuμ — benai. m̄ μɯc — bios.

(noun—NC1) (noun—NC4)
a. old-fashioned a. nourishment, sustenance
b. traditional b. meal
c. (rarely) hunger
root. m̄ -n-μ "bone"
etym. pheos. root. m̄ -∅-c "food" ante. be [ VC3 I eat, I consume
m̄ únμ́ — bení.
(used less frequently than abe ). ] desc. ka biosa [ phras. I eat, I take
(noun—NC3) bone
a meal. ] lo biosa [ phras. I feed, I give a meal. ] mo biosa [ phras. I
etym. beniy. root. m̄ -n-μ "bone" desc. beníer [ NC3 skeleton. ]
feed, I give to eat. ] biogho [ NC4 greed, avarice, hunger beyond one's
m̄ únμ́úλ — beníer. ability to consume. ]
(noun—NC3) skeleton
m̄ μλμɥn — birián.
etym. beniyer. root. m̄ -n-μ "bone" ante. bení [ NC3 bone. ]
(noun—NC1) wealthy, luxurious
m̄ úɱuμ — bevai. etym. phireyana. -xnx derivation N root. m̄ -λ-μ "silk" ante. biré
(noun—NC3) core, middle, insides, contents [ NC3 silk fabric. ]
etym. phebay. root. m̄ -ɱ-μ "interior"
m̄ μλɥ́ — biré.
m̄ úɱɯ́ c — bevus. (noun—NC3) silk fabric
(noun—NC3) ember, cinders, smolders etym. phirey. root. m̄ -λ-μ "silk" desc. birián [ NC1 wealthy,
etym. phebus. root. m̄ -ɱ-c "burn" luxurious. ]
m̄ úɱɯ́ cúλ — bevuser. m̄ μɯ́ mú — biume.
(noun—NC3) cinders, sparks, twinkles (noun—NC2) songbird
etym. phebuser. -xr derivation N root. m̄ -ɱ-c "burn" etym. phyume. root. m̄ μ-m-∅ "sparrow"
m̄ úɱμ́ — beví. m̄ μɱɯμ — bivoi.
(noun—NC3) (noun—NC3) internal organs, viscera
a. cave, chasm, opening etym. phiboy. root. m̄ -ɱ-μ "interior"
b. cellar, often used for storing roots and tubers
m̄ μçu — biza.
etym. phebiy. root. m̄ -ɱ-μ "interior" (number—NC4) five
m̄ úçμn̄ — bezid. etym. phiza. root. m̄ -ç-∅ "five"
(noun—NC3) medicine, medication, cure m̄ μɥm — biám.
etym. phezid. root. m̄ -ç-ŋ "health" desc. abzid [ NC4 curing, (noun—NC2) sparrow
healing, treating. ] etym. phyama. root. m̄ μ-m-∅ "sparrow"
m̄ μŋuɯ́ — bidhau. m̄ yuμ — blai.
(noun—NC3) kapok fiber (noun—NC2) shrimp
etym. phidaw. root. m̄ -ŋ-ɯ́ "cotton" etym. phelay. root. m̄ -y-μ "crustacean"
m̄ μn̄ɯ — bido. m̄ ɯŋɰ́ — bodhú.
(noun—NC4) (noun—NC3) cotton
a. plastic arts, representative arts etym. photuw. root. m̄ -ŋ-ɯ́ "cotton"
b. representations
m̄ ɯŋɰ́ úλ — bodhúer.
etym. phitho. root. m̄ -n̄-∅ "vision" (noun—NC2) Cotton sheep, a rare breed of wool-bearing sheep.
m̄ μɯgɯ — biogho. etym. phoduwer. root. m̄ -ŋ-ɯ́ "cotton"
(noun—NC4) greed, avarice, hunger beyond one's ability to m̄ ɯyμ́ — bolí.
consume (noun—NC2) crab
etym. pheogo. -xgx prosp patient ante. bios [ NC4 nourishment, etym. boliy. root. m̄ -y-μ "crustacean"
sustenance; meal; (rarely) hunger. ]
m̄ ɯcɯ́ ń — bosut.
(noun—NC3) care, aid, assistance
etym. phosut. root. m̄ -c-ń "care"

m̄ ɯɱɯ́ c — bovus.
(noun—NC3) burn mark
etym. phobus. root. m̄ -ɱ-c "burn" desc. re bovuse [ phras. I am
burned, I am charred. ] mo bovuse [ phras. I burn, I char. ]

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m̄ ɯɱμ́ — boví. m̄ ɥnn̄ — bánd.

(noun—NC4) (noun—NC1)
a. middle, center of somewhere a. slow person, slow moving, dragging;
b. neutral
etym. phanad. root. m̄ -n-ŋ "slow" desc. bándor [ NC4 sloth,
etym. phobiy. root. m̄ -ɱ-μ "interior" desc. kirboví laziness. ]
[ NC4 interior. ]
m̄ ɥnn̄ɯλ — bándor.
m̄ ɯçú — boze. (noun—NC4) sloth, laziness
(noun—NC3) finger etym. phanador. -xr derivation N ante. bánd [ NC1 slow person,
etym. phoze. root. m̄ -ç-∅ "five" slow moving, dragging;. ]
m̄ λɯm — brom. m̄ ɥλm — bárm.
(noun—NC2) lioness (noun—NC1) aloof person, uncaring, disinterested
etym. pherom. root. m̄ -λ-m "cat" desc. bromén [ NC2 male lion, etym. pharam. root. m̄ -λ-m "cat"
maned lion. ]
m̄ ɥcń — bást.
m̄ λɯmɥ́n — bromén. (noun—NC1) loving, caring person
(noun—NC2) male lion, maned lion etym. phasat. root. m̄ -c-ń "care" desc. bástudha [ NC4 lovingness,
etym. pheromene. -xnx derivation N root. m̄ -λ- kindness. ]
m "cat" ante. brom [ NC2 lioness. ]
m̄ ɥcńɯ́ ŋu — bástudha.
m̄ ɯ́ — bu. (noun—NC4) lovingness, kindness
(noun—NC4) etym. phasatoda. -oda root. m̄ -c-ń "care" ante. bást
a. or [ NC1 loving, caring person. ]
b. conjunction suggesting multiple options
m̄ ɥɱμ — bávi.
etym. phu. root. ∅-m̄ -(c) "two" (noun—NC3) heart
m̄ ɯ́ n̄u — buda. etym. phabay. root. m̄ -ɱ-μ "interior"
(noun—NC4) imagination, imaginative capacity m̄ ɥçn̄ — bázd.
etym. butha. root. m̄ -n̄-∅ "vision" (noun—NC1) healthy person, healed person
m̄ ɯ́ n̄μ — budi. etym. phazad. root. m̄ -ç-ŋ "health"
(noun—NC1) blind, sightless m̄ ɥ́gú — béghe.
root. m̄ -n̄-∅ "vision" (noun—NC3) edible, consumable, potable
m̄ ɯ́ n̄ɯ́ únú — buduene. etym. pheege. ante. be [ VC3 I eat, I consume (used less frequently
(noun—NC3) unreal, imagined or abstracted things than abe ). ]
etym. phuthuene. ante. búd [ NC4 irreality, fantasy. ] m̄ ɥ́q̄μnq̄ɯ́ λ — bégingur.
m̄ ɯ́ nμn̄ — bunid. (noun—NC3) raffia
(noun—NC4) slow (relative) etym. mpekhenkhurn. Kpeñ
etym. phunit. root. m̄ -n-ŋ "slow" desc. dha bunidos [ phras. I m̄ ɥ́nn̄ — bénd.
slow down, I move slowly. ] (noun—NC2) slow animal
m̄ ɯ́ çɯn̄ — buzod. etym. phened. root. m̄ -n-ŋ "slow"
(noun—NC4) recovery, healing m̄ ɥ́nn̄ — bénd.
etym. phuzod. root. m̄ -ç-ŋ "health" desc. buzodhar [ NC1 healer, (noun—NC4) limping, walking with difficulty
doctor, nurse, physician. ] buzodhón [ NC4 time to recovery. ] etym. bened. root. m̄ -n-ŋ "slow"
m̄ ɯ́ çɯŋuλ — buzodhar. m̄ ɥ́nq̄ — béng.
(noun—NC1) healer, doctor, nurse, physician (noun—NC3) ring, circlet
etym. phuzodar. -xr derivation N root. m̄ -ç- etym. pheneg. root. m̄ -n-g "union"
ŋ "health" ante. buzod [ NC4 recovery, healing. ]
m̄ ɥ́nq̄ — béng.
m̄ ɯ́ çɯŋɰn — buzodhón. (noun—NC4)
(noun—NC4) time to recovery
a. marriage, union
etym. phuzodono. -xnx derivation N root. m̄ -ç- b. wedding
ŋ "health" ante. buzod [ NC4 recovery, healing. ]
etym. pheneg. root. m̄ -n-g "union"
m̄ ɥm̄ — báb.
(noun—NC1) dad, daddy
etym. phapha. root. ∅-m̄ -μ "father" ante. ábi [ NC1 father. ]

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m̄ ɥ́c — bés. m̄ ɰ́ nn̄ — búnd.

(noun—NC3) mouth (noun—NC4) slowness (absolute)
etym. phees. root. m̄ -∅-c "food" desc. bésil sagd [ NC3 gums, etym. phunud. root. m̄ -n-ŋ "slow"
gencives. ] m̄ ɰ́ nq̄ — búng.
m̄ ɥ́cμy cuq̄n̄ — bésil sagd. (noun—NC4) merger, union
(noun—NC3) gums, gencives etym. phunug. root. m̄ -n-g "union"
etym. pheesil sakhed. ante. bés [ NC3 mouth. ] m̄ ɰ́ cń — búst.
m̄ ɥ́ńμ — béti. (noun—NC4) empathy, compassion, love for one's fellows
(noun—NC3) food, grub etym. phusut. root. m̄ -c-ń "care" desc. urbúst [ NC4 coldness,
etym. pheeti. -x(d/t)i derivation ante. be [ VC3 I eat, I consume callousness, cruelty. ]
(used less frequently than abe ). ] m̄ ɰ́ ɱμc — búvis.
m̄ ɥ́çn̄ — bézd. (noun—NC4) burning, singeing, twinging
(noun—NC2) healthy animal, healed animal etym. phubus. root. m̄ -ɱ-c "burn" desc. búvisén [ NC3 rash,
etym. phezed. root. m̄ -ç-ŋ "health" hives, itching. ]

m̄ ɥ́çú — béze. m̄ ɰ́ ɱμcɥ́n — búvisén.

(noun—NC3) delicious, good to eat, tasty (noun—NC3) rash, hives, itching
etym. pheeze. -xzx prog patient ante. be [ VC3 I eat, I consume etym. phubusene. -xnx derivation N ante. búvis [ NC4 burning,
(used less frequently than abe ). ] singeing, twinging. ]

m̄ μ́m̄ μ — bíbi. m̄ ɰ́ ç — búz.

(noun—NC2) cat, kitten (noun—NC4) five day week
etym. phiphiy. root. m̄ -λ-m "cat" etym. phuzu. root. m̄ -ç-∅ "five"

m̄ μ́mɯ — bímo. m̄ ɰ́ çn̄ — búzd.

(noun—NC2) finch (noun—NC4) health, wellness
etym. phyimo. root. m̄ μ-m-∅ "sparrow" etym. phuzud. root. m̄ -ç-ŋ "health" desc. ómbúzd

m̄ μ́λm — bírm. [ NC4 hygiene. ]

(noun—NC2) cat
etym. phirim. root. m̄ -λ-m "cat"
m̄ μ́ɯ́ m̄ — bíub. n — n words
() garlic
etym. phiwib. root. m̄ -ɯ́ -ɱ ""
nμm̄ uλμy n̄uμ́ — Nibaril Daí.
m̄ μ́ɯ́ m — bíum.
(noun—NC3) Nibaril Daí, a small Ousse town on the western
(noun—NC3) hook, crook
shore of Lake Asoma, near the border with Oukwe
etym. phiyum. root. m̄ -μ-m "pincer"
etym. Nibaril Daí.
m̄ ɰnn̄ — bónd.
nɯm̄ ɥnc — Nobáns.
(noun—NC4) slow, difficult concept
(personal name—NC2) spirited, headstrong
etym. phonod. root. m̄ -n-ŋ "slow" desc. bóndar [ NC1 idiot,
etym. Nophanas. root. n-m̄ -n "spirit"
stupid, imbecile. ]
num̄ μn — nabin.
m̄ ɰnn̄uλ — bóndar.
(noun—NC3) vapor, steam, smoke
(noun—NC1) idiot, stupid, imbecile
etym. naphin. root. n-m̄ -n "spirit;"n-m̄ -
etym. phonodar. -xr derivation N ante. bónd [ NC4 slow, difficult
n "spirit;" desc. manabin [ NC4 smoking. ] be nabinil [ phras. I
concept. ]
smoke. ]
m̄ ɰnμ — bóni.
num̄ ɯ́ — nabu.
(noun—NC3) structure, scaffolding
(expression)
etym. bonoy. root. m̄ -n-μ "bone"
a. “with life;” generic greeting (somewhat less formal than &nabunos)
m̄ ɰ́ n̄ — búd.
(noun—NC4) irreality, fantasy etym. naphu. root. n-m̄ -n "spirit" ante. nabun [ NC3 breath;
etym. phuthu. root. m̄ -n̄-∅ "vision" desc. buduene [ NC3 unreal, will. ]
imagined or abstracted things. ]

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num̄ ɯ́ n — nabun. nμgɯ́ y — nighul.

(noun—NC3) (noun—NC2) spirit of sadness, bad energy
a. breath etym. nigul. root. n-g-y "sadness" desc. mo nighulsa [ phras. I
b. will sadden, I make sad, I mellow. ] ka nighulit [ phras. I get sad, I become
etym. naphun. root. n-m̄ -n "spirit;"n-m̄ -n "spirit;" desc. ka sad. ]
nabunil [ phras. I suffocate; I subdue, I attenuate, I weaken; I wind. ] nμńɯy ɰ́ ŋɯ ? — nitol údho ?.
ánabun [ NC4 willpower, spiritual energy. ] kirnabun [ NC2 animus; (expression) how much? how many?
spirit, being of inanimate things. ] urnabun [ NC3 inanimate, lifeless, etym. nitol wudo ?. root. ɯ́ -ŋ-∅ "amount"
dead, inert. ] nabu [ “with life;” generic greeting (somewhat less
nμńɯɯ́ ɱɰɯ́ q́ ? — nitou vóuk ?.
formal than &nabunos). ]
(expression) what does it matter?
num̄ ɯ́ n — nabun. etym. nitol bowok ?. ante. vóuk [ NC4 importance, value,
(noun—NC4) will, vital spirit, energy, drive significance. ]
etym. nabun. root. n-m̄ -n "spirit"
nμńɥ́c — nités.
num̄ ɯ́ nq̄uμm̄ ú — nabungaibe. (expression) where
(noun—NC3) light refreshment, lightly alcoholic drink
nμɰ́ m̄ — niúb.
etym. naphungaephe. -xphx perf patient root. n-m̄ -
(noun—NC4) myrth, anticipation, excitement
n "spirit;"n-m̄ -n "spirit;" ante. ka nabunil [ phras. I suffocate; I
etym. niwub. root. n-ɯ́ -ɱ "fun" desc. niúvar [ NC1 excitable,
subdue, I attenuate, I weaken; I wind. ]
easily moved, emotional. ]
num̄ ɯ́ nɯ́ úm̄ ú — nabunuebe.
nμɰ́ ɱuλ — niúvar.
(noun—NC2) living things, animate being
(noun—NC1) excitable, easily moved, emotional
etym. naphunmoephe. -xphx perf patient root. n-m̄ -
etym. niwubar. ante. niúb [ NC4 myrth, anticipation, excitement. ]
n "spirit;"n-m̄ -n "spirit;" ante. mo nabunil [ phras. I breathe life
into, I animate, I enliven. ] nɯλc — nors.
(noun—NC3) opening, aperture
num̄ ɯ́ λ — nabur.
etym. nores. root. n-λ-c "opening"
(noun—NC3) cheeks, cheekbones
etym. naphur. root. n-m̄ -λ "hills" nɯ́ gμq̄ — nughig.
(noun—NC4) endless, infinite
nugɯq̄ — naghog.
etym. nugig. root. n-g-g "boundary"
(noun—NC3) beach, shore, coastline
etym. nagog. root. n-g-g "boundary" desc. naghogher [ NC3 pier, nɥm̄ μn — nábin.
quay, dock. ] (noun—NC2) god, deity
etym. naphan. root. n-m̄ -n "spirit;"n-m̄ -n "spirit;"
nugɯgúλ — naghogher.
(noun—NC3) pier, quay, dock nɥgy — náhl.
etym. nagoger. -xr derivation N ante. naghog [ NC3 beach, shore, (noun—NC1) sad, miserable, downtrodden, depressed person
coastline. ] etym. nagal. root. n-g-y "sadness"

nugq̄ — nahg. nɥɯ́ m̄ — náub.

(noun—NC3) edge, border (noun—NC3) orgasm
etym. nageg. root. n-g-g "boundary" etym. nawab. root. n-ɯ́ -ɱ "fun" desc. mo náubir [ phras. I have
sex with [ACC]. ] de náubil [ phras. I come to climax, I have an
nuλɯc — naros.
orgasm. ] enáub [ NC3 ejaculate, semen. ]
(noun—NC3) anus
etym. naros. root. n-λ-c "opening" nɥɯ́ m̄ — náub.
(noun—NC4) amusement, fun
núm̄ uλ — nebar.
etym. nawab. root. n-ɯ́ -ɱ "fun" desc. náuván [ NC1 fun-loving,
(noun—NC3) bottom, rump, behind, buttocks
thrill-seeking. ] lo náuba [ phras. I entertain, I amuse. ]
etym. nephar. root. n-m̄ -λ "hills"
nɥɯ́ ɱɥn — náuván.
núm̄ ɯ́ n — nebun.
(noun—NC1) fun-loving, thrill-seeking
(noun—NC2) spirit, non-corporeal being
etym. nawabana. -xnx derivation N ante. náub [ NC3 orgasm. ]
etym. nephun. root. n-m̄ -n "spirit;"n-m̄ -n "spirit;"
nɥ́gy — néhl.
nμm̄ uλ — nibar.
(noun—NC2) sad, depressed, downtrodden animal
(noun—NC3) hills, small mountains
etym. negel. root. n-g-y "sadness"
etym. niphar. root. n-m̄ -λ "hills" desc. Kanibar [ NC3 Il Kanibar, a
large Ousse principality bordering Oukwe along the Red River. Also
referred to as the Hill Country. ]

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nɥ́λc — nérs. ŋu q́ɯ́ un̄μλ — dha kuadir.

(noun—NC3) vulva, cloaca (verb—phras.) I branch off, I go my own way
etym. neres. root. n-λ-c "opening" etym. da koadir. ante. kuad [ NC3 limb, branch, extension,

nɰgq̄ — nóhg. outgrowth, expansion. ]

(noun—NC3) ŋu muŋuμq́úu — dha madhaikea.
a. boundary, border (verb—phras.) I shit, I defecate
b. riverbank etym. da matdaekeila. ante. madhaike [ NC3 shit, dung, waste,
etym. nogog. root. n-g-g "boundary" refuse. ]

nɰgy — nóhl. ŋu cɯ́ yuńɯc — dha sulatos.

(noun—NC4) sadness, depression, misery, heartbreak, suffering (verb—phras.) I hurry, I move quicker, I increase speed
etym. nogol. root. n-g-y "sadness" ante. nóhlor [ NC4 depression, etym. da sulatos. root. c-y-ń "fast, quick"
period of sadness. ] ŋu ńɯμuλμ́y — dha toiaríl.
nɰgyɯλ — nóhlor. (verb—phras.) I flap my wings
(noun—NC4) depression, period of sadness etym. da toyarili. root. ń-μ-λ "bird"
etym. nogolor. root. n-g-y "sadness" desc. nóhl [ NC4 sadness, ŋu ńɰ́ cq́ɯλu — dha túskora.
depression, misery, heartbreak, suffering. ] gúhmou nóhlor (verb—phras.) It is cold
[ NC3 postpartum depression. ] etym. da tusukorola. ante. túskor [ NC4 cold spell, cold breeze. ]
nɰ́ ńμq́ — nútik. ŋu ɥmμλ ɰn̄μ — dha ámir ódi.
(noun—NC4) noise, loud sound, din (verb—phras.) I withdraw, I stop communicating, I shut down
etym. nutuk. root. n-ń-q́ "" etym. da amair othoy. ante. ódi [ NC3 shell, husk, enclosure,
casing. ] dha [ VC2 I move, I make motion, I move about, I motion. ]

ŋu ɥ́cμyμy — dha ésilil.

ŋ — dh words (verb—VC2) it is raining
ante. ésil [ NC3 rain. ]

ŋu ɰ́ n̄μyɯc — dha údilos.

ŋúyɰc ɯ́ ǵɰ́ ú — Dhelós Uqúe. () I liquify, I melt
(noun—NC4) United Oukwe, an epitet used to refer to Oukwe ante. údil [ NC4 liquid. ]
following the Athama civil war.
ŋuμq́ú — dhaike.
ante. dhelo [ VC1 I join, I put together, I unite with, I become part of a
(noun—NC2)
group; I marry [DAT]; I marry [ACC] to [DAT]. ]
a. mobile, moving
ŋu — dha. b. (water) running
(verb—VC2) I move, I make motion, I move about, I motion
etym. daeke. -xkx prosp agent ante. dha [ VC2 I move, I make
etym. da. desc. dhaiti [ NC3 fingers, digits. ] dhaike [ NC2 mobile,
motion, I move about, I motion. ]
moving; (water) running. ] dháka [ NC1 migrating, nomadic persons. ]
dhákaudha [ NC4 seasonal migration. ] dhaton [ NC4 movement, ŋuμc — dhais.
motion; means of motion. ] dha ámir ódi [ phras. I withdraw, I stop (noun—NC3) muscle

communicating, I shut down. ] dhais [ NC3 muscle. ] etym. daes. ante. dha [ VC2 I move, I make motion, I move about, I
motion. ]
ŋu m̄ ɯ́ nμn̄ɯc — dha bunidos.
(verb—phras.) I slow down, I move slowly ŋuμń — dhait.
etym. da bunidos. root. m̄ -n-ŋ "slow" ante. bunid [ NC4 slow (noun—NC3) light
(relative). ] etym. dait. root. ŋ-∅-ń "light" desc. mo dhaitir [ phras. I
illuminate, I shine light on, I bring into view, I highlight. ] dhaitén
ŋu n̄ɰ́ q́ɯc — dha dúkos.
[ NC3 light source, candle, torch, brazier, brand. ] dhaiter
(verb—phras.) I flow, I move easily
[ NC3 stars. ] zudhait [ NC4 sunlight. ]
etym. da thuukos. ante. dúk [ NC4 flow. ]
ŋuμńúλ — dhaiter.
ŋu q̄ɯnɯ́ nμy — dha gonunil.
(noun—NC3) stars
(verb—VC2) It is hot
etym. daiter. ante. dhait [ NC3 light. ]
etym. da knonunil.
ŋuμńμ — dhaiti.
ŋu μɥɯ́ ḿɯc — dha iáupos.
(noun—NC3) fingers, digits
(verb—phras.) I lie down
etym. daeti. -x(d/t)i derivation ante. dha [ VC2 I move, I make
etym. da yawapos. root. μ-ɯ́ -ḿ "prone"
motion, I move about, I motion. ]

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ŋuμńɥ́n — dhaitén. ŋúŋu — dhedha.

(noun—NC3) light source, candle, torch, brazier, brand (verb—VC2)
etym. daitene. root. ŋ-∅-ń "light" ante. dhait [ NC3 light. ] a. i budge, I move a bit, I am loose
b. I strafe [direction + DAT], I move aside
ŋuμɯ́ c — dhaius.
c. I dodge, I avoid, I get out of the way of [ACC]
(noun—NC4) frustration, impotence, incapacity
etym. dayus. root. ŋ-μ-c "anger" etym. deda. de- desc. dhedhaus [ NC4 agility, speed; foresight;
skittering motion. ] dhedhaike [ NC3 loose, flimsy, insecure, mobile. ]
ŋuq́ɯ́ — dhaku.
(noun—NC3) cavity, interior space, socket ŋúŋuμq́ú — dhedhaike.
etym. daku. root. ŋ-q́-∅ "cavity" (noun—NC3) loose, flimsy, insecure, mobile
etym. dedaeke. -xkx prosp agent ante. dhedha [ VC2 i budge, I
ŋuńɯn — dhaton.
move a bit, I am loose; I strafe [direction + DAT], I move aside; I dodge, I
(noun—NC4)
avoid, I get out of the way of [ACC]. ]
a. movement, motion
b. means of motion ŋúŋuɯ́ c — dhedhaus.
(noun—NC4)
etym. daton. -(d/t)xn passive ante. dha [ VC2 I move, I make
a. agility, speed
motion, I move about, I motion. ]
b. foresight
ŋuɯ́ q̄ɯ́ ucu — dhauguasa. c. skittering motion
(noun—VC1) rude, insulting person etym. dedaos. -x(z/s) active ante. dhedha [ VC2 i budge, I move a
etym. dalkhoasa. -xsx prog agent ante. daugo [ VC1 I insult, I bit, I am loose; I strafe [direction + DAT], I move aside; I dodge, I avoid, I
sneer, I jibe, I heckle; I bully. ] get out of the way of [ACC]. ]
ŋuɯ́ q̄ɰńμn — dhaugótin. ŋún̄μḿɯc — dhedipos.
(noun—NC4) insult, jib, rude comment (noun—NC4) consideration, selection
etym. dalkhoton. -(d/t)xn passive ante. daugo [ VC1 I insult, I etym. dethepos. -(b/p)xs ante. dhede [ VC3 I consider, I question,
sneer, I jibe, I heckle; I bully. ] I opine, I imagine; I select, I choose, I decide. ]
ŋuɯ́ ŋ̄uçu — dhaujaza. ŋún̄ɥλμ — dhedári.
(noun—NC1) (noun—NC1) aide-de-camp, attendant, steward
a. nemesis etym. detharay. root. n̄-λ-μ "essential" ante. dári [ NC1 essential,
b. hated person, loathsome being important person. ] desc. ou Dhedárión [ NC4 the High Stewartry, a
etym. daltheaza. -xzx prog patient ante. daude [ VC3 I despise, I government institution, headed by the High Steward (qúvidau
dislike, I detest. ] dhedári). ]

ŋuɯ́ ŋ̄ɯc — dhaujos. ŋún̄ɥ́gú — dhedéghe.

(noun—NC4) scorn, enmity, disdain (noun—NC3) important thing
etym. daltheos. -x(z/s) active, thal- ante. daude [ VC3 I despise, etym. detheege. ante. dhede [ VC3 I consider, I question, I opine, I
I dislike, I detest. ] imagine; I select, I choose, I decide. ]

ŋuɯ́ ńun̄μn — dhautadin. ŋúq̄uḿ — dhegap.

(noun—NC4) sadism, pleasure derived from the pain of others (noun—NC3) plain, knoll, flat area
etym. daltathin. thal- root. ń-n̄-n "pleasure" etym. dekhap. root. ŋ-q̄-ḿ "flat"

ŋún̄ú — dhede. ŋúq̄ɯ — dhego.

(verb—VC3) (verb—VC1) I discuss, I mention, I speak of
a. I consider, I question, I opine, I imagine etym. dego. de- desc. dhegodhan [ NC1 discussant, conversation
b. I select, I choose, I decide partner. ] dhegóbo [ VC1 infamous, renowned. ]
etym. dethe. de- desc. dhejasa [ NC1 inquisitive, curious. ] dhejos ŋúq̄ɯŋun — dhegodhan.
[ NC4 opinion, consideration. ] dhejaz [ NC1 opinionated person. ] (noun—NC1) discussant, conversation partner
dhejagha [ NC1 important, significant person. ] dhedéghe etym. dekhodan. -(d/t)xn passive ante. dhego [ VC1 I discuss, I
[ NC3 important thing. ] dhedipos [ NC4 consideration, selection. ] mention, I speak of. ]
dhejadi [ NC1 mayor, chief official of a town. ]
ŋúq̄ɰm̄ ɯ — dhegóbo.
(noun—VC1) infamous, renowned
etym. dekhoopho. -xphx perf patient ante. dhego [ VC1 I
discuss, I mention, I speak of. ]

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ŋúŋ̄un̄μ — dhejadi. ŋúmɯ — dhemo.

(noun—NC1) mayor, chief official of a town (verb—VC1) I put aside, I unhouse, I displace, I flush out
etym. detheadi. ante. dhede [ VC3 I consider, I question, I opine, I etym. demo. de-
imagine; I select, I choose, I decide. ] ŋúλú — dhere.
ŋúŋ̄ugu — dhejagha. (verb—VC3) I [DAT] am nearby, I am close to, I stand beside, I am
(noun—NC1) important, significant person near
etym. detheaga. -xgx prosp patient ante. dhede [ VC3 I consider, etym. dere. de- desc. dheréps [ NC3 landmark, monument. ]
I question, I opine, I imagine; I select, I choose, I decide. ] dherioti [ NC4 recent events, recent past. ] dheriozo [ NC4 vicinity,

ŋúŋ̄ucu — dhejasa. nearby. ]

(noun—NC1) inquisitive, curious ŋúλμɯńμ — dherioti.
etym. detheasa. -xsx prog agent ante. dhede [ VC3 I consider, I (noun—NC4) recent events, recent past
question, I opine, I imagine; I select, I choose, I decide. ] etym. dereoti. -x(d/t)i derivation ante. dhere [ VC3 I [DAT] am
ŋúŋ̄uç — dhejaz. nearby, I am close to, I stand beside, I am near. ]

(noun—NC1) opinionated person ŋúλμɯçɯ — dheriozo.

etym. detheaz. -xr derivation N ante. dhede [ VC3 I consider, I (noun—NC4) vicinity, nearby
question, I opine, I imagine; I select, I choose, I decide. ] etym. dereozo. -xzx prog patient ante. dhere [ VC3 I [DAT] am

ŋúŋ̄ɯc — dhejos. nearby, I am close to, I stand beside, I am near. ]

(noun—NC4) opinion, consideration ŋúλɥ́ḿc — dheréps.
etym. detheos. -x(z/s) active, de- ante. dhede [ VC3 I consider, I (noun—NC3) landmark, monument
question, I opine, I imagine; I select, I choose, I decide. ] etym. dherepes. -(b/p)xs ante. dhere [ VC3 I [DAT] am nearby, I
ŋúyμń — dhelit. am close to, I stand beside, I am near. ]

(noun—NC3) rows, lines, arrays ŋúcu — dhesa.

etym. delit. root. ŋ-y-ń "line" desc. padhlit [ NC4 farmlands, (verb—VC2) I am about, I concern, I qualify, I signify, I mean
fields. ] etym. desa. de- desc. dhesaudhi [ NC4 topic of conversation, topic

ŋúyɯ — dhelo. of discussion. ] dhesaton [ NC4 moral, ethical meaning of a story or

(verb—VC1) tale. ]

a. I join, I put together, I unite with, I become part of a group ŋúcuńɯn — dhesaton.
b. I marry [DAT] (noun—NC4) moral, ethical meaning of a story or tale
c. I marry [ACC] to [DAT] etym. desaton. -(d/t)xn passive ante. dhesa [ VC2 I am about, I
etym. delo. de- desc. dheluaba [ NC1 spouse, husband, wife. ] concern, I qualify, I signify, I mean. ]
dhelós [ NC4 union, marriage. ] Dhelós Uqúe [ NC4 United Oukwe, ŋúcuɯ́ ŋμ — dhesaudhi.
an epitet used to refer to Oukwe following the Athama civil war. ] (noun—NC4) topic of conversation, topic of discussion
ŋúyɯń — dhelot. etym. desaodi. -x(d/t)i derivation ante. dhesa [ VC2 I am about, I
(noun—NC3) string, wire, thread concern, I qualify, I signify, I mean. ]
etym. delot. root. ŋ-y-ń "line" desc. tomédhilot [ NC3 spool. ] ŋμum̄ uμ — dhiabai.
ŋúyń — dhelt. (noun—NC1) paternal aunt
(noun—NC3) etym. deabay. de-
a. line, bar, rod ŋμumuμ — dhiamai.
b. hyphen (noun—NC1) maternal uncle
etym. delit. root. ŋ-y-ń "line" etym. deamay. de- root. ∅-m-μ "mother"
ŋúyɯ́ um̄ u — dheluaba. ŋμyuń — dhilat.
(noun—NC1) spouse, husband, wife (noun—NC2) serpent, snake
etym. deloapha. -xphx perf patient ante. dhelo [ VC1 I join, I put etym. dilat. root. ŋ-y-ń "line"
together, I unite with, I become part of a group; I marry [DAT]; I marry ŋμɯŋúyń — dhiodhelt.
[ACC] to [DAT]. ]
(noun—NC2) bongo, striped antelope
ŋúyɰc — dhelós. etym. diodelit. root. ŋ-∅-ń "light;"ŋ-y-ń "line;"
(noun—NC4) union, marriage
ŋμɯń — dhiot.
etym. deloos. -x(z/s) active ante. dhelo [ VC1 I join, I put
(noun—NC1) stillborn
together, I unite with, I become part of a group; I marry [DAT]; I marry etym. diot. root. ŋ-∅-ń "light"
[ACC] to [DAT]. ]

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ŋμɯń — dhiot. ŋɥg — dhágh.

(noun—NC4) white (noun—NC1) filthy, disgusting, unclean, untouchable, unsightly
etym. deot. root. ŋ-∅-ń "light" etym. daga. root. ŋ-g-∅ "waste"

ŋμλń — dhirt. ŋɥq́u — dháka.

(noun—NC2) young animal (noun—NC1) migrating, nomadic persons
etym. diret. root. ŋ-λ-ń "young" etym. daaka. -xkx prosp agent ante. dha [ VC2 I move, I make

ŋɯq̄uḿ — dhogap. motion, I move about, I motion. ] desc. dhákaudha [ NC4 seasonal
(noun—NC3) plateau migration. ]

etym. dogap. root. ŋ-q̄-ḿ "flat" ŋɥq́uɯ́ ŋu — dhákaudha.

ŋɯgu — dhogha. (noun—NC4) seasonal migration

(noun—NC3) wasteheap, place where trash is stored etym. daakaoda. -oda ante. dháka [ NC1 migrating, nomadic

etym. doga. root. ŋ-g-∅ "waste" desc. dhoghair [ NC3 trash can, persons. ] dha [ VC2 I move, I make motion, I move about, I motion. ]
waste recepticle, chamber pot. ] ŋɥλń — dhárt.

ŋɯguμλ — dhoghair. (noun—NC1)

(noun—NC3) trash can, waste recepticle, chamber pot a. child, young person
b. legal minor
etym. dogaer. ante. dhogha [ NC3 wasteheap, place where trash is
stored. ] etym. darat. root. ŋ-λ-ń "young" desc. dhártán [ NC1 young
child, toddler. ] dhártodha [ NC4 childhood [time]. ]
ŋɯμúc — dhoies.
(noun—NC4) annoyance, frustration, stuckness ŋɥλńɯŋu — dhártodha.
etym. doyes. root. ŋ-μ-c "anger" desc. dhoiesar [ NC1 annoying, (noun—NC4) childhood [time]
aggravating, hard to work with, petulant. ] etym. daratoda. -oda root. ŋ-λ-ń "young" ante. dhárt
[ NC1 child, young person; legal minor. ]
ŋɯμúcuλ — dhoiesar.
(noun—NC1) annoying, aggravating, hard to work with, petulant ŋɥλńɥn — dhártán.
etym. doyesar. -xr derivation N root. ŋ-μ-c "anger" ante. dhoies (noun—NC1) young child, toddler
[ NC4 annoyance, frustration, stuckness. ] etym. daratana. -xnx derivation N root. ŋ-λ-
ń "young" ante. dhárt [ NC1 child, young person; legal minor. ]
ŋɯq́ú — dhoke.
(noun—NC3) rectum ŋɥ́g — dhégh.
etym. doke. root. ŋ-q́-∅ "cavity" (noun—NC3) waste, refuse
etym. dege. root. ŋ-g-∅ "waste"
ŋλɯń — dhrot.
(noun—NC3) new, unused, just made ŋɥ́q̄μḿ — dhégip.
etym. derot. root. ŋ-λ-ń "young" (noun—NC3) flat, squashed, stout, short, thin
etym. dekhep. root. ŋ-q̄-ḿ "flat" desc. lo dhégipos [ phras. I
ŋɯ́ uç — dhuaz.
flatten, I make flat. ]
(noun—NC3) money bag, treasure chest, coffer, bursary
etym. duaz. root. ŋ-∅-ç "container" desc. dhuazán [ NC1 bursar, ŋɥ́μm — dhéim.
treasurer. ] (noun—NC3) mushroom, specifically its cap
etym. deyem. root. ŋ-μ-m "mushroom"
ŋɯ́ uçɥn — dhuazán.
(noun—NC1) bursar, treasurer ŋɥ́μmúλ — dhéimer.
etym. duazana. -xnx derivation N root. ŋ-∅- (noun—NC3)
ç "container" ante. dhuaz [ NC3 money bag, treasure chest, coffer, a. mantle
bursary. ] b. smock

ŋɯ́ μń — dhuit. etym. deyemer. root. ŋ-μ-m "mushroom"

(noun—NC3) light in color, pale, pallid ŋɥ́ç — dhéz.
etym. deit. root. ŋ-∅-ń "light" (noun—NC3) bag, sack, pliable container
ŋɯ́ ɯń — dhuot. etym. deez. root. ŋ-∅-ç "container"
(noun—NC4) daytime ŋɰn̄μm̄ — dhódib.
etym. duot. root. ŋ-∅-ń "light" (noun—NC4) attempt, try, effort, instance
ŋɯ́ λń — dhurt. etym. dothob. root. ŋ-n̄-ɱ "attempt"
(noun—NC4) youth, young age, childhood ŋɰç — dhóz.
etym. duret. root. ŋ-λ-ń "young" desc. mo dhurtos [ phras. I (noun—NC3) burial shroud, body bag
make to feel young, I enliven, I entertain; I infantilize. ] sa dhurtom etym. dooz. desc. madhóz [ NC4 burial, interment, funeral. ]
[ phras. I am young, I am youthful. ]

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ŋɰ́ μc — dhúis. ńu m̄ ɯ́ n̄uɯɯ́ — ta budaou.

(noun—NC4) anger, rage (verb—phras.) I forsee, I predict
etym. duyus. root. ŋ-μ-c "anger" desc. dhúiser [ NC2 foul mood, etym. ta phuthaol. ante. ta [ VC2 I look at, I fix my gaze at. ]
bad temperament. ] ńun̄μn — tadin.
ŋɰ́ μcúλ — dhúiser. (noun—NC3) pleasure
(noun—NC2) foul mood, bad temperament etym. tathin. root. ń-n̄-n "pleasure"
etym. duyuser. -xr derivation N root. ŋ-μ-c "anger" ante. dhúis ńugç — tahz.
[ NC4 anger, rage. ] (noun—NC4) experience, witnessed thing
ŋɰ́ ń — dhút. etym. tagez. root. ń-g-ç "experience" desc. de tahzou [ phras. I
(noun—NC4) brillance, glimmer, shimmer, sparkle remember, I recall. ] tahzén [ NC3 a person's memories, recollection. ]
etym. duut. root. ŋ-∅-ń "light" ante. mo dhúte [ phras. I mátghez [ NC4 repression, forceful forgetting, expulsion from
glimmer, I shine, I shimmer, I radiate. ] memory. ]
ńugçɥ́n — tahzén.
(noun—NC3) a person's memories, recollection
ń — t words etym. tagezene. -xnx derivation N root. ń-g-
ç "experience" ante. tahz [ NC4 experience, witnessed thing. ]

ńuμq̄ — taig.
ńuq́μmuc — Takimas. (noun—NC3) mountain
(noun—NC1) strong, powerful etym. taig. root. ń-∅-g "mountain" desc. taighar [ NC3 small
etym. Takimas. root. ń-q́-m "strength" mountain. ] etaig [ NC4 mountain range. ]
ńuɯ́ m̄ — Taub. ńuμguλ — taighar.
(noun—NC2) fertility goddess (noun—NC3) small mountain
etym. Taob. root. ń-∅-ɱ "fertility" etym. taigar. -xr derivation N root. ń-∅-g "mountain" ante. taig
ńɯɯ́ uq́ — Towak. [ NC3 mountain. ]
(personal name—NC1) ńuμm — taim.
a. large person, big person (noun—NC3)
b. grand a. dance steps, dance motions
etym. Towak. root. ń-ɯ́ -q́ "tallness" b. phases of the moon

ńɯ́ ḿcucq́ — Tupsask. etym. taim. root. ń-∅-m "dancing" desc. taimán [ NC1 dancer. ]
(noun—NC3) Tupsask, a town and zamaine of New Enezin. ńuμmɥn — taimán.
etym. Tupesasek. Kpeñ (noun—NC1) dancer
ńɥmuλ — Támar. etym. taimana. root. ń-∅-m "dancing" ante. taim [ NC3 dance
(personal name—NC1) beautiful dancer steps, dance motions; phases of the moon. ]
ante. tám [ NC1 graceful, elegant. ] ńuμc — tais.
ńɥɯ́ — Táu. (noun—NC3) disk of the eye
(noun—NC1) Taal person etym. tais.
etym. taal. root. ń-∅-y "belief" ńuq́u — taka.
ńɥɯ́ — Táu. (expression) thank you
(noun—NC4) Taal language etym. tak ka.
etym. Taal. root. ń-∅-y "belief" ńumm̄ — tamb.
ńɥɯ́ — Táu. (noun—NC3)
(proper noun—NC4) Taal language a. toy, instrument, plaything
etym. Taal. desc. katáu [ NC3 Taal people. ] b. thing, object, truc

ńɥɯ́ q̄ɰc — Táugós. etym. tameb.

(noun—NC4) Taal language ńumúc — tames.
etym. taalkhoos. (noun—NC3) blood vessel, vein
etym. tames. dialect root. ń-m-c "network"
ńu — ta.
(verb—VC2) I look at, I fix my gaze at ńumμc — tamis.
etym. ta. desc. taugho [ NC4 appearance, look, resemblance. ] taton (noun—NC3) lattice, grid
[ NC4 characteristic, detail. ] tapos [ NC4 color. ] ta budaou etym. tamis. root. ń-m-c "network" desc. tamisén [ NC3 fishing
[ phras. I forsee, I predict. ] taubo [ NC4 facial expression;. ] net, spider web. ]

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ńumμcɥ́n — tamisén. ńuɯ́ c — taus.

(noun—NC3) fishing net, spider web (noun—NC3) eye, eyes
etym. tamisene. ante. tamis [ NC3 lattice, grid. ] etym. taos. -x(z/s) active desc. pataus [ NC4 eyes; sight, vision. ]

ńumc — tams. ghutaus [ NC3 brains. ]

(noun—NC3) blood vein, vessel ńuɯ́ cμy çɯ́ mu — tausil zuma.
etym. tames. root. ń-m-c "network" (noun—NC3) eyelid

ńumɯ́ c — tamus. etym. taosil zuma.

(noun—NC4) ńuɰ́ q́ — taúk.
a. desire, license, freedom (noun—NC1) tall person, tall in height
b. gall, gumption, audacity etym. tawuk. root. ń-ɯ́ -q́ "tallness"
etym. tamus. ńúŋuy — tedhal.
ńumɯ́ ń — tamut. (noun—NC2) aquatic creatures
(noun—NC3) dome, flattened orb, hemisphere, boule etym. tedal. root. ń-ŋ-y "swimming"
etym. tamut. root. ń-m-ń "circle" desc. tamutén [ NC3 pile, ńúq́ɯ́ m — tekum.
mound, heap of things. ] (noun—NC3)
ńumɯ́ ńɥ́n — tamutén. a. city
(noun—NC3) pile, mound, heap of things b. (formerly:) stronghold, castle

etym. tamutene. ante. tamut [ NC3 dome, flattened orb, etym. tekum. root. ń-q́-m "strength" desc. tométikum
hemisphere, boule. ] [ NC4 areas surrounding a city and typically administered by it. ]
ńunc — tans. ńúcuq́ — tesak.
(noun—NC4) decision, choice (noun—NC3) snowing
etym. tanes. root. ń-n-c "choice" etym. tesak. root. ń-c-q́ "cold"
ńuḿɯc — tapos. ńúń — tet.
(noun—NC4) color (number—NC4) three
etym. tapos. -(b/p)xs ante. ta [ VC2 I look at, I fix my gaze at. ] etym. tet. root. ń-ń-∅ "three"

ńucq́ — task. ńúńu — teta.

(noun—NC3) ice (noun—NC3) trio, group of three
etym. tasek. root. ń-c-q́ "cold" desc. tasékir [ NC3 frost, rime. ] etym. teta. root. ń-ń-∅ "three"

ńucɥ́q́μλ — tasékir. ńúńμ — teti.

(noun—NC3) frost, rime (noun—NC4) third [cardinal number]
etym. taseker. -xr derivation N ante. task [ NC3 ice. ] etym. teti. root. ń-ń-∅ "three"

ńuńɯn — taton. ńμq́um — tikam.

(noun—NC4) characteristic, detail (noun—NC3)
etym. taton. -(d/t)xn passive ante. ta [ VC2 I look at, I fix my gaze a. wall, battlement
at. ] b. fortifi ed wall

ńuɯ́ m̄ ɯ — taubo. root. ń-q́-m "strength"

(noun—NC4) ńμmḿ — timp.
a. facial expression; (noun—NC3) bitter, acrid, sharp-tasting
etym. taopho. -xphx perf patient ante. ta [ VC2 I look at, I fix my etym. timep.
gaze at. ] ńμnuc — tinas.
ńuɯ́ m̄ ɯ — taubo. (noun—NC4) cultivar, breed, race, species
(noun—NC4) image, reflection, vision etym. tinas. root. ń-n-c "choice"
etym. taopho. -xphx perf patient ńμḿuɯ́ — tipau.
ńuɯ́ gɯ — taugho. (noun—NC2) ground squirrel
(noun—NC4) appearance, look, resemblance etym. tipaw. root. ń-ḿ-ɯ́ "rodent"
etym. taogo. -xgx prosp patient ante. ta [ VC2 I look at, I fix my ńɯn̄ɯ́ m — todum.
gaze at. ] (noun—NC3) lips, mouth
etym. tothum.

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ńɯn̄ɯ́ n — todun. ńɯmμyɯ — tomilo.

(noun—NC4) smile, grin (verb—VC1) I encircle, I wrap around, I constrict, I bind
etym. tothun. root. ń-n̄-n "pleasure" desc. lo toduna [ phras. I etym. tomelo. tome- desc. tomilues [ NC3 a simple dress or
smile, I grin; I smile at [+ghal]. ] wrapper, worn by both men and women. ] tomiluedhe
ńɯμuλ — toiar. [ NC3 bandages, pansements. ]

(noun—NC3) wing ńɯmμyɯ́ úŋú — tomiluedhe.

etym. toyar. root. ń-μ-λ "bird" (noun—NC3) bandages, pansements
ńɯq́um — tokam. etym. tomeloede. -x(d/t)i derivation ante. tomilo [ VC1 I

(noun—NC3) fortified place encircle, I wrap around, I constrict, I bind. ]

root. ń-q́-m "strength" ńɯmμyɯ́ úc — tomilues.

ńɯq́μm — tokim. (noun—NC3) a simple dress or wrapper, worn by both men and

(noun—NC4) stamina, endurance women

etym. tokim. root. ń-q́-m "strength" etym. tomiloes. ante. tomilo [ VC1 I encircle, I wrap around, I
constrict, I bind. ]
ńɯmuń — tomat.
(noun—NC3) cylinder, long rounded object ńɯmμcu — tomisa.
etym. tomat. root. ń-m-ń "circle" desc. mo tomatir [ phras. I roll (verb—VC2) I die, I pass away, I cease living

into a cylinder, I roll on its side. ] etym. tomesa. desc. tomisauso [ NC4 decay, decline; dying back. ]
tomisaus [ NC4 death. ] tomisáz [ NC3 corpse, cadaver. ] tomisádha
ńɯmú — tome.
[ NC2 departed, dead person. ]
(noun—NC4)
ńɯmμcuμλ — tomisair.
a. exterior, outside of something
b. area, district
(noun—NC3) ruin, abandoned place
etym. tomesaer. -xr derivation N
etym. tome. root. ń-m-ń "circle"
ńɯmμcuɯ́ c — tomisaus.
ńɯmú — tome.
(noun—NC4) death
(preposition—NC4) around
etym. tomesaos. -x(z/s) active ante. tomisa [ VC2 I die, I pass
root. ń-m-ń "circle"
away, I cease living. ]
ńɯmμn̄ú — tomide.
ńɯmμcuɯ́ cɯ — tomisauso.
(noun—VC3) I assume, I take for granted
(noun—NC4)
ńɯmμŋu — tomidha. a. decay, decline
(verb—VC2) I turn around b. dying back
etym. tomeda. ker- desc. tomidhaus [ although, though, granted,
etym. tomesaoso. -xsx prog agent ante. tomisa [ VC2 I die, I pass
given. ] tomidhaudho [ NC4 somersault, flip. ] tomidhaton
away, I cease living. ]
[ NC4 direction of motion. ]
ńɯmμcɥŋu — tomisádha.
ńɯmμŋuμń — tomidhait.
(noun—NC2) departed, dead person
(noun—NC4) darkness, mystery etym. tomesaada. -xdx perf agent ante. tomisa [ VC2 I die, I pass
etym. tomedait. root. ŋ-∅-ń "light"
away, I cease living. ]
ńɯmμŋuńɯn — tomidhaton.
ńɯmμcɥç — tomisáz.
(noun—NC4) direction of motion (noun—NC3) corpse, cadaver
etym. tomedaton. -(d/t)xn passive ante. tomidha [ VC2 I turn
etym. tomesaaz. -x(z/s) active ante. tomisa [ VC2 I die, I pass
around. ] away, I cease living. ]
ńɯmμŋuɯ́ ŋɯ — tomidhaudho.
ńɯmμńu — tomita.
(noun—NC4) somersault, flip
(verb—VC2) I look around, I check my surroundings, I keep
etym. tomedaodo. -xdx perf agent ante. tomidha [ VC2 I turn cautious
around. ]
etym. tometa. tome-
ńɯmμŋuɯ́ c — tomidhaus.
ńɯmɥ́ŋμyɯń — tomédhilot.
(expression) although, though, granted, given (noun—NC3) spool
etym. tomidaos. ante. tomidha [ VC2 I turn around. ]
etym. tomedhelot. tome- ante. dhelot [ NC3 string, wire,
ńɯmμq̄ɯ — tomigo. thread. ]
(verb—VC1) I shout, I cry out, I speak
etym. tomekho. tome-

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ńɯmɥ́ńμq́ɯ́ m — tométikum. ńɯ́ ŋuμcú — tudhaise.

(noun—NC4) areas surrounding a city and typically (noun—NC3) passage, passing
administered by it etym. tudaese. -xsx prog agent ante. tudha [ VC2 I meet, I
etym. tometekum. tome- ante. tekum [ NC3 city; (formerly:) rendezvous with, I meet up with; I greet, I acknowledge; I pass, I move
stronghold, castle. ] past. ]

ńɯnmɯ — tonmo. ńɯ́ ŋuɯ́ c — tudhaus.

(verb—VC1) I turn over, I flip over, I make turn (noun—NC4) introduction, opening statement
etym. tomemo. tome- etym. tudaos. -x(z/s) active ante. tudha [ VC2 I meet, I

ńɯnmɯ ŋúyɯńμy — tonmo dhelotil. rendezvous with, I meet up with; I greet, I acknowledge; I pass, I move
(verb—phras.) I spin thread past. ]

etym. tomemo delotil. ńɯ́ ŋuɯ́ ńμ — tudhauti.

ńɯḿuɯ́ — topau. (noun—NC4) introduction, meeting, greeting

(noun—NC2) common rat etym. tudaoti. -x(d/t)i derivation ante. tudha [ VC2 I meet, I

etym. topaw. root. ń-ḿ-ɯ́ "rodent" rendezvous with, I meet up with; I greet, I acknowledge; I pass, I move
past. ]
ńɯλɯ́ μ — torui.
(noun—NC4) fear for one's life, panic ńɯ́ n̄ɥ́m̄ ú — tudébe.

etym. torui. root. ń-λ-μ "fear" (noun—NC3)

a. sensation, stimulation
ńλuμ — trai.
b. data, information available to one’s senses
(noun—NC2) ghoul, goblin, demon
etym. tutheephe. -xphx perf patient ante. tude [ VC3 to perceive,
etym. teray. root. ń-λ-μ "fear"
to register; I consider, I find someone [DAT] to be. ]
ńλμm — trim.
ńɯ́ úy — tuel.
(noun—NC4) sewing, stitching
(noun—NC4) truth, fact
etym. terim. root. ń-λ-m "sewing"
etym. tuel. root. ń-∅-y "belief" desc. go tuelou [ phras. I speak
ńλμmɯ́ úm̄ ú — trimuebe. the truth. ] tuelar [ NC1 truthful, honest; witness, truthspeaker. ]
(noun—NC3) quilt, blanket composed of multiple pieces of fabric ghautuel [ NC1 “ghautwel” or chief inquisitor of the Auaunum. ]
etym. terim-emoebe. root. ń-λ-m "sewing" ante. emo trimos
ńɯ́ úyuλ — tuelar.
[ phras. I sew together, I stitch together. ]
(noun—NC1)
ńɯ́ uyɥn — tualán.
a. truthful, honest
(noun—NC1) devotee, believer, follower of a religion or faith b. witness, truthspeaker
etym. tualana. -xnx derivation N ante. tuau [ NC4 religiousness,
etym. tuelar. ante. tuel [ NC4 truth, fact. ]
devotion, piety. ]
ńɯ́ úλɯ́ n — tuerun.
ńɯ́ uɯ́ — tuau.
(noun—NC1) grandchildren, grandchild (not of one's lineage)
(noun—NC4) religiousness, devotion, piety
etym. tuerun. ante. erun [ NC1 parents, progenitors. ]
etym. tual. root. ń-∅-y "belief" desc. tualán [ NC1 devotee,
believer, follower of a religion or faith. ] ńɯ́ q̄ɯ — tugo.
(verb—VC1) I request, I beseech, I ask
ńɯ́ n̄ú — tude.
etym. tukho. tu- desc. tugótin [ NC4 question, request. ] tuguaz
(verb—VC3)
[ NC1 supplicant, person asking for something. ]
a. to perceive, to register
b. I consider, I find someone [DAT] to be ńɯ́ q̄ɯ́ uç — tuguaz.
(noun—NC1) supplicant, person asking for something
etym. tuthe. tu- desc. tujos [ NC4 perception, meaning-making. ]
etym. tukhoaz. -x(z/s) active ante. tugo [ VC1 I request, I
tudébe [ NC3 sensation, stimulation; data, information available to
beseech, I ask. ]
one’s senses. ]
ńɯ́ q̄ɯ́ ɯλ — tuguor.
ńɯ́ ŋu — tudha.
(noun—NC4) deceit, deception, treachery
(verb—VC2)
etym. tukhuor. -xr derivation N root. ń-q̄-∅ "trick"
a. I meet, I rendezvous with, I meet up with
b. I greet, I acknowledge ńɯ́ q̄ɰńμn — tugótin.
c. I pass, I move past (noun—NC4) question, request
etym. tuda. tu- desc. tudhaus [ NC4 introduction, opening etym. tukhoten. -(d/t)xn passive ante. tugo [ VC1 I request, I
statement. ] tudhauti [ NC4 introduction, meeting, greeting. ] beseech, I ask. ]
tudhaise [ NC3 passage, passing. ]

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ńɯ́ μm̄ — tuib. ńɯ́ yɯ́ uŋu — tuluadha.

(noun—NC1) impotent, infertile, barren (producing no children) (noun—NC1)
etym. tuib. a. master, liege, superior
b. whom one represents
ńɯ́ ŋ̄ɯc — tujos.
c. patron, guest
(noun—NC4) perception, meaning-making
etym. tutheos. -x(z/s) active, tu- ante. tude [ VC3 to perceive, to etym. -xdx perf agent ante. tulo [ VC1 I serve, I work for ACC as
register; I consider, I find someone [DAT] to be. ] DAT; I do DAT on behalf of ACC;. ]

ńɯ́ q́u — tuka. ńɯ́ yɰḿc — tulóps.

(verb—VC2) I seize, I grab, I snatch, I arrest, I subdue, I stop, I (noun—NC4) service, duty to someone
abduct etym. tulopos. ante. tulo [ VC1 I serve, I work for ACC as DAT; I do
etym. tuka. tu- desc. tukaus [ NC4 seizure of property, sacking of a DAT on behalf of ACC;. ]
town or city. ] tuqádhin [ NC1 a bondsman, typically taken by a ńɯ́ yɰńμn — tulótin.
debtor or conqueror, and held in captivity at the captor's discretion; (noun—NC4) representation
criminal. ] tukaidhe [ NC3 stolen goods, contraband; booty, loot. ] etym. tuloton. ante. tulo [ VC1 I serve, I work for ACC as DAT; I do
tuka urinas [ phras. I enslave, I take captive. ] tukabis [ NC2 pet, DAT on behalf of ACC;. ]
beloved animal. ] tuqádha [ NC1 captor, kidnappers, ransomers. ]
ńɯ́ muń — tumat.
ńɯ́ q́u ɯ́ λμnuc — tuka urinas. (noun—NC3) wheel
(verb—phras.) I enslave, I take captive etym. tumat. root. ń-m-ń "circle" desc. tumátir
etym. tuka urinas. ante. tuka [ VC2 I seize, I grab, I snatch, I arrest, [ NC1 wheelwright. ]
I subdue, I stop, I abduct. ] ńɯ́ mμń — tumit.
ńɯ́ q́um̄ μc — tukabis. (noun—NC3) circle, ring, orb
(noun—NC2) pet, beloved animal etym. tumit. root. ń-m-ń "circle"
etym. tukabes. -(b/p)xs ante. tuka [ VC2 I seize, I grab, I snatch, I
ńɯ́ mμń — tumit.
arrest, I subdue, I stop, I abduct. ]
(noun—NC4) return, retreat, retraction
ńɯ́ q́uμŋú — tukaidhe. etym. tumit. root. ń-m-ń "circle" desc. lo tumitou [ phras. I
(noun—NC3) return. ]
a. stolen goods, contraband ńɯ́ mɯ — tumo.
b. booty, loot
(verb—VC1)
etym. takaede. ante. tuka [ VC2 I seize, I grab, I snatch, I arrest, I a. I pose, I offer, I position
subdue, I stop, I abduct. ] b. I prod, I poke

ńɯ́ q́uμgú — tukaighe. etym. tumo. desc. tumós [ NC4 position, placement, mise en scène;
(noun) vulnerable, exposed, exploitable, meak cosmic order; grammatical case. ]
etym. tukaege. -xgx prosp patient
ńɯ́ mɯńɯ́ m̄ ɯλ — tumotubor.
ńɯ́ q́uɯ́ c — tukaus. (noun—NC2) turtle, tortoise
(noun—NC4) seizure of property, sacking of a town or city etym. tumotuphor. root. ń-m-ń "circle;"∅-m̄ -λ "creature;"
etym. tukaos. -x(z/s) active ante. tuka [ VC2 I seize, I grab, I
ńɯ́ mɥńμλ — tumátir.
snatch, I arrest, I subdue, I stop, I abduct. ] (noun—NC1) wheelwright
ńɯ́ yɯ — tulo. etym. tumatar. ante. tumat [ NC3 wheel. ]
(verb—VC1) ńɯ́ mɰc — tumós.
a. I serve, I work for ACC as DAT (noun—NC4)
b. I do DAT on behalf of ACC;
a. position, placement, mise en scène
etym. tulo. tu- desc. tuluadha [ NC1 master, liege, superior; whom b. cosmic order
one represents; patron, guest. ] tulótin [ NC4 representation. ] tulovas c. grammatical case

[ NC1 minister, bureaucrat. ] tulóps [ NC4 service, duty to someone. ] etym. tumoos. ante. tumo [ VC1 I pose, I offer, I position; I prod, I
ńɯ́ yɯɱuc — tulovas. poke. ]
(noun—NC1) minister, bureaucrat ńɯ́ ǵɥŋu — tuqádha.
etym. tulobas. -(b/p)xs ante. tulo [ VC1 I serve, I work for ACC as (noun—NC1) captor, kidnappers, ransomers
DAT; I do DAT on behalf of ACC;. ] etym. tukaada. ante. tuka [ VC2 I seize, I grab, I snatch, I arrest, I
subdue, I stop, I abduct. ]

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ńɯ́ ǵɥŋμn — tuqádhin. ńɯ́ ɱu — tuva.

(noun—NC1) (verb—VC2)
a. a bondsman, typically taken by a debtor or conqueror, and held in a. I poke, I prod
captivity at the captor's discretion b. I annoy, I perturb, I cause discomfort
b. criminal
etym. tuba. tu- desc. tuváz [ NC1 aggravating, annoying, hard to
etym. tukadan. -(d/t)xn passive ante. tuka [ VC2 I seize, I grab, I work with. ] tuvais [ NC3 nuisance, pesky. ] tuvágha [ NC1 easily
snatch, I arrest, I subdue, I stop, I abduct. ] bothered, sensitive, easy to bruise. ] tuvauti [ NC3 discomfort;
ńɯ́ λú — ture. arthritis. ]
(noun—VC3) I carry, I bear, I retain ńɯ́ ɱuμc — tuvais.
etym. ture. tu- desc. turéti [ NC3 a wrap used to carry a child. ] (noun—NC3) nuisance, pesky
ńɯ́ λɥ́ńμ — turéti. etym. tubaes. -x(z/s) active ante. tuva [ VC2 I poke, I prod; I
(noun—NC3) a wrap used to carry a child annoy, I perturb, I cause discomfort. ]
etym. tureeti. -x(d/t)i derivation ante. ture [ VC3 I carry, I bear, I ńɯ́ ɱuɯ́ ńμ — tuvauti.
retain. ] (noun—NC3)
ńɯ́ cu — tusa. a. discomfort
(verb—VC2) I am from, I originate at, I come from b. arthritis

etym. tusa. tu- desc. tusapos [ NC4 origin, starting place, etym. tuvaoti. ante. tuva [ VC2 I poke, I prod; I annoy, I perturb, I
hometown, birthplace, beginning, start. ] tusaps [ NC3 hometown. ] cause discomfort. ]
tusapsar [ NC1 person from one's hometown. ] tusádhi [ NC1 native,
ńɯ́ ɱɥgu — tuvágha.
local. ] tusása [ NC1 local, indigenous. ]
(noun—NC1) easily bothered, sensitive, easy to bruise
ńɯ́ cuḿɯc — tusapos. etym. tuvaaga. -xgx prosp patient ante. tuva [ VC2 I poke, I prod;
(noun—NC4) origin, starting place, hometown, birthplace, I annoy, I perturb, I cause discomfort. ]
beginning, start
ńɯ́ ɱɥç — tuváz.
etym. tusapos. -(b/p)xs ante. tusa [ VC2 I am from, I originate at,
(noun—NC1) aggravating, annoying, hard to work with
I come from. ]
etym. tubaaz. -x(z/s) active ante. tuva [ VC2 I poke, I prod; I
ńɯ́ cuḿc — tusaps. annoy, I perturb, I cause discomfort. ]
(noun—NC3) hometown
ńɥm̄ — táb.
etym. tusapes. -(b/p)xs ante. tusa [ VC2 I am from, I originate at,
(noun—NC3) period, menstrual blood
I come from. ] desc. tusapsar [ NC1 person from one's hometown. ]
etym. taab. root. ń-∅-ɱ "fertility"
ńɯ́ cuḿcuλ — tusapsar.
ńɥm̄ — táb.
(noun—NC1) person from one's hometown
(noun—NC4) menstrual cycle
etym. tusapesar. -(b/p)xs, -xr derivation N ante. tusa [ VC2 I am
etym. taab. root. ń-∅-ɱ "fertility"
from, I originate at, I come from. ] tusaps [ NC3 hometown. ]
ńɥŋμy — tádhil.
ńɯ́ cɥŋμ — tusádhi.
(noun—NC1) swimmer, sea-dweller
(noun—NC1) native, local
etym. tadal. root. ń-ŋ-y "swimming"
etym. tusaadi. -x(d/t)i derivation ante. tusa [ VC2 I am from, I
originate at, I come from. ] ńɥq̄ — tág.
(noun—NC1) big person, large person, massive, fat
ńɯ́ cɥcu — tusása.
etym. takha. root. ń-∅-g "mountain"
(noun—NC1) local, indigenous
etym. tusaasa. -xsx prog agent ante. tusa [ VC2 I am from, I ńɥq̄ — tág.
originate at, I come from. ] (noun—NC1) mischievous, willy, cunning
etym. takha. root. ń-q̄-∅ "trick"
ńɯ́ ńú — tute.
(noun—NC4) recepient, patient of an action ńɥg — tágh.
root. ń-ń-∅ "three" desc. tutiono [ NC4 dative case. ] (noun—NC1) rebel, renegade, brute, bandit
etym. taga. root. ń-g-∅ "defiance" desc. qátigha [ NC3 bandit
ńɯ́ ńμɯnɯ — tutiono.
gang or crew. ]
(noun—NC4) dative case
etym. tuteono. ante. tute [ NC4 recepient, patient of an action. ] ńɥgç — táhz.
(noun—NC1) storyteller, griot, historian
etym. tagaz. root. ń-g-ç "experience"

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ńɥm — tám. ńμ́cq́ — tísk.

(noun—NC1) graceful, elegant (noun—NC2) aloof, disinterested (like a fearful animal)
etym. taam. root. ń-∅-m "dancing" desc. Támar [ NC1 beautiful etym. tisik. root. ń-c-q́ "cold"
dancer. ] ńɰŋμy — tódhil.
ńɥnń — tánt. (noun—NC4) swimming, propulsion through water
(noun—NC1) round, fat, rotund, obese etym. todol. root. ń-ŋ-y "swimming" desc. adha tódhilos
etym. tamat. root. ń-m-ń "circle" desc. tánter [ NC3 baobab [ phras. I swim to [DAT]. ]
tree. ] ńɰgç — tóhz.
ńɥnńúλ — tánter. (noun—NC4) story, narrative, account
(noun—NC3) baobab tree etym. togoz. root. ń-g-ç "experience" desc. zentóhz [ NC4 a
etym. tamater. ante. tánt [ NC1 round, fat, rotund, obese. ] recounted memory. ] patóhz [ NC4 historical literature. ] artóhz

ńɥλμ — tári. [ NC4 life story, biography. ]

(noun—NC1) easily scared, spooked ńɰm — tóm.
etym. tarai. root. ń-λ-μ "fear" (number—NC4) six

ńɥλm — tárm. etym. tomo. root. ń-m-∅ "six"

(noun—NC1) tailor (typically a man) ńɰmm̄ — tómb.
etym. taram. root. ń-λ-m "sewing" desc. tármar [ NC1 seamstress (noun—NC4) play, make-believe, pretend, fantasy
(typically a woman). ] etym. tomob. root. ń-m-ɱ "play"

ńɥλmuλ — tármar. ńɰcq́ — tósk.

(noun—NC1) seamstress (typically a woman) (noun—NC4) difficult, hard, uneasy
etym. taramar. ante. tárm [ NC1 tailor (typically a man). ] etym. tosok. root. ń-c-q́ "cold"

ńɥcq́ — tásk. ńɰ́ m̄ — túb.

(noun—NC1) frigid, hostile, unkind, unfriendly (noun—NC4) fertility
etym. tasak. root. ń-c-q́ "cold" etym. tuub. root. ń-∅-ɱ "fertility"

ńɥ́μλ — téir. ńɰ́ q̄ — túg.

(noun—NC2) bird, avian animal (noun—NC4)
etym. teyer. root. ń-μ-λ "bird" a. trick, ploy, prank
b. trap
ńɥ́nń — tént.
(noun—NC3) etym. tukhu. root. ń-q̄-∅ "trick"
a. round, spherical object ńɰ́ g — túgh.
b. ball (noun—NC4) disobedience, defiance
etym. temet. root. ń-m-ń "circle" etym. tugu. root. ń-g-∅ "defiance"
ńɥ́ḿɯ́ — tépu. ńɰ́ gç — túhz.
(noun—NC2) mouse (noun—NC4) experience
etym. tepew. root. ń-ḿ-ɯ́ "rodent" etym. tuguz.

ńμ́y — tíl. ńɰ́ μλ — túir.

(noun—NC4) (noun—NC4) flight
a. true, correct (of a statement) etym. tuyur. root. ń-μ-λ "bird" ante. adha túiros [ phras. I fly, I
b. testimony, account take to the sky. ]
etym. tiil. root. ń-∅-y "belief" ńɰ́ q́μm — túkim.
ńμ́m — tím. (noun—NC4) strength
(noun—NC2) fast, quick, agile etym. tukum. root. ń-q́-m "strength" desc. ka túkimou
etym. tiim. root. ń-∅-m "dancing" [ phras. fortify, make strong. ] re túkimos [ phras. I support, I hold
up. ]
ńμ́mc — tíms.
(noun—NC2) termite ńɰ́ m — túm.
etym. timis. root. ń-m-c "network" (noun—NC4) dancing, graceful motion
etym. tuum. root. ń-∅-m "dancing"
ńμ́nń — tínt.
(noun—NC2) fattened, plump animal ńɰ́ mc — túms.
etym. timit. root. ń-m-ń "circle" (noun—NC4) system, network, collective
etym. tumus. root. ń-m-c "network"

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ńɰ́ nc — túns. n̄ɯcuḿɯn̄u — Dosapoda.

(noun—NC4) (noun—NC3) Sossaphosa, a Taal country within Pengtaal.
a. format, shape, presentation etym. Thosapotha.
b. extrinsic category
n̄ɥnμmuc — Dánimas.
c. definiteness
(noun—NC1) Dánimas or Thanamas, an Old Ousse high sage and
etym. tunus. root. ń-n-c "choice" former hierarch.
ńɰ́ nń — túnt. etym. Thanamas. root. n̄-n-m ""
(noun—NC4) roundness, circularity n̄ɰ́ gq́uc — Dúhkas.
etym. tumut. root. ń-m-ń "circle" (personal name—NC1) wise man, wise
ńɰ́ ḿɯ́ — túpu. etym. Thugukas.
(noun—NC2) cane rat n̄ɰ́ gńμy ḿɯn̄u — Dúhtil Poda.
etym. tupuw. root. ń-ḿ-ɯ́ "rodent" (noun—NC3) Lake Douht, a large body of water on Indaha's
ńɰ́ λμ — túri. western border
(noun—NC4) fear etym. Thugutil Potha.
etym. turuy. root. ń-λ-μ "fear" n̄uŋɰ́ — dadhú.
ńɰ́ cq́ — túsk. (noun—NC2) gazelle, deer
(noun—NC4) coldness, frigidity etym. thaduw. root. n̄-ŋ-ɯ́ "deer"
etym. tusuk. root. ń-c-q́ "cold" desc. túskor [ NC4 cold spell, cold n̄ugq́ — dahk.
breeze. ] de túskou [ phras. I am cold. ] (noun—NC1)
ńɰ́ cq́ɯλ — túskor. a. wiseman, knowledgeable person
(noun—NC4) cold spell, cold breeze b. a common term of address to a priest
etym. tusekor. root. ń-c-q́ "cold" ante. túsk [ NC4 coldness, c. (antiquated) sage

frigidity. ] desc. dha túskora [ phras. It is cold. ] etym. thagek. root. n̄-g-q́ "wisdom"

ńɰ́ ɱμm̄ — túvib. n̄ugń — daht.

(noun—NC4) day (noun—NC3) curved, crooked, bent
etym. tubub. root. ń-ɱ-ɱ "day" etym. thaget. root. n̄-g-ń "curve"
ńɰ́ ɱμm̄ ɰn — túvibón. n̄uμn̄ — daid.
(noun—NC4) length of a day (noun—NC3) fur
etym. tububono. -xnx derivation N root. ń-ɱ-ɱ "day" etym. thaid. root. n̄-∅-ŋ "hair" desc. daidher [ NC3 pelt, whole
animal fur. ]

n̄uμŋúλ — daidher.
n̄ — d words (noun—NC3) pelt, whole animal fur
etym. thaider. -xr derivation N root. n̄-∅-ŋ "hair" ante. daid
[ NC3 fur. ]
n̄ugmμnú — Dahmine. n̄uμq́ — daik.
(personal name—NC1) strong-willed, powerful (noun—NC3) river
etym. Thagemine. root. n̄-g-m "force" etym. thaik. desc. daiker [ NC3 small stream; irrigational canal. ]
n̄unɯλú — Danore. n̄uμq́ — daik.
(noun—NC3) Danore, a principality of Indaha. (noun—NC3) river
etym. Thanore. etym. thaik. root. n̄-∅-q́ "river" desc. adha daikir [ phras. I go by
ŋúyɰc ɯ́ ǵɰ́ ú — Dhelós Uqúe. boat, I travel by boat. ]
(noun—NC4) United Oukwe, an epitet used to refer to Oukwe n̄uμq́úλ — daiker.
following the Athama civil war. (noun—NC3)
ante. dhelo [ VC1 I join, I put together, I unite with, I become part of a a. small stream
group; I marry [DAT]; I marry [ACC] to [DAT]. ] b. irrigational canal

n̄μgńu — Dihta. etym. thaiker. -xr derivation N root. n̄-∅-q́ "river" ante. daik
(personal name—NC1) born under a crescent moon [ NC3 river. ]
etym. Thigeta. root. n̄-g-ń "curve" n̄uμm — daim.
n̄ɯguq́ɯ́ c — Doghakus. (noun—NC3) banana
(noun—NC2) Ousse god of wisdom etym. thaim. root. n̄-∅-m "banana"
root. n̄-g-q́ "wisdom"

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n̄uyμ — dali. n̄uλɯ́ μ — darui.

(noun—NC4) evil, taboo (noun—NC4)
etym. thali. root. n̄-y-∅ "bad" a. essence
b. alcohol
n̄uyμλ — dalir.
(noun—NC4) yellow etym. tharuy. root. n̄-λ-μ "essential"
etym. thalir. root. n̄-y-λ "gold;"n̄-y-λ "gold;" n̄ucμ — dasi.
n̄uyɯ — dalo. (noun—NC4) more [relative]
(noun—NC4) etym. thasi. root. n̄-c-∅ "many, much"
a. badness [relative] n̄uɯ́ — dau.
b. worseness (expression) no, nay
etym. thalo. root. n̄-y-∅ "bad" etym. thal.
n̄uyɯ — dalo. n̄uɯ́ n̄ú — daude.
(verb—VC1) I ruin, I spoil, I disrupt, I intrude, I sully (verb—VC3) I despise, I dislike, I detest
etym. thallo. thal- desc. dalues [ NC3 mold, spoilage, ruination. ] etym. dalthe. thal- desc. dhaujaza [ NC1 nemesis; hated person,
n̄uyɯń — dalot. loathsome being. ] dhaujos [ NC4 scorn, enmity, disdain. ]

(noun—NC4) usefulness, appropriateness n̄uɯ́ n̄ɰgλ — daudóhr.

etym. thalot. root. n̄-y-ń "tool" (noun—NC4) grave illness, cancer

n̄uyń — dalt. etym. thalthogor. thal-

(noun—NC3) tool, implement, utensil, weapon n̄uɯ́ n̄ɰ́ yμλ — daudúlir.

etym. thalet. root. n̄-y-ń "tool" desc. dalétir [ NC3 machine, (noun—NC4) debt, deficit, owings
mechanism, contraption. ] edalt [ NC3 weapon, arms. ] daután etym. dalthulur. thal- ante. dúlir [ NC4 wealth, fortune. ]
[ NC1 armourer, weaponmaker . ] n̄uɯ́ q̄ɯ — daugo.
n̄uyɯ́ úmu — daluema. (verb—VC1)
(noun—NC4) malodor, bad smell, odor, stinky a. I insult, I sneer, I jibe, I heckle
etym. dalwema. root. ɯ́ -m-∅ "scent" b. I bully

n̄uyɯ́ úc — dalues. etym. dalgo. thal- desc. dhaugótin [ NC4 insult, jib, rude
(noun—NC3) mold, spoilage, ruination comment. ] dhauguasa [ VC1 rude, insulting person. ]
etym. thalloes. -x(z/s) active ante. dalo [ NC4 badness [relative]; n̄uɯ́ q̄ɯnɯ́ n — daugonun.
worseness. ] (noun—NC4)
n̄uyɯ́ λ — dalur. a. fever
(noun—NC3) gold b. malaria

etym. thalur. root. n̄-y-λ "gold;"n̄-y-λ "gold;" etym. thalkhonun. root. q̄-n-n "heat"
n̄uyɥ́ńμλ — dalétir. n̄uɯ́ mm̄ uɯ́ — daumbau.
(noun—NC3) machine, mechanism, contraption (noun—NC2)
etym. thaleter. ante. dalt [ NC3 tool, implement, utensil, weapon. ]
a. bubonic plague
n̄umm̄ — damb. b. “grave pox” or “dire pox”

(noun—NC3) intersection, crossroads etym. dalmebal. root. m-m̄ -y "pimples"

etym. thameb. root. n̄-m-ɱ "converging"
n̄uɯ́ cu — dausa.
n̄unq̄ — dang. (verb—VC2) I am unwell, I am sick
(noun—NC3) paint, tint, color etym. thalsa. thal- desc. dausaus [ NC4 sickness, unhealth. ]
etym. thaneg. root. n̄-n-g "paint" dausáka [ NC1 sickly, feeble, frequently unwell. ] dausaike [ NC2 sick
n̄uλq́ — dark. animal; animal no longer able to work. ]
(noun—NC3) copper n̄uɯ́ cuμq́ú — dausaike.
etym. tharek. root. n̄-λ-q́ "copper" (noun—NC2)
n̄uλq́μy μçuλμq́u — darkil Izarika. a. sick animal
(noun—NC2) “copper moon,” a lunar eclipse b. animal no longer able to work

etym. tharekil Izarika. etym. dalsaeke. -xkx prosp agent ante. dausa [ VC2 I am unwell, I
am sick. ]

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n̄uɯ́ cuɯ́ c — dausaus. n̄ú q̄ɯnɯ́ nμy — de gonunil.

(noun—NC4) sickness, unhealth (verb—phras.) I am hot, I feel hot, I feel heat
etym. thalsaos. ante. dausa [ VC2 I am unwell, I am sick. ] etym. the gonunil. root. q̄-n-n "heat" ante. gonun [ NC3 heat,

n̄uɯ́ cɥq́u — dausáka. warmth (negative); rudeness, callousness. ]

(noun—NC1) sickly, feeble, frequently unwell n̄ú q̄ɰ́ gmɯɯ́ — de gúhmou.
etym. dalsaaka. -xkx prosp agent ante. dausa [ VC2 I am unwell, I (verb—phras.) I am born
am sick. ] etym. de khugumol. ante. gúhm [ NC4 birth. ]
n̄uɯ́ cɥ́q̄n̄ — dauségd. n̄ú ŋ̄unu — de jana.
(noun—NC3) inedible, haram (verb—phras.) I have an idea, I come up with an idea
etym. thalsekhed. ante. ségd [ NC3 animal flesh, meat. ] etym. the jana. root. n̄-∅-n "idea"

n̄uɯ́ ńɥn — daután. n̄ú yɯnɯ́ nɯɯ́ — de lonunou.

(noun—NC1) armourer, weaponmaker (verb—phras.) I have knowledge of, I know of someone [GEN]
etym. thaletana. -xnx derivation N root. n̄-y-ń "tool" ante. dalt etym. the lonunol. ante. lonun [ NC4 familiarity, basic knowledge;
[ NC3 tool, implement, utensil, weapon. ] desc. ou Dautanaur military intelligence. ] de [ VC3 I sense, I feel, I know. ]
[ NC4 the Marshalate, a government institution. ] n̄ú muλɯ́ μɯɯ́ — de maruiou.
n̄uɯ́ ɱμɯ́ uç — dauviuaz. (verb—phras.) I worry about [GEN]
(noun—NC3) phlegm, particularly cloudy, bloody or thick etym. de maruyol. root. m-λ-μ "anxiety"
etym. thalbiwaz. root. ɱ-ɯ́ -ç "mucus" n̄ú nɥɯ́ m̄ μy — de náubil.
n̄uɯ́ çɯμń — dauzoit. (verb—phras.) I come to climax, I have an orgasm
(noun—NC3) dandruff etym. de nawabil. ante. náub [ NC3 orgasm. ]
etym. thalzoit. n̄ú nɰgyɯɯ́ — de nóhlou.
n̄ú — de. (verb—phras.) I am sad
(verb—VC3) I sense, I feel, I know root. n-g-y "sadness"
etym. the. desc. jos [ NC4 sense, feeling; innate significance. ] diton n̄ú λɯ́ un̄μy — de ruadil.
[ NC4 understanding, meaning, signification. ] jagha [ NC1 easy- (verb—phras.) I am tired, I am sleepy
going. ] jaka [ NC1 sensible, smart, understanding, agreeable; nice, etym. the ruadil.
kind, good. ] de rúmou [ phras. I know about, I have knowledge of. ]
de tahzou [ phras. I remember, I recall. ] de lonunou [ phras. I have n̄ú λɯ́ n̄ɰnɰɯ́ — de rudónóu.
(verb—phras.) I am literate, I can read
knowledge of, I know of someone [GEN]. ] de sonia [ phras. I ache, I
etym. the ruthoonolo.
feel pain; I have pain in [DAT]. ] de uadhióu [ phras. I know how to
count, I can count. ] de túskou [ phras. I am cold. ] n̄ú λɰ́ mɯɯ́ — de rúmou.
(verb—phras.) I know about, I have knowledge of
n̄ú [ḿuλń.] — de [part.].
etym. de rumuom. root. λ-m-∅ "knowledge" ante. rúm
(verb form—VC3) expresses an desiderative or intentional mood
etym. the [part.]. [ NC4 knowledge gained as a result of observation. ] de [ VC3 I sense, I
feel, I know. ]
n̄ú m̄ μɯcμy — de biosil.
(verb—phras.) I am hungry n̄ú cɯnμu — de sonia.
(verb—phras.)
etym. the pheosil.
a. I ache, I feel pain
n̄ú ŋɰ́ μcɯɯ́ — de dhúisou. b. I have pain in [DAT]
(verb—phras.) I am angry, I am infuriated
etym. the sonia. root. c-n-∅ "pain" ante. soni [ NC3 pain, harm. ]
etym. de duyusol. root. ŋ-μ-c "anger"
de [ VC3 I sense, I feel, I know. ]
n̄ú n̄ɰgλɯɯ́ — de dóhrou.
n̄ú ńugçɯɯ́ — de tahzou.
(verb—phras.) I am sick, I am unwell
(verb—phras.) I remember, I recall
etym. de thogorol. root. n̄-g-λ "sickness, disease"
etym. the tagizol. root. ń-g-ç "experience" ante. de [ VC3 I sense,
n̄ú n̄ɰ́ nɯɯ́ — de dúnou. I feel, I know. ] tahz [ NC4 experience, witnessed thing. ]
(verb—phras.) I ponder, I consider, I contemplate
n̄ú ńɰ́ λμu — de túria.
etym. the thuunol. root. n̄-∅-n "idea" ante. dún [ NC4 ideation;
(verb—phras.) I am afraid of, I fear
thinking, planning, reflecting. ]
etym. the turuyola. root. ń-λ-μ "fear"
n̄ú guλq̄ɯɯ́ — de ghargou .
(verb—phras.) I have the desire to, I want to
etym. de garegol. root. g-λ-g "intention"

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n̄ú ńɰ́ cq́ɯɯ́ — de túskou. ŋu n̄ɰ́ q́ɯc — dha dúkos.

(verb—phras.) I am cold (verb—phras.) I flow, I move easily
etym. the tusukol. root. ń-c-q́ "cold" ante. túsk [ NC4 coldness, etym. da thuukos. ante. dúk [ NC4 flow. ]
frigidity. ] de [ VC3 I sense, I feel, I know. ] ŋu q̄ɯnɯ́ nμy — dha gonunil.
n̄ú ɯ́ uŋμɰɯ́ — de uadhióu. (verb—VC2) It is hot
(verb—phras.) I know how to count, I can count etym. da knonunil.
etym. the wadiolo. root. ɯ́ -ŋ-∅ "amount" ante. de [ VC3 I sense, I ŋu μɥɯ́ ḿɯc — dha iáupos.
feel, I know. ] uadhi [ NC4 number. ] (verb—phras.) I lie down
n̄ú ɯ́ úmuμy — de uemail. etym. da yawapos. root. μ-ɯ́ -ḿ "prone"
(verb—phras.) I smell, I detect ŋu q́ɯ́ un̄μλ — dha kuadir.
etym. the wemail. root. ɯ́ -m-∅ "scent" (verb—phras.) I branch off, I go my own way
n̄ú ɯ́ ɰŋɯɯ́ — de uódhou. etym. da koadir. ante. kuad [ NC3 limb, branch, extension,
(verb—phras.) I know how to count, I can count outgrowth, expansion. ]
etym. the wodool. root. ɯ́ -ŋ-∅ "amount" ante. uódh ŋu muŋuμq́úu — dha madhaikea.
[ NC4 counting. ] (verb—phras.) I shit, I defecate
n̄ú ɰ́ λmɯɯ́ — de úrmou. etym. da matdaekeila. ante. madhaike [ NC3 shit, dung, waste,
(verb—phras.) I follow the law, I abide by the rules refuse. ]
etym. the urumol. ante. úrm [ NC4 law, rule, authority [general]. ] ŋu cɯ́ yuńɯc — dha sulatos.
n̄úŋuɯ́ — dedhau. (verb—phras.) I hurry, I move quicker, I increase speed
(noun—NC2) eland, large antelope etym. da sulatos. root. c-y-ń "fast, quick"
etym. thedaw. root. n̄-ŋ-ɯ́ "deer" ŋu ńɯμuλμ́y — dha toiaríl.
n̄úgɯ́ m — deghum. (verb—phras.) I flap my wings
(noun—NC4) force etym. da toyarili. root. ń-μ-λ "bird"
etym. thegum. root. n̄-g-m "force" ŋu ńɰ́ cq́ɯλu — dha túskora.
n̄úgɯ́ muλ — deghumar. (verb—phras.) It is cold
(noun—NC4) forcefulness, aggression etym. da tusukorola. ante. túskor [ NC4 cold spell, cold breeze. ]
etym. deghumar. -xr derivation N root. n̄-g-m "force" ŋu ɥmμλ ɰn̄μ — dha ámir ódi.
n̄úyuń — delat. (verb—phras.) I withdraw, I stop communicating, I shut down
(noun—NC1) crafty, resourceful, handyman etym. da amair othoy. ante. ódi [ NC3 shell, husk, enclosure,
etym. thelat. root. n̄-y-ń "tool" desc. didrat [ NC1 carpenter, casing. ] dha [ VC2 I move, I make motion, I move about, I motion. ]
architect. ] ŋu ɥ́cμyμy — dha ésilil.
n̄úmuq̄ — demag. (verb—VC2) it is raining
(noun—NC3) curly, coily hair ante. ésil [ NC3 rain. ]
etym. themag. root. n̄-m-g "spinning" ŋu ɰ́ n̄μyɯc — dha údilos.
n̄únμq̄ — denig. () I liquify, I melt
(noun—NC3) ante. údil [ NC4 liquid. ]
a. dye, temporary colorant ŋuμq́ú — dhaike.
b. fabric dye
(noun—NC2)
etym. thenig. root. n̄-n-g "paint" desc. mo denigir [ phras. I a. mobile, moving
dye. ] b. (water) running

ŋu — dha. etym. daeke. -xkx prosp agent ante. dha [ VC2 I move, I make
(verb—VC2) I move, I make motion, I move about, I motion motion, I move about, I motion. ]
etym. da. desc. dhaiti [ NC3 fingers, digits. ] dhaike [ NC2 mobile, ŋuμc — dhais.
moving; (water) running. ] dháka [ NC1 migrating, nomadic persons. ] (noun—NC3) muscle
dhákaudha [ NC4 seasonal migration. ] dhaton [ NC4 movement, etym. daes. ante. dha [ VC2 I move, I make motion, I move about, I
motion; means of motion. ] dha ámir ódi [ phras. I withdraw, I stop motion. ]
communicating, I shut down. ] dhais [ NC3 muscle. ]
ŋu m̄ ɯ́ nμn̄ɯc — dha bunidos.
(verb—phras.) I slow down, I move slowly
etym. da bunidos. root. m̄ -n-ŋ "slow" ante. bunid [ NC4 slow
(relative). ]

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ŋuμń — dhait. ŋún̄ú — dhede.

(noun—NC3) light (verb—VC3)
etym. dait. root. ŋ-∅-ń "light" desc. mo dhaitir [ phras. I a. I consider, I question, I opine, I imagine
illuminate, I shine light on, I bring into view, I highlight. ] dhaitén b. I select, I choose, I decide
[ NC3 light source, candle, torch, brazier, brand. ] dhaiter etym. dethe. de- desc. dhejasa [ NC1 inquisitive, curious. ] dhejos
[ NC3 stars. ] zudhait [ NC4 sunlight. ] [ NC4 opinion, consideration. ] dhejaz [ NC1 opinionated person. ]
ŋuμńúλ — dhaiter. dhejagha [ NC1 important, significant person. ] dhedéghe
(noun—NC3) stars [ NC3 important thing. ] dhedipos [ NC4 consideration, selection. ]
etym. daiter. ante. dhait [ NC3 light. ] dhejadi [ NC1 mayor, chief official of a town. ]

ŋuμńμ — dhaiti. ŋúŋu — dhedha.

(noun—NC3) fingers, digits (verb—VC2)
etym. daeti. -x(d/t)i derivation ante. dha [ VC2 I move, I make a. i budge, I move a bit, I am loose
motion, I move about, I motion. ] b. I strafe [direction + DAT], I move aside
c. I dodge, I avoid, I get out of the way of [ACC]
ŋuμńɥ́n — dhaitén.
etym. deda. de- desc. dhedhaus [ NC4 agility, speed; foresight;
(noun—NC3) light source, candle, torch, brazier, brand
skittering motion. ] dhedhaike [ NC3 loose, flimsy, insecure, mobile. ]
etym. daitene. root. ŋ-∅-ń "light" ante. dhait [ NC3 light. ]
ŋúŋuμq́ú — dhedhaike.
ŋuμɯ́ c — dhaius.
(noun—NC4) frustration, impotence, incapacity (noun—NC3) loose, flimsy, insecure, mobile
etym. dedaeke. -xkx prosp agent ante. dhedha [ VC2 i budge, I
etym. dayus. root. ŋ-μ-c "anger"
move a bit, I am loose; I strafe [direction + DAT], I move aside; I dodge, I
ŋuq́ɯ́ — dhaku. avoid, I get out of the way of [ACC]. ]
(noun—NC3) cavity, interior space, socket
ŋúŋuɯ́ c — dhedhaus.
etym. daku. root. ŋ-q́-∅ "cavity"
(noun—NC4)
ŋuńɯn — dhaton.
a. agility, speed
(noun—NC4) b. foresight
a. movement, motion c. skittering motion
b. means of motion
etym. dedaos. -x(z/s) active ante. dhedha [ VC2 i budge, I move a
etym. daton. -(d/t)xn passive ante. dha [ VC2 I move, I make bit, I am loose; I strafe [direction + DAT], I move aside; I dodge, I avoid, I
motion, I move about, I motion. ] get out of the way of [ACC]. ]
ŋuɯ́ q̄ɯ́ ucu — dhauguasa. ŋún̄μḿɯc — dhedipos.
(noun—VC1) rude, insulting person (noun—NC4) consideration, selection
etym. dalkhoasa. -xsx prog agent ante. daugo [ VC1 I insult, I etym. dethepos. -(b/p)xs ante. dhede [ VC3 I consider, I question,
sneer, I jibe, I heckle; I bully. ] I opine, I imagine; I select, I choose, I decide. ]
ŋuɯ́ q̄ɰńμn — dhaugótin. ŋún̄ɥλμ — dhedári.
(noun—NC4) insult, jib, rude comment (noun—NC1) aide-de-camp, attendant, steward
etym. dalkhoton. -(d/t)xn passive ante. daugo [ VC1 I insult, I etym. detharay. root. n̄-λ-μ "essential" ante. dári [ NC1 essential,
sneer, I jibe, I heckle; I bully. ] important person. ] desc. ou Dhedárión [ NC4 the High Stewartry, a
ŋuɯ́ ŋ̄uçu — dhaujaza. government institution, headed by the High Steward (qúvidau
(noun—NC1) dhedári). ]

a. nemesis ŋún̄ɥ́gú — dhedéghe.

b. hated person, loathsome being (noun—NC3) important thing
etym. daltheaza. -xzx prog patient ante. daude [ VC3 I despise, I etym. detheege. ante. dhede [ VC3 I consider, I question, I opine, I
dislike, I detest. ] imagine; I select, I choose, I decide. ]

ŋuɯ́ ŋ̄ɯc — dhaujos. ŋúq̄uḿ — dhegap.

(noun—NC4) scorn, enmity, disdain (noun—NC3) plain, knoll, flat area
etym. daltheos. -x(z/s) active, thal- ante. daude [ VC3 I despise, etym. dekhap. root. ŋ-q̄-ḿ "flat"
I dislike, I detest. ] ŋúq̄ɯ — dhego.
ŋuɯ́ ńun̄μn — dhautadin. (verb—VC1) I discuss, I mention, I speak of
(noun—NC4) sadism, pleasure derived from the pain of others etym. dego. de- desc. dhegodhan [ NC1 discussant, conversation
etym. daltathin. thal- root. ń-n̄-n "pleasure" partner. ] dhegóbo [ VC1 infamous, renowned. ]

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ŋúq̄ɯŋun — dhegodhan. ŋúyɯ́ um̄ u — dheluaba.

(noun—NC1) discussant, conversation partner (noun—NC1) spouse, husband, wife
etym. dekhodan. -(d/t)xn passive ante. dhego [ VC1 I discuss, I etym. deloapha. -xphx perf patient ante. dhelo [ VC1 I join, I put
mention, I speak of. ] together, I unite with, I become part of a group; I marry [DAT]; I marry
ŋúq̄ɰm̄ ɯ — dhegóbo. [ACC] to [DAT]. ]

(noun—VC1) infamous, renowned ŋúyɰc — dhelós.

etym. dekhoopho. -xphx perf patient ante. dhego [ VC1 I (noun—NC4) union, marriage
discuss, I mention, I speak of. ] etym. deloos. -x(z/s) active ante. dhelo [ VC1 I join, I put

ŋúŋ̄un̄μ — dhejadi. together, I unite with, I become part of a group; I marry [DAT]; I marry
(noun—NC1) mayor, chief official of a town [ACC] to [DAT]. ]

etym. detheadi. ante. dhede [ VC3 I consider, I question, I opine, I ŋúmɯ — dhemo.
imagine; I select, I choose, I decide. ] (verb—VC1) I put aside, I unhouse, I displace, I flush out
ŋúŋ̄ugu — dhejagha. etym. demo. de-

(noun—NC1) important, significant person ŋúλú — dhere.

etym. detheaga. -xgx prosp patient ante. dhede [ VC3 I consider, (verb—VC3) I [DAT] am nearby, I am close to, I stand beside, I am
I question, I opine, I imagine; I select, I choose, I decide. ] near

ŋúŋ̄ucu — dhejasa. etym. dere. de- desc. dheréps [ NC3 landmark, monument. ]
(noun—NC1) inquisitive, curious dherioti [ NC4 recent events, recent past. ] dheriozo [ NC4 vicinity,

etym. detheasa. -xsx prog agent ante. dhede [ VC3 I consider, I nearby. ]

question, I opine, I imagine; I select, I choose, I decide. ] ŋúλμɯńμ — dherioti.

ŋúŋ̄uç — dhejaz. (noun—NC4) recent events, recent past

(noun—NC1) opinionated person etym. dereoti. -x(d/t)i derivation ante. dhere [ VC3 I [DAT] am
etym. detheaz. -xr derivation N ante. dhede [ VC3 I consider, I nearby, I am close to, I stand beside, I am near. ]

question, I opine, I imagine; I select, I choose, I decide. ] ŋúλμɯçɯ — dheriozo.

ŋúŋ̄ɯc — dhejos. (noun—NC4) vicinity, nearby

(noun—NC4) opinion, consideration etym. dereozo. -xzx prog patient ante. dhere [ VC3 I [DAT] am

etym. detheos. -x(z/s) active, de- ante. dhede [ VC3 I consider, I nearby, I am close to, I stand beside, I am near. ]
question, I opine, I imagine; I select, I choose, I decide. ] ŋúλɥ́ḿc — dheréps.

ŋúyμń — dhelit. (noun—NC3) landmark, monument

(noun—NC3) rows, lines, arrays etym. dherepes. -(b/p)xs ante. dhere [ VC3 I [DAT] am nearby, I
etym. delit. root. ŋ-y-ń "line" desc. padhlit [ NC4 farmlands, am close to, I stand beside, I am near. ]

fields. ] ŋúcu — dhesa.

ŋúyɯ — dhelo. (verb—VC2) I am about, I concern, I qualify, I signify, I mean

(verb—VC1) etym. desa. de- desc. dhesaudhi [ NC4 topic of conversation, topic
of discussion. ] dhesaton [ NC4 moral, ethical meaning of a story or
a. I join, I put together, I unite with, I become part of a group
b. I marry [DAT]
tale. ]
c. I marry [ACC] to [DAT] ŋúcuńɯn — dhesaton.
etym. delo. de- desc. dheluaba [ NC1 spouse, husband, wife. ] (noun—NC4) moral, ethical meaning of a story or tale
dhelós [ NC4 union, marriage. ] Dhelós Uqúe [ NC4 United Oukwe, etym. desaton. -(d/t)xn passive ante. dhesa [ VC2 I am about, I
an epitet used to refer to Oukwe following the Athama civil war. ] concern, I qualify, I signify, I mean. ]

ŋúyɯń — dhelot. ŋúcuɯ́ ŋμ — dhesaudhi.

(noun—NC3) string, wire, thread (noun—NC4) topic of conversation, topic of discussion
etym. delot. root. ŋ-y-ń "line" desc. tomédhilot [ NC3 spool. ] etym. desaodi. -x(d/t)i derivation ante. dhesa [ VC2 I am about, I
concern, I qualify, I signify, I mean. ]
ŋúyń — dhelt.
(noun—NC3) ŋμum̄ uμ — dhiabai.
a. line, bar, rod (noun—NC1) paternal aunt
b. hyphen etym. deabay. de-
etym. delit. root. ŋ-y-ń "line" ŋμumuμ — dhiamai.
(noun—NC1) maternal uncle
etym. deamay. de- root. ∅-m-μ "mother"

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ŋμyuń — dhilat. ŋɯ́ μń — dhuit.

(noun—NC2) serpent, snake (noun—NC3) light in color, pale, pallid
etym. dilat. root. ŋ-y-ń "line" etym. deit. root. ŋ-∅-ń "light"

ŋμɯŋúyń — dhiodhelt. ŋɯ́ ɯń — dhuot.

(noun—NC2) bongo, striped antelope (noun—NC4) daytime
etym. diodelit. root. ŋ-∅-ń "light;"ŋ-y-ń "line;" etym. duot. root. ŋ-∅-ń "light"

ŋμɯń — dhiot. ŋɯ́ λń — dhurt.

(noun—NC1) stillborn (noun—NC4) youth, young age, childhood
etym. diot. root. ŋ-∅-ń "light" etym. duret. root. ŋ-λ-ń "young" desc. mo dhurtos [ phras. I
ŋμɯń — dhiot. make to feel young, I enliven, I entertain; I infantilize. ] sa dhurtom

(noun—NC4) white [ phras. I am young, I am youthful. ]

etym. deot. root. ŋ-∅-ń "light" ŋɥg — dhágh.

ŋμλń — dhirt. (noun—NC1) filthy, disgusting, unclean, untouchable, unsightly

(noun—NC2) young animal etym. daga. root. ŋ-g-∅ "waste"

etym. diret. root. ŋ-λ-ń "young" ŋɥq́u — dháka.

ŋɯq̄uḿ — dhogap. (noun—NC1) migrating, nomadic persons

(noun—NC3) plateau etym. daaka. -xkx prosp agent ante. dha [ VC2 I move, I make
etym. dogap. root. ŋ-q̄-ḿ "flat" motion, I move about, I motion. ] desc. dhákaudha [ NC4 seasonal
migration. ]
ŋɯgu — dhogha.
(noun—NC3) wasteheap, place where trash is stored ŋɥq́uɯ́ ŋu — dhákaudha.
etym. doga. root. ŋ-g-∅ "waste" desc. dhoghair [ NC3 trash can, (noun—NC4) seasonal migration

waste recepticle, chamber pot. ] etym. daakaoda. -oda ante. dháka [ NC1 migrating, nomadic
persons. ] dha [ VC2 I move, I make motion, I move about, I motion. ]
ŋɯguμλ — dhoghair.
(noun—NC3) trash can, waste recepticle, chamber pot ŋɥλń — dhárt.

etym. dogaer. ante. dhogha [ NC3 wasteheap, place where trash is (noun—NC1)
stored. ] a. child, young person
b. legal minor
ŋɯμúc — dhoies.
etym. darat. root. ŋ-λ-ń "young" desc. dhártán [ NC1 young
(noun—NC4) annoyance, frustration, stuckness
child, toddler. ] dhártodha [ NC4 childhood [time]. ]
etym. doyes. root. ŋ-μ-c "anger" desc. dhoiesar [ NC1 annoying,
aggravating, hard to work with, petulant. ] ŋɥλńɯŋu — dhártodha.
(noun—NC4) childhood [time]
ŋɯμúcuλ — dhoiesar.
etym. daratoda. -oda root. ŋ-λ-ń "young" ante. dhárt
(noun—NC1) annoying, aggravating, hard to work with, petulant
[ NC1 child, young person; legal minor. ]
etym. doyesar. -xr derivation N root. ŋ-μ-c "anger" ante. dhoies
[ NC4 annoyance, frustration, stuckness. ] ŋɥλńɥn — dhártán.
(noun—NC1) young child, toddler
ŋɯq́ú — dhoke.
etym. daratana. -xnx derivation N root. ŋ-λ-
(noun—NC3) rectum
ń "young" ante. dhárt [ NC1 child, young person; legal minor. ]
etym. doke. root. ŋ-q́-∅ "cavity"
ŋɥ́g — dhégh.
ŋλɯń — dhrot.
(noun—NC3) waste, refuse
(noun—NC3) new, unused, just made
etym. dege. root. ŋ-g-∅ "waste"
etym. derot. root. ŋ-λ-ń "young"
ŋɥ́q̄μḿ — dhégip.
ŋɯ́ uç — dhuaz.
(noun—NC3) flat, squashed, stout, short, thin
(noun—NC3) money bag, treasure chest, coffer, bursary
etym. dekhep. root. ŋ-q̄-ḿ "flat" desc. lo dhégipos [ phras. I
etym. duaz. root. ŋ-∅-ç "container" desc. dhuazán [ NC1 bursar,
flatten, I make flat. ]
treasurer. ]
ŋɥ́μm — dhéim.
ŋɯ́ uçɥn — dhuazán.
(noun—NC3) mushroom, specifically its cap
(noun—NC1) bursar, treasurer
etym. deyem. root. ŋ-μ-m "mushroom"
etym. duazana. -xnx derivation N root. ŋ-∅-
ç "container" ante. dhuaz [ NC3 money bag, treasure chest, coffer,
bursary. ]

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ŋɥ́μmúλ — dhéimer. n̄μq̄u — diga.

(noun—NC3) (noun—NC3)
a. mantle a. mark, brand, identifying symbol
b. smock b. diacritic

etym. deyemer. root. ŋ-μ-m "mushroom" etym. thineg. root. n̄-q̄-∅ "marking"

ŋɥ́ç — dhéz. n̄μq̄uμλ — digair.

(noun—NC3) bag, sack, pliable container (noun—NC3) hot brand
etym. deez. root. ŋ-∅-ç "container" etym. thikhaer. root. n̄-q̄-∅ "marking"

ŋɰn̄μm̄ — dhódib. n̄μguń — dighat.

(noun—NC4) attempt, try, effort, instance (noun—NC3) archery bow, arc
etym. dothob. root. ŋ-n̄-ɱ "attempt" etym. thigat. root. n̄-g-ń "curve" desc. edighat [ NC3 archers,
ŋɰç — dhóz. archery corps. ] dighátir [ NC1 archer, bowman. ]

(noun—NC3) burial shroud, body bag n̄μgɥńμλ — dighátir.

etym. dooz. desc. madhóz [ NC4 burial, interment, funeral. ] (noun—NC1) archer, bowman
ŋɰ́ μc — dhúis. etym. thigatar. ante. dighat [ NC3 archery bow, arc. ]

(noun—NC4) anger, rage n̄μq̄ɯ — digo.

etym. duyus. root. ŋ-μ-c "anger" desc. dhúiser [ NC2 foul mood, (verb—VC1) I inform, I tell, I make known, I report
bad temperament. ] etym. thigo. thi- desc. digótin [ NC4 information, reconaissance,

ŋɰ́ μcúλ — dhúiser. strategic intel; report. ] digóbo [ VC1 article, research. ] diguaz
(noun—NC2) foul mood, bad temperament [ NC1 messenger, spokesman. ]

etym. duyuser. -xr derivation N root. ŋ-μ-c "anger" ante. dhúis n̄μq̄ɯ́ uç — diguaz.
[ NC4 anger, rage. ] (noun—NC1) messenger, spokesman
ŋɰ́ ń — dhút. etym. thikhoaz. -x(z/s) active ante. digo [ VC1 I inform, I tell, I

(noun—NC4) brillance, glimmer, shimmer, sparkle make known, I report. ]

etym. duut. root. ŋ-∅-ń "light" ante. mo dhúte [ phras. I n̄μq̄ɰm̄ ɯ — digóbo.
glimmer, I shine, I shimmer, I radiate. ] (noun—VC1) article, research

n̄μn̄ú — dide. etym. thikhoopho. ante. digo [ VC1 I inform, I tell, I make known, I
(verb—VC3) I anticipate, I forsee report. ]

etym. thithe. thi- desc. dijaz [ NC1 seer, prophetess. ] dijos n̄μq̄ɰńμn — digótin.
[ NC4 forethought; premonition, anticipation. ] dijogho (noun—NC4)
[ NC4 prophecy, future sight, clairvoyance. ] didéz [ NC2 owl. ] a. information, reconaissance, strategic intel
b. report
n̄μŋu — didha.
(verb—VC2) I obstruct, I get in the way, I stand before, I stand etym. thikhoton. -(d/t)xn passive ante. digo [ VC1 I inform, I tell,
between I make known, I report. ]
etym. thida. desc. didhaubo [ NC4 obstruction, obstacle; eclipse. ] n̄μgm — dihm.
n̄μŋuɯ́ m̄ ɯ — didhaubo. (noun—NC4) struggle, conflict
(noun—NC4) etym. thigem. root. n̄-g-m "force" desc. lo dihma [ phras. I
a. obstruction, obstacle struggle, I class with. ]
b. eclipse n̄μŋ̄uç — dijaz.
etym. thidaobo. -xphx perf patient ante. didha [ VC2 I obstruct, I (noun—NC1) seer, prophetess
get in the way, I stand before, I stand between. ] etym. thitheaz. -x(z/s) active ante. dide [ VC3 I anticipate, I
n̄μn̄λuń — didrat. forsee. ]

(noun—NC1) carpenter, architect n̄μŋ̄ɯgɯ — dijogho.

etym. thithelat. ante. delat [ NC1 crafty, resourceful, handyman. ] (noun—NC4) prophecy, future sight, clairvoyance
n̄μn̄ɥ́ç — didéz. etym. thitheogo. -xgx prosp patient ante. dide [ VC3 I anticipate,

(noun—NC2) owl I forsee. ]

etym. thitheez. -x(z/s) active ante. dide [ VC3 I anticipate, I
forsee. ]

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n̄μŋ̄ɯc — dijos. n̄μńu — dita.

(noun—NC4) (verb—VC2)
a. forethought a. I inspect, I look at closely, I look closely
b. premonition, anticipation b. I read

etym. thitheos. -x(z/s) active, thi- ante. dide [ VC3 I anticipate, I etym. thita. thi- desc. ditaus [ NC4 examination, inquiry,
forsee. ] autopsy. ] ditása [ NC1 thorough, comprehensive, exact, precise. ]
n̄μq́u — dika. ditaudha [ NC4 reading. ]

(verb—VC2) I prevent, I avoid, I evade n̄μńuɯ́ ŋu — ditaudha.

etym. thika. (noun—NC4) reading
n̄μq́ɯ́ un̄ — dikuad. etym. ditaoda. -oda ante. dita [ VC2 I inspect, I look at closely, I

(noun—NC3) arms, forelimbs look closely; I read. ]

etym. arkewad. thi- ante. kuad [ NC3 limb, branch, extension, n̄μńuɯ́ c — ditaus.
outgrowth, expansion. ] (noun—NC4) examination, inquiry, autopsy

n̄μyuḿ — dilap. etym. thitaos. -x(z/s) active ante. dita [ VC2 I inspect, I look at
(noun—NC3) palm wine closely, I look closely; I read. ]

etym. thilap. root. n̄-y-ḿ "palm" n̄μńɯn — diton.

n̄μmɯq̄ — dimog. (noun—NC4) understanding, meaning, signification

(noun—NC4) vertical turn, somersault etym. theton. -(d/t)xn passive ante. de [ VC3 I sense, I feel, I

etym. thimog. root. n̄-m-g "spinning" know. ]

n̄μnum̄ ɯ́ n — dinabun. n̄μńɥcu — ditása.

(noun—NC4) self-regard, self-image, esteem (noun—NC1) thorough, comprehensive, exact, precise

etym. thinaphun. thi- etym. thithaasa. -xsx prog agent ante. dita [ VC2 I inspect, I look
at closely, I look closely; I read. ]
n̄μnɥ́ — diné.
(expression) understood, alright, okay n̄ɯŋɰ́ — dodhú.
etym. thenei. (noun—NC2) antelope, large deer
etym. thoduw. root. n̄-ŋ-ɯ́ "deer"
n̄μcu — disa.
(verb—VC2) I am agreeable towards, I am enjoyable with, I am n̄ɯguλ — doghar.
pleasant towards (noun—NC4)

etym. thisa. desc. disáz [ NC1 pleasers, flatterers, praisesingers. ] a. sickness, illness [specific]
b. pestillence, plague
disádin [ NC1 easy-going, easy to please. ] disauti [ NC4 favor,
c. contagious disease
preference. ] disaize [ NC3 favorite. ] re disautiou [ phras. I prefer
DAT to [zu] DAT. ] etym. thogar. root. n̄-g-λ "sickness, disease"

n̄μcuμçú — disaize. n̄ɯgɯ́ m — doghum.

(noun—NC3) favorite (noun—NC3)

-x(z/s) active, -xzx prog patient ante. disa [ VC2 I am agreeable a. impact
b. outcome
towards, I am enjoyable with, I am pleasant towards. ]
root. n̄-g-m "force"
n̄μcuɯ́ ńμ — disauti.
(noun—NC4) favor, preference n̄ɯgɥq́μλ — doghákir.
etym. disaoti. ante. disa [ VC2 I am agreeable towards, I am (noun—NC1) sage, Ousse holy man
enjoyable with, I am pleasant towards. ] etym. thogakar. -xr derivation N root. n̄-g-q́ "wisdom" desc. il
Kadoghákir [ NC3 College of Sages, an Ousse political institution
n̄μcú — dise.
housed at Ghádhidil Gebit. ]
(noun—NC2) ant, termite
etym. thise. root. n̄-c-∅ "many, much" n̄ɯgq́ — dohk.
(noun—NC3) alcoholic beverage
n̄μcɥn̄μn — disádin.
etym. dogek. root. n̄-g-q́ "wisdom" desc. dohkor
(noun—NC1) easy-going, easy to please
[ NC4 fermentation, production of alcohol. ]
etym. disadan. ante. disa [ VC2 I am agreeable towards, I am
enjoyable with, I am pleasant towards. ] n̄ɯgq́ɯλ — dohkor.

n̄μcɥç — disáz. (noun—NC4) fermentation, production of alcohol

etym. dogekor. -xr derivation N root. n̄-g-
(noun—NC1) pleasers, flatterers, praisesingers
q́ "wisdom" ante. dohk [ NC3 alcoholic beverage. ]
etym. thisaaz. ante. disa [ VC2 I am agreeable towards, I am
enjoyable with, I am pleasant towards. ]

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n̄ɯyḿ — dolp. n̄ɯ́ μń — duit.

(noun—NC3) palm tree, especially one used for making palm (noun—NC3) singing
wine etym. thuit. root. n̄-∅-ń "music" desc. duitón [ NC4 song
etym. tholep. root. n̄-y-ḿ "palm" (singular). ] lo duitil [ phras. I sing, I make my music with my voice. ]
n̄ɯyɯ́ — dolu.
(noun—NC4) gravity, seriousness, badness n̄ɯ́ μńɰn — duitón.
etym. tholu. root. n̄-y-∅ "bad" (noun—NC4) song (singular)
n̄ɯmum̄ — domab. etym. thuitono. -xnx derivation N root. n̄-∅-

(noun—NC3) hips, pelvis ń "music" ante. duit [ NC3 singing. ] desc. lo duitóna [ phras. I
etym. thomab. root. n̄-m-ɱ "converging" sing a song. ]

n̄ɯmɥɱμλ — domávir. n̄ɯ́ yu — dula.

(noun—NC3) groin, pubic area, private parts (noun—NC3) left hand, left side, left foot
etym. thomabar. -xr derivation N root. n̄-m-ɱ "converging" etym. thula. root. n̄-y-∅ "bad"

n̄ɯλu — dora. n̄ɯ́ yu — dula.

(noun—NC4) no more, nothing else (noun—NC4) to the left, the left side
etym. thora. root. n̄-λ-∅ "none" etym. thula. root. n̄-y-∅ "bad"

n̄ɯλμq́ — dorik. n̄ɯ́ yɯc — dulos.

(noun—NC3) sword, cutting tool (noun—NC4) aging

etym. thorik. root. n̄-λ-q́ "copper" etym. thulos. root. n̄-y-c "old" desc. ka dulosou [ phras. I age, I
grow older. ] mo dulosou [ phras. I cause to age, I make older. ]
n̄ɯλμq́uλ — dorikar.
(noun—NC1) swordsman, infantry n̄ɯ́ muq̄ — dumag.

etym. thorikar. root. n̄-λ-q́ "copper" (noun—NC4) horizontal turn

etym. thumag. root. n̄-m-g "spinning"
n̄λuμ — drai.
(noun—NC4) n̄ɯ́ mugúλ — dumagher.
(noun—NC3) spindle
a. importance, gravity
b. demand
etym. thumager. root. n̄-m-g "spinning"
c. [DAT] necessary n̄ɯ́ λɰŋu — duródha.
etym. theray. root. n̄-λ-μ "essential" desc. urdrai (noun—NC4) nothingness, oblivion
[ NC4 unimportant, inessential, banal, mundane. ] etym. thuruoda. -oda root. n̄-λ-∅ "none"

n̄ɯ́ un — duan. n̄ɯ́ cɯ́ unu — dusuana.

(noun—NC4) creative consciousness (noun—NC1) fecund, fertile, prolific, having many children (of a
etym. thuan. root. n̄-∅-n "idea" person)

n̄ɯ́ uḿ — duap . etym. thusuana. ante. dús [ NC4 many, several [absolute]. ]

(noun—NC3) n̄ɯ́ cɰλ — dusór.

a. body fat, animal fat (noun—NC4) multitude, myriad
b. wax, grease etym. thusuor. -xr derivation N root. n̄-c-∅ "many,
etym. thewap. root. n̄-ɯ́ -ḿ "oil" desc. ákisil duap [ NC3 earwax. ] much" ante. dús [ NC4 many, several [absolute]. ] desc. sa dúsorou
[ phras. I am several in number. ]

n̄ɯ́ μn̄ — duid. n̄ɯ́ ɥ́ — dué.

(noun—NC2) (noun—NC3) front, face of something
etym. thuei. root. n̄-∅-μ "front"
a. bald, hairless animal
b. shaved head, bald n̄ɥgm — dáhm.
etym. thuid. root. n̄-∅-ŋ "hair" desc. lo duidil [ phras. I shave my (noun—NC1) powerful person
head, I cut my hair off. ] etym. thagam. root. n̄-g-m "force"

n̄ɯ́ μq́ — duik. n̄ɥgλ — dáhr.

(noun—NC3) riverbed, wadi (noun—NC1) sick person, ill person, convalescent
etym. thuik. root. n̄-∅-q́ "river" etym. thagar. root. n̄-g-λ "sickness, disease"

n̄ɥμ — dái.
(noun—NC3) face, visage
etym. thaay. root. n̄-∅-μ "front" desc. zudái [ NC3 forehead. ]

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n̄ɥy — dál. n̄ɥ́y — dél.

(noun—NC1) bad, evil, cruel person (noun—NC3) bad item, bad thing
etym. thala. root. n̄-y-∅ "bad" etym. thele. root. n̄-y-∅ "bad"

n̄ɥyμλ — dálir. n̄ɥ́yc — déls.

(noun—NC1) rich, wealthy (noun—NC2) old animal, aged animal
etym. thalar. root. n̄-y-λ "gold" etym. theles. root. n̄-y-c "old"

n̄ɥyc — dáls. n̄ɥ́ǵɥ́m̄ μλ — déqébir.

(noun—NC1) old person, elderly person (noun—NC2) hippopotomas
etym. thalas. root. n̄-y-c "old" desc. dálsodha [ NC4 old age. ] etym. theekepher. root. n̄-∅-q́ "river;"∅-m̄ -λ "creature;"
dálsou Oùs [ NC4 Old Ousse. ] n̄ɥ́λ — dér.
n̄ɥycɯŋu — dálsodha. (noun—NC2) no animal, no being
(noun—NC4) old age etym. there. root. n̄-λ-∅ "none"
etym. thalasoda. -oda root. n̄-y-c "old" ante. dáls [ NC1 old n̄ɥ́λ — dér.
person, elderly person. ] (noun—NC3) nothing, no thing, no object
n̄ɥycɯɯ́ ɯùc — dálsou Oùs. etym. there. root. n̄-λ-∅ "none"
(noun—NC4) Old Ousse n̄ɥ́λμ — déri.
etym. thalasol Wusu. root. n̄-y-c "old" ante. dáls [ NC1 old (noun—NC2)
person, elderly person. ]
a. essential animal, essential spirit
n̄ɥn — dán. b. god
(noun—NC1) creative, having many ideas etym. therey. root. n̄-λ-μ "essential"
etym. dén. root. n̄-∅-n "idea"
n̄ɥ́λμ — déri.
n̄ɥλ — dár. (noun—NC3)
(noun—NC1) no one, no person, nobody
a. vital, essential, important, mandatory thing
etym. thara. root. n̄-λ-∅ "none" b. core, heart of the matter

n̄ɥλμ — dári. etym. therey. root. n̄-λ-μ "essential" desc. dérior [ NC4 highlight,
(noun—NC1) essential, important person synopsis, briefing. ]
etym. daray. root. n̄-λ-μ "essential" desc. dhedári [ NC1 aide-de-
n̄ɥ́λμɯλ — dérior.
camp, attendant, steward. ]
(noun—NC4) highlight, synopsis, briefing
n̄ɥc — dás. etym. thereyor. -xr derivation N root. n̄-λ-
(noun—NC1) many people, several people μ "essential" ante. déri [ NC2 essential animal, essential spirit;
etym. thasa. root. n̄-c-∅ "many, much" god. ]
n̄ɥ́n̄ — déd. n̄ɥ́c — dés.
(noun—NC3) fiber, strand (noun—NC2) many animals, many objects, many things, many
etym. theid. root. n̄-∅-ŋ "hair" desc. dédhén [ NC3 rope. ] beings
n̄ɥ́ŋɥ́n — dédhén. etym. these. root. n̄-c-∅ "many, much"
(noun—NC3) rope n̄μ́n̄ — díd.
etym. theidene. -xnx derivation N root. n̄-∅-ŋ "hair" ante. déd (noun—NC3) body hair, facial hair
[ NC3 fiber, strand. ] etym. thiid. root. n̄-∅-ŋ "hair" desc. dídhén [ NC3 eyebrows. ]
n̄ɥ́gm — déhm. n̄μ́ŋɯ́ — dídhu.
(noun—NC2) powerful animal (noun—NC3) horn, particularly antelope horn
etym. thegem. root. n̄-g-m "force" root. n̄-ŋ-ɯ́ "deer"
n̄ɥ́gλ — déhr. n̄μ́ŋɥ́n — dídhén.
(noun—NC2) sick animal (noun—NC3) eyebrows
etym. theger. root. n̄-g-λ "sickness, disease" etym. thiidene. -xnx derivation N root. n̄-∅-ŋ "hair" ante. díd
n̄ɥ́μ — déi. [ NC3 body hair, facial hair. ]
(number—NC4) nine n̄μ́gq́ — díhk.
etym. theye. root. n̄-μ-∅ "nine" (noun—NC2) cunning, tricky, wily, clever
n̄ɥ́y — dél. etym. thigik. root. n̄-g-q́ "wisdom"
(noun—NC2) bad animal, mean animal
etym. thele. root. n̄-y-∅ "bad"

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n̄ɰn̄ — dód. n̄ɰ́ gq́ — dúhk.

(noun—NC3) head of hair (noun—NC4)
etym. thoud. root. n̄-∅-ŋ "hair" desc. dódhar [ NC3 hairline. ] lo a. wisdom, knowledge through experience
dódir [ phras. I do my hair, I do someone else's hair. ] dódher b. prudence, ‘good knowledge’
[ NC3 clump, tuft. ] dódhor [ NC3 hairstyle. ] c. lore

n̄ɰŋuλ — dódhar. etym. thuguk. root. n̄-g-q́ "wisdom" desc. adúhk [ NC4 life
(noun—NC3) hairline lessons; teachings, memoirs. ]
etym. thoudar. -xr derivation N root. n̄-∅-ŋ "hair" ante. dód n̄ɰ́ gń — dúht.
[ NC3 head of hair. ] (noun—NC4) curve, bend, crescent
n̄ɰŋúλ — dódher. etym. thugut. root. n̄-g-ń "curve"
(noun—NC3) clump, tuft n̄ɰ́ μ — dúi.
etym. thouder. ante. dód [ NC3 head of hair. ] (noun—NC4) future events
n̄ɰŋɯλ — dódhor. etym. thuuy. root. n̄-∅-μ "front" desc. ardúi [ NC4 fate, destiny,
(noun—NC3) hairstyle fortune. ] dúior [ NC4 tomorrow. ]
etym. thoudor. -(d/t)xn passive root. n̄-∅-ŋ "hair" ante. lo n̄ɰ́ μɯλ — dúior.
dódir [ phras. I do my hair, I do someone else's hair. ] dód [ NC3 head (noun—NC4) tomorrow
of hair. ] etym. thuuyor. ante. dúi [ NC4 future events. ]
n̄ɰn̄λɯ́ uç — dódruaz. n̄ɰ́ q́ — dúk.
(noun—NC1) braider, hairdresser (noun—NC4) flow
etym. thoudloaz. -x(z/s) active root. n̄-∅-ŋ "hair" ante. lo dódir etym. thuuk. root. n̄-∅-q́ "river" desc. dha dúkos [ phras. I flow, I
[ phras. I do my hair, I do someone else's hair. ] move easily. ]
n̄ɰgq́ — dóhk. n̄ɰ́ y — dúl.
(noun—NC4) efficient, effective (noun—NC4) incorrectness, wrongness [absolute]
etym. thogok. root. n̄-g-q́ "wisdom" etym. thulu. root. n̄-y-∅ "bad"
n̄ɰgm — dóhm. n̄ɰ́ yμλ — dúlir.
(noun—NC4) powerful concept (noun—NC4) wealth, fortune
root. n̄-g-m "force" etym. thulur. root. n̄-y-λ "gold" desc. ómdúlir [ NC4 surplus. ]
n̄ɰgλ — dóhr. daudúlir [ NC4 debt, deficit, owings. ] dúlirén [ NC4 treasury,
(noun—NC4) sickness, illness, disease, maladie [general] coffers. ] uadúlir [ NC4 avarice, greed, money-hunger. ]
etym. thogor. root. n̄-g-λ "sickness, disease" n̄ɰ́ yμλɥ́n — dúlirén.
n̄ɰy — dól. (noun—NC4) treasury, coffers
(noun—NC4) bad concept, bad idea ante. dúlir [ NC4 wealth, fortune. ]

etym. tholo. root. n̄-y-∅ "bad" n̄ɰ́ mm̄ — dúmb.

n̄ɰyc — dóls. (noun—NC4) convergence, absorption
(noun—NC4) tradition, custom etym. thumub. root. n̄-m-ɱ "converging"
etym. tholos. root. n̄-y-c "old" desc. dólsán [ NC1 community n̄ɰ́ mμq̄ — dúmig.
elder. ] (noun—NC4) spinning, twisting, turning
n̄ɰycɥn — dólsán. etym. thumug. root. n̄-m-g "spinning"
(noun—NC1) community elder n̄ɰ́ n — dún.
etym. tholosana. -xnx derivation N root. n̄-y-c "old" ante. dóls (noun—NC4)
[ NC4 tradition, custom. ] a. ideation
b. thinking, planning, reflecting
n̄ɰyń — dólt.
(noun—NC4) resourcefulness etym. thuun. root. n̄-∅-n "idea" desc. de dúnou [ phras. I ponder,
etym. tholot. root. n̄-y-ń "tool" I consider, I contemplate. ]

n̄ɰλ — dór. n̄ɰ́ ɯḿ — dúop.

(noun—NC4) no concept, no idea (noun—NC3) cooking oil
etym. thoro. root. n̄-λ-∅ "none" etym. thuwop. root. n̄-ɯ́ -ḿ "oil"

n̄ɰc — dós. n̄ɰ́ λ — dúr.

(noun—NC4) many concepts (noun—NC4) negation, negative
etym. thoso. root. n̄-c-∅ "many, much" etym. thuru. root. n̄-λ-∅ "none"

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n̄ɰ́ λμ — dúri. ŋ̄uńɯλ — jator.

(noun—NC4) important, essential concept (noun—NC4) musicianship
etym. thuruy. root. n̄-λ-μ "essential" etym. theator. -xr derivation N root. n̄-∅-ń "music" ante. jat

n̄ɰ́ c — dús. [ NC1 musician. ]

(noun—NC4) many, several [absolute] ŋ̄ɯn̄ — jod.
etym. thusu. root. n̄-c-∅ "many, much" desc. uadús [ NC4 excess, (noun—NC3) hair, hairs, fibers
plenitude. ] dusór [ NC4 multitude, myriad. ] dusuana [ NC1 fecund, etym. theud. root. n̄-∅-ŋ "hair" desc. jodhén [ NC3 braid. ]
fertile, prolific, having many children (of a person). ] ŋ̄ɯŋɥ́n — jodhén.
n̄ɰ́ ń — dút. (noun—NC3) braid
(noun—NC3) chanting etym. theudene. -xnx derivation N root. n̄-∅-ŋ "hair" ante. jod
etym. thuut. root. n̄-∅-ń "music" ante. dútón [ NC4 chant [ NC3 hair, hairs, fibers. ]
(singular). ] desc. lo dútil [ phras. I chant, I sing by chanting. ] ŋ̄ɯq́ — jok.
n̄ɰ́ ńɰn — dútón. (noun—NC3) irrigation canal
(noun—NC4) chant (singular) etym. theok. root. n̄-∅-q́ "river"
etym. thuutono. -xnx derivation N root. n̄-∅- ŋ̄ɯc — jos.
ń "music" desc. dút [ NC3 chanting. ] lo dútóna [ phras. I chant, I (noun—NC4)
sing a chant. ]
a. sense, feeling
b. innate significance

etym. theos. -x(z/s) active ante. de [ VC3 I sense, I feel, I

ŋ̄ — j words know. ] desc. jósine [ NC4 synonym. ]

ŋ̄ɯń — jot.
(noun—NC3) music
ŋ̄un̄ — jad. etym. theot. root. n̄-∅-ń "music" desc. lo jote [ phras. I make
(noun—NC3) body hair (human beings) music, I entertain with music. ]
etym. thead. root. n̄-∅-ŋ "hair"
ŋ̄ɯ́ m — jum.
ŋ̄ugu — jagha. (noun—NC3) plantain
(noun—NC1) easy-going etym. theum. root. n̄-∅-m "banana"
etym. theaga. -xgx prosp patient ante. de [ VC3 I sense, I feel, I
ŋ̄ɯ́ ń — jut.
know. ]
(noun—NC3) musical instrument, music tool
ŋ̄uμ — jai. etym. theut. root. n̄-∅-ń "music"
(noun—NC3)
ŋ̄ɥ́ — jé.
a. surface, outer layer
b. mirror
(noun—NC3) mask
etym. theey. root. n̄-∅-μ "front"
etym. theay. root. n̄-∅-μ "front"
ŋ̄ɰcμnú — jósine.
ŋ̄uq́ — jak.
(noun—NC4) synonym
(noun—NC3) silt, alluvia
etym. theosone. ante. jos [ NC4 sense, feeling; innate significance. ]
etym. theak. root. n̄-∅-q́ "river"
ŋ̄uq́u — jaka.
(noun—NC1)
a. sensible, smart, understanding, agreeable
g — gh words
b. nice, kind, good

etym. theaka. -xkx prosp agent ante. de [ VC3 I sense, I feel, I

guλμq̄ɯλ — Gharigor.
know. ]
(noun—NC2)
ŋ̄un — jan. a. god of desire
(noun—NC4) concept, idea, imagined thing b. another name for Nobáns
etym. thean. root. n̄-∅-n "idea" root. g-λ-g "intention"
ŋ̄uń — jat. gɥçμyu — Gházila.
(noun—NC1) musician (proper noun—NC3) Gházila, the capital city of Indaha
etym. theat. root. n̄-∅-ń "music" desc. jator [ NC4 musicianship. ] etym. Gazala. root. g-ç-y "art"

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gum̄ μc — ghabis. gumm̄ — ghamb.

(noun—NC3) beaten earth (noun—NC3) tooth, human teeth
etym. gabes. root. g-m̄ -c "clay" etym. gamib. root. g-m-ɱ "teeth" desc. ka ghambos [ phras. I

guŋɯ́ m̄ — ghadhub. bite, I bite off, I rip off with my teeth. ]

(noun—NC3) rye gumɯ — ghamo.
etym. gadub. (verb—VC1) I bequeath, I gift, I reserve, I set aside for

guq̄μn — ghagin. etym. ganmo. gan- ante. ghamues [ NC3 tribute, tax, tarrif. ]
(noun—NC4) gumɯ́ úc — ghamues.
a. failure, loss, defeat (noun—NC3) tribute, tax, tarrif
b. crop failure etym. ganmoes. desc. ghamo [ VC1 I bequeath, I gift, I reserve, I set
etym. gakhin. root. g-q́-n "fail" aside for. ]

guμq̄ — ghaig. gunn̄ú — ghande.

(noun—NC3) (verb—VC3) I regard, I think of someone
etym. ganthe. gan-
a. soil, dirt
b. ground gunŋu — ghandha.
etym. gaig. root. g-∅-g "earth" desc. mo ámos ghaig [ phras. I (verb—VC2)
sow, I grow. ] ka ghaigir [ phras. I unearth, I take out, I harvest, I dig a. I cross, I get over
up, I disinter. ] b. I travel through [DAT]
c. I pierce
guμq̄ — ghaig. d. I obstruct, I get in the way
(noun—NC4) brown
etym. ganda. gan- desc. ghandhaize [ NC3 earrings. ]
etym. gaig. root. g-∅-g "earth" ghandhaike [ NC3 needle, point, tip. ]
guμgúλ — ghaigher.
gunŋuμq́ú — ghandhaike.
(noun—NC4) shovel (noun—NC3) needle, point, tip
etym. gaiger. root. g-∅-g "earth"
etym. gandaeke. -xkx prosp agent ante. ghandha [ VC2 I cross, I
guyuμc — ghalais. get over; I travel through [DAT]; I pierce; I obstruct, I get in the
(noun—NC4) funeral, burial way. ] desc. eghandhaike [ NC3 spearmen. ]
etym. ghallais . root. y-∅-c "rest"
gunŋuμçú — ghandhaize.
guyúguc — ghaleghas. (noun—NC3) earrings
(noun—NC4) eternity etym. gandaeze. -xzx prog patient ante. ghandha [ VC2 I cross, I
etym. galegas. gal- root. ∅-g-c "time" get over; I travel through [DAT]; I pierce; I obstruct, I get in the way. ]
guyq́ — ghalk. gunq̄ɯ — ghango.
(noun—NC2) beetle (verb—VC1)
etym. galek. root. g-y-q́ "bettle" a. I translate
b. I explain
guyɯ — ghalo.
(verb—VC1) I use, I make use of, I exploit, I profit from, I set etym. gankho. gan- desc. ghanguaz [ VC1 translator, word-
towards, I use for changer. ] ghangótin [ NC4 translation. ]
etym. gallo. gal- gunq̄ɯ́ uç — ghanguaz.
guyɯɰ́ n̄ — ghaloúd. (noun—VC1) translator, word-changer
(noun—NC4) training, practice etym. gankhoaz. -x(z/s) active ante. ghango [ VC1 I translate; I
etym. galowud. gal- root. ∅-ɯ́ -ŋ "capacity" explain. ]

guycuμc — ghalsais. gunq̄ɰńμn — ghangótin.

(noun—NC2) envy, corruption, jelaousy, infighting (noun—NC4) translation
ante. ghausa [ VC2 I aspire, I desire, I envy. ] etym. gankhoton. -(d/t)xn passive ante. ghango [ VC1 I
translate; I explain. ]
guyɰ — ghaló.
(noun—NC4) length, distance, size gunyun̄ɯc — ghanlados.
etym. galow . root. g-y-ɯ́ "long" (noun—NC4) peacetime

guyɰ́ nμm — ghalúnim. etym. ganlathos. gan- ante. lados [ NC4 kindness, warmness,
camaraderie. ]
(noun—NC4) honesty, integrity
etym. galunum. gal- root. ∅-n-m "justness" desc. únim
[ NC4 justness, fairness, rightness. ]

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gunλú — ghanre. guλɰ́ — gharú.

(verb—VC3) I inherit, I acquire (expression) yuck, gross, beurk, ew
gan- desc. ghanriaka [ NC1 heir, successor. ] ghanriogho etym. garuw. root. g-λ-ɯ́ "excrement"
[ NC4 succession. ] guλɰ́ — gharú.
gunλμuq́u — ghanriaka. (noun—NC3) dung, cow or goat feces
(noun—NC1) heir, successor etym. garuw . root. g-λ-ɯ́ "excrement"
etym. ganreaka. -xkx prosp agent ante. ghanre [ VC3 I inherit, I guλɰ́ m — gharúm.
acquire. ] (noun—NC4) curiosity, inquisitiveness
gunλμɯgɯ — ghanriogho. etym. galrumu. gal- root. λ-m-∅ "knowledge" ante. rúm
(noun—NC4) succession [ NC4 knowledge gained as a result of observation. ] desc. gharúmar
etym. ganreogo. ante. ghanre [ VC3 I inherit, I acquire. ] [ NC1 novice scholastic. ]

guncu — ghansa. guλɰ́ muλ — gharúmar.

(verb—VC2) I witness, I survive (noun—NC1) novice scholastic
etym. gansa. gan- desc. ghansáz [ NC1 witness, survivor. ] etym. galrumuar. -xr derivation N root. λ-m-
ghansaudhi [ NC4 testimony. ] ∅ "knowledge" ante. gharúm [ NC4 curiosity, inquisitiveness. ]
guncuɯ́ ŋμ — ghansaudhi. rúm [ NC4 knowledge gained as a result of observation. ]

(noun—NC4) testimony guɯ́ n̄ú — ghaude.

etym. gansaodi. -x(d/t)i derivation ante. ghansa [ VC2 I witness, (verb—VC3) I recount, I remember, I revisit
I survive. ] etym. galthe. gal- desc. ghaujos [ NC4 memory. ] ghaudeton

guncɥç — ghansáz. [ NC4 record, trace, fragment. ] ghaujaz [ NC1 griot, historian. ]
(noun—NC1) witness, survivor ghaudés [ NC3 souvenir, keepsake, reminder. ]

etym. gansaaz. -x(z/s) active ante. ghansa [ VC2 I witness, I guɯ́ n̄úńɯn — ghaudeton.
survive. ] (noun—NC4) record, trace, fragment

gunńu — ghanta. etym. galtheton. -(d/t)xn passive ante. ghaude [ VC3 I recount, I

(verb—VC2) I fix my regard on, i stare at remember, I revisit. ]

etym. ganta. guɯ́ ŋu — ghaudha.

gunçɰ́ n̄ — ghanzúd. (verb—VC2) I approach, I come closer, I move towards, I get

(noun—NC4) displays, rituals of honor closer

etym. zúdrós. -x(z/s) active root. ç-n̄-∅ "honor" etym. galda. gal- desc. ghaudhaton [ NC4 upcoming events, near
future; deadline, due date. ] ghaudhais [ NC3 pinching, constricting,
guλŋɰn — ghardhón. tightening, squeezing. ]
(noun—NC4) merchant's trade
etym. garadono. -xnx derivation N ante. ghárd guɯ́ ŋuμc — ghaudhais.

[ NC1 merchantwoman. ] (noun—NC3) pinching, constricting, tightening, squeezing

ante. ghaudha [ VC2 I approach, I come closer, I move towards, I get
guλq̄ — gharg.
closer. ]
(noun—NC4) desire, intentioned will towards something
etym. gareg. root. g-λ-g "intention" guɯ́ ŋuńɯn — ghaudhaton.
(noun—NC4)
guλɯn̄ — gharod.
a. upcoming events, near future
(noun—NC4) commerce b. deadline, due date
etym. garod. root. g-λ-ŋ "commerce" desc. gharodher
ante. ghaudha [ VC2 I approach, I come closer, I move towards, I get
[ NC3 scale. ] gharodhón [ NC4 market day. ]
closer. ]
guλɯŋúλ — gharodher.
guɯ́ n̄ɥ́c — ghaudés.
(noun—NC3) scale
(noun—NC3) souvenir, keepsake, reminder
etym. garoder. -xr derivation N ante. gharod [ NC4 commerce. ]
etym. galthees. -x(z/s) active ante. ghaude [ VC3 I recount, I
guλɯŋɰn — gharodhón. remember, I revisit. ]
(noun—NC4) market day
ante. gharod [ NC4 commerce. ]

guλɥ́ — gharé.
(noun—NC4) rubbing, scraping, friction
etym. garey. root. g-λ-μ "friction"

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guɯ́ q̄ɯ — ghaugo. guɯ́ ńɯ́ úy — ghautuel.

(verb—VC1) (noun—NC1) “ghautwel” or chief inquisitor of the Auaunum
a. I entreat, I invite, I solicit, I address etym. galtuel. gal- root. ń-∅-y "belief" ante. tuel [ NC4 truth,
b. I send word to, I communicate at a distance fact. ]
etym. galkho. gal- desc. ghaugótin [ NC4 invitation, formal guɯ́ ɱu — ghauva.
request. ] ghaugo geír [ phras. I invite over, I invite to my house. ] (verb—VC2)
ghaugueghe [ NC3 court of a dignitary or monarch. ] a. I reach out for, I extend my hand towards
guɯ́ q̄ɯ q̄úμ́λ — ghaugo geír. b. I catch

(verb—phras.) I invite over, I invite to my house etym. ghalba. desc. ghauvaus [ NC4 reach; possibility, feasibility,
etym. galgo kheyiir. ante. ghaugo [ VC1 I entreat, I invite, I solicit, chance. ] ghauvása [ NC1 allies, friends (always plural). ]
I address; I send word to, I communicate at a distance. ] guɯ́ ɱuɯ́ c — ghauvaus.
guɯ́ q̄ɯ́ úgú — ghaugueghe. (noun—NC4)
(noun—NC3) court of a dignitary or monarch a. reach
-xgx prosp patient ante. ghaugo [ VC1 I entreat, I invite, I solicit, I b. possibility, feasibility, chance
address; I send word to, I communicate at a distance. ] etym. ghalbaos. ante. ghauva [ VC2 I reach out for, I extend my
guɯ́ q̄ɰńμn — ghaugótin. hand towards; I catch. ]
(noun—NC4) invitation, formal request guɯ́ ɱɥcu — ghauvása.
etym. galgoton. -(d/t)xn passive ante. ghaugo [ VC1 I entreat, I (noun—NC1) allies, friends (always plural)
invite, I solicit, I address; I send word to, I communicate at a distance. ] etym. ghalbaaza. -xsx prog agent ante. ghauva [ VC2 I reach out
guɯ́ ŋ̄uç — ghaujaz. for, I extend my hand towards; I catch. ]
(noun—NC1) griot, historian guɯ́ çɰ́ n̄ — ghauzúd.
etym. galtheaz. -x(z/s) active ante. ghaude [ VC3 I recount, I (noun—NC4) respectability, honorability, worthiness
remember, I revisit. ] etym. galzuthu. gal- ante. zúd [ NC4 honor. ]
guɯ́ ŋ̄ɯc — ghaujos. guɱúm — ghavem.
(noun—NC4) memory (noun—NC3) public restroom, public waste facilities
etym. galtheos. -x(z/s) active, gal- ante. ghaude [ VC3 I recount, etym. gabem. root. g-ɱ-m "restroom"
I remember, I revisit. ]
guɱɥ́ — ghavé.
guɯ́ yun̄ɯc — ghaulados. (noun—NC4) inflammation, swelling
(noun—NC4) good intention, in good faith etym. gavey.
etym. gallathos. gal- ante. lados [ NC4 kindness, warmness,
guɥ́ — ghaé.
camaraderie. ]
(expression) an intensifier often found in Athama speech
guɯ́ cu — ghausa. etym. khaee / gaee. Athama
(verb—VC2) I aspire, I desire, I envy
guμ́n — ghaín.
etym. galsa. gal- desc. ghalsais [ NC2 envy, corruption, jelaousy,
(noun—NC3) council, committee, board
infighting. ] ghausaudhi [ NC4 aspirations, desires, dreams. ]
etym. gayin. root. g-μ-n "emergence"
guɯ́ cuɯ́ ŋμ — ghausaudhi.
gúm̄ ɯ́ n̄ — ghebud.
(noun—NC4) aspirations, desires, dreams
(noun—NC4) influence
ante. ghausa [ VC2 I aspire, I desire, I envy. ]
etym. gebud. root. g-m̄ -ŋ "power"
guɯ́ ńu — ghauta.
gúm̄ ɯ́ c — ghebus.
(verb—VC2) I represent, I recreate, I gesture, I mime
(noun—NC3) clay
etym. galta. gal- desc. ghautaise [ NC3 map, topographical or
etym. gephus. root. g-m̄ -c "clay"
geographical representation. ] ghautaton [ NC4 representation,
figuration. ] gúŋun̄ — ghedhad.
(noun—NC3) marble
guɯ́ ńuμcú — ghautaise.
etym. gedad. root. g-ŋ-ŋ "marble"
(noun—NC3) map, topographical or geographical representation
etym. ghaltaese. -xsx prog agent ante. ghauta [ VC2 I represent, I gúŋμm̄ — ghedhib.
recreate, I gesture, I mime. ] (noun—NC3) wheat, grain
etym. khedib. root. g-ŋ-ɱ "bread"
guɯ́ ńuńɯn — ghautaton.
(noun—NC4) representation, figuration gúŋμɱɥ́n — ghedhivén.
etym. galtaton. -(d/t)xn passive ante. ghauta [ VC2 I represent, I (noun—NC2) granary
recreate, I gesture, I mime. ] etym. gedibene. -xnx derivation N root. g-ŋ-ɱ "bread"

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gúq̄ɯ́ n — ghegun. gɯm̄ un̄ — ghobad.

(noun—NC4) miscarriage, spontaneous abortion (noun—NC4)
etym. gekhun. root. g-q́-n "fail" a. rule, reign
b. domination, mastery
gúμuɯ́ — gheiau.
c. conquest
(noun—NC2) cricket
etym. geyaw. root. g-μ-ɯ́ "locust" etym. gobad. root. g-m̄ -ŋ "power" desc. ghobádhir [ NC4 time in
power, reign. ] lo ghobadou [ phras. I dominate, I control, I reign, I
gúyuc — ghelas.
rule. ]
(noun—NC2) dog, hound
etym. gelas. root. g-y-c "dog" desc. ghelásir [ NC1 dogbreeder. ] gɯm̄ μc — ghobis.
(noun—NC3) ewer, pitcher of water, bucket
gúyɯ́ q́ — gheluk.
etym. gophis. root. g-m̄ -c "clay"
(noun—NC2) weevil, roach, insect pest
etym. geluk. root. g-y-q́ "bettle" gɯm̄ μcɥn — ghobisán.
(noun—NC1) ewerwoman, water fetcher, chambermaid
gúyɥcμλ — ghelásir.
etym. gophisana. -xnx derivation N root. g-m̄ -c "clay"
(noun—NC1) dogbreeder
etym. gelasar. -xr derivation N root. g-y-c "dog" ante. ghelas gɯm̄ ɯ́ c — ghobus.
[ NC2 dog, hound. ] (noun—NC4) pottery, production of clay goods
etym. gophus. root. g-m̄ -c "clay"
gúmum̄ — ghemab.
(noun—NC3) back teeth, molars, grinding teeth gɯm̄ ɯ́ cuλ — ghobusar.
etym. gemab. root. g-m-ɱ "teeth" desc. mo ghemabir [ phras. I (noun—NC1) potter
chew, I gnash, I grind. ] etym. gophusar. -xr derivation N root. g-m̄ -c "clay"

gúnɯ́ — ghenu. gɯm̄ ɥŋμλ — ghobádhir.

(noun—NC3) (noun—NC4) time in power, reign
etym. gophadar. -xr derivation N root. g-m̄ -
a. amount of land visible to one's eye
b. [antiquated] dominion ŋ "power" ante. ghobad [ NC4 rule, reign; domination, mastery;
conquest. ]
etym. genu. root. g-n-∅ "horizon" desc. ghenuón [ NC4 country,
sovereign territory. ] pahnu [ NC4 country, parcels of land; foreign gɯŋun̄ — ghodhad.
countries. ] (noun—NC3) sculpture, statue, figurine
etym. godad. root. g-ŋ-ŋ "marble"
gúnɯ́ ɰn — ghenuón.
(noun—NC4) country, sovereign territory gɯŋɯ́ m̄ — ghodhub.
etym. genuono. ante. ghenu [ NC3 amount of land visible to one's (noun—NC3) bread, loaf of bread
eye; [antiquated] dominion. ] etym. godub. root. g-ŋ-ɱ "bread" desc. ghodhuvar [ NC1 baker,
breadmaker. ]
gúçɯy — ghezol.
(noun—NC2) gods of creation gɯŋɯ́ ɱuλ — ghodhuvar.
etym. gezeb. root. g-ç-y "art" (noun—NC1) baker, breadmaker
etym. khedibar. -xr derivation N root. g-ŋ-
gμm̄ uc — ghibas.
ɱ "bread" ante. ghodhub [ NC3 bread, loaf of bread. ]
(noun—NC3) clay pot, cooking vessel
etym. giphas. root. g-m̄ -c "clay" desc. ómghibas [ NC3 cauldron, gɯyɯ́ c — gholus.
large pot. ] (noun—NC3) canine teeth
etym. golus. root. g-y-c "dog"
gμyɯc — ghilos.
(noun—NC2) hyena gɯmuc — ghomas.
etym. gilos. root. g-y-c "dog" (noun—NC3)
a. soft, malleable, moldable, supple object
gɯuq̄ — ghoag.
b. dough
(noun—NC3)
etym. gomas. root. g-m-c "sensation"
a. peat, loam, rich soil
b. (euphemism) feces gɯnu — ghona.
etym. goag. root. g-∅-g "earth" (noun—NC3) field, parcel, unit of agricultural land
etym. gona. root. g-n-∅ "horizon" desc. ghonair [ NC3 plot of
land, on which field hands may build homes. ] ghonána
[ NC1 landowner. ]

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gɯnuμλ — ghonair. gɯ́ q́ucú — ghukase.

(noun—NC3) plot of land, on which field hands may build homes (verb—VC3) I overhear, I hear without intending to hear
etym. gonair. ante. ghona [ NC3 field, parcel, unit of agricultural etym. gukase. gu-
land. ] gɯ́ yɯ — ghulo.
gɯnɥnu — ghonána. (verb—VC1) I accomplish, I succeed, I win, I achieve
(noun—NC1) landowner etym. gulo. gu- desc. ghulógho [ NC4 things to be done, to-do's,
etym. gonaana. -xnx derivation N ante. ghona [ NC3 field, parcel, items on a list; (plural) a list. ] ghuluadhi [ NC1 warrior, fighter,
unit of agricultural land. ] prizewinner. ] ghulós [ NC4 victiory, success. ]

gɯɱɯ́ μ — ghovui. gɯ́ yɯ́ uŋμ — ghuluadhi.

(noun—NC4) arousal, heat, libido (noun—NC1) warrior, fighter, prizewinner
etym. gobuy. etym. guloadi. -x(d/t)i derivation ante. ghulo [ VC1 I accomplish,

gɯçɯ́ y — ghozul. I succeed, I win, I achieve. ] desc. il Kaghuluadhi [ NC3 Warriors’

(noun—NC4) creation, genesis, beginning, formation Council, an institution within the Marshalate. ]

etym. gozul. root. g-ç-y "art" desc. óu Ghozul [ NC4 Creation; gɯ́ yɰgɯ — ghulógho.
origin of the world. ] paghozul [ NC4 aetiology, mythology. ] (noun—NC4)
gλɯμ — ghroi. a. things to be done, to-do's, items on a list
b. (plural) a list
(noun—NC4) burnishing, polishing, dusting, scrubbing
etym. geroy. root. g-λ-μ "friction" etym. guloogo. -xgx prosp patient ante. ghulo [ VC1 I
accomplish, I succeed, I win, I achieve. ]
gλɥ́ — ghré.
(noun—NC4) petting, rubbing, rubbing together (gently) gɯ́ yɰc — ghulós.
etym. gerey. root. g-λ-μ "friction" desc. lo ghréou [ phras. I rub (noun—NC4) victiory, success
up against. ] etym. guloos. ante. ghulo [ VC1 I accomplish, I succeed, I win, I
achieve. ]
gɯ́ uμ-gɯ́ uμ — ghuai-ghuai.
(noun—NC4) gɯ́ λɰ́ — ghurú.
a. cawing sound of a crow or raven
(noun—NC4) filth, dirtiness
b. laughter etym. guruw. root. g-λ-ɯ́ "excrement"

etym. gway-gway. root. ∅-gɯ́ -μ "crow" gɯ́ cu — ghusa.

gɯ́ ŋu — ghudha. (verb—VC2) I remain, I linger, I stay behind

(verb—VC2) I chase, I follow, I move after, I come behind etym. gusa. gu- desc. ghusauzo [ NC4 permanent, immortal,
etym. guda. gu- desc. ghudhaus [ subsequent, next, following, so, everlasting. ] ghusaiti [ NC3 remnant, trace, reminder, remainder. ]

thus. ] ghudhaiz [ NC2 hunter, predatory animal. ] ghudháza ghusaton [ NC4 leftovers, unused things. ] ghusaise [ NC3 crypt,

[ NC1 fugitive, runaway. ] reliquary, bone box. ]

gɯ́ ŋun̄ — ghudhad. gɯ́ cuμcú — ghusaise.

(noun—NC3) wood, “plant-stone” (noun—NC3) crypt, reliquary, bone box

etym. gudad. root. g-ŋ-ŋ "marble" etym. gusaese. ante. ghusa [ VC2 I remain, I linger, I stay behind. ]

gɯ́ ŋuμç — ghudhaiz. gɯ́ cuμńμ — ghusaiti.

(noun—NC2) hunter, predatory animal (noun—NC3) remnant, trace, reminder, remainder

etym. gudaez. -x(z/s) active ante. ghudha [ VC2 I chase, I follow, etym. gusaeti. -x(d/t)i derivation ante. ghusa [ VC2 I remain, I

I move after, I come behind. ] linger, I stay behind. ]

gɯ́ ŋuɯ́ c — ghudhaus. gɯ́ cuńɯn — ghusaton.

(conjunction) subsequent, next, following, so, thus (noun—NC4) leftovers, unused things

etym. gudaos. -x(z/s) active ante. ghudha [ VC2 I chase, I follow, etym. gusaton. -(d/t)xn passive ante. ghusa [ VC2 I remain, I
I move after, I come behind. ] linger, I stay behind. ]

gɯ́ ŋɥçu — ghudháza. gɯ́ cuɯ́ çɯ — ghusauzo.

(noun—NC1) fugitive, runaway (noun—NC4) permanent, immortal, everlasting

etym. gudaaza . -xzx prog patient ante. ghudha [ VC2 I chase, I etym. gusaozo. -xzx prog patient ante. ghusa [ VC2 I remain, I

follow, I move after, I come behind. ] linger, I stay behind. ]

gɯ́ n̄ɥμ — ghudái. gɯ́ ńuɯ́ c — ghutaus.

(noun—NC3) skull, cranium (noun—NC3) brains

etym. guthaai. gu- etym. gutaos. gu- ante. taus [ NC3 eye, eyes. ]

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gɯ́ ńɥm̄ — ghutáb. gμ́yc — ghíls.

(noun—NC4) menopause (noun—NC2) wild dog
etym. gutaab. gu- etym. gilis. root. g-y-c "dog"

gɥm̄ μn̄ — ghábid. gμ́mm̄ — ghímb.

(noun—NC1) leader, ruler, boss (noun—NC3) fang, canine teeth
etym. gabad. root. g-m̄ -ŋ "power" desc. ghábidhén etym. gimib. root. g-m-ɱ "teeth"
[ NC3 territory. ] gμ́ɯn — ghíon.
gɥm̄ μŋɥ́n — ghábidhén. (noun—NC4)
(noun—NC3) territory a. society
etym. gaphadene. -xnx derivation N root. g-m̄ - b. (theology) theogenesis
ŋ "power" ante. ghábid [ NC1 leader, ruler, boss. ] etym. giyon. root. g-μ-n "emergence"
gɥŋμn̄ — ghádhid. gμ́ɱm — ghívm.
(noun—NC1) albino person (noun—NC3) outhouse or ditch used as a restroom
etym. gadad. root. g-ŋ-ŋ "marble" etym. gibim. root. g-ɱ-m "restroom"
gɥŋμn̄ — ghádhid. gɰm̄ μn̄ — ghóbid.
(noun—NC3) white stone (noun—NC4) power [tangible]
etym. gadad. root. g-ŋ-ŋ "marble" etym. gophod. root. g-m̄ -ŋ "power" ante. ghóbidhén
gɥyɯ́ — ghálu. [ NC3 throne; seat of power. ] ómghóbid [ NC4 politics, statecraft. ]
(noun—NC1) tall, lanky, skinny gɰm̄ μŋɥ́n — ghóbidhén.
etym. galaw . root. g-y-ɯ́ "long" (noun—NC3)
gɥλn̄ — ghárd. a. throne
(noun—NC1) merchantwoman b. seat of power

etym. garad. root. g-λ-ŋ "commerce" desc. ghardhón etym. gophodene. -xnx derivation N root. g-m̄ -
[ NC4 merchant's trade. ] ghárdhar [ NC1 merchant, specifically a ŋ "power" desc. ghóbid [ NC4 power [tangible]. ]
man or lower-caste woman. ]
gɰyc — ghóls.
gɥλŋuλ — ghárdhar. (noun—NC2) jackal
(noun—NC1) merchant, specifically a man or lower-caste woman etym. golos. root. g-y-c "dog" desc. ghólser [ NC2 fox. ]
etym. garadar. ante. ghárd [ NC1 merchantwoman. ]
gɰycúλ — ghólser.
gɥλɯ́ — gháru. (noun—NC2) fox
(noun—NC3) human excrement, feces etym. goloser. -xr derivation N root. g-y-c "dog" ante. ghóls
etym. garaw. root. g-λ-ɯ́ "excrement" [ NC2 jackal. ]
gɥɯ́ muμ — gháumai. gɰmm̄ — ghómb.
(noun—NC1) maternal grandfather (noun—NC4) grinding, chewing, masticating, mashing up
etym. galamay. gal- etym. gomob. root. g-m-ɱ "teeth" desc. lo ghómbos [ phras. I
gɥ́ŋμɱɥ́n — ghédhivén. grind, I chew up, I gnash. ] ghómber [ NC3 jawbone, jaw, mandible. ]
(noun—NC4) Granary months, the three months following the gɰmm̄ úλ — ghómber.
seasonal harvests. Described ordinally, like the high and low (noun—NC3) jawbone, jaw, mandible
months (i.e. First Granary) etym. gomober. root. g-m-ɱ "teeth" ante. ghómb [ NC4 grinding,
etym. gedebene. root. g-ŋ-ɱ "bread" chewing, masticating, mashing up. ]
gɥ́μn — ghéin. gɰmc — ghóms.
(noun—NC3) swarm, organism composed of multiple individuals (noun—NC3) sensation, touch
etym. geyen. root. g-μ-n "emergence" etym. gomos. root. g-m-c "sensation"
gɥ́yɯ́ — ghélu. gɰ́ m̄ μn̄ — ghúbid.
(noun—NC2) constricting snake (noun—NC4) power [abstract]
etym. gelew . root. g-y-ɯ́ "long" etym. guphud. root. g-m̄ -ŋ "power" desc. áughúbid
gμ́uɯ́ — ghíau. [ NC1 sovereign rulers (governor-princes) of New Enezin, during the
(noun—NC2) locust era before Indaha. Now an honorific title, often used for soveriegn
etym. giyaw. root. g-μ-ɯ́ "locust" princes and heirs to the throne (qávidhar). ]

gɰ́ q̄ — ghúg.
(noun—NC4) nature, earth, environment
etym. guug. root. g-∅-g "earth"

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gɰ́ gɯ́ c — ghúghus. q́u — ka.

(noun—NC1) age (verb—VC2) I take, I get, I receive, I grab, I grasp, I acquire, I
etym. guugus. gu- ante. úghis [ NC4 time obtain, I gather
[absolute]. ] desc. ghúghusar [ NC1 agemate. ] etym. ka. desc. kais [ NC3 hand, hands. ] kaidhi [ NC2 predators,
gɰ́ gɯ́ cuλ — ghúghusar. hunters. ] ka údisou [ phras. I breathe in, I inhale. ] ka túkimou

(noun—NC1) agemate [ phras. fortify, make strong. ] ka ghambos [ phras. I bite, I bite off, I

etym. guugusar. ante. ghúghus [ NC1 age. ] rip off with my teeth. ] ka rúmou [ phras. I learn, I study, I gain
knowledge. ] ka nabunil [ phras. I suffocate; I subdue, I attenuate, I
gɰ́ μɯ́ — ghúiu.
weaken; I wind. ] ka nighulit [ phras. I get sad, I become sad. ] aka
(noun—NC3) swarm of insects amizil [ phras. I milk an animal. ] ka gazisos [ phras. I become
etym. guyuw. root. g-μ-ɯ́ "locust"
darker, I take on color, I brown. ] qása [ NC1 ungrateful, thankless,
gɰ́ mc — ghúms. undeserving. ] kaighe [ NC3 market, store, trading post. ] ka gúzisos
(noun—NC4) texture, consistency [ phras. I become rich, I deepen, I stew, I ferment, I marinade, I soak, I
etym. gumus. root. g-m-c "sensation" develop. ] ka biosa [ phras. I eat, I take a meal. ] kaps [ NC3 pants,
gɰ́ n — ghún. trousers. ] kapos [ NC4 obtainment, accumulation, gain of
(noun—NC4) horizon line something. ]
etym. gunu. root. g-n-∅ "horizon" q́u un̄ɯ́ yμy — ka adulil.
gɰ́ λq̄ — ghúrg. (verb—phras.) I swell, I grow larger in size, I become turgid
(noun—NC4) intent, premeditation etym. ka athulil. root. ∅-n̄-y "water"
etym. gurug. root. g-λ-g "intention" q́u ucɯyɯɯ́ — ka asolou.
gɰ́ çμy — ghúzil. (verb—phras.) I wash myself, I shower, I bathe
(noun—NC4) art, artistry etym. ka asolol. ante. asol [ NC4 washing, cleaning, bathing. ]
etym. guzul. root. g-ç-y "art" q́u m̄ μɯcu — ka biosa.
gɰ́ μ́ — ghúí. (verb—phras.) I eat, I take a meal
(noun—NC4) west etym. ka pheosola. root. m̄ -∅-c "food" ante. ka [ VC2 I take, I get,
etym. guyuy. root. g-μ-μ "west" I receive, I grab, I grasp, I acquire, I obtain, I gather. ] bios
[ NC4 nourishment, sustenance; meal; (rarely) hunger. ]
q́u n̄ɯ́ yɯcɯɯ́ — ka dulosou.

q́ — k words (verb—phras.) I age, I grow older

etym. thuloska. root. n̄-y-c "old" ante. dulos [ NC4 aging. ]
q́u úmɰḿcɯɯ́ — ka emópsou.
q́unμm̄ uλ — Kanibar. (verb—phras.) I land, I disembark
(personal name—NC3) Il Kanibar, a large Ousse principality etym. ka etmoposol. ante. emóps [ NC4 mooring, landing,
bordering Oukwe along the Red River. Also referred to as the Hill disembarkment. ]
Country. q́u q̄uçμcɯc — ka gazisos.
etym. Kaniphar. ka- collective root. n-m̄ -λ "hills" ante. nibar (verb—phras.) I become darker, I take on color, I brown
[ NC3 hills, small mountains. ] etym. ka khazisos. root. q̄-ç-c "darkness" ante. gazis [ NC3 pitch,
q́uλμɯ́ c — Karius. bitumen. ] ka [ VC2 I take, I get, I receive, I grab, I grasp, I acquire, I
(personal name—NC1) A male given name. obtain, I gather. ]
etym. Karyus. root. q́-λμ-c "parrot" q́u guμq̄μλ — ka ghaigir.
q́uńɥɯ́ — Katáu. (verb—phras.) I unearth, I take out, I harvest, I dig up, I disinter
(noun—NC3) Taal people etym. ka gaigir. root. g-∅-g "earth" ante. ghaig [ NC3 soil, dirt;
etym. kataal. ka- collective root. ń-∅-y "belief" ground. ]
q́u gumm̄ ɯc — ka ghambos.
(noun—phras.) I bite, I bite off, I rip off with my teeth
etym. ka gamibos. root. g-m-ɱ "teeth" ante. ghamb [ NC3 tooth,
human teeth. ] ka [ VC2 I take, I get, I receive, I grab, I grasp, I acquire,
I obtain, I gather. ]

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q́u guλɯn̄ɯc — ka gharodos. q́u ɯq́ucɯc — ka okasos.

(verb—phras.) (verb—phras.) I listen, I pay attention to, I turn towards
a. I purchase, I buy q́u ɯɰ́ n̄ɯɯ́ — ka oúdou.
b. I buy ACC for [et] DAT
(verb—phras.) I learn [skills]
etym. ka garodos. etym. ka owudol. ante. oúd [ NC4 capacity, capability. ]
q́u guɱɥ́ɯɯ́ — ka ghavéou. q́u λμɯn̄μy — ka riodil.
(verb—phras.) I swell, I become inflamed (verb—phras.) I sleep, I go to sleep
etym. ka gabeyol. etym. ka reodil.
q́u gɯɱɯ́ μɯɯ́ — ka ghovuiou. q́u λɯμ́ɯɯ́ — ka roíou.
(verb—phras.) I become aroused, I am in heat (verb—phras.) I row
etym. ka ghovuyol. etym. ka royiol. root. λ-μ-∅ "wave"
q́u q̄ɯnɯ́ nμy — ka gonunil. q́u λɰ́ mɯɯ́ — ka rúmou.
(verb—phras.) I warm myself, I take on warmth, I get warmer (verb—phras.) I learn, I study, I gain knowledge
etym. ka khonunil. root. q̄-n-n "heat" ante. gonun [ NC3 heat, etym. ka rumuol. root. λ-m-∅ "knowledge" ante. rúm
warmth (negative); rudeness, callousness. ] [ NC4 knowledge gained as a result of observation. ] ka [ VC2 I take, I
q́u q̄λun̄μλ — ka gradir. get, I receive, I grab, I grasp, I acquire, I obtain, I gather. ]
(verb—phras.) I break off, I snap off q́u cμq́ucμλ — ka sikasir.
etym. kheradka. root. q̄-λ-ŋ "break" ante. grad [ NC3 break, tear, (verb—phras.)
rift. ] a. to sacrifice
q́u q̄ɰ́ çμcɯc — ka gúzisos. b. to kill

(verb—phras.) I become rich, I deepen, I stew, I ferment, I etym. sekaska. root. c-q́-c "carving" ante. sikas
marinade, I soak, I develop [ NC3 sacrifice. ] desc. sikasán [ NC1 murderer, sacrificer. ]
etym. ka khuzisos. root. q̄-ç-c "darkness" ante. gúzis [ NC4 dark, q́u cɯyuɯɯ́ — ka solaou.
rich, luschious, deep, full, intense. ] ka [ VC2 I take, I get, I receive, I (verb—phras.) I take shelter, I hide
grab, I grasp, I acquire, I obtain, I gather. ] etym. ka solaol. root. c-y-∅ "shelter"
q́u μn̄ɯ́ yμy — ka idulil. q́u ńɰ́ q́μmɯɯ́ — ka túkimou.
(verb—phras.) I become thirsty (verb—phras.) fortify, make strong
etym. ka ithulil. root. ∅-n̄-y "water" etym. ka tukumol. root. ń-q́-m "strength" ante. ka [ VC2 I take, I
q́u q́unμnμλ — ka kaninir. get, I receive, I grab, I grasp, I acquire, I obtain, I gather. ] túkim
(verb—phras.) I catch fire, I become on fire [ NC4 strength. ]
etym. ka kaninir. root. q́-n-n "flame" ante. kanin [ NC3 flame, q́u ńɰ́ cq́ɯɯ́ — ka túskou.
fire. ] (verb—phras.) I get cold, I become cold
q́u muńμλ ɰn̄μ — ka matir ódi. etym. ka tusukol. root. ń-c-q́ "cold"
(verb—phras.) I take out of its shell, I unshell q́u ɯ́ úmuμy — ka uemail.
etym. ka matir odoy. ante. ódi [ NC3 shell, husk, enclosure, (verb—phras.) I smell, I detect, I catch a whiff of
casing. ] etym. ka wemail. root. ɯ́ -m-∅ "scent" ante. uema [ NC3 smell,
q́u num̄ ɯ́ nμy — ka nabunil. scent, odor, aroma. ]
(verb—phras.) q́u çɯ́ cuńɯnɯɯ́ — ka zusatonou.
a. I suffocate (verb—phras.) I master, I become an expert in
b. I subdue, I attenuate, I weaken
etym. ka zusatonol. ante. zusaton [ NC4 mastery, perfection. ]
c. I wind
q́u ɥ́mçμy — ka émzil.
etym. ka naphunil. root. n-m̄ -n "spirit" ante. nabun
(verb—phras.) I breastfeed, I drink milk
[ NC3 breath; will. ] ka [ VC2 I take, I get, I receive, I grab, I grasp, I
etym. ka emezil. root. ∅-m-ç "milk"
acquire, I obtain, I gather. ] desc. nabungaibe [ NC3 light
refreshment, lightly alcoholic drink. ] q́u μ́cńμ́λ — ka ístír.
(verb—phras.) I break into fourths, I split into fourths
q́u nμgɯ́ yμń — ka nighulit.
etym. ka isitiri. ante. íst [ NC3 fourth, quarters. ]
(verb—phras.) I get sad, I become sad
etym. ka nigulit. root. n-g-y "sadness" ante. nighul [ NC2 spirit q́u ɰ́ ŋμnɯɯ́ — ka údhinou.
of sadness, bad energy. ] ka [ VC2 I take, I get, I receive, I grab, I grasp, (verb—phras.) I fly, I take flight
I acquire, I obtain, I gather. ] etym. ka udunol. ante. údhin [ NC4 wind [element]. ]

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q́u ɰ́ ŋɰɯ́ — ka údhóu. q́uyɯ́ ucu — kaluasa.

(verb—phras.) (noun—NC3)
a. I count a. workers, laborers
b. I measure b. workforce

etym. ka owudol. ante. údho [ NC4 amount, total, sum. ] etym. kaloasa. ka- collective ante. luasa [ NC1 worker, laborer. ]

q́u ɰ́ n̄μcɯɯ́ — ka údisou. q́uyɥn — kalán.

(verb—phras.) I breathe in, I inhale (noun—NC3) generation, persons of the same age
etym. ka uthusol. root. ∅-n̄-c "sky" ante. ka [ VC2 I take, I get, I etym. kalana. ka- collective root. y-n-∅ "group"
receive, I grab, I grasp, I acquire, I obtain, I gather. ] údis [ NC4 air, q́uyɥλ — kalár.
wind. ] (noun—NC1) daughter
q́uq̄ɰ́ cq́uλ — kagúskar. etym. kalaar. -xr derivation N root. q́-y-∅ "woman" ante. qál
(noun—NC3) army, military, levy [ NC1 woman; wife. ]
etym. kakhusukar. ka- collective root. q̄-c- q́unμm̄ — kanib.
q́ "violence" ante. gúskar [ NC1 warrior, soldier. ] gúsk [ NC4 war, (noun—NC3) millet beer
organized conflict. ] etym. kanib. root. q́-n-ɱ "millet" desc. kaniber [ NC3 yeasty,
q́uμŋμ — kaidhi. cheesy, fermented odor. ]
(noun—NC2) predators, hunters q́unμm̄ úλ — kaniber.
etym. kaedi. -x(d/t)i derivation ante. ka [ VC2 I take, I get, I (noun—NC3) yeasty, cheesy, fermented odor
receive, I grab, I grasp, I acquire, I obtain, I gather. ] etym. kaniber. ante. kanib [ NC3 millet beer. ]
q́uμŋɥŋμ — kaidhádhi. q́unμn — kanin.
(noun—NC3) retinue, group of retainers (noun—NC3) flame, fire
etym. kaetdaadi. etym. kanin. root. q́-n-n "flame" desc. ka kaninir [ phras. I catch
q́uμgú — kaighe. fire, I become on fire. ] mo kaninir [ phras. I set aflame, I set on fire, I
(noun—NC3) market, store, trading post burn, I immolate. ] kaniner [ NC3 small flame. ] arkanin
etym. kaege. -xgx prosp patient ante. ka [ VC2 I take, I get, I [ NC3 candle, oil lamp. ]
receive, I grab, I grasp, I acquire, I obtain, I gather. ] q́unμnúλ — kaniner.
q́uμgɯ́ ɥ́ — kaighué. (noun—NC3) small flame
(noun—NC3) murder of crows etym. kaniner. -xr derivation N root. q́-n-n "flame" ante. kanin
etym. kaegwey. [ NC3 flame, fire. ]
q́uμq̄ɯ́ uq́u — kaiguaka. q́uḿɯc — kapos.
(noun—NC3) advisory board, council (noun—NC4) obtainment, accumulation, gain of something
etym. kaetkhoaka. ka- collective ante. ego [ VC1 I advise, I etym. kapos. ante. ka [ VC2 I take, I get, I receive, I grab, I grasp, I
council, I suggest. ] acquire, I obtain, I gather. ]

q́uμc — kais. q́uḿc — kaps.

(noun—NC3) hand, hands (noun—NC3) pants, trousers
etym. kaes. -x(z/s) active ante. ka [ VC2 I take, I get, I receive, I etym. kapes. ante. ka [ VC2 I take, I get, I receive, I grab, I grasp, I
grab, I grasp, I acquire, I obtain, I gather. ] acquire, I obtain, I gather. ]
q́uμç — kaiz. q́uḿμ́c — kapís.
(noun—NC2) beast of burden, draught animal (noun—NC3) herd of elephants
etym. kaez. etym. kapeis. root. ḿ-∅-c "elephant"

q́uyuɯ́ ŋu — kalaudha. q́uλμm — karim.

(noun—NC4) wifehood (noun—NC4) enamel, milky white color
etym. kalaoda. -oda root. q́-y-∅ "woman" ante. qál etym. karim. root. q́-λ-m "horn"
[ NC1 woman; wife. ] q́uλɯλ — karor.
q́uyuɯ́ ŋμ — kalaudhi. (noun—NC3) frond, blade of grass (flat and wide leaf)
(noun—NC4) womanhood etym. karor. root. q́-λ-λ "green"
etym. kalaodi. -x(d/t)i derivation root. q́-y-∅ "woman" ante. qál q́ucú — kase.
[ NC1 woman; wife. ] (verb—VC3) I hear, I detect sound
etym. kase. root. ∅-q́-c "hearing" desc. kasiodha [ NC4 office of
the prophet. ]

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q́ucμɯŋu — kasiodha. q́uμ́ɯλ — kaíor.

(noun—NC4) office of the prophet (noun—NC4) tantrum, fit
etym. kaseoda. ante. kase [ VC3 I hear, I detect sound. ] etym. kaiyor. root. q́-∅-μ "scream" desc. kaí [ NC3 crying,

q́ucɥn̄μm — kasádim. sobbing, shrieking. ]

(noun—NC1) villagers q́uɰ́ n̄ — kaúd.
etym. kasatham. root. c-n̄-m "dwelling" ante. sádim (noun—NC3) oar
[ NC1 villager. ] etym. kawud. root. q́-ɯ́ -ŋ "limb" ante. kaúdhán [ NC1 oarman,
q́ucɥç — kasáz. rower. ]

(noun—NC3) mankind, humanity q́uɰ́ ŋɥn — kaúdhán.

etym. kasaaz. ka- collective ante. sa [ VC2 I am, I exist. ] (noun—NC1) oarman, rower

q́uńuμguλ — kataighar. etym. kawudana. desc. kaúd [ NC3 oar. ]

(noun—NC3) q́úgun — keghan.

a. mountain men (noun—NC4) noun
b. Alou and Kpeñ people etym. kegan. root. q́-g-n "name"
etym. kataigar. root. ń-∅-g "mountain" q́úq̄ɯq̄ — kegog.
q́uńɯ́ λ — katur. (noun—NC4) weakness, fault, insecurity
(noun—NC1) etym. kekhog. root. q́-q̄-g "weakness"

a. unfamiliar person, stranger q́úyu — kela.

b. outsider (noun—NC2) female animal
c. foreign
etym. kela. root. q́-y-∅ "woman"
d. extraneous
q́úyuń — kelat.
etym. katur. root. q́-ń-λ "another" desc. qákitur [ NC3 foreigners,
(noun—NC3)
enemies. ]
a. part, piece, section
q́uńɥɯ́ — katáu. b. unit (for sale)
(noun—NC3) Taal people
etym. kelat. root. q́-y-ń "part"
etym. kataal. ante. Táu [ NC1 Taal person. ]
q́úmμq̄ — kemig.
q́uɱμn̄ — kavid.
(noun—NC3) flint
(noun—NC3) royal blood
etym. kemig. root. q́-m-g "flint"
etym. kabid. root. q́-ɱ-ŋ "king" desc. kavidil arin [ NC3 royal
blood. ] kavidhar [ NC1 royalty, member of the royal family. ] q́únu — kena.
qáhvidhar [ NC3 the royal family. ] (noun—NC3) object, three-dimensional thing
etym. kena . root. q́-n-∅ "object"
q́uɱμŋuλ — kavidhar.
(noun—NC1) royalty, member of the royal family q́únq́u — kenka.
etym. kabidar. root. q́-ɱ-ŋ "king" ante. kavid [ NC3 royal blood. ] (noun—NC3) kola nut
etym. kenka. Athama
q́uɱμn̄μy uλμn — kavidil arin.
(expression—NC3) royal blood q́úλμλ — kerir.
etym. kabidil arin. ante. kavid [ NC3 royal blood. ] arin (noun—NC3) leaf, leaves
[ NC3 blood. ] etym. kerir. root. q́-λ-λ "green"

q́uɱμq̄u — kaviga. q́úλɥ́c — kerés.

(noun—NC3) herd of cattle (noun—NC3)
etym. kabekha. ka- collective root. ɱ-q̄-∅ "cow" ante. vega a. container, jar
[ NC2 cow, female cow. ] desc. kavigár [ NC1 cowherd. ] b. granary

q́uɱμq̄ɥλ — kavigár. etym. kerees. ante. qére [ VC3 I contain, I hold, I store. ]
(noun—NC1) cowherd q́úλɥ́ńμ — keréti.
etym. kabekhaar. -xr derivation N root. ɱ-q̄- (noun—NC3)
∅ "cow" ante. kaviga [ NC3 herd of cattle. ] vega [ NC2 cow, female a. basket
cow. ] b. archer's quiver

q́uμ́ — kaí. etym. kereeti. ante. qére [ VC3 I contain, I hold, I store. ]
(noun—NC3) crying, sobbing, shrieking
etym. kaiy. root. q́-∅-μ "scream" ante. kaíor [ NC4 tantrum, fit. ]

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q́úλɥ́çú — keréze. q́μλn̄ɥ́çú — kirdéze.

(noun—NC3) (noun—NC3)
a. contents, inventory, stock a. alms, donations
b. mixture, contents of a pot b. a pittance given to a sage

etym. kereeze. ante. qére [ VC3 I contain, I hold, I store. ] etym. kerdeeze. -xzx prog patient ante. kirde [ VC3 I believe, I

q́úλμ́c — kerís. know intuitively, I take on faith. ]

(noun—NC2) parrot q́μλq̄uq̄μc — kirgagis.
etym. keryis. root. q́-λμ-c "parrot" (noun—NC4) choking, suffocation, obstruction of breathing

q́úńuλ — ketar. etym. kerkhakhis. ker- root. q̄-q̄-c "neck" ante. gagis
(noun—NC3) repeat, copy, duplicate [ NC3 throat, esophagus. ]

etym. ketas. root. q́-ń-λ "another" q́μλq̄ɯ — kirgo.

q́úńuλ — ketar. (verb—VC1) I think, I ponder, I wonder

(noun—NC4) repetition etym. kerkho. ker- desc. kirgueghe [ NC3 thoughts, sentiments;

etym. ketas. root. q́-ń-λ "another" thought, discourse. ] kirgódha [ perhaps, maybe, possibly. ]

q́úńuλɯc — ketaros. q́μλq̄ɯ́ úgú — kirgueghe.

(expression) again (noun—NC3)

root. q́-ń-λ "another" a. thoughts, sentiments
b. thought, discourse
q́úɯ́ uŋɯλ — keuadhor.
etym. kerkhoege. -xgx prosp patient ante. kirgo [ VC1 I think, I
(noun—NC4)
ponder, I wonder. ]
a. emergence, new development
b. derivation q́μλq̄ɯ́ úc — kirgues.
etym. kewador. -xr derivation N ante. kuad [ NC3 limb, branch, (noun—NC3) mind, mentality

extension, outgrowth, expansion. ] etym. kerkhoes.

q́μq̄uq̄ — kigag. q́μλq̄ɰŋu — kirgódha.

(noun—NC4) weakness, fatigue from illness (expression) perhaps, maybe, possibly

etym. kigag. root. q́-q̄-g "weakness" etym. kergooda. -oda ante. kirgo [ VC1 I think, I ponder, I
wonder. ]
q́μgun — kighan.
(noun—NC4) nickname q́μλŋ̄uç — kirjaz.

etym. kigan. root. q́-g-n "name" (noun—NC1) pious, religious, devout

etym. kertheaz. ante. kirde [ VC3 I believe, I know intuitively, I take
q́μq́u — kika.
on faith. ]
(noun—NC3) bowl, dish
etym. kika. Athama q́μλq́ɯλu — kirkora.
(noun—NC3) thong sandals
q́μλm̄ únμ́ — kirbení.
etym. kerkora. ante. kora [ NC3 toe, toes. ]
(noun—NC3) bone marrow
etym. kerpheniy. ker- root. m̄ -n-μ "bone" q́μλm — kirm.
(noun—NC3) horn, antler, antenna
q́μλm̄ ɯɱμ́ — kirboví. etym. kirem. root. q́-λ-m "horn" desc. kirémir [ NC3 sewing
(noun—NC4) interior
needle. ]
etym. kerphobiy. root. m̄ -ɱ-μ "interior" ante. boví [ NC4 middle,
center of somewhere; neutral. ] q́μλnum̄ ɯ́ n — kirnabun.
(noun—NC2)
q́μλn̄ú — kirde.
a. animus
(verb—VC3) I believe, I know intuitively, I take on faith b. spirit, being of inanimate things
etym. kerthe. desc. kirjaz [ NC1 pious, religious, devout. ] kirdéze
etym. kernaphun. ker- root. n-m̄ -n "spirit" ante. nabun
[ NC3 alms, donations; a pittance given to a sage. ]
[ NC3 breath; will. ]
q́μλŋu — kirdha.
q́μλcu — kirsa.
(verb—VC2) I navigate, I get around, I pass through
(verb—VC2) I inhabit, I live in [DAT]
ker-
etym. kersa. desc. kirsatin [ NC3 nest, animal den. ] kirsaiz
q́μλn̄ɥç — kirdáz. [ NC2 animal inhabitants, particularly of a cave or nest. ] kirsáz
(noun—NC1) explorers [ NC1 inhabitants, squatters, dwellers. ] kirsaighe [ NC3 village. ]
kirsaudha [ NC4 inhabitation; cohabitation. ]

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q́μλcuμgú — kirsaighe. q́ɯyɯ́ uλ — koluar.

(noun—NC3) village (noun—NC2) fetus
etym. kersaege. -xgx prosp patient ante. kirsa [ VC2 I inhabit, I etym. koluar. -xr derivation N root. q́-y-∅ "woman" ante. kolu
live in [DAT]. ] [.]
q́μλcuμç — kirsaiz. q́ɯyɯ́ ń — kolut.
(noun—NC2) animal inhabitants, particularly of a cave or nest. (noun—NC3) part of a body
etym. kersaez. -x(z/s) active ante. kirsa [ VC2 I inhabit, I live in etym. kolut. root. q́-y-ń "part"
[DAT]. ] q́ɯmm̄ — komb.
q́μλcuńμn — kirsatin. (noun—NC3) sorghum
(noun—NC3) nest, animal den etym. koneb. root. q́-n-ɱ "millet"
etym. kersaten. -(d/t)xn passive ante. kirsa [ VC2 I inhabit, I live q́ɯmm̄ — komb.
in [DAT]. ] (noun—NC4) Sorghum Harvest, the third month (second high
q́μλcuɯ́ ŋu — kirsaudha. month) of the year.
(noun—NC4) etym. komeb. root. q́-n-ɱ "millet"
a. inhabitation q́ɯnum̄ — konab.
b. cohabitation
(noun—NC3) grain
ante. kirsa [ VC2 I inhabit, I live in [DAT]. ] etym. konab. root. q́-n-ɱ "millet"
q́μλcɥç — kirsáz. q́ɯnun — konan.
(noun—NC1) inhabitants, squatters, dwellers (noun—NC3) ash
etym. kersaaz. ante. kirsa [ VC2 I inhabit, I live in [DAT]. ] etym. konan. root. q́-n-n "flame"
q́μλɥ́mμλ — kirémir. q́ɯnunμy n̄uλɯ́ μ — konanil darui.
(noun—NC3) sewing needle (noun—NC3) potash, wood ash
etym. kiremer. ante. kirm [ NC3 horn, antler, antenna. ] etym. konail darui.
q́μλɰ́ m — kirúm. q́ɯnɰλ — konór.
(noun—NC4) private knowledge, confidential information, (noun—NC4) characteristic, quality, element
secrets etym. konoor . -xr derivation N root. q́-n-∅ "object" ante. qón
etym. kerrumu. root. λ-m-∅ "knowledge" ante. rúm [ NC4 identity, purpose. ]
[ NC4 knowledge gained as a result of observation. ] desc. go kirúma
q́ɯλu — kora.
[ phras. I tell a secret, I confide in. ]
(noun—NC3) toe, toes
q́μńɯ́ λ — kitur. etym. kora. root. q́-λ-∅ "ten" desc. kirkora [ NC3 thong sandals. ]
(noun—NC3) different, unalike, dissimilar
etym. kitur. root. q́-ń-λ "another" desc. ekitur [ NC4 difference,
q́ɯλɯ́ m — korum.
distinctness. ]
(noun—NC3) thick horn, particularly of a cow or a buffalo
q́μɯ́ un̄ — kiwad. etym. korum. root. q́-λ-m "horn"
(noun—NC3) foot, feet, paws, legs
q́ɯńúλ — koter.
etym. kiwad. root. q́-ɯ́ -ŋ "limb" desc. kiwadhén [ NC3 footpath. ]
(noun—NC3) new to someone, unknown
adha kiwadir [ phras. I travel by foot, I walk. ] uakiwad
etym. koter. root. q́-ń-λ "another"
[ NC3 shoes. ]
q́ɯɱun̄ — kovad.
q́μɯ́ uŋɥ́n — kiwadhén.
(noun—NC1)
(noun—NC3) footpath
a. prince, duke
etym. kiwadene. root. q́-ɯ́ -ŋ "limb" ante. kiwad [ NC3 foot, feet,
b. titleholder of a smaller parcel of land, under the jurisdiction of a king.
paws, legs. ]
etym. kobad. root. q́-ɱ-ŋ "king" desc. kovadhén
q́yuq̄ — klag. [ NC3 principality, duchy,. ]
(noun—NC3) thin tree or sappling
q́ɯɱuŋɥ́n — kovadhén.
etym. kelag. root. q́-y-g "small tree"
(noun—NC3) principality, duchy,
q́ɯgun — koghan. etym. kobadene. -xnx derivation N root. q́-ɱ-
(noun—NC4) regnal name ŋ "king" ante. kovad [ NC1 prince, duke; titleholder of a smaller
etym. kogan. parcel of land, under the jurisdiction of a king.. ]
q́ɯyɯ́ — kolu.
(noun—NC3) womb
etym. kolu. root. q́-y-∅ "woman" desc. koluar [ NC2 fetus. ]

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q́ɯɰ́ n̄ — koúd. q́ɯ́ ɥ́m — kuém.

(noun—NC3) (noun—NC2) tern
a. stick, limb, cane, branch, stalk, deadwood etym. kweem.
b. wood, wooden
q́ɰ́ λμλ — kúrir.
etym. kowud. root. q́-ɯ́ -ŋ "limb" desc. povimeril koúd (noun—NC3) petals, scales
[ NC3 mullen. ] koúdher [ NC3 bamboo. ] etym. kurur. root. q́-λ-λ "green"
q́ɯɰ́ ŋúλ — koúdher.
(noun—NC3) bamboo
etym. kowuder. ante. koúd [ NC3 stick, limb, cane, branch, stalk,
deadwood; wood, wooden. ]
q̄ — g words
q́ɯɰ́ n̄μy ńμq́um — koúdil tikam.
(noun—NC3) palisade guλμq̄ɯλ — Gharigor.
etym. kowudil tikam. (noun—NC2)

q́λɯ́ m — krum. a. god of desire

b. another name for Nobáns
(noun—NC2) female spirit
etym. kelum. root. q́-y-m "goddess" root. g-λ-g "intention"

q́ɯ́ un̄ — kuad. gɥçμyu — Gházila.

(noun—NC3) limb, branch, extension, outgrowth, expansion (proper noun—NC3) Gházila, the capital city of Indaha
etym. kewad. root. q́-ɯ́ -ŋ "limb" desc. keuadhor etym. Gazala. root. g-ç-y "art"
[ NC4 emergence, new development; derivation. ] kuadhar q̄μmλu — Gimra.
[ NC3 armpit, shoulder, hip, joint, nexus. ] dha kuadir [ phras. I (noun—NC4) Gimra, a Taal principality within Pengtaal.
branch off, I go my own way. ] dikuad [ NC3 arms, forelimbs. ] etym. Khimera.
q́ɯ́ uŋuλ — kuadhar. q̄μnúɯ́ — Gineu.
(noun—NC3) armpit, shoulder, hip, joint, nexus (noun—NC3) Kunyu, a small Ousse principality and city on the
etym. kuadar. -xr derivation N ante. kuad [ NC3 limb, branch, other side of the Red River from Indaha. Largest city in the
extension, outgrowth, expansion. ] Ouwahts.
q́ɯ́ uŋúλ — kuadher. etym. Khinew. root. q̄-n-ɯ́ ""
(noun—NC3) stick q̄uŋɥ́ — gadhé.
etym. kewadene. -xr derivation N root. q́-ɯ́ -ŋ "limb" (noun—NC4) grief, loss
q́ɯ́ uμm — kuaim. etym. khadey. root. q̄-ŋ-μ "grief, sorrow"
(noun—NC2) gull q̄ugɯ́ — gaghu.
etym. kwaim. (noun—NC3) rice
q́ɯ́ yμq̄ — kulig. etym. khagu.
(noun—NC3) stake, pike, pole, post q̄uq̄μc — gagis.
etym. kulig. root. q́-y-g "small tree" (noun—NC3) throat, esophagus
q́ɯ́ yɰ́ mɯ́ μ — kulúmui. etym. khakhis. root. q̄-q̄-c "neck" desc. madgagis [ NC4 vomiting,
(noun—NC1) niece regurgitation. ] kirgagis [ NC4 choking, suffocation, obstruction of
etym. kuluumuy. breathing. ] ángagis [ NC4 swallowing. ]

q́ɯ́ nɯn — kunon. q̄uq́μn̄ — gakid.

(noun—NC3) hearth, firepit (noun—NC3) wool
etym. konan. root. q́-n-n "flame" etym. khakid. root. q̄-q́-ŋ "sheep"

q́ɯ́ λuq́ — kurak. q̄uq́ɯ́ n̄ — gakud.

(noun—NC3) acacia tree, acacia wood (noun—NC3) wool
etym. kurak. root. q́-λ-q́ "acacia" etym. khakud. root. q̄-q́-ŋ "sheep"

q́ɯ́ λm — kurm. q̄uyɯ́ μ — galui.

(noun—NC3) pearl (noun—NC4) embalming, salt preservation of a corpse
etym. kurem. root. q́-λ-m "horn" etym. galuy. root. q̄-y-μ "salt"

q́ɯ́ ńɯλ — kutor. q̄unμq̄ — ganig.

(noun—NC4) odd, strange, bizarre, weird (noun—NC3) adornments, jewelry
etym. kutor. root. q́-ń-λ "another" etym. khanig. root. q̄-n-g "gem"

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q̄unń — gant. q̄únμn — genin.

(noun—NC3) sand, fine and small plant seeds (noun—NC3) oven, kiln
etym. khanet. root. q̄-n-ń "powder" etym. khenin. root. q̄-n-n "heat"

q̄unńɥ́n — gantén. q̄únɯ́ n — genun.

(noun—NC3) dust (noun—NC4) cooking, preparing food with the use of heat
etym. khanetene. root. q̄-n-ń "powder" etym. khenun. root. q̄-n-n "heat" desc. lo genunou [ phras. I

q̄ucμq́ — gasik. cook, I prepare food with heat. ] genunar [ NC1 cook, particularly one
(noun—NC3) fight, conflict, brawl, battle employed in a household (geíar). ]

etym. khasik. root. q̄-c-q́ "violence" q̄únɯ́ nuλ — genunar.

q̄ucɯq́ — gasok. (noun—NC1) cook, particularly one employed in a household

(noun—NC3) blow, strike, hit, collision (geíar)

etym. khasok. root. q̄-c-q́ "violence" desc. mo gasokra [ phras. I etym. kenunar. ante. genun [ NC4 cooking, preparing food with the
strike, I attack, I hit, I thwack, I wack. ] use of heat. ]

q̄uɯ́ m — gaum. q̄úçɯy — gezol.

(noun—NC4) (noun—NC3) stable

etym. khezil. root. q̄-ç-y "donkey"
a. fewer [relative]
b. a few [+ INDEF PL] q̄úçɯc — gezos.
root. q̄-∅-m "few" (noun—NC3) shade, shadow
etym. khezos. root. q̄-ç-c "darkness"
q̄uɯ́ ç — gauz.
(noun—NC3) lung q̄úμ́ — geí.
etym. khauz. root. q̄-∅-ç "lung" (noun—NC3) house, home
etym. kheyi. root. q̄-μ-∅ "home" desc. madha geíl [ phras. I
q̄uçμn̄ugq́ — gazidahk.
move my house, I move my residence, I move away. ]
(noun—NC1) “black sage,” sage
etym. khazisthagek. q̄úμ́uλ — geíar.
(noun—NC1) house servant, domestic servant
q̄uçμc — gazis.
etym. kheyiar. -xr derivation N root. q̄-μ-∅ "home"
(noun—NC3) pitch, bitumen
etym. gazis. root. q̄-ç-c "darkness" gum̄ μc — ghabis.
(noun—NC3) beaten earth
q̄uçμc — gazis.
etym. gabes. root. g-m̄ -c "clay"
(noun—NC4) black, darkness
etym. khasiz. root. q̄-ç-c "darkness" desc. gazisón guŋɯ́ m̄ — ghadhub.
[ NC4 nighttime, the period between sunset and sunrise. ] ka gazisos (noun—NC3) rye
[ phras. I become darker, I take on color, I brown. ] etym. gadub.

q̄uçμcɯɯ́ ɱucuɯ́ λ — gazisou vasaur. guq̄μn — ghagin.

(noun—NC4) new moon (noun—NC4)
ante. vasaur [ NC4 new moon or full moon. ] a. failure, loss, defeat
b. crop failure
q̄uçμcɰn — gazisón.
(noun—NC4) nighttime, the period between sunset and sunrise etym. gakhin. root. g-q́-n "fail"
etym. khasizono. -ono root. q̄-ç-c "darkness" ante. gazis guμq̄ — ghaig.
[ NC3 pitch, bitumen. ] (noun—NC3)
q̄úm̄ μń — gebit. a. soil, dirt
b. ground
(noun—NC3) church, temple, ziggurat
etym. khephit. root. q̄-m̄ -ń "temple" etym. gaig. root. g-∅-g "earth" desc. mo ámos ghaig [ phras. I
sow, I grow. ] ka ghaigir [ phras. I unearth, I take out, I harvest, I dig
q̄úm̄ μńɥn — gebitán.
up, I disinter. ]
(noun—NC1) temple priest, acolyte
etym. khepitana. root. q̄-m̄ -ń "temple" guμq̄ — ghaig.
(noun—NC4) brown
q̄úμɯ́ — geiu.
etym. gaig. root. g-∅-g "earth"
(noun—NC3)
a. tea guμgúλ — ghaigher.
b. solution, tonic, formula (noun—NC4) shovel
etym. kheyu. Athama etym. gaiger. root. g-∅-g "earth"

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guyuμc — ghalais. gunŋuμq́ú — ghandhaike.

(noun—NC4) funeral, burial (noun—NC3) needle, point, tip
etym. ghallais . root. y-∅-c "rest" etym. gandaeke. -xkx prosp agent ante. ghandha [ VC2 I cross, I

guyúguc — ghaleghas. get over; I travel through [DAT]; I pierce; I obstruct, I get in the
(noun—NC4) eternity way. ] desc. eghandhaike [ NC3 spearmen. ]

etym. galegas. gal- root. ∅-g-c "time" gunŋuμçú — ghandhaize.

guyq́ — ghalk. (noun—NC3) earrings

(noun—NC2) beetle etym. gandaeze. -xzx prog patient ante. ghandha [ VC2 I cross, I

etym. galek. root. g-y-q́ "bettle" get over; I travel through [DAT]; I pierce; I obstruct, I get in the way. ]

guyɯ — ghalo. gunq̄ɯ — ghango.

(verb—VC1) I use, I make use of, I exploit, I profit from, I set (verb—VC1)

towards, I use for a. I translate

b. I explain
etym. gallo. gal-
etym. gankho. gan- desc. ghanguaz [ VC1 translator, word-
guyɯɰ́ n̄ — ghaloúd.
changer. ] ghangótin [ NC4 translation. ]
(noun—NC4) training, practice
etym. galowud. gal- root. ∅-ɯ́ -ŋ "capacity" gunq̄ɯ́ uç — ghanguaz.
(noun—VC1) translator, word-changer
guycuμc — ghalsais.
etym. gankhoaz. -x(z/s) active ante. ghango [ VC1 I translate; I
(noun—NC2) envy, corruption, jelaousy, infighting
explain. ]
ante. ghausa [ VC2 I aspire, I desire, I envy. ]
gunq̄ɰńμn — ghangótin.
guyɰ — ghaló.
(noun—NC4) translation
(noun—NC4) length, distance, size
etym. gankhoton. -(d/t)xn passive ante. ghango [ VC1 I
etym. galow . root. g-y-ɯ́ "long"
translate; I explain. ]
guyɰ́ nμm — ghalúnim.
gunyun̄ɯc — ghanlados.
(noun—NC4) honesty, integrity
(noun—NC4) peacetime
etym. galunum. gal- root. ∅-n-m "justness" desc. únim
etym. ganlathos. gan- ante. lados [ NC4 kindness, warmness,
[ NC4 justness, fairness, rightness. ]
camaraderie. ]
gumm̄ — ghamb.
gunλú — ghanre.
(noun—NC3) tooth, human teeth
(verb—VC3) I inherit, I acquire
etym. gamib. root. g-m-ɱ "teeth" desc. ka ghambos [ phras. I
gan- desc. ghanriaka [ NC1 heir, successor. ] ghanriogho
bite, I bite off, I rip off with my teeth. ]
[ NC4 succession. ]
gumɯ — ghamo.
gunλμuq́u — ghanriaka.
(verb—VC1) I bequeath, I gift, I reserve, I set aside for
(noun—NC1) heir, successor
etym. ganmo. gan- ante. ghamues [ NC3 tribute, tax, tarrif. ]
etym. ganreaka. -xkx prosp agent ante. ghanre [ VC3 I inherit, I
gumɯ́ úc — ghamues. acquire. ]
(noun—NC3) tribute, tax, tarrif
gunλμɯgɯ — ghanriogho.
etym. ganmoes. desc. ghamo [ VC1 I bequeath, I gift, I reserve, I set
(noun—NC4) succession
aside for. ]
etym. ganreogo. ante. ghanre [ VC3 I inherit, I acquire. ]
gunn̄ú — ghande.
guncu — ghansa.
(verb—VC3) I regard, I think of someone
(verb—VC2) I witness, I survive
etym. ganthe. gan-
etym. gansa. gan- desc. ghansáz [ NC1 witness, survivor. ]
gunŋu — ghandha. ghansaudhi [ NC4 testimony. ]
(verb—VC2)
guncuɯ́ ŋμ — ghansaudhi.
a. I cross, I get over
(noun—NC4) testimony
b. I travel through [DAT]
c. I pierce etym. gansaodi. -x(d/t)i derivation ante. ghansa [ VC2 I witness,
d. I obstruct, I get in the way I survive. ]
etym. ganda. gan- desc. ghandhaize [ NC3 earrings. ] guncɥç — ghansáz.
ghandhaike [ NC3 needle, point, tip. ] (noun—NC1) witness, survivor
etym. gansaaz. -x(z/s) active ante. ghansa [ VC2 I witness, I
survive. ]

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gunńu — ghanta. guɯ́ ŋu — ghaudha.

(verb—VC2) I fix my regard on, i stare at (verb—VC2) I approach, I come closer, I move towards, I get
etym. ganta. closer

gunçɰ́ n̄ — ghanzúd. etym. galda. gal- desc. ghaudhaton [ NC4 upcoming events, near
(noun—NC4) displays, rituals of honor future; deadline, due date. ] ghaudhais [ NC3 pinching, constricting,

etym. zúdrós. -x(z/s) active root. ç-n̄-∅ "honor" tightening, squeezing. ]

guλŋɰn — ghardhón. guɯ́ ŋuμc — ghaudhais.

(noun—NC4) merchant's trade (noun—NC3) pinching, constricting, tightening, squeezing

etym. garadono. -xnx derivation N ante. ghárd ante. ghaudha [ VC2 I approach, I come closer, I move towards, I get
[ NC1 merchantwoman. ] closer. ]

guλq̄ — gharg. guɯ́ ŋuńɯn — ghaudhaton.

(noun—NC4) desire, intentioned will towards something (noun—NC4)

etym. gareg. root. g-λ-g "intention" a. upcoming events, near future
b. deadline, due date
guλɯn̄ — gharod.
ante. ghaudha [ VC2 I approach, I come closer, I move towards, I get
(noun—NC4) commerce
closer. ]
etym. garod. root. g-λ-ŋ "commerce" desc. gharodher
[ NC3 scale. ] gharodhón [ NC4 market day. ] guɯ́ n̄ɥ́c — ghaudés.
(noun—NC3) souvenir, keepsake, reminder
guλɯŋúλ — gharodher.
etym. galthees. -x(z/s) active ante. ghaude [ VC3 I recount, I
(noun—NC3) scale
remember, I revisit. ]
etym. garoder. -xr derivation N ante. gharod [ NC4 commerce. ]
guɯ́ q̄ɯ — ghaugo.
guλɯŋɰn — gharodhón.
(verb—VC1)
(noun—NC4) market day
ante. gharod [ NC4 commerce. ] a. I entreat, I invite, I solicit, I address
b. I send word to, I communicate at a distance
guλɥ́ — gharé.
etym. galkho. gal- desc. ghaugótin [ NC4 invitation, formal
(noun—NC4) rubbing, scraping, friction
request. ] ghaugo geír [ phras. I invite over, I invite to my house. ]
etym. garey. root. g-λ-μ "friction"
ghaugueghe [ NC3 court of a dignitary or monarch. ]
guλɰ́ — gharú.
guɯ́ q̄ɯ q̄úμ́λ — ghaugo geír.
(expression) yuck, gross, beurk, ew
(verb—phras.) I invite over, I invite to my house
etym. garuw. root. g-λ-ɯ́ "excrement"
etym. galgo kheyiir. ante. ghaugo [ VC1 I entreat, I invite, I solicit,
guλɰ́ — gharú. I address; I send word to, I communicate at a distance. ]
(noun—NC3) dung, cow or goat feces
guɯ́ q̄ɯ́ úgú — ghaugueghe.
etym. garuw . root. g-λ-ɯ́ "excrement"
(noun—NC3) court of a dignitary or monarch
guλɰ́ m — gharúm. -xgx prosp patient ante. ghaugo [ VC1 I entreat, I invite, I solicit, I
(noun—NC4) curiosity, inquisitiveness address; I send word to, I communicate at a distance. ]
etym. galrumu. gal- root. λ-m-∅ "knowledge" ante. rúm
guɯ́ q̄ɰńμn — ghaugótin.
[ NC4 knowledge gained as a result of observation. ] desc. gharúmar
(noun—NC4) invitation, formal request
[ NC1 novice scholastic. ]
etym. galgoton. -(d/t)xn passive ante. ghaugo [ VC1 I entreat, I
guλɰ́ muλ — gharúmar. invite, I solicit, I address; I send word to, I communicate at a distance. ]
(noun—NC1) novice scholastic
guɯ́ ŋ̄uç — ghaujaz.
etym. galrumuar. -xr derivation N root. λ-m-
(noun—NC1) griot, historian
∅ "knowledge" ante. gharúm [ NC4 curiosity, inquisitiveness. ]
etym. galtheaz. -x(z/s) active ante. ghaude [ VC3 I recount, I
rúm [ NC4 knowledge gained as a result of observation. ]
remember, I revisit. ]
guɯ́ n̄ú — ghaude.
guɯ́ ŋ̄ɯc — ghaujos.
(verb—VC3) I recount, I remember, I revisit
(noun—NC4) memory
etym. galthe. gal- desc. ghaujos [ NC4 memory. ] ghaudeton
etym. galtheos. -x(z/s) active, gal- ante. ghaude [ VC3 I recount,
[ NC4 record, trace, fragment. ] ghaujaz [ NC1 griot, historian. ]
I remember, I revisit. ]
ghaudés [ NC3 souvenir, keepsake, reminder. ]
guɯ́ yun̄ɯc — ghaulados.
guɯ́ n̄úńɯn — ghaudeton.
(noun—NC4) good intention, in good faith
(noun—NC4) record, trace, fragment
etym. gallathos. gal- ante. lados [ NC4 kindness, warmness,
etym. galtheton. -(d/t)xn passive ante. ghaude [ VC3 I recount, I
camaraderie. ]
remember, I revisit. ]

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guɯ́ cu — ghausa. guɥ́ — ghaé.

(verb—VC2) I aspire, I desire, I envy (expression) an intensifier often found in Athama speech
etym. galsa. gal- desc. ghalsais [ NC2 envy, corruption, jelaousy, etym. khaee / gaee. Athama
infighting. ] ghausaudhi [ NC4 aspirations, desires, dreams. ] guμ́n — ghaín.
guɯ́ cuɯ́ ŋμ — ghausaudhi. (noun—NC3) council, committee, board
(noun—NC4) aspirations, desires, dreams etym. gayin. root. g-μ-n "emergence"
ante. ghausa [ VC2 I aspire, I desire, I envy. ] gúm̄ ɯ́ n̄ — ghebud.
guɯ́ ńu — ghauta. (noun—NC4) influence
(verb—VC2) I represent, I recreate, I gesture, I mime etym. gebud. root. g-m̄ -ŋ "power"
etym. galta. gal- desc. ghautaise [ NC3 map, topographical or gúm̄ ɯ́ c — ghebus.
geographical representation. ] ghautaton [ NC4 representation, (noun—NC3) clay
figuration. ] etym. gephus. root. g-m̄ -c "clay"
guɯ́ ńuμcú — ghautaise. gúŋun̄ — ghedhad.
(noun—NC3) map, topographical or geographical representation (noun—NC3) marble
etym. ghaltaese. -xsx prog agent ante. ghauta [ VC2 I represent, I etym. gedad. root. g-ŋ-ŋ "marble"
recreate, I gesture, I mime. ]
gúŋμm̄ — ghedhib.
guɯ́ ńuńɯn — ghautaton. (noun—NC3) wheat, grain
(noun—NC4) representation, figuration etym. khedib. root. g-ŋ-ɱ "bread"
etym. galtaton. -(d/t)xn passive ante. ghauta [ VC2 I represent, I
gúŋμɱɥ́n — ghedhivén.
recreate, I gesture, I mime. ]
(noun—NC2) granary
guɯ́ ńɯ́ úy — ghautuel. etym. gedibene. -xnx derivation N root. g-ŋ-ɱ "bread"
(noun—NC1) “ghautwel” or chief inquisitor of the Auaunum
etym. galtuel. gal- root. ń-∅-y "belief" ante. tuel [ NC4 truth, gúq̄ɯ́ n — ghegun.
(noun—NC4) miscarriage, spontaneous abortion
fact. ]
etym. gekhun. root. g-q́-n "fail"
guɯ́ ɱu — ghauva.
(verb—VC2) gúμuɯ́ — gheiau.
(noun—NC2) cricket
a. I reach out for, I extend my hand towards
b. I catch
etym. geyaw. root. g-μ-ɯ́ "locust"

etym. ghalba. desc. ghauvaus [ NC4 reach; possibility, feasibility, gúyuc — ghelas.
chance. ] ghauvása [ NC1 allies, friends (always plural). ] (noun—NC2) dog, hound
etym. gelas. root. g-y-c "dog" desc. ghelásir [ NC1 dogbreeder. ]
guɯ́ ɱuɯ́ c — ghauvaus.
(noun—NC4) gúyɯ́ q́ — gheluk.
(noun—NC2) weevil, roach, insect pest
a. reach
b. possibility, feasibility, chance etym. geluk. root. g-y-q́ "bettle"

etym. ghalbaos. ante. ghauva [ VC2 I reach out for, I extend my gúyɥcμλ — ghelásir.
hand towards; I catch. ] (noun—NC1) dogbreeder
etym. gelasar. -xr derivation N root. g-y-c "dog" ante. ghelas
guɯ́ ɱɥcu — ghauvása.
[ NC2 dog, hound. ]
(noun—NC1) allies, friends (always plural)
etym. ghalbaaza. -xsx prog agent ante. ghauva [ VC2 I reach out gúmum̄ — ghemab.
for, I extend my hand towards; I catch. ] (noun—NC3) back teeth, molars, grinding teeth
etym. gemab. root. g-m-ɱ "teeth" desc. mo ghemabir [ phras. I
guɯ́ çɰ́ n̄ — ghauzúd.
chew, I gnash, I grind. ]
(noun—NC4) respectability, honorability, worthiness
etym. galzuthu. gal- ante. zúd [ NC4 honor. ] gúnɯ́ — ghenu.
(noun—NC3)
guɱúm — ghavem.
a. amount of land visible to one's eye
(noun—NC3) public restroom, public waste facilities
b. [antiquated] dominion
etym. gabem. root. g-ɱ-m "restroom"
etym. genu. root. g-n-∅ "horizon" desc. ghenuón [ NC4 country,
guɱɥ́ — ghavé.
sovereign territory. ] pahnu [ NC4 country, parcels of land; foreign
(noun—NC4) inflammation, swelling
countries. ]
etym. gavey.

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gúnɯ́ ɰn — ghenuón. gɯŋɯ́ ɱuλ — ghodhuvar.

(noun—NC4) country, sovereign territory (noun—NC1) baker, breadmaker
etym. genuono. ante. ghenu [ NC3 amount of land visible to one's etym. khedibar. -xr derivation N root. g-ŋ-
eye; [antiquated] dominion. ] ɱ "bread" ante. ghodhub [ NC3 bread, loaf of bread. ]
gúçɯy — ghezol. gɯyɯ́ c — gholus.
(noun—NC2) gods of creation (noun—NC3) canine teeth
etym. gezeb. root. g-ç-y "art" etym. golus. root. g-y-c "dog"
gμm̄ uc — ghibas. gɯmuc — ghomas.
(noun—NC3) clay pot, cooking vessel (noun—NC3)
etym. giphas. root. g-m̄ -c "clay" desc. ómghibas [ NC3 cauldron, a. soft, malleable, moldable, supple object
large pot. ] b. dough

gμyɯc — ghilos. etym. gomas. root. g-m-c "sensation"

(noun—NC2) hyena gɯnu — ghona.
etym. gilos. root. g-y-c "dog" (noun—NC3) field, parcel, unit of agricultural land
gɯuq̄ — ghoag. etym. gona. root. g-n-∅ "horizon" desc. ghonair [ NC3 plot of
(noun—NC3) land, on which field hands may build homes. ] ghonána
a. peat, loam, rich soil
[ NC1 landowner. ]
b. (euphemism) feces gɯnuμλ — ghonair.
etym. goag. root. g-∅-g "earth" (noun—NC3) plot of land, on which field hands may build homes
gɯm̄ un̄ — ghobad. etym. gonair. ante. ghona [ NC3 field, parcel, unit of agricultural

(noun—NC4) land. ]

a. rule, reign gɯnɥnu — ghonána.

b. domination, mastery (noun—NC1) landowner
c. conquest etym. gonaana. -xnx derivation N ante. ghona [ NC3 field, parcel,
etym. gobad. root. g-m̄ -ŋ "power" desc. ghobádhir [ NC4 time in unit of agricultural land. ]
power, reign. ] lo ghobadou [ phras. I dominate, I control, I reign, I gɯɱɯ́ μ — ghovui.
rule. ] (noun—NC4) arousal, heat, libido
gɯm̄ μc — ghobis. etym. gobuy.
(noun—NC3) ewer, pitcher of water, bucket gɯçɯ́ y — ghozul.
etym. gophis. root. g-m̄ -c "clay" (noun—NC4) creation, genesis, beginning, formation
gɯm̄ μcɥn — ghobisán. etym. gozul. root. g-ç-y "art" desc. óu Ghozul [ NC4 Creation;
(noun—NC1) ewerwoman, water fetcher, chambermaid origin of the world. ] paghozul [ NC4 aetiology, mythology. ]
etym. gophisana. -xnx derivation N root. g-m̄ -c "clay" gλɯμ — ghroi.
gɯm̄ ɯ́ c — ghobus. (noun—NC4) burnishing, polishing, dusting, scrubbing
(noun—NC4) pottery, production of clay goods etym. geroy. root. g-λ-μ "friction"
etym. gophus. root. g-m̄ -c "clay" gλɥ́ — ghré.
gɯm̄ ɯ́ cuλ — ghobusar. (noun—NC4) petting, rubbing, rubbing together (gently)
(noun—NC1) potter etym. gerey. root. g-λ-μ "friction" desc. lo ghréou [ phras. I rub
etym. gophusar. -xr derivation N root. g-m̄ -c "clay" up against. ]

gɯm̄ ɥŋμλ — ghobádhir. gɯ́ uμ-gɯ́ uμ — ghuai-ghuai.

(noun—NC4) time in power, reign (noun—NC4)
etym. gophadar. -xr derivation N root. g-m̄ - a. cawing sound of a crow or raven
ŋ "power" ante. ghobad [ NC4 rule, reign; domination, mastery; b. laughter

conquest. ] etym. gway-gway. root. ∅-gɯ́ -μ "crow"

gɯŋun̄ — ghodhad. gɯ́ ŋu — ghudha.
(noun—NC3) sculpture, statue, figurine (verb—VC2) I chase, I follow, I move after, I come behind
etym. godad. root. g-ŋ-ŋ "marble" etym. guda. gu- desc. ghudhaus [ subsequent, next, following, so,
gɯŋɯ́ m̄ — ghodhub. thus. ] ghudhaiz [ NC2 hunter, predatory animal. ] ghudháza
(noun—NC3) bread, loaf of bread [ NC1 fugitive, runaway. ]
etym. godub. root. g-ŋ-ɱ "bread" desc. ghodhuvar [ NC1 baker,
breadmaker. ]

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gɯ́ ŋun̄ — ghudhad. gɯ́ cuμcú — ghusaise.

(noun—NC3) wood, “plant-stone” (noun—NC3) crypt, reliquary, bone box
etym. gudad. root. g-ŋ-ŋ "marble" etym. gusaese. ante. ghusa [ VC2 I remain, I linger, I stay behind. ]

gɯ́ ŋuμç — ghudhaiz. gɯ́ cuμńμ — ghusaiti.

(noun—NC2) hunter, predatory animal (noun—NC3) remnant, trace, reminder, remainder
etym. gudaez. -x(z/s) active ante. ghudha [ VC2 I chase, I follow, etym. gusaeti. -x(d/t)i derivation ante. ghusa [ VC2 I remain, I
I move after, I come behind. ] linger, I stay behind. ]
gɯ́ ŋuɯ́ c — ghudhaus. gɯ́ cuńɯn — ghusaton.
(conjunction) subsequent, next, following, so, thus (noun—NC4) leftovers, unused things
etym. gudaos. -x(z/s) active ante. ghudha [ VC2 I chase, I follow, etym. gusaton. -(d/t)xn passive ante. ghusa [ VC2 I remain, I
I move after, I come behind. ] linger, I stay behind. ]

gɯ́ ŋɥçu — ghudháza. gɯ́ cuɯ́ çɯ — ghusauzo.

(noun—NC1) fugitive, runaway (noun—NC4) permanent, immortal, everlasting
etym. gudaaza . -xzx prog patient ante. ghudha [ VC2 I chase, I etym. gusaozo. -xzx prog patient ante. ghusa [ VC2 I remain, I
follow, I move after, I come behind. ] linger, I stay behind. ]
gɯ́ n̄ɥμ — ghudái. gɯ́ ńuɯ́ c — ghutaus.
(noun—NC3) skull, cranium (noun—NC3) brains
etym. guthaai. gu- etym. gutaos. gu- ante. taus [ NC3 eye, eyes. ]

gɯ́ q́ucú — ghukase. gɯ́ ńɥm̄ — ghutáb.

(verb—VC3) I overhear, I hear without intending to hear (noun—NC4) menopause
etym. gukase. gu- etym. gutaab. gu-

gɯ́ yɯ — ghulo. gɥm̄ μn̄ — ghábid.

(verb—VC1) I accomplish, I succeed, I win, I achieve (noun—NC1) leader, ruler, boss
etym. gulo. gu- desc. ghulógho [ NC4 things to be done, to-do's, etym. gabad. root. g-m̄ -ŋ "power" desc. ghábidhén
items on a list; (plural) a list. ] ghuluadhi [ NC1 warrior, fighter, [ NC3 territory. ]
prizewinner. ] ghulós [ NC4 victiory, success. ] gɥm̄ μŋɥ́n — ghábidhén.
gɯ́ yɯ́ uŋμ — ghuluadhi. (noun—NC3) territory
(noun—NC1) warrior, fighter, prizewinner etym. gaphadene. -xnx derivation N root. g-m̄ -
etym. guloadi. -x(d/t)i derivation ante. ghulo [ VC1 I accomplish, ŋ "power" ante. ghábid [ NC1 leader, ruler, boss. ]
I succeed, I win, I achieve. ] desc. il Kaghuluadhi [ NC3 Warriors’ gɥŋμn̄ — ghádhid.
Council, an institution within the Marshalate. ] (noun—NC1) albino person
gɯ́ yɰgɯ — ghulógho. etym. gadad. root. g-ŋ-ŋ "marble"
(noun—NC4) gɥŋμn̄ — ghádhid.
a. things to be done, to-do's, items on a list (noun—NC3) white stone
b. (plural) a list
etym. gadad. root. g-ŋ-ŋ "marble"
etym. guloogo. -xgx prosp patient ante. ghulo [ VC1 I
gɥyɯ́ — ghálu.
accomplish, I succeed, I win, I achieve. ]
(noun—NC1) tall, lanky, skinny
gɯ́ yɰc — ghulós. etym. galaw . root. g-y-ɯ́ "long"
(noun—NC4) victiory, success
gɥλn̄ — ghárd.
etym. guloos. ante. ghulo [ VC1 I accomplish, I succeed, I win, I
(noun—NC1) merchantwoman
achieve. ]
etym. garad. root. g-λ-ŋ "commerce" desc. ghardhón
gɯ́ λɰ́ — ghurú. [ NC4 merchant's trade. ] ghárdhar [ NC1 merchant, specifically a
(noun—NC4) filth, dirtiness man or lower-caste woman. ]
etym. guruw. root. g-λ-ɯ́ "excrement"
gɥλŋuλ — ghárdhar.
gɯ́ cu — ghusa. (noun—NC1) merchant, specifically a man or lower-caste woman
(verb—VC2) I remain, I linger, I stay behind etym. garadar. ante. ghárd [ NC1 merchantwoman. ]
etym. gusa. gu- desc. ghusauzo [ NC4 permanent, immortal,
gɥλɯ́ — gháru.
everlasting. ] ghusaiti [ NC3 remnant, trace, reminder, remainder. ]
(noun—NC3) human excrement, feces
ghusaton [ NC4 leftovers, unused things. ] ghusaise [ NC3 crypt,
etym. garaw. root. g-λ-ɯ́ "excrement"
reliquary, bone box. ]

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gɥɯ́ muμ — gháumai. gɰmm̄ — ghómb.

(noun—NC1) maternal grandfather (noun—NC4) grinding, chewing, masticating, mashing up
etym. galamay. gal- etym. gomob. root. g-m-ɱ "teeth" desc. lo ghómbos [ phras. I

gɥ́ŋμɱɥ́n — ghédhivén. grind, I chew up, I gnash. ] ghómber [ NC3 jawbone, jaw, mandible. ]
(noun—NC4) Granary months, the three months following the gɰmm̄ úλ — ghómber.
seasonal harvests. Described ordinally, like the high and low (noun—NC3) jawbone, jaw, mandible
months (i.e. First Granary) etym. gomober. root. g-m-ɱ "teeth" ante. ghómb [ NC4 grinding,
etym. gedebene. root. g-ŋ-ɱ "bread" chewing, masticating, mashing up. ]

gɥ́μn — ghéin. gɰmc — ghóms.

(noun—NC3) swarm, organism composed of multiple individuals (noun—NC3) sensation, touch
etym. geyen. root. g-μ-n "emergence" etym. gomos. root. g-m-c "sensation"

gɥ́yɯ́ — ghélu. gɰ́ m̄ μn̄ — ghúbid.

(noun—NC2) constricting snake (noun—NC4) power [abstract]
etym. gelew . root. g-y-ɯ́ "long" etym. guphud. root. g-m̄ -ŋ "power" desc. áughúbid

gμ́uɯ́ — ghíau. [ NC1 sovereign rulers (governor-princes) of New Enezin, during the
(noun—NC2) locust era before Indaha. Now an honorific title, often used for soveriegn

etym. giyaw. root. g-μ-ɯ́ "locust" princes and heirs to the throne (qávidhar). ]

gμ́yc — ghíls. gɰ́ q̄ — ghúg.

(noun—NC2) wild dog (noun—NC4) nature, earth, environment

etym. gilis. root. g-y-c "dog" etym. guug. root. g-∅-g "earth"

gμ́mm̄ — ghímb. gɰ́ gɯ́ c — ghúghus.

(noun—NC3) fang, canine teeth (noun—NC1) age

etym. gimib. root. g-m-ɱ "teeth" etym. guugus. gu- ante. úghis [ NC4 time
[absolute]. ] desc. ghúghusar [ NC1 agemate. ]
gμ́ɯn — ghíon.
(noun—NC4) gɰ́ gɯ́ cuλ — ghúghusar.
(noun—NC1) agemate
a. society
b. (theology) theogenesis
etym. guugusar. ante. ghúghus [ NC1 age. ]

etym. giyon. root. g-μ-n "emergence" gɰ́ μɯ́ — ghúiu.

(noun—NC3) swarm of insects
gμ́ɱm — ghívm.
etym. guyuw. root. g-μ-ɯ́ "locust"
(noun—NC3) outhouse or ditch used as a restroom
etym. gibim. root. g-ɱ-m "restroom" gɰ́ mc — ghúms.
(noun—NC4) texture, consistency
gɰm̄ μn̄ — ghóbid.
etym. gumus. root. g-m-c "sensation"
(noun—NC4) power [tangible]
etym. gophod. root. g-m̄ -ŋ "power" ante. ghóbidhén gɰ́ n — ghún.
[ NC3 throne; seat of power. ] ómghóbid [ NC4 politics, statecraft. ] (noun—NC4) horizon line
etym. gunu. root. g-n-∅ "horizon"
gɰm̄ μŋɥ́n — ghóbidhén.
(noun—NC3) gɰ́ λq̄ — ghúrg.
(noun—NC4) intent, premeditation
a. throne
b. seat of power etym. gurug. root. g-λ-g "intention"

etym. gophodene. -xnx derivation N root. g-m̄ - gɰ́ çμy — ghúzil.

ŋ "power" desc. ghóbid [ NC4 power [tangible]. ] (noun—NC4) art, artistry
etym. guzul. root. g-ç-y "art"
gɰyc — ghóls.
(noun—NC2) jackal gɰ́ μ́ — ghúí.
etym. golos. root. g-y-c "dog" desc. ghólser [ NC2 fox. ] (noun—NC4) west
etym. guyuy. root. g-μ-μ "west"
gɰycúλ — ghólser.
(noun—NC2) fox q̄μuq́ — giak.
etym. goloser. -xr derivation N root. g-y-c "dog" ante. ghóls (noun—NC3) boulder, large stone, megalith
[ NC2 jackal. ] etym. giak. root. q̄-∅-q́ "stone" desc. íl Óngiak [ NC3 The
Megaliths; large marble stones that had once been in the vicinity of
Gházila. They were largely destroyed in order to construct Ghádhidil
Gebit. ]

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q̄μλú — gire. q̄ɯ ńɯ́ úyɯɯ́ — go tuelou.

(noun—NC4) fullness (verb—phras.) I speak the truth
etym. khire. root. q̄-λ-∅ "citrus" desc. mo gireos [ phras. I fill etym. kho tuelol. ante. tuel [ NC4 truth, fact. ]
up, I make full. ] q̄ɯ ɯ́ uçμλɯc — go uaziros.
q̄μńuλ — gitar. (verb—phras.) I promise, I swear, I make an oath
(number—NC4) seven etym. kho wazeros. root. ɯ́ -ç-λ "oath"
etym. khitar. root. q̄-ń-λ "seven" q̄ɯ ɱuɯ́ q̄ɯc — go vaugos.
q̄μɱɥ́ — givé. (verb—phras.) I convince, I persuade, I reason with, I negotiate
(noun—NC4) etym. go baugos. root. ɱ-∅-g "reason"
a. career q̄ɯ ɱuμ́u — go vaía.
b. life's work
(verb—phras.) I pledge, I swear, I make an oath
c. project
etym. kho bayiola. ante. vaí [ NC4 pledge, oath. ]
etym. khibey. root. q̄-ɱ-μ "duty"
q̄ɯ ɱúμɥ — go veiá.
q̄μçɯ́ c — gizus. (verb—phras.) I pray, I say a prayer
(noun—NC4) nighttime etym. kho beyaola.
etym. khizus. root. q̄-ç-c "darkness" desc. gizuser [ NC3 dinner,
q̄ɯ ɱɥ́nu — go véna.
supper, nighttime meal. ]
(verb—phras.) I lie, I speak falsehoods
q̄μçɯ́ cúλ — gizuser. etym. kho beenola. root. ɱ-∅-n "falsehood"
(noun—NC3) dinner, supper, nighttime meal
q̄ɯm̄ uμ — gobai.
etym. khizusor. -xr derivation N ante. gizus [ NC4 nighttime. ]
(noun—NC1) valet, royal servant
q̄ɯ — go. etym. khophay. root. q̄-ɱ-μ "duty"
(verb—VC1) I speak, I say, I utter
q̄ɯm̄ uń — gobat.
etym. kho. desc. godhin [ NC2 parrot, mockingbird. ] gues
(noun—NC3) altar, central stage on which rituals are performed
[ NC3 language. ] gótin [ NC4 sentence, utterance, enouncement;
etym. khophat. root. q̄-m̄ -ń "temple"
speech, parole, word. ] guesar [ NC4 language. ] gueser [ NC4 dialect,
accent. ] guaz [ NC1 speaker. ] godhan [ NC1 addressee, addressed q̄ɯŋun — godhan.
person; audience; reader. ] gózo [ NC4 word. ] godhan (noun—NC1)
[ NC1 addressee, addressed person; audience; reader. ] gós a. addressee, addressed person
[ NC4 speech, talk; chatter; language. ] b. audience
c. reader
q̄ɯ úλumɯɯ́ — go eramou.
ante. go [ VC1 I speak, I say, I utter. ]
(verb—phras.) I forbid, I interdict, I disallow
etym. mo eramol. root. ∅-λ-m "rule" q̄ɯŋun — godhan.
(noun—NC4) grammatical person
q̄ɯ μn̄ɯ́ ɱɯλcu — go iduvorsa.
etym. khodan. ante. go [ VC1 I speak, I say, I utter. ]
(verb—phras.) I apologize, I say sorry
etym. kho ithuborisa. ante. iduvor [ NC4 apology. ] q̄ɯŋμn — godhin.
(noun—NC2) parrot, mockingbird
q̄ɯ q́μλɰ́ mu — go kirúma.
etym. goden. -(d/t)xn passive ante. go [ VC1 I speak, I say, I
(verb—phras.) I tell a secret, I confide in
etym. go kirumuola. ante. kirúm [ NC4 private knowledge, utter. ]

confidential information, secrets. ] q̄ɯq̄uc — gogas.

q̄ɯ mɯmúmɯc — go momemos. (noun—NC3) back of the mouth

etym. khokhas. root. q̄-q̄-c "neck"
(verb—phras.) I whisper, I say quietly
etym. kho momemos. root. m-m-m "low frequency" q̄ɯgu — gogha.

q̄ɯ cɰ́ q̄μcɯc — go súgisos. (noun—NC4) year, harvest cycle of 398 days, split into 16
months. Every 4/13 years, a leap month of 24 days is observed
(verb—phras.) I write to someone, I say in writing
etym. sukhuskho. root. c-q̄-c "writing" ante. súgis [ NC4 writing, called Early Harvest (argoghaou) .
etym. khoga. root. q̄-g-∅ "farming"
script. ]
q̄ɯgum — gogham.
q̄ɯ ńugçɯɯ́ — go tahzou.
(verb—phras.) I tell a story, I narrate a story (noun—NC3) umbilical cord
etym. khogam. root. q̄-g-m "birth" desc. zugoghamén
etym. kho tagezol. root. ń-g-ç "experience"
[ NC3 upper body. ] yigoghamén [ NC3 lower body. ]

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q̄ɯgumɥ́n — goghamén. q̄ɯɱμḿ — govip.

(noun—NC3) navel, belly button (noun—NC4)
etym. khogamene. root. q̄-g-m "birth" desc. zugoghamén a. heavier, denser, more massive
[ NC3 upper body. ] yigoghamén [ NC3 lower body. ] b. heavy [relative]

q̄ɯq̄ɯ́ c — gogus. etym. khobip. root. q̄-ɱ-ḿ "heavy"

(noun—NC3) neck, shaft q̄λu — gra.
etym. khokhus. root. q̄-q̄-c "neck" desc. goguser [ NC3 stem. ] (noun—NC3)
q̄ɯq̄ɯ́ cúλ — goguser. a. inside of something, interior of a place
(noun—NC3) stem b. interior of a room, inside of a house

etym. khokhuser. -xr derivation N root. q̄-q̄- etym. khera. root. q̄-λ-∅ "citrus"
c "neck" ante. gogus [ NC3 neck, shaft. ]
q̄λun̄ — grad.
q̄ɯq́ń — gokt. (noun—NC3) break, tear, rift
(noun—NC2) goat etym. kherad. root. q̄-λ-ŋ "break" desc. ka gradir [ phras. I
etym. goket. root. q̄-q́-ŋ "sheep" break off, I snap off. ] gradher [ NC3 fissure, crack. ] gradhor
q̄ɯnɯ́ n — gonun. [ NC4 breaking point. ] gradhén [ NC3 fault. ] mo gradir [ phras. I
(noun—NC3) break something, I separate. ]

a. heat, warmth (negative) q̄λuŋúλ — gradher.

b. rudeness, callousness (noun—NC3) fissure, crack
etym. khonun. root. q̄-n-n "heat" desc. gonunil pújer [ NC2 a etym. kherader. -xr derivation N root. q̄-λ-ŋ "break" ante. grad
foul mood, a mean disposition, catty or rude behavior; “a hot spirit”. ] [ NC3 break, tear, rift. ]
gonunar [ NC1 rude, callous person. ] ángonun [ NC4 warming up, q̄λuŋɯλ — gradhor.
warming through. ] mo gonunir [ phras. I warm up, I make warm. ] (noun—NC4) breaking point
ka gonunil [ phras. I warm myself, I take on warmth, I get warmer. ] etym. kherador. -xr derivation N root. q̄-λ-ŋ "break" ante. grad
re gonunil [ phras. I am hot, I give off heat, I radiate heat. ] de [ NC3 break, tear, rift. ]
gonunil [ phras. I am hot, I feel hot, I feel heat. ] uagonun
q̄λuŋɥ́n — gradhén.
[ NC4 overheating, heatstroke. ] íngonun [ NC4 cooling down, cooling
(noun—NC3) fault
off. ]
etym. kheradene. -xnx derivation N root. q̄-λ-
q̄ɯnɯ́ nuλ — gonunar. ŋ "break" ante. grad [ NC3 break, tear, rift. ]
(noun—NC1) rude, callous person
q̄λμń — grit.
etym. khonunar. -xr derivation N root. q̄-n-
(noun—NC3) seam, point of connection
n "heat" ante. gonun [ NC3 heat, warmth (negative); rudeness,
etym. kherit. root. q̄-λ-ŋ "break" desc. gritor [ NC4 “breaking
callousness. ]
consonant,” uvular consonant. ]
q̄ɯnɯ́ nμy ŋ̄uμ — gonunil jai.
q̄λμńɯλ — gritor.
(noun—NC3) stovetop, hot surface
(noun—NC4) “breaking consonant,” uvular consonant
etym. khonunil theay.
etym. kheritor. -xr derivation N root. q̄-λ-ŋ "break" ante. grit
q̄ɯnɯ́ nμy ḿɰ́ ŋ̄úλ — gonunil pújer. [ NC3 seam, point of connection. ]
(expression—NC2)
q̄λɯ́ — gru.
a. a foul mood, a mean disposition, catty or rude behavior
(noun—NC3) lemon, yellow citrus fruit
b. “a hot spirit”
etym. kheru. root. q̄-λ-∅ "citrus" desc. gruil pevam
etym. khonunil puthuyer. root. ḿ-n̄-μ "emotion;"q̄-n- [ NC3 pockmarked skin. ]
n "heat;" ante. gonun [ NC3 heat, warmth (negative); rudeness,
callousness. ] pújer [ NC2 feelings, emotions [individual]. ] q̄λɯ́ μy ḿúɱum — gruil pevam.
(noun—NC3) pockmarked skin
q̄ɯλu — gora. etym. kheruil pebam. ante. gru [ NC3 lemon, yellow citrus fruit. ]
(noun—NC3) citron, lime
etym. khora. root. q̄-λ-∅ "citrus" q̄ɯ́ uç — guaz.
(noun—NC1) speaker
q̄ɯλɯ́ n̄ — gorud. etym. khoaz. ante. go [ VC1 I speak, I say, I utter. ]
(noun—NC3) cut, gash
q̄ɯ́ úŋμ — guedhi.
etym. khorud. root. q̄-λ-ŋ "break"
(noun—NC3) tongue
etym. goedi. -x(d/t)i derivation

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q̄ɯ́ úc — gues. q̄ɯ́ nμń — gunit.

(noun—NC3) language (noun—NC3)
etym. khoes. -x(z/s) active ante. go [ VC1 I speak, I say, I utter. ] a. flour
b. powder, fine dust
q̄ɯ́ úcuλ — guesar.
(noun—NC4) language etym. khunit. root. q̄-n-ń "powder"
etym. khoesar. ante. go [ VC1 I speak, I say, I utter. ] q̄ɯ́ nμńɥ́n — gunitén.
q̄ɯ́ úcúλ — gueser. (noun—NC3) mill
(noun—NC4) dialect, accent root. q̄-n-ń "powder"
etym. khoeser. ante. go [ VC1 I speak, I say, I utter. ] q̄ɯ́ ɯm̄ — guob.
q̄ɯ́ úcɰy ɯλμm — guesól orim. (noun—NC4) supine position, lying face up
(noun—NC4) grammar, rules of language etym. khewob. root. q̄-ɯ́ -ɱ "supine"
etym. khoesolo orim. q̄ɯ́ λu — gura.
q̄ɯ́ gɯm — gughom. (noun—NC3)
(noun—NC4) pregnancy a. cup, chalice, basin
etym. khugom. root. q̄-g-m "birth" desc. sa gughomom b. container capable of containing liquid

[ phras. I am pregnant, I am with child. ] gughomén [ NC3 birthing etym. khura. root. q̄-λ-∅ "citrus" desc. guraine [ NC3 saucer,
hut. ] gughómir [ NC4 gestation period, duration of a pregnancy. ] small cup. ]
q̄ɯ́ gɯmɥ́n — gughomén. q̄ɯ́ λuμnú — guraine.
(noun—NC3) birthing hut (noun—NC3) saucer, small cup
etym. khugomene. -xnx derivation N root. q̄-g- etym. khuraene. ante. gura [ NC3 cup, chalice, basin; container
m "birth" ante. gughom [ NC4 pregnancy. ] capable of containing liquid. ]
q̄ɯ́ gɰmμλ — gughómir. q̄ɯ́ ɱuḿ — guvap.
(noun—NC4) gestation period, duration of a pregnancy (noun—NC4) sinking, lack of buoyancy
etym. khugomor. -xr derivation N root. q̄-g- etym. khubap. root. q̄-ɱ-ḿ "heavy"
m "birth" ante. gughom [ NC4 pregnancy. ]
q̄ɯ́ ɱμḿ — guvip.
q̄ɯ́ μ — gui. (noun—NC3) emaciated
(noun—NC3) tubers etym. khuvip. root. q̄-ɱ-ḿ "heavy"
etym. khwi. Athama
q̄ɯ́ ɱɥ́ — guvé.
q̄ɯ́ μɯn — guion. (noun—NC1)
(noun—NC4) passage, movement through a. brother's wife, cousin's wife
etym. khuyon. root. q̄-μ-n "entrance" b. sister's husband, cousin's husband

q̄ɯ́ μc — guis. etym. khubey. root. q̄-ɱ-μ "duty"

(noun—NC3) chariot
q̄çuɯ́ — gzau.
etym. guis. root. g-∅-c "horse"
(noun—NC2) donkey
q̄ɯ́ μç — guiz. etym. khezal. root. q̄-ç-y "donkey" desc. gzauer [ NC2 mule. ]
(noun—NC3) windpipe
q̄çuɯ́ úλ — gzauer.
etym. khoiz. root. q̄-∅-ç "lung" desc. guizén [ NC3 larynx, voice
(noun—NC2) mule
box. ]
etym. khezaler. root. q̄-ç-y "donkey" ante. gzau [ NC2 donkey. ]
q̄ɯ́ μçɥ́n — guizén.
q̄ɥŋμ — gádhi.
(noun—NC3) larynx, voice box
(noun—NC1) mourning person, particularly a mourning parent.
etym. khoizene. root. q̄-∅-ç "lung" ante. guiz [ . ]
etym. kaday. root. q̄-ŋ-μ "grief, sorrow"
q̄ɯ́ yuμ — gulai.
q̄ɥq̄ — gág.
(noun—NC3) tears
(noun—NC1) farmer, agricultural worker, field hand
etym. gulay. root. q̄-y-μ "salt" desc. mo gulaie [ phras. I cry. ]
etym. khaga. root. q̄-g-∅ "farming"
guláir [ NC1 person prone to crying. ]
q̄ɥgm — gáhm.
q̄ɯ́ yɥμλ — guláir.
(noun—NC1) pregnant woman, expecting mother
(noun—NC1) person prone to crying
etym. khagam. root. q̄-g-m "birth" desc. gáhmén [ NC3 pregnant
etym. khulayar. root. q̄-y-μ "salt" ante. gulai [ NC3 tears. ]
belly. ]

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q̄ɥgmɥ́n — gáhmén. q̄ɥ́μn — géin.

(noun—NC3) pregnant belly (noun—NC3) window, small hole to allow air through
etym. khagamene. -xnx derivation N root. q̄-g- etym. khayan. root. q̄-μ-n "entrance"
m "birth" ante. gáhm [ NC1 pregnant woman, expecting mother. ] q̄ɥ́q́ — gék.
q̄ɥq́ń — gákt. (noun—NC3) stone, rock
(noun—NC1) shepherd, herder etym. kheek. root. q̄-∅-q́ "stone" desc. géker [ NC3 tiny stone,
etym. khakad. root. q̄-q́-ŋ "sheep" pebble; pit of a stonefruit. ] géqán [ NC1 stonemason, bricklayer. ]
q̄ɥm — gám. q̄ɥ́q́ŋúλ — gékdher.
(noun—NC1) cult of worship, religious order, coven (noun—NC2) lamb, young sheep
etym. khaam. etym. khekeder. root. q̄-q́-ŋ "sheep" ante. gékt [ NC2 sheep. ]

q̄ɥm — gám. q̄ɥ́q́úλ — géker.

(noun—NC1) few people (noun—NC3)
etym. khaam. root. q̄-∅-m "few" a. tiny stone, pebble
b. pit of a stonefruit
q̄ɥλn̄ — gárd.
(noun—NC3) schism, breakup etym. kheeker. ante. gék [ NC3 stone, rock. ]
etym. kharad. root. q̄-λ-ŋ "break" q̄ɥ́q́ń — gékt.
q̄ɥcq́ — gásk. (noun—NC2) sheep
(noun—NC1) brute, violent person, bandit etym. kheked. root. q̄-q́-ŋ "sheep" desc. gékdher [ NC2 lamb,
etym. khasak. root. q̄-c-q́ "violence" young sheep. ]

q̄ɥńc — gáts. q̄ɥ́yμ — géli.

(noun—NC1) (noun—NC3) salt
a. queen, female monarch, especially one who rules etym. geley. root. q̄-y-μ "salt" desc. gélier [ NC3 salty; [INDEF]
b. on ocassion, queen consort salty and/or pickled snacks served before a meal. ]

etym. khatas. root. q̄-ń-c "queen" desc. gátsén [ NC3 a q̄ɥ́yμúλ — gélier.
principality ruled by a queen. This expression is used almost entirely to (noun—NC3)
describe Athama fiefdoms. ] a. salty
b. [INDEF] salty and/or pickled snacks served before a meal
q̄ɥńcɥ́n — gátsén.
(noun—NC3) a principality ruled by a queen. This expression is etym. kheleyer. ante. géli [ NC3 salt. ]
used almost entirely to describe Athama fiefdoms. q̄ɥ́m — gém.
etym. khatasene. -xnx derivation N root. q̄-ń- (noun—NC2) few animals
c "queen" ante. gáts [ NC1 queen, female monarch, especially one etym. kheem. root. q̄-∅-m "few"
who rules; on ocassion, queen consort. ]
q̄ɥ́m — gém.
q̄ɥɱμ — gávi. (noun—NC3) few objects
(noun—NC1) etym. kheem. root. q̄-∅-m "few"
a. man of honor, man of duty
q̄ɥ́mμn — gémin.
b. honorable person
c. nobleman or noblewoman () pepper
etym. khemen. root. q̄-m-n ""
etym. khabay. root. q̄-ɱ-μ "duty" desc. gávián
[ NC1 noblewoman. ] q̄ɥ́nq̄ — géng.
(noun—NC3) gems, jewels, precious stones
q̄ɥɱμḿ — gávip.
etym. kheneg. root. q̄-n-g "gem"
(noun—NC1) fat, portly, round, chubby
etym. khabap. root. q̄-ɱ-ḿ "heavy" q̄ɥ́nguλ — génghar.
(noun—NC1) jeweler, goldsmith
q̄ɥɱμɥn — gávián.
etym. khenegar. -xr derivation N root. q̄-n-g "gem"
(noun—NC1) noblewoman
etym. khabayana. ante. gávi [ NC1 man of honor, man of duty; q̄ɥ́nń — gént.
honorable person; nobleman or noblewoman. ] (noun—NC3) pollen (always plural)
etym. khenet. root. q̄-n-ń "powder"
q̄ɥ́q̄cɥ́m̄ μλ — gégsébir.
(noun—NC2) giraffe q̄ɥ́ǵɥn — géqán.
etym. khekhesepher. (noun—NC1) stonemason, bricklayer
etym. keekana. ante. gék [ NC3 stone, rock. ]

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q̄ɥ́ńc — géts. q̄ɰńc — góts.

(noun—NC2) (noun—NC1)
a. female head animal a. princess, heir to a queen
b. alpha female b. queen consort, queen mother

etym. khetes. root. q̄-ń-c "queen" etym. khotos. root. q̄-ń-c "queen"

q̄ɥ́ɱμḿ — gévip. q̄ɰńcɥ́n — gótsén.

(noun—NC2) fattened animal (noun—NC3) a principality, often used to describe the terrritory
etym. khebep. root. q̄-ɱ-ḿ "heavy" desc. mo gévipis [ phras. I of a nané in Oukwe.
fatten, I overfeed. ] etym. khotosene. -xnx derivation N root. q̄-ń-c "queen"
q̄μ́gm — gíhm. q̄ɰɱμ — góvi.
(noun—NC2) pregnant animal (noun—NC4) duty, obligation
etym. khigim. root. q̄-g-m "birth" etym. goboy. root. q̄-ɱ-μ "duty"

q̄μ́ɯn — gíon. q̄ɰç — góz.

(noun—NC3) doorway, entrance, exit, egress (noun—NC3) breathing, respiration
etym. khiyon. root. q̄-μ-n "entrance" desc. zugíon [ NC3 city etym. gooz. root. q̄-∅-ç "lung"
gates. ] q̄ɰçúλ — gózer.
q̄μ́cq́ — gísk. () smell of one's breath
(noun—NC2) etym. goozer. root. q̄-∅-ç "lung"
a. predator, predatory animal q̄ɰçɯ — gózo.
b. carnivore
(noun—NC4) word
etym. khisik. root. q̄-c-q́ "violence" etym. khoozo. ante. go [ VC1 I speak, I say, I utter. ]
q̄ɰμ — gói. q̄ɰ́ ŋμ — gúdhi.
(noun—NC4) home [conceptual] (noun—NC4) sorrow, sadness, depression
etym. khoyo. root. q̄-μ-∅ "home" etym. khuduy. root. q̄-ŋ-μ "grief, sorrow"
q̄ɰm — góm. q̄ɰ́ q̄ — gúg.
(noun—NC4) few concepts (noun—NC4) agriculture, farming
etym. khoom. root. q̄-∅-m "few" etym. khugu. root. q̄-g-∅ "farming"
q̄ɰc — gós. q̄ɰ́ gm — gúhm.
(noun—NC4) (noun—NC4) birth
a. speech, talk etym. khugum. root. q̄-g-m "birth" desc. lo gúhmou [ phras. I
b. chatter give birth, I bring into being. ] gúhmer [ NC3 afterbirth, placenta. ]
c. language
gúhmou nóhlor [ NC3 postpartum depression. ] de gúhmou
etym. khoos. -x(z/s) active ante. go [ VC1 I speak, I say, I [ phras. I am born. ]
utter. ] desc. Mágós [ NC4 Maa language. ]
q̄ɰ́ gmúλ — gúhmer.
q̄ɰcq́ — gósk. (noun—NC3) afterbirth, placenta
(noun—NC4) etym. khugumer. -xr derivation N root. q̄-g-
a. violence, conflict m "birth" ante. gúhm [ NC4 birth. ]
b. raid, ambush
q̄ɰ́ gmɯɯ́ nɰgyɯλ — gúhmou nóhlor.
etym. khosok. root. q̄-c-q́ "violence" desc. lo gósksa [ phras. I (noun—NC3) postpartum depression
violate, I harm, I attack. ] etym. khugumol nogolor. ante. nóhlor [ NC4 depression, period of
q̄ɰńμn — gótin. sadness. ] gúhm [ NC4 birth. ]
(noun—NC4) q̄ɰ́ q́ — gúk.
a. sentence, utterance, enouncement (noun—NC4) stone [material]
b. speech, parole, word etym. khuuk. root. q̄-∅-q́ "stone" desc. uadha gúkos [ phras. I
etym. khoton. -(d/t)xn passive ante. go [ VC1 I speak, I say, I harden. ]
utter. ] desc. gótiner [ NC3 dictionary, word list. ] q̄ɰ́ q́λɥ́ńμ — gúkréti.
q̄ɰńμnúλ — gótiner. (noun—NC3) gabion, fortifying wall or structure
(noun—NC3) dictionary, word list etym. khuukereeti.
etym. khotoner. ante. gótin [ NC4 sentence, utterance,
enouncement; speech, parole, word. ]

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q̄ɰ́ m — gúm.
(noun—NC4) scarcity, fewness
etym. khuum. root. q̄-∅-m "few" desc. gúmor [ NC4 a small
ǵ — q words
group. ]
q̄ɰ́ mɯλ — gúmor. ǵɥ́nμnuc — Qéninas.
(noun—NC4) a small group (noun—NC1) Qéninas or Kenenas, an Old Ousse high sage and
etym. khuumor. -xr derivation N root. q̄-∅-m "few" ante. gúm former hierarch.
[ NC4 scarcity, fewness. ] desc. sa gúmorou [ phras. I am few in etym. Kenenas. root. q́-n-n "flame"
number. ]
ǵɰλμλμy gɰgɥn — Qóriril Ghóghán.
q̄ɰ́ nμn — gúnin. (noun—NC3) Inner Land, Interior Land
(noun—NC3) warmth (pleasant)
ǵɥŋμy — qádhil.
etym. khunun. root. q̄-n-n "heat"
(noun—NC3) group of men
q̄ɰ́ λn̄ — gúrd. etym. kaadal. ka- collective root. ∅-ŋ-y "male" ante. ádhil
(noun—NC4) [ NC1 man. ]
a. brokenness
ǵɥq̄μq̄ — qágig.
b. fragmentation
(noun—NC1) frail, weak, impotent, attenuated, weakened
etym. khurud. root. q̄-λ-ŋ "break" desc. gúrdher [ NC3 fragment, etym. kagag. root. q́-q̄-g "weakness"
shard, piece, rag. ]
ǵɥgn — qáhn.
q̄ɰ́ λŋúλ — gúrdher. (noun—NC4) name
(noun—NC3) fragment, shard, piece, rag etym. kagan. root. q́-g-n "name" desc. qáhnar [ NC1 namesake. ]
etym. khuruder. -xr derivation N root. q̄-λ-ŋ "break" ante. gúrd
ǵɥgnuλ — qáhnar.
[ NC4 brokenness; fragmentation. ]
(noun—NC1) namesake
q̄ɰ́ cq́ — gúsk. etym. kaganar. -xr derivation N root. q́-g-n "name" ante. qáhn
(noun—NC4) war, organized conflict [ NC4 name. ]
etym. khusuk. root. q̄-c-q́ "violence" desc. gúskor [ NC4 duration
ǵɥgɱμŋuλ — qáhvidhar.
of a war, wartime. ] gúskar [ NC1 warrior, soldier. ] kagúskar
(noun—NC3) the royal family
[ NC3 army, military, levy. ]
etym. kakabidar. root. q́-ɱ-ŋ "king" ante. kavid [ NC3 royal
q̄ɰ́ cq́uλ — gúskar. blood. ]
(noun—NC1) warrior, soldier
etym. khusukar. -xr derivation N root. q̄-c- ǵɥq́μńɯ́ λ — qákitur.
(noun—NC3) foreigners, enemies
q́ "violence" ante. gúsk [ NC4 war, organized
etym. kakatur. ka- collective ante. katur [ NC1 unfamiliar person,
conflict. ] desc. kagúskar [ NC3 army, military, levy. ]
stranger; outsider; foreign; extraneous. ]
q̄ɰ́ cq́ɯλ — gúskor.
ǵɥq́λu — qákra.
(noun—NC4) duration of a war, wartime
etym. khusukor. root. q̄-c- (noun—NC3)
-xr derivation N
q́ "violence" ante. gúsk [ NC4 war, organized conflict. ] a. group of women
b. harem
q̄ɰ́ ɱμḿ — gúvip.
etym. kakala. ka- collective root. q́-y-∅ "woman" ante. qál
(noun—NC4) weight [absolute]
[ NC1 woman; wife. ]
etym. khubup. root. q̄-ɱ-ḿ "heavy"
ǵɥy — qál.
q̄ɰ́ çμc — gúzis.
(noun—NC1)
(noun—NC4) dark, rich, luschious, deep, full, intense
etym. khuzus. root. q̄-ç-c "darkness" desc. ka gúzisos [ phras. I a. woman
b. wife
become rich, I deepen, I stew, I ferment, I marinade, I soak, I develop. ]
óngúzis [ NC3 flavoring sauce, often salty and/or heavily seasoned. ] etym. kala. root. q́-y-∅ "woman" desc. qálán [ NC1 young
woman. ] kalár [ NC1 daughter. ] kalaudha [ NC4 wifehood. ]
kalaudhi [ NC4 womanhood. ] qákra [ NC3 group of women; harem. ]

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ǵɥyń — qált. ǵɥɱμn̄ — qávid.

(noun—NC3) (noun—NC1) king, leader, chief
a. a small group of people, a handful, a piece of a larger group etym. kabad. root. q́-ɱ-ŋ "king" desc. qávidhén [ NC3 kingdom,
b. caste area controlled by a qávid . ] qávidhor [ NC4 rule of a king or
etym. kalat. root. q́-y-ń "part" monarch. ] qávidhar [ NC1 prince, heir to the throne. ]

ǵɥyɥn — qálán. ǵɥɱμŋuλ — qávidhar.

(noun—NC1) young woman (noun—NC1) prince, heir to the throne
etym. kalaana. -xnx derivation N root. q́-y-∅ "woman" ante. qál etym. kabadar. -xr derivation N root. q́-ɱ-ŋ "king" ante. qávid
[ NC1 woman; wife. ] [ NC1 king, leader, chief. ]

ǵɥmum̄ ɥ́ç — qámabéz. ǵɥɱμŋɯλ — qávidhor.

(noun—NC3) herd of animals (noun—NC4) rule of a king or monarch
etym. kaamapheez. ka- collective ante. ámbéz [ NC3 grazing etym. kabador. -xr derivation N root. q́-ɱ-ŋ "king" ante. qávid
animal, such as cows, sheep or antelope. ] [ NC1 king, leader, chief. ]

ǵɥmuyɯ́ uç — qámaluaz. ǵɥɱμŋɥ́n — qávidhén.

(noun—NC3) artisanal caste (noun—NC3) kingdom, area controlled by a qávid .
etym. kaamaloaz. -x(z/s) active, ka- collective ante. ámro etym. kabadene. -xnx derivation N root. q́-ɱ-
[ VC1 I form, I mold, I shape; I educate; I bring into being, I create, I ŋ "king" ante. qávid [ NC1 king, leader, chief. ] desc. Índághil
compose. ] qávidhén [ NC3 the kingdom of Indaha, a large Ousse kingdom on the
northern plain. ]
ǵɥλun — qáran.
(noun—NC3) family ǵɥ́gn — qéhn.
etym. kaaran. root. ∅-λ-n "blood" (noun—NC4) title, claim
etym. kegen. root. q́-g-n "name" desc. urqéhn [ NC1 untitled,
ǵɥλm — qárm.
unlanded person. ]
(noun—NC3) ivory
etym. karam. root. q́-λ-m "horn" ǵɥ́μ — qéi.
(noun—NC3)
ǵɥλɰ́ m — qárúm.
a. scream
(noun—NC3) scholastic order, members of a religious
b. screaming, shrieking
community
etym. kaarumu. root. λ-m-∅ "knowledge" ante. arúm etym. kiey. root. q́-∅-μ "scream" desc. lo qéia [ phras. I scream, I

[ NC1 scholastic, scholar. ] shout. ]

ǵɥcu — qása. ǵɥ́yń — qélt.

(noun—NC1) ungrateful, thankless, undeserving (noun—NC2)

etym. kaasa. -xsx prog agent ante. ka [ VC2 I take, I get, I receive, a. some animals, a group of animals, a subset of animals
b. herd, group, pack
I grab, I grasp, I acquire, I obtain, I gather. ]
etym. kelet. root. q́-y-ń "part"
ǵɥcɥç — qásáz.
(noun—NC3) ǵɥ́mm̄ — qémb.
a. migrant peoples (noun—NC3) millet
b. immigrants etym. keneb. root. q́-n-ɱ "millet"
c. horde
ǵɥ́mm̄ — qémb.
etym. kaasaaz. ka- collective ante. asa [ VC2 I arrive, I happen, I (noun—NC4)
occur. ]
a. Millet Harvest
ǵɥńμgu — qátigha. b. second month of the year. Also called First High Month

(noun—NC3) bandit gang or crew etym. kemeb. root. q́-n-ɱ "millet"

etym. kataga. ka- collective ante. tágh [ NC1 rebel, renegade,
ǵɥ́nq̄ — qéng.
brute, bandit. ]
(noun—NC3) razor, fine blade made of flint or copper
ǵɥńμλ — qátir. etym. kemeg. root. q́-m-g "flint"
(noun—NC1) another person, someone else
ǵɥ́λú — qére.
etym. katar. root. q́-ń-λ "another"
(verb—VC3) I contain, I hold, I store
ǵɥɯ́ m — qáum. etym. kere. desc. keréti [ NC3 basket; archer's quiver. ] kerés
(noun—NC2) goddess, female deity [ NC3 container, jar; granary. ] qérton [ NC4 volume, capacity. ]
etym. kalam. root. q́-y-m "goddess" keréze [ NC3 contents, inventory, stock; mixture, contents of a pot. ]

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ǵɥ́λmɥ́m̄ μλ — qérmébir. ǵɰ́ μŋɥ́n — qúidhén.

(noun—NC2) rhinoceros (noun—NC3) staff, walking stick
etym. keremepher. root. ∅-m̄ -λ "creature;"q́-λ-m "horn;" etym. kuwidene. -xnx derivation N root. q́-ɯ́ -

ǵɥ́λńɯn — qérton. ŋ "limb" ante. qúid [ NC3 column, trunk of a tree. ]

(noun—NC4) volume, capacity ǵɰ́ y — qúl.
etym. kereton. ante. qére [ VC3 I contain, I hold, I store. ] (noun—NC4) femaleness

ǵɥ́ńμλ — qétir. etym. kulu. root. q́-y-∅ "woman"

(noun—NC2) another animal ǵɰ́ yń — qúlt.
etym. keter. root. q́-ń-λ "another" (noun—NC4) unit, piece, section, part of something
ǵɥ́ńμλ — qétir. etym. kulut. root. q́-y-ń "part" desc. ámqúlt [ NC4 relative

(noun—NC3) something else, another thing clause. ]

etym. keter. root. q́-ń-λ "another" ǵɰ́ nμn — qúnin.

ǵɥ́ɯ́ n̄ — qéud. (noun—NC4) fire (element)

(noun—NC3) spine etym. kunun. root. q́-n-n "flame"

etym. kewed. root. q́-ɯ́ -ŋ "limb" ǵɰ́ λ — qúr.

ǵμ́ — qí. (number—NC4) ten

(noun—NC3) sneeze etym. kuru. root. q́-λ-∅ "ten"

etym. kiiy. root. q́-∅-μ "scream" ǵɰ́ ɱμn̄ — qúvid.

ǵɰyń — qólt. (noun—NC4) right to rule

(noun—NC4) etym. kubud. root. q́-ɱ-ŋ "king" desc. qúvidhón [ NC4 reign,
rule. ] qúvidau eguaka [ NC1 regent, advisor to the king,
a. small group of things
b. share of profits, portion, owed things
comonarch. ]
c. tax ǵɰ́ ɱμn̄uɯ́ ŋún̄ɥλμ — qúvidau dhedári.
etym. kolot. root. q́-y-ń "part" (proper noun—NC1) High Steward of Indaha, a government

ǵɰn — qón. official in charge of the High Stewartry

etym. kubudau detharay. ante. qúvidau dhedári [ NC1 High
(noun—NC4) identity, purpose
etym. kono. root. q́-n-∅ "object" desc. konór [ NC4 characteristic, Steward of Indaha, a government official in charge of the High
Stewartry. ] desc. qúvidau dhedári [ NC1 High Steward of Indaha, a
quality, element. ]
government official in charge of the High Stewartry. ]
ǵɰλμλ — qórir.
(noun—NC4) green ǵɰ́ ɱμn̄uɯ́ úq̄ɯ́ uq́u — qúvidau eguaka.
(noun—NC1) regent, advisor to the king, comonarch
etym. koror. root. q́-λ-λ "green"
etym. kubudal etkhoaka. ante. qúvid [ NC4 right to rule. ] eguaka
ǵɰńμλ — qótir.
[ NC1 advisor, councillor. ]
(noun—NC4) another idea, another concept, something else
ǵɰ́ ɱμŋɰn — qúvidhón.
etym. kotor. root. q́-ń-λ "another"
(noun—NC4) reign, rule
ǵɰɯ́ m — qóum. etym. kubudono. root. q́-ɱ-ŋ "king" ante. qúvid [ NC4 right to
(noun—NC4) female divinity, divine motherhood rule. ]
etym. kolom. root. q́-y-m "goddess"
ǵɰ́ gn — qúhn.
(noun—NC4) name recognition, renown, renommé
etym. kugun. root. q́-g-n "name" desc. qúhnar [ NC4 the subject
c — s words
of responsibility, subject of obligation. ]

ǵɰ́ gnuλ — qúhnar. cɰ́ gúnɯ́ ɰɯ́ — Sú ghenuóu.

(noun—NC4) the subject of responsibility, subject of obligation (noun—NC4)
etym. kugunar. ante. qúhn [ NC4 name recognition, renown,
a. The Souma country
renommé. ] b. another name for Maneey

ǵɰ́ μn̄ — qúid. etym. Suu genuolo.

(noun—NC3) column, trunk of a tree
cɰ́ q̄ɰc — Súgós.
etym. kuwid. root. q́-ɯ́ -ŋ "limb" desc. qúidhén [ NC3 staff,
(noun—NC4) Souma language
walking stick. ]
etym. Suukhoos.

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cɰ́ λɥn̄ — Súrád. cugɯ́ y — saghul.

(noun—NC1) Souma person (noun—NC3) bruise, contusion, soreness
etym. Suuratha. etym. sagul. root. c-g-y "injury"

cu — sa. cuμgú — saighe.

(verb—VC2) I am, I exist (noun—NC3) matter
etym. sa. desc. saus [ NC4 existence, being. ] saiz [ NC2 being, life etym. saege. -xgx prosp patient ante. sa [ VC2 I am, I exist. ]
form. ] saiti [ NC3 thing, object. ] saiti [ NC3 thing, object. ] sáz cuμńμ — saiti.
[ NC1 human being, person. ] saighe [ NC3 matter. ] kasáz (noun—NC3) thing, object
[ NC3 mankind, humanity. ] sa dhurtom [ phras. I am young, I am etym. saeti. -x(d/t)i derivation ante. sa [ VC2 I am, I exist. ]
youthful. ] sa gúmorou [ phras. I am few in number. ] sa
cuμńμ — saiti.
gughomom [ phras. I am pregnant, I am with child. ] saugho
(noun—NC4) noun
[ NC4 presence. ] sa dúsorou [ phras. I am several in number. ]
etym. saeti. -x(d/t)i derivation ante. sa [ VC2 I am, I exist. ]
cu m̄ ɥcńuc — sa bástas.
cuμɯ́ μ — saiui.
() I am kind to, I am gentle towards
(noun—NC4) calm
cu m̄ ɥcńuc — sa bástas. etym. sayuy. root. c-μ-μ "calm"
(verb—phras.) I am kind to, I tend to, I assist
cuμç — saiz.
etym. sa phasatas. root. m̄ -c-ń "care"
(noun—NC2) being, life form
cu ŋɯ́ λńɯm — sa dhurtom. etym. saez. -x(z/s) active ante. sa [ VC2 I am, I
(verb—phras.) I am young, I am youthful exist. ] desc. saizón [ NC4 lifespan. ]
etym. duretsa. root. ŋ-λ-ń "young" ante. dhurt [ NC4 youth,
young age, childhood. ] sa [ VC2 I am, I exist. ] cuμçɰn — saizón.
(noun—NC4) lifespan
cu n̄ɰ́ cɯλɯɯ́ — sa dúsorou. etym. saezono. -xnx derivation N ante. saiz [ NC2 being, life
(verb—phras.) I am several in number form. ]
etym. sa thusuorol. root. n̄-c-∅ "many, much" ante. dusór
cuyμ — sali.
[ NC4 multitude, myriad. ] sa [ VC2 I am, I exist. ]
(noun—NC3) underneath something
cu q̄ɯ́ gɯmɯm — sa gughomom. etym. sali. root. c-y-∅ "shelter"
(verb—phras.) I am pregnant, I am with child
etym. sa khugomom. root. q̄-g-m "birth" ante. gughom cuyμλ — salir.
(noun—VC3) iron
[ NC4 pregnancy. ] sa [ VC2 I am, I exist. ]
etym. salir. root. c-y-λ "iron"
cu q̄ɰ́ mɯλɯɯ́ — sa gúmorou.
(verb—phras.) I am few in number cuyɯλ — salor.
(noun—NC4) durability, hardness
etym. sa khuumorol. root. q̄-∅-m "few" ante. gúmor [ NC4 a
etym. salor. root. c-y-λ "iron"
small group. ] sa [ VC2 I am, I exist. ]
cu ńɥcq́uc — sa táskas. cunμɯ́ — saniu.
(noun—NC2)
(verb—phras.) I am cold towards, I treat coldly
etym. sa tasakas. root. ń-c-q́ "cold" a. flying, moving through the air
b. vanishing, disappearing
cum̄ μm̄ — sabib.
etym. saniw. root. c-n-ɯ́ "projectile"
(noun—NC3) headcovering, headscarf
etym. saphib. root. c-m̄ -ɱ "sheet" cucń — sast.
(noun—NC3) flower
cum̄ ɰ́ — sabú.
etym. saset. root. c-c-ń "flower"
(noun—NC3) facial hair
etym. saphuw. root. c-m̄ -ɯ́ "facial hair" cuɯ́ ŋu — saudha.
(verb—VC2) I sit down, I take my seat, I am seated
cuq̄n̄ — sagd.
etym. salda. sal- desc. saudhaus [ NC4 seated position. ]
(noun—NC3) flesh, meat [general]
etym. sakhed. root. c-q̄-ŋ "flesh" desc. sagdhar [ NC1 meat- cuɯ́ ŋuɯ́ c — saudhaus.
eating person. ] (noun—NC4) seated position
etym. saldaos. -x(z/s) active ante. saudha [ VC2 I sit down, I take
cuq̄ŋuλ — sagdhar.
my seat, I am seated. ]
(noun—NC1) meat-eating person
etym. sakhedar. -xr derivation N root. c-q̄-ŋ "flesh" ante. sagd cuɯ́ gɯ — saugho.
[ NC3 flesh, meat [general]. ] (noun—NC4) presence
etym. saogo. -xkx prosp agent ante. sa [ VC2 I am, I exist. ]

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cuɯ́ q́u — sauka. cúq̄ucɥ́n — segasén.

(verb—VC2) (noun—NC3) volume, large book
a. I uncover, I disrobe etym. sekhasene. -xnx derivation N root. c-q̄-
b. I disclose, I unveil, I lay bare, I open c "writing" ante. segas [ NC3 book, scroll, document. ]
etym. salka. sal- desc. saukaus [ NC4 disclosure, unveiling, cúμuń — seiat.
revealing, exposing; analysis. ] (noun—NC3) pilon used for crushing grain
cuɯ́ q́uɯ́ c — saukaus. etym. seyat. root. c-μ-ń "crushing, grinding" desc. seiater
(noun—NC4) [ NC3 hammer, mallet. ]

a. disclosure, unveiling, revealing, exposing cúμuńúλ — seiater.

b. analysis (noun—NC3) hammer, mallet
etym. salkaos. -x(z/s) active ante. sauka [ VC2 I uncover, I etym. seyater. ante. seiat [ NC3 pilon used for crushing grain. ]
disrobe; I disclose, I unveil, I lay bare, I open. ] cúyuń — selat.
cuɯ́ mɯ — saumo. (noun—NC2) cheetah
(verb—VC1) I come to rest, I stop moving, I end up, I finish at etym. selat. root. c-y-ń "fast, quick"
etym. salmo. sal- desc. saumódha [ NC4 settlement. ] cúnμq́ — senik.
cuɯ́ mɰŋu — saumódha. (noun—NC3) loom
(noun—NC4) settlement etym. senik. root. c-n-q́ "weaving"
etym. salmooda. -oda ante. saumo [ VC1 I come to rest, I stop cúnɰ — senó.
moving, I end up, I finish at. ] (noun—NC3) javelins
cuɯ́ c — saus. etym. senow. root. c-n-ɯ́ "projectile"
(noun—NC4) existence, being cúcɯ́ ń — sesut.
etym. saos. -x(z/s) active ante. sa [ VC2 I am, I exist. ] (noun—NC3) flower bud
cúm̄ μɯ́ — sebiu. root. c-c-ń "flower"
(noun—NC3) moustache cúμ́m̄ — seíb.
etym. sephiw. root. c-m̄ -ɯ́ "facial hair" desc. sebiuén (noun—NC4) embarrassment, unpreparedness
[ NC3 whiskers. ] etym. seyib. root. c-μ-ɱ "humiliation"
cúm̄ μɯ́ ɥ́n — sebiuén. cμgɯ́ y — sighul.
(noun—NC3) whiskers (noun—NC3)
etym. sephiwene. root. c-m̄ -ɯ́ "facial hair" ante. sebiu a. unscathed, untouched
[ NC3 moustache. ] b. flawless, perfect

cún̄μm — sedim. etym. sigul. root. c-g-y "injury"

(noun—NC3) room, inhabited place
cμq̄ɯc — sigos.
etym. sethim. root. c-n̄-m "dwelling" desc. sedimén [ NC3 plot of
(noun—NC3) pen, writing tool
land. ] pasídim [ NC3 dormitory, living quarters. ]
etym. sikhos. root. c-q̄-c "writing"
cún̄μmúnμuλ — sedimeniar.
cμq́uc — sikas.
(noun—NC1) landowner
(noun—NC3) sacrifice
etym. sethimenear.
etym. sekas. root. c-q́-c "carving" desc. ka sikasir [ phras. to
cún̄μmɥ́n — sedimén. sacrifice; to kill. ]
(noun—NC3) plot of land
cμq́ucɥn — sikasán.
etym. sethimene. root. c-n̄-m "dwelling" ante. sedim
(noun—NC1) murderer, sacrificer
[ NC3 room, inhabited place. ]
etym. sikasana. -x(z/s) active root. c-q́-c "carving" ante. ka
cúq̄uc — segas. sikasir [ phras. to sacrifice; to kill. ]
(noun—NC3) book, scroll, document
cμq́ń — sikt.
etym. sekhas. root. c-q̄-c "writing" desc. pasigas [ NC4 literature,
(noun—NC3)
thought. ] segasén [ NC3 volume, large book. ] segaser
a. sharp, cutting, keen
[ NC3 bookroom, library. ] esigas [ NC1 secretary, personal scribe,
b. intelligent, smart
recordkeeper, court annalist. ]
etym. siket. root. c-q́-ń "cutting" desc. siktor [ NC4 sharpness,
cúq̄ucúλ — segaser. intelligence, keenness. ]
(noun—NC3) bookroom, library
etym. sekhaser. -xr derivation N root. c-q̄-
c "writing" ante. segas [ NC3 book, scroll, document. ]

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cμq́ńɯλ — siktor. cɯnɯ́ q́ — sonuk.

(noun—NC4) sharpness, intelligence, keenness (noun—NC4) weaving, fabricmaking, clothmaking
etym. siketor. -xr derivation N ante. sikt [ NC3 sharp, cutting, etym. sonuk. root. c-n-q́ "weaving"
keen; intelligent, smart. ] cɯλq̄ — sorg.
cμyń — silt. (noun—NC3) pepper, particularly a mild pepper
(noun—NC4) running, sprinting etym. soreg. root. c-λ-g "pepper"
etym. silet. root. c-y-ń "fast, quick" cɯɥq́μλ — soákir.
cμnuɯ́ — sinau. (noun—NC1) foreman, man/woman in charge, deputy
(noun—NC3) arrow etym. sowakar. -xr derivation N root. c-ɯ́ -q́ "head" ante. sóak
etym. sinaw. root. c-n-ɯ́ "projectile" desc. mo sinaua [ phras. I [ NC3 head. ]
shoot an arrow, I fire an arrow. ] masinau [ NC4 archery. ] cɯ́ yuń — sulat.
cμɰq́ — siók. (noun—NC4)
(noun—NC3) roof a. faster (relative)
etym. sewok. root. c-ɯ́ -q́ "head" b. race, competition (always indefinite)

cɯm̄ um̄ — sobab. etym. sulat. root. c-y-ń "fast, quick" desc. lo sulate [ phras. I
(noun—NC3) race, i compete against. ]
a. woven mat cɯ́ yú — sule.
b. mattress (noun—NC3) tent, temporary shelter
etym. sophab. root. c-m̄ -ɱ "sheet" etym. sule. root. c-y-∅ "shelter" desc. ualo sulea [ phras. I pitch
cɯn̄um — sodam. a tent. ]

(noun—NC3) cɯ́ nɰ — sunó.

a. house, building (noun—NC4) ray, beam of light or concentrated energy
b. lived in structure etym. sunow. root. c-n-ɯ́ "projectile"
etym. sotham. root. c-n̄-m "dwelling" desc. pasodam cɥn̄μm — sádim.
[ NC3 hamlet, grouping of houses, small village. ] (noun—NC1) villager
cɯn̄ɯ́ m — sodum. etym. satham. root. c-n̄-m "dwelling" desc. kasádim
(noun—NC3) animal den [ NC1 villagers. ]
etym. sothum. root. c-n̄-m "dwelling" cɥq̄n̄ — ságd.
cɯguq̄ — soghag. (noun—NC3) human flesh
(noun—NC2) earthworm, wormlike animal etym. sakhad. root. c-q̄-ŋ "flesh" desc. ságdhán [ NC1 cannibal,
etym. sogag. root. c-g-g "worm" flesh-eating. ]

cɯguy — soghal. cɥq̄ŋɥn — ságdhán.

(noun—NC3) injury, wound, contusion, bruise, site of impact (noun—NC1) cannibal, flesh-eating
etym. sogal. root. c-g-y "injury" etym. sakhedana. root. c-q̄-ŋ "flesh" ante. ságd [ NC3 human
flesh. ]
cɯgɯ́ y — soghul.
(noun—NC4) state of injury, victimization cɥq̄μc — ságis.
etym. sogul. root. c-g-y "injury" desc. soghulor [ NC4 complaint, (noun—NC1) scribe
subpoena, summons, grievance. ] etym. sakhas. root. c-q̄-c "writing" desc. ságisor [ NC4 scribal
training. ] ságisén [ NC3 library. ]
cɯgɯ́ yɯλ — soghulor.
(noun—NC4) complaint, subpoena, summons, grievance cɥq̄μcɯλ — ságisor.
etym. sogumor. -xr derivation N ante. soghul [ NC4 state of (noun—NC4) scribal training
injury, victimization. ] etym. sakhasor. -xr derivation N root. c-q̄-
c "writing" ante. ságis [ NC1 scribe. ]
cɯyu — sola.
(noun—NC4) shelter, protection cɥq̄μcɥ́n — ságisén.
etym. sola. root. c-y-∅ "shelter" (noun—NC3) library
etym. sakhasene. -xnx derivation N root. c-q̄-
cɯnμ — soni.
c "writing" ante. ságis [ NC1 scribe. ]
(noun—NC3) pain, harm
etym. soni. root. c-n-∅ "pain" desc. de sonia [ phras. I ache, I feel cɥgy — sáhl.
pain; I have pain in [DAT]. ] mo sonira [ phras. I harm, I cause pain. ] (noun—NC1) injured person, invalid
etym. sagal. root. c-g-y "injury"

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cɥq́ — sák. cɥ́q̄ɰgɯ — ségógho.

(noun—NC4) singing, music (noun—NC4) panygeric, epic, praisesongs
etym. saak. root. c-∅-q́ "singing" etym. seekhoogo. -xgx prosp patient ante. ségo [ VC1 I sing. ]

cɥq́c — sáks. cɥ́gy — séhl.

(noun—NC1) woodcarver (noun—NC2) injured animal
etym. sakas. root. c-q́-c "carving" root. c-g-y "injury"

cɥq́ń — sákt. cɥ́μ — séi.

(noun—NC1) butcher (noun—NC3)
etym. sakat. root. c-q́-ń "cutting" a. calm, peaceful, ideal
b. good weather, calm seas
cɥyń — sált.
(noun—NC1) fast person, fast human etym. seyey. root. c-μ-μ "calm"
etym. salat. root. c-y-ń "fast, quick" desc. sáltar [ NC1 runner, cɥ́q́ — sék.
sprinter, courier, carrier. ] (noun—NC4) lyrics, sung words, chants, encantations
cɥyńuλ — sáltar. etym. seek. root. c-∅-q́ "singing" desc. sékor [ NC4 poem, song. ]
(noun—NC1) runner, sprinter, courier, carrier ségo [ VC1 I sing. ]
etym. salatar. ante. sált [ NC1 fast person, fast human. ] cɥ́q́ɯλ — sékor.
cɥnq́ — sánk. (noun—NC4) poem, song
(noun—NC1) weaver, clothmaker etym. seekor. ante. sék [ NC4 lyrics, sung words, chants,
etym. sanak. root. c-n-q́ "weaving" encantations. ]

cɥɯ́ q́ — sáuk. cɥ́q́c — séks.

(noun—NC1) bishop, high cleric (noun—NC3) knife, blade
etym. sawak. root. c-ɯ́ -q́ "head" etym. sekes. root. c-q́-c "carving"

cɥç — sáz. cɥ́q́ń — sékt.

(noun—NC1) human being, person (noun—NC3)
etym. saaz. -x(z/s) active ante. sa [ VC2 I am, I exist. ] a. claws, talons
b. accent mark
cɥμ́ — sáí.
(noun—NC4) bliss, perfection, equillibrium etym. seket. root. c-q́-ń "cutting"
etym. sayay. root. c-μ-μ "calm" cɥ́yń — sélt.
cɥ́m̄ μm̄ — sébib. (noun—NC2) fast animal, fast spirit
(noun—NC3) bedsheet, bed linens etym. selet. root. c-y-ń "fast, quick"
etym. sepheb. root. c-m̄ -ɱ "sheet" cɥ́λq̄ — sérg.
cɥ́q̄n̄ — ségd. (noun—NC3) hot peppers
(noun—NC3) animal flesh, meat etym. sereg. root. c-λ-g "pepper"
etym. sekhed. root. c-q̄-ŋ "flesh" desc. ségdher [ NC2 carnivorous cμ́m̄ ɯ́ — síbu.
animal, predator. ] ónségd [ NC3 animals considered edible. ] (noun—NC3) beard
dauségd [ NC3 inedible, haram. ] etym. sibiw. root. c-m̄ -ɯ́ "facial hair"
cɥ́q̄ŋúλ — ségdher. cμ́m̄ ɯ́ μy n̄ɯŋɰ́ — síbuil dodhú.
(noun—NC2) carnivorous animal, predator (noun—NC2) wildebeest (also síbuil)
etym. sekheder. -xr derivation N root. c-q̄-ŋ "flesh" ante. ségd etym. siphiwil thoduw.
[ NC3 animal flesh, meat. ]
cμ́q̄ — síg.
cɥ́q̄ɯ — ségo. (noun—NC2) snake, serpent
(verb—VC1) I sing etym. sigig. root. c-g-g "worm"
etym. seekho. root. c-∅-q́ "singing" ante. sék [ NC4 lyrics, sung
cμ́cń — síst.
words, chants, encantations. ] desc. séguaka [ NC1 praisesinger, poet,
(noun—NC3) large flower, such as a lotus or hydrangea
griot. ] ségógho [ NC4 panygeric, epic, praisesongs. ]
etym. sisit. root. c-c-ń "flower"
cɥ́q̄ɯ́ uq́u — séguaka.
cɰuq́ — sóak.
(noun—NC1) praisesinger, poet, griot
(noun—NC3) head
etym. seekhoaka. ante. ségo [ VC1 I sing. ]
etym. sowak. root. c-ɯ́ -q́ "head" desc. sóakor [ NC3 capital city. ]
soákir [ NC1 foreman, man/woman in charge, deputy. ] uasóak
[ NC3 hat, cap. ] sóaqén [ NC3 mushrooms, “headed plants”. ]

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cɰuq́ɯλ — sóakor. cɰ́ q̄n̄ — súgd.

(noun—NC3) capital city (noun—NC3) flesh [abstract]
etym. sowakor. ante. sóak [ NC3 head. ] etym. sukhud. root. c-q̄-ŋ "flesh"

cɰuǵɥ́n — sóaqén. cɰ́ q̄μc — súgis.

(noun—NC3) mushrooms, “headed plants” (noun—NC4) writing, script
etym. sowakene. -xnx derivation N root. c-ɯ́ - etym. sukhus. root. c-q̄-c "writing" desc. ónsúgis [ NC4 spelling. ]
q́ "head" ante. sóak [ NC3 head. ] súgisón [ NC4 time to write, time to transcribe; writing time. ] mo
cɰgy — sóhl. súgisos [ phras. I write, I pen, I transcribe. ] go súgisos [ phras. I

(noun—NC4) injured, attenuated concept write to someone, I say in writing. ]

etym. sogul. root. c-g-y "injury" cɰ́ q̄μcɰn — súgisón.

cɰμń — sóit. (noun—NC4)

(noun—NC3) mill, contraption used for milling grains a. time to write, time to transcribe
b. writing time
etym. soyot. root. c-μ-ń "crushing, grinding"
etym. sukhusono. -xnx derivation N root. c-q̄-
cɰyń — sólt.
c "writing" ante. súgis [ NC4 writing, script. ]
(noun—NC4) fast concept, quick spreading
etym. solot. root. c-y-ń "fast, quick" desc. sóltón [ NC4 news, cɰ́ gq̄ — súhg.
gossip; updates. ] (noun—NC2) maggot, insect larva, caterpillar
etym. sugug.
cɰyńɰn — sóltón.
(noun—NC4) cɰ́ μm̄ — súib.
a. news, gossip
(noun—NC4) shame, humiliation, loss of face
b. updates etym. suyub. root. c-μ-ɱ "humiliation" ante. súivar

etym. solotono. -xnx derivation N ante. sólt [ NC4 fast concept, [ NC1 outcast. ]
quick spreading. ] cɰ́ μń — súit.

cɰńμḿ — sótip. (noun—NC4) crushing, pounding

(noun—NC3) sunrise etym. suwut. root. c-μ-ń "crushing, grinding"

etym. sotop. root. c-ń-ḿ "sunrise" cɰ́ μɱuλ — súivar.

cɰńμḿɰn — sótipón. (noun—NC1) outcast

(noun—NC4) morning etym. suyubar. root. c-μ-ɱ "humiliation" desc. súib

etym. sotopono. -xnx derivation N root. c-ń-ḿ "sunrise" [ NC4 shame, humiliation, loss of face. ]

cɰ́ n̄μm — súdim. cɰ́ q́c — súks.

(noun—NC4) inhabitation, residence (noun—NC4) carving, cutting into

etym. suthum. root. c-n̄-m "dwelling" desc. súdimor [ NC4 time etym. sukus. root. c-q́-c "carving" desc. mo súksou [ phras. to
spent somewhere; sojourn. ] re súdimou [ phras. I live, I take carve into; to dig. ] súksón [ NC4 time to carve something. ]

residence, I inhabit. ] cɰ́ q́cɰn — súksón.

cɰ́ n̄μmɯλ — súdimor. (noun—NC4) time to carve something

(noun—NC4) etym. sukusono. -xnx derivation N root. c-q́-

c "carving" ante. súks [ NC4 carving, cutting into. ]
a. time spent somewhere
b. sojourn cɰ́ q́ń — súkt.
etym. suthumor. root. c-n̄-m "dwelling" ante. súdim (noun—NC4) cutting, slicing, cleaving
[ NC4 inhabitation, residence. ] etym. sukut. root. c-q́-ń "cutting"

cɰ́ úq́ — súek. cɰ́ q́ńuλ — súktar.

(—NC1) (noun—NC4) decapitation
etym. sukutar. -xr derivation N root. c-q́-ń "cutting"
a. bandit leader, outlaw
b. Kpeñ chief cɰ́ yμλ — súlir.
etym. suwek. root. c-ɯ́ -q́ "head" (noun—NC4) metal
etym. sulur. root. c-y-λ "iron"
cɰ́ q̄ — súg.
(noun—NC2) leech, parasitic worm, parasite cɰ́ yμλuλ — súlirar.
etym. sugug. root. c-g-g "worm" (noun—NC1) blacksmith
etym. sulurar. root. c-y-λ "iron"

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cɰ́ yμλɥ́n — súlirén. çuɥ́ńμλ — zaétir.

(noun—NC3) forge, smithy (noun—NC3)
etym. sulurene. root. c-y-λ "iron" a. bulletin, newspaper, journal
b. book of knowledge
cɰ́ yń — súlt.
(noun—NC4) speed, agility etym. zaeter. -xr derivation N root. ç-∅-ń "leaf" ante. zait
etym. sulut. root. c-y-ń "fast, quick" [ NC3 writing surface, typically made of animal skin. ]

cɰ́ n — sún. çún̄u — zeda.

(noun—NC4) suffering (noun—NC3) palace
etym. sunu. root. c-n-∅ "pain" desc. súnor [ NC4 difficult times, etym. zetha. root. ç-n̄-∅ "honor" desc. zedair [ NC3 large home;
times of hardship. ] zúnsún [ NC4 regret. ] small palace. ]

cɰ́ nɯλ — súnor. çún̄uμλ — zedair.

(noun—NC4) difficult times, times of hardship (noun—NC3)
etym. sunuor. root. c-n-∅ "pain" ante. sún [ NC4 suffering. ] a. large home
b. small palace
cɰ́ nɯ́ — súnu.
(noun—NC4) throwing, projecting, catapulting etym. zethaer. -xr derivation N root. ç-n̄-∅ "honor" ante. zeda
etym. sunuw. root. c-n-ɯ́ "projectile" desc. mo súnuos [ phras. I [ NC3 palace. ] desc. pazdair [ NC4 palace district, urban area where
throw, I launch, I propel. ] nobles live or build houses. ]

çúmm̄ ú — zembe.
(verb—VC3) I dissatisfy, I displease

ç — z words etym. zenphe.

çúnŋu — zendha.
(verb—VC2) I depart, I go from somewhere, I leave behind
çun̄ɯ́ — Zadu. etym. zenda. zen- desc. zendhaus [ NC4 departure, escape. ]
(personal name—NC1) honorable, just, honest, earnest zendhádhi [ NC1 “transiters,” peninsulares, settlers who made the
etym. Zathu. root. ç-n̄-∅ "honor" journey from the Old Ousse Coast. . ] zendhaudho [ NC4 exile,
banishment. ]
çuμń — zait.
(noun—NC3) writing surface, typically made of animal skin çúnŋuɯ́ ŋɯ — zendhaudho.
etym. zaet. root. ç-∅-ń "leaf" desc. zaétir [ NC3 bulletin, (noun—NC4) exile, banishment
newspaper, journal; book of knowledge. ] etym. zendaodo. -xdx perf agent ante. zendha [ VC2 I depart, I
go from somewhere, I leave behind. ]
çumuμnú — zamaine.
(noun—NC3) administrative district under a zám. çúnŋuɯ́ c — zendhaus.
etym. zamaene. -xnx derivation N root. ç-m-∅ "top" ante. zám (noun—NC4) departure, escape
[ NC1 deputy, local chief. ] etym. zendaos. ante. zendha [ VC2 I depart, I go from somewhere, I
leave behind. ]
çunμ — zani.
(noun—NC3) buttocks, butt cheeks çúnŋɥŋμ — zendhádhi.
etym. zane. root. ç-n-∅ "back" desc. zanér [ NC3 butt of a blade, (noun—NC1) “transiters,” peninsulares, settlers who made the
pommel. ] journey from the Old Ousse Coast.
etym. zendaadi. -x(d/t)i derivation ante. zendha [ VC2 I depart, I
çunɥ́λ — zanér.
go from somewhere, I leave behind. ]
(noun—NC3) butt of a blade, pommel
etym. zanier. root. ç-n-∅ "back" ante. zani [ NC3 buttocks, butt çúnŋɥ́ç — zendhéz.
cheeks. ] (noun—NC3) rucksack, bag carried over the shoulders
etym. zendeez. root. ŋ-∅-ç "container"
çuλɯ́ q́ — zaruk.
(noun—NC3) quicksilver çúnμ — zeni.
etym. zaruk. root. ç-λ-q́ "silver" (noun—NC3) back, posterior
etym. zeni. root. ç-n-∅ "back"
çuɯ́ ḿ — zaup.
(noun—NC3) grain, granule, particle, speck çúnq́ɯ́ un̄ — zenkuad.
etym. zaup. (noun—NC3) legs, hindlimbs
etym. zenkuad. zen-

çúnɯguc — zenoghas.
(adverb) after, following
etym. zenogas. ante. oghas [ NC4 time [specific]; tense. ]

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çúncu — zensa. çɯ́ ŋu — zudha.

(verb—VC2) I am disagreeable, I offend, I displease (verb—VC2) I walk, I move about on two feet
etym. zensa. zen- desc. zensaudha [ NC4 disappointment, etym. zuda. desc. zudhaus [ NC4 gait, walk. ]
displeasure. ] zensaus [ NC4 vitriol, rudeness, disagreeableness. ] çɯ́ ŋuμń — zudhait.
çúncuɯ́ ŋu — zensaudha. (noun—NC4) sunlight
(noun—NC4) disappointment, displeasure etym. zudait. zu- ante. dhait [ NC3 light. ]
etym. zensaoda. -oda ante. zensa [ VC2 I am disagreeable, I çɯ́ ŋuɯ́ c — zudhaus.
offend, I displease. ] (noun—NC4) gait, walk
çúncuɯ́ c — zensaus. etym. zudaos. ante. zudha [ VC2 I walk, I move about on two feet. ]
(noun—NC4) vitriol, rudeness, disagreeableness çɯ́ n̄μ — zudi.
etym. zensaos. ante. zensa [ VC2 I am disagreeable, I offend, I (noun—NC4) indignation, embarassment, humiliation
displease. ] etym. zuthi. root. ç-n̄-∅ "honor"
çúnńɰgç — zentóhz. çɯ́ n̄μḿɯc — zudipos.
(noun—NC4) a recounted memory (noun—NC4)
etym. zentogoz. zen- ante. tóhz [ NC4 story, narrative, account. ]
a. virtue, internal sense of honor
çμnu — zina. b. sense of one's worth
(noun—NC3) end of something, tail end etym. zuthepos. -(b/p)xs ante. zude [ VC3 to sense honor, to
etym. zina. root. ç-n-∅ "back" desc. mo zinair [ phras. I put an acknowledge honor; to witness a ritual, to attend. ]
end to, I finish, I complete. ]
çɯ́ n̄ɥμ — zudái.
çμλuq́ — zirak. (noun—NC3) forehead
(noun—NC4) tin etym. zuthaai. root. n̄-∅-μ "front" ante. dái [ NC3 face, visage. ]
etym. zirak. root. ç-λ-q́ "silver;"ç-λ-q́ "silver;"
çɯ́ q̄ɯ — zugo.
çμλq́ — zirk. (verb—VC1) I honor, I applaud, I cherish, I exault
(noun—NC3) silver etym. zukho. zu- desc. zugótin [ NC4 congratulations, praise,
etym. zirek. root. ç-λ-q́ "silver;"ç-λ-q́ "silver;" applause. ] zugodhan [ NC1 praiseworthy, celebrated. ] zugózo
çɯμń — zoit. [ NC4 celebration, particularly an anniversary or birthday
(noun—NC3) celebration. ] zuguaba [ NC1 honored one; noble. ]
a. sheets, flakes of something çɯ́ q̄ɯŋun — zugodhan.
b. crud in one's eyes (noun—NC1) praiseworthy, celebrated
etym. zoit. etym. zugodan. -(d/t)xn passive ante. zugo [ VC1 I honor, I

çɯmɯ́ — zomu. applaud, I cherish, I exault. ]

(noun—NC4) height, vertical length çɯ́ q̄ɯgumɥ́n — zugoghamén.

etym. zomu. root. ç-m-∅ "top" (noun—NC3) upper body

çɯmɯ́ úλ — zomuer. etym. zukhogamene. -xnx derivation N, zu- root. q̄-g-

(noun—NC3) helmet, head protection m "birth" ante. gogham [ NC3 umbilical cord. ] goghamén

etym. zomoer. ante. zóm [ NC3 top of the head. ] [ NC3 navel, belly button. ]

çɯnɯ́ — zonu. çɯ́ q̄ɯ́ um̄ u — zuguaba.

(noun—NC3) back of the head, nape (noun—NC1)

etym. zonu. root. ç-n-∅ "back" a. honored one

b. noble
çɯλq́ — zork.
etym. zugoaba. -xphx perf patient root. ç-n̄-
(noun—NC4) gray
∅ "honor" ante. zugo [ VC1 I honor, I applaud, I cherish, I exault. ]
etym. zorek. root. ç-λ-q́ "silver;"ç-λ-q́ "silver;"
çɯ́ q̄ɯ́ μc — zuguis.
çɯ́ n̄ú — zude.
(noun—NC1) charioteer, especially a driver
(verb—VC3)
etym. zuguis. zu- root. g-∅-c "horse"
a. to sense honor, to acknowledge honor
b. to witness a ritual, to attend çɯ́ q̄μ́ɯn — zugíon.
etym. zuthe. zu- desc. zudipos [ NC4 virtue, internal sense of (noun—NC3) city gates

honor; sense of one's worth. ] etym. zukhiyon. zu- root. q̄-μ-n "entrance" ante. gíon
[ NC3 doorway, entrance, exit, egress. ]

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çɯ́ q̄ɰńμn — zugótin. çɯ́ λμɯc — zurios.

(noun—NC4) congratulations, praise, applause (noun—NC4)
etym. zukhoton. -(d/t)xn passive ante. zugo [ VC1 I honor, I a. rights, claims, affordances of the honorable
applaud, I cherish, I exault. ] b. landed title

çɯ́ q̄ɰçɯ — zugózo. etym. zureos. -x(z/s) active ante. zure [ VC3 to have honor, to be
(noun—NC4) celebration, particularly an anniversary or of decent social standing. ] desc. pazurios [ NC4 an individual's
birthday celebration rights; that which one is owed. ]
etym. zukhoozo. -xzx prog patient ante. zugo [ VC1 I honor, I çɯ́ λɥn̄ — zurád.
applaud, I cherish, I exault. ] (noun—NC2) Zuratha, the external, mobile self in Ousse religious
çɯ́ mu — zuma. cosmology
(noun—NC3) covering, top to something etym. zuratha. zu- ante. rád [ NC1 person, human being. ]
etym. zuma. root. ç-m-∅ "top" çɯ́ cu — zusa.
çɯ́ muμλ — zumair. (verb—VC2) I am superior, I am better than
(noun—NC3) crown etym. zusa. desc. zusaton [ NC4 mastery, perfection. ] zusádha
etym. zumaer. -xr derivation N root. ç-m-∅ "top" [ NC1 master, expert. ]

çɯ́ nugq̄ — zunahg. çɯ́ cuńɯn — zusaton.

(noun—NC4) (noun—NC4) mastery, perfection
a. borderline etym. zusaton. -(d/t)xn passive ante. zusa [ VC2 I am superior, I
b. tied am better than. ] desc. ka zusatonou [ phras. I master, I become an
etym. zunageg. zu- root. n-g-g "boundary" expert in. ]

çɯ́ ḿμm̄ — zupib. çɯ́ cɥŋu — zusádha.

(noun—NC2) mosquito (noun—NC1) master, expert

etym. zupib. root. ç-ḿ-ɱ "flies" etym. zusaada. -xdx perf agent ante. zusa [ VC2 I am superior, I
am better than. ]
çɯ́ λuq́ — zurak.
(noun—NC3) çɯ́ çɥ́λq́ — zuzérk.
(noun—NC4) “Higher or high month,” designating the four
a. silver in color
b. lustrous, shining, metallic months of harvest at the start of each year (excluding the month
of Harvest itself). Described ordinally, like the low and granary
etym. zurak. root. ç-λ-q́ "silver"
months (i.e. Second Higher)
çɯ́ λuq́ɯɯ́ ɱucuɯ́ λ — zurakou vasaur. etym. zuzerek. zu- root. ç-λ-q́ "silver"
(noun—NC4) full moon
çɥm — zám.
etym. zurakol basaor.
(noun—NC1) deputy, local chief
çɯ́ λú — zure. etym. zama. root. ç-m-∅ "top" desc. zamaine
(verb—VC3) to have honor, to be of decent social standing [ NC3 administrative district under a zám. ]
etym. zure. zu- root. ç-n̄-∅ "honor" desc. zurios [ NC4 rights,
çɥḿμm̄ — zápib.
claims, affordances of the honorable; landed title. ] zuriagha
(noun—NC2) housefly or small fly
[ NC1 common people; the free, the franc; the honorable. ]
etym. zapab. root. ç-ḿ-ɱ "flies"
çɯ́ λúɱɰ — zurevó.
çɥçμm — zázim.
(noun—NC4) mockery, ridicule, entertainment at one's expense
(noun—NC2) moth, butterfly
etym. zurebow. ante. revó [ NC3 laughing. ]
etym. zazam. root. ç-ç-m "butterfly"
çɯ́ λμugu — zuriagha.
çɥ́ḿμm̄ — zépib.
(noun—NC1)
(noun—NC2) biting fly, tsetse fly
a. common people etym. zepeb. root. ç-ḿ-ɱ "flies"
b. the free, the franc
c. the honorable çɥ́λq́ — zérk.
etym. zureaga. -xgx prosp patient ante. zure [ VC3 to have honor, (noun—NC4) month cycle of 25 or 24 days
to be of decent social standing. ] etym. zerek. root. ç-λ-q́ "silver"

çɥ́ń — zét.
(noun—NC3) leaf, leaves
etym. zeet. root. ç-∅-ń "leaf"

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çɥ́ɯ́ — zéu. λum̄ ç — rabz.

(noun—NC2) sky spirits, sky deities (noun—NC3) permanent teeth
etym. zeweil. root. ç-ɯ́ -∅ "above" etym. raphez. root. λ-m̄ -ç "loyal"

çμ́n — zín. λun̄μq̄ — radig.

(noun—NC3) (noun—NC3) plant, mushroom
a. tail of an animal etym. rathig. root. λ-n̄-g "plant"
b. ponytail
λun̄μgúλ — radigher.
etym. zini. root. ç-n-∅ "back" (noun—NC3) weed, herb, small plant, shrub
çɰm — zóm. root. λ-n̄-g "plant"
(noun—NC3) top of the head λuμɯm — raiom.
etym. zomo. root. ç-m-∅ "top" desc. zomuer [ NC3 helmet, head (noun—NC4) spell, curse, blessing, interdiction, malediction
protection. ] etym. rayom. root. λ-μ-m "magic"
çɰ́ n̄ — zúd. λuyń — ralt.
(noun—NC4) honor (noun—NC3) small island, sandbar, reef
etym. zuthu. root. ç-n̄-∅ "honor" desc. urzúd [ NC4 dishonor, etym. ralet. root. λ-y-ń "island"
disgrace, infamy. ] lo zúdou [ VC1 I honor; I bow, I make formal
λuɯ́ μ́ — rauí.
greetings. ] mo zúdou [ phras. I honor. ] áuzud [ NC4 honoring,
(noun—NC3) bladder
respecting, showering with honor. ] zúdos [ “with honor;” a generic
etym. rawiy. root. λ-ɯ́ -μ "stomach"
greeting. ] ghauzúd [ NC4 respectability, honorability, worthiness. ]
ozúd [ “with honor;” hello, hi, greetings (somewhat more informal λuɱúɯ́ — raveu.
than &zúdos). ] (noun—NC3) cough
etym. rabew. root. λ-ɱ-ɯ́ "stutter" desc. raveuar [ NC1 wheezy,
çɰ́ n̄ɯc — zúdos.
asthmatic; prone to coughing fits. ] raviuén [ NC2 frog, toad. ]
(expression)
λuɱúɯ́ uλ — raveuar.
a. “with honor;” a generic greeting
(noun—NC1)
ante. zúd [ NC4 honor. ]
a. wheezy, asthmatic
çɰ́ q̄nɯ́ n — zúgnun. b. prone to coughing fits
(noun—NC4) warmth of the sun etym. rabewar. ante. raveu [ NC3 cough. ]
etym. zukhunun. zu- root. q̄-n-n "heat"
λuɱμɯ́ ɥ́n — raviuén.
çɰ́ n — zún. (noun—NC2) frog, toad
(noun—NC4) past events, the past etym. rabewene. root. λ-ɱ-ɯ́ "stutter" ante. raveu
etym. zunu. root. ç-n-∅ "back" desc. zúnor [ NC4 yesterday. ] [ NC3 cough. ]
çɰ́ nuλ — zúnar. λuɱɯ́ q̄ — ravug.
(noun—NC4) yesterday (noun—NC3) seed
etym. zunuar. -xr derivation N root. ç-n-∅ "back" root. λ-ɱ-g "seed"
çɰ́ nɯλ — zúnor. λuɱɯ́ gúλ — ravugher.
(noun—NC4) yesterday (noun—NC3) fruit
etym. zunuor. -xr derivation N ante. zún [ NC4 past events, the etym. rabuger. root. λ-ɱ-g "seed"
past. ]
λú — re.
çɰ́ ncɰ́ n — zúnsún. (verb—VC3)
(noun—NC4) regret
a. to have, to possess, to be characterized by
etym. zunusunu. ante. sún [ NC4 suffering. ] b. [+et] to be well, to do well

etym. re. desc. re rúmou [ phras. I am knowledgeable, I have

knowledge. ] re bovuse [ phras. I am burned, I am charred. ] re erikil
λ — r words [ phras. I have my bearings, I know where I'm going, I am oriented. ]
λú uμ́cɯɯ́ — re aísou.
(verb—phras.) I am happy, I am pleased
λuɱμ́ún — Ravíen. etym. re ayisol.
(proper noun—NC3) former capital city of Indaha, located in the
principality of New Enezin
etym. Rabiyen.

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λú m̄ ɯɱɯ́ cú — re bovuse. λúmμ — remi.

(verb—phras.) I am burned, I am charred (noun—NC3) salon, classroom
etym. re phobus. root. m̄ -ɱ-c "burn" ante. bovus [ NC3 burn etym. remi. root. λ-m-∅ "knowledge" desc. parmi [ NC4 college,
mark. ] re [ VC3 to have, to possess, to be characterized by; [+et] to be university; chamber. ]
well, to do well. ] λúɯ́ uy — reual.
λú n̄μcuɯ́ ńμɯɯ́ — re disautiou. (noun—NC3) cucumber, summer squash, zuccini
(verb—phras.) I prefer DAT to [zu] DAT etym. rewal. root. λ-ɯ́ -y "melon"
etym. re disaotiol. ante. disa [ VC2 I am agreeable towards, I am λúɯ́ ɥ́ — reué.
enjoyable with, I am pleasant towards. ] (noun—NC3) stomach
λú úλμq́μy — re erikil. etym. rewey. root. λ-ɯ́ -μ "stomach"
(verb—phras.) I have my bearings, I know where I'm going, I am λúɯ́ ɰ — reuó.
oriented (noun—NC3) gourd, calabash, squash
etym. re erikil. ante. re [ VC3 to have, to possess, to be etym. rewol. root. λ-ɯ́ -y "melon" desc. reuóer [ NC3 cup,
characterized by; [+et] to be well, to do well. ] erik [ NC4 path, course, drinking glass. ]
way. ]
λúɯ́ ɰúλ — reuóer.
λú q̄ɯnɯ́ nμy — re gonunil. (noun—NC3) cup, drinking glass
(verb—phras.) I am hot, I give off heat, I radiate heat etym. rewoler. ante. reuó [ NC3 gourd, calabash, squash. ]
etym. re khonunil. root. q̄-n-n "heat" ante. gonun [ NC3 heat,
λúɱɯɯ́ ɥn — revouán.
warmth (negative); rudeness, callousness. ]
(noun—NC1) humorous, funny, comedic, jestful
λú μn̄ɯ́ m̄ ɯɯ́ — re idubou. etym. rebowana. -xnx derivation N root. λ-ɱ-
(verb—phras.) I take the blame, I am guilty, I am at fault ɯ́ "stutter" ante. revó [ NC3 laughing. ]
etym. re ithubol. ante. idub [ NC4 fault, wrongdoing, blame. ]
λúɱɰ — revó.
λú λμɯn̄μy — re riodil. (noun—NC3) laughing
(verb—phras.) I am asleep, I am sleeping etym. rebow. root. λ-ɱ-ɯ́ "stutter" desc. revouán
etym. re reodil. ante. riod [ NC3 sleep. ] [ NC1 humorous, funny, comedic, jestful. ] mago revóa [ phras. I
λú λɰ́ mɯɯ́ — re rúmou. entertain, I make laugh, I tell a joke. ] zurevó [ NC4 mockery, ridicule,
(verb—phras.) I am knowledgeable, I have knowledge entertainment at one's expense. ]
etym. re rumuol. root. λ-m-∅ "knowledge" ante. rúm λμɯn̄ — riod.
[ NC4 knowledge gained as a result of observation. ] re [ VC3 to have, (noun—NC3) sleep
to possess, to be characterized by; [+et] to be well, to do well. ] etym. reod. desc. re riodil [ phras. I am asleep, I am sleeping. ]
λú cɰ́ n̄μmɯɯ́ — re súdimou. λμɯŋɰn — riodhón.
(verb—phras.) I live, I take residence, I inhabit (noun—NC4) time spent asleep
etym. re suthumou. root. c-n̄-m "dwelling" ante. súdim etym. reodono. -xnx derivation N
[ NC4 inhabitation, residence. ]
λμɰ́ y — riúl.
λú ńɰ́ q́μmɯc — re túkimos. (noun—NC3) melon, cantaloupe, sweet gourd
(verb—phras.) I support, I hold up etym. riwul. root. λ-ɯ́ -y "melon"
etym. re tukumos. ante. túkim [ NC4 strength. ]
λɯn̄ɯ́ q̄ — rodug.
λú ɥ́ucɯɯ́ — re éasou. (noun—NC3) medicine, herbs, medicaments
(verb—phras.) I am aroused, I am intrigued, I am attracted to root. λ-n̄-g "plant"
etym. re eyasol.
λɯmμ — romi.
λún̄μ — redi. (noun—NC3) mind, consciousness, sentience
(noun—NC3) human body (living) etym. rome. root. λ-m-∅ "knowledge" desc. romér [ NC2 sentient
etym. rethi. root. λ-n̄-∅ "human being" desc. rejana being, thinking being. ]
[ NC1 physician, doctor (scholastic). ]
λɯmɥ́λ — romér.
λúŋ̄unu — rejana. (noun—NC2) sentient being, thinking being
(noun—NC1) physician, doctor (scholastic) etym. romeer. ante. romi [ NC3 mind, consciousness, sentience. ]
etym. rethiana. -xnx derivation N root. λ-n̄-∅ "human
λɯɱuc — rovas.
being" ante. redi [ NC3 human body (living). ]
(noun—NC3) non functioning, broken, disabled
etym. robas . root. λ-ɱ-c "inert"

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λɯɱɰ́ — rovú. λɯ́ mɯ́ ɯnɯ — rumuono.

(noun—NC3) stuttering (noun—NC4)
etym. robuw. root. λ-ɱ-ɯ́ "stutter" a. observation, hypothesis
b. fact
λɯμ́ — roí.
(noun—NC4) wave etym. rumuono. root. λ-m-∅ "knowledge" ante. rúm
etym. royi. root. λ-μ-∅ "wave" [ NC4 knowledge gained as a result of observation. ]

λɯɰ́ μ — roúi. λɥm̄ ç — rábz.

(noun—NC3) intestines, guts (noun—NC1) loyal, unwavering
etym. rowuy. root. λ-ɯ́ -μ "stomach" desc. matroúi etym. raphaz. root. λ-m̄ -ç "loyal"
[ NC3 diarrhea, flux, dysentery. ] λɥn̄ — rád.
λɯ́ un̄ — ruad. (noun—NC1) person, human being
(noun—NC3) fatigue, sleepiness etym. ratha. root. λ-n̄-∅ "human being" desc. matrád
etym. ruad. [ NC2 Matratha, the ephemeral self in Ousse religious cosmology. ]
ámrád [ NC2 Amaratha, the arrivant self within Ousse religious
λɯ́ m̄ ɰ́ — rubú.
cosmology. ] zurád [ NC2 Zuratha, the external, mobile self in Ousse
(noun—NC3) blink
religious cosmology. ] írád [ NC2 Yiratha, the internal, sessile self
etym. rubuw. root. λ-ɱ-ɯ́ "stutter" desc. lo rubúa [ phras. I
within Ousse religious cosmology. ]
blink. ]
λɥn̄ — rád.
λɯ́ n̄ɯ — rudo.
(pronoun) one’s self, one’s person
(noun—NC3)
etym. ratha. root. λ-n̄-∅ "human being"
a. doll, figure, representation, human form
b. silhouette λɥn̄μq̄ — rádig.

etym. rutho. root. λ-n̄-∅ "human being" desc. ruduer (noun—NC3) vegetal, plantlike, immobile
[ NC3 statue, figurine. ] rudóno [ NC4 character, glyph, letter. ] etym. rathag. root. λ-n̄-g "plant"

λɯ́ n̄ɯ́ úλ — ruduer. λɥμm — ráim.

(noun—NC3) statue, figurine (noun—NC1) sorceror, witch, practicer

etym. ruthuer. -xr derivation N root. λ-n̄-∅ "human etym. rayam. root. λ-μ-m "magic"

being" ante. rudo [ NC3 doll, figure, representation, human form; λɥm — rám.
silhouette. ] (noun—NC1)

λɯ́ n̄ɰnɯ — rudóno. a. student, acolyte, disciple

b. child
(noun—NC4) character, glyph, letter
etym. ruthoono. -(d/t)xn passive ante. rudo [ NC3 doll, figure, etym. rama. root. λ-m-∅ "knowledge"
representation, human form; silhouette. ] λɥɱμq̄ — rávig.
λɯ́ q̄μ — rugi. (noun—NC3) semen, sperm
(noun—NC3) taste, sampling root. λ-ɱ-g "seed"
etym. rukhi. root. λ-q̄-∅ "taste" λɥɱμc — rávis.
λɯ́ μn̄ — ruid. (noun—NC1) infertile, barren, sterile (producing no children of
(noun—NC3) wakefulness, alertness the same sex)
etym. ruid. root. λ-∅-ŋ "" desc. mo ruidir [ phras. I wake up, I etym. rabas. root. λ-ɱ-c "inert"
rouse from sleep. ] λɥ́n̄ — réd.
λɯ́ mɯ́ uλ — rumuar. (pronoun) itself
(noun—NC1) etym. rethe . root. λ-n̄-∅ "human being"
a. wiseman, wisewoman λɥ́n̄μq̄ — rédig.
b. abbot, abbess (noun—NC3)
etym. rumuar. -xr derivation N root. λ-m- a. tree, particularly a small tree or shrub
∅ "knowledge" ante. rúm [ NC4 knowledge gained as a result of b. young tree
observation. ] root. λ-n̄-g "plant"
λɯ́ mɯ́ únú — rumuene. λɥ́ɱμc — révis.
(noun—NC3) school, institute (noun—NC3) inanimate, inert, dead, soulless
etym. rumuene. root. λ-m-∅ "knowledge" ante. rúm etym. rebes. root. λ-ɱ-c "inert"
[ NC4 knowledge gained as a result of observation. ]

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λμ́yń — rílt.
(noun—NC3) island
etym. rilit. root. λ-y-ń "island"
y — l words
λɰŋɯ́ m̄ ɯλ — ródhubor.
(noun—NC2) night terror, incubus / succubus, hag yun̄ɯc — lados.
etym. ruodubor. (noun—NC4) kindness, warmness, camaraderie
λɰɱμq̄ — róvig. etym. lathos. root. y-n̄-c "kindness" desc. ghaulados [ NC4 good
(noun—NC3) berry, small fruit intention, in good faith. ] ghanlados [ NC4 peacetime. ] ámrados
root. λ-ɱ-g "seed" [ NC4 mollification, pacification. ] lo ladosa [ phras. I do a kind
thing, I act kindly towards. ]
λɰ́ n̄μq̄ — rúdig.
(noun—NC3) medicine yuμc — lais.
root. λ-n̄-g "plant" (noun—NC3) rest, relaxation
etym. lais. root. y-∅-c "rest" desc. laisén [ NC3 inn, place of rest;
λɰ́ n̄μgɥn — rúdighán.
monastery. ]
(noun—NC1) herbalist, medicineman
root. λ-n̄-g "plant" yuμcɥ́n — laisén.
(noun—NC3)
λɰ́ q̄ — rúg.
(noun—NC4) sense of taste a. inn, place of rest
b. monastery
etym. rukhu. root. λ-q̄-∅ "taste"
etym. laisene. -xnx derivation N root. y-∅-c "rest" ante. lais
λɰ́ μm — rúim.
[ NC3 rest, relaxation. ]
(noun—NC4) sorcery, spirit magics, spirit healing
etym. ruyum. root. λ-μ-m "magic" yunuɯ́ nɯ — lanauno.
(noun—NC4)
λɰ́ m — rúm.
(noun—NC4) knowledge gained as a result of observation a. alliance, friendship, diplomatic relations
b. Ousse concept of parity
etym. rumu. root. λ-m-∅ "knowledge" desc. rumuar
[ NC1 wiseman, wisewoman; abbot, abbess. ] rumuene [ NC3 school, etym. lanaono. -xnx derivation N root. y-n-∅ "group" ante. lán
institute. ] rumuono [ NC4 observation, hypothesis; fact. ] re rúmou [ NC1 peer, equal; friendly; noble honorific. ]
[ phras. I am knowledgeable, I have knowledge. ] ka rúmou yunɥλ — lanár.
[ phras. I learn, I study, I gain knowledge. ] de rúmou [ phras. I (noun—NC1) lady, ma’am, milady
know about, I have knowledge of. ] mo rúmos [ phras. I inform, I etym. lanaar.
instruct, I demonstrate. ] ámrúm [ NC4 learning, education,
yuçq̄ — lazg.
scholarship, study. ] matrúm [ NC4 instruction, teaching, pedagogy. ]
(noun—NC3) nuisance, annoyance, pesky thing
gharúm [ NC4 curiosity, inquisitiveness. ] kirúm [ NC4 private
etym. lazig. root. y-ç-g "pest"
knowledge, confidential information, secrets. ] ámrúmón [ NC4 time
spent studying, time in school. ] ámrúmar [ NC1 student, acolyte. ] yuçguλ — lazghar.

gharúmar [ NC1 novice scholastic. ] rúmos [ “with knowledge;” (noun—NC1) menace, brat
generic greeting. ] etym. lazigar. root. y-ç-g "pest"

λɰ́ mɯc — rúmos. yúnun — lenan.

(expression) (noun—NC4) acquaintance, introduction

etym. lenan. root. y-n-n "familiarity" desc. lo lenanou [ phras. I
a. “with knowledge;” generic greeting
greet, I introduce myself to. ]
etym. rumuos. root. λ-m-∅ "knowledge" ante. rúm
yúçɯ́ q̄ — lezug.
[ NC4 knowledge gained as a result of observation. ]
(noun—NC2) pest, vermin, animals that target crops
etym. lezug. root. y-ç-g "pest" desc. atrizug [ NC3 trap for pests. ]

yμnún — linen.
(noun—NC2)
a. litter mate, members of a brood
b. friends, pals

etym. linen. root. y-n-n "familiarity"

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yɯ — lo. yɯ n̄μmɯq̄ú — lo dimoge.

(verb—VC1) I do, I execute, I exact, I enact (verb—phras.) I turn over, I flip over, I flip on its back
etym. lo. desc. lós [ NC4 verb. ] lo gósksa [ phras. I violate, I harm, etym. lo thimogole. root. n̄-m-g "spinning"
I attack. ] lo ghómbos [ phras. I grind, I chew up, I gnash. ] lo yɯ n̄ɯ́ μn̄μy — lo duidil.
ántadinsa [ phras. I have sex with. ] lo amaibusou [ phras. I split (verb—phras.) I shave my head, I cut my hair off
apart, I break apart. ] lo mabeníou [ phras. I debone. ] lo lenanou etym. lo thuidil. ante. duid [ . ]
[ phras. I greet, I introduce myself to. ] lo ladosa [ phras. I do a kind
thing, I act kindly towards. ] lo jote [ phras. I make music, I entertain yɯ n̄ɯ́ μńμy — lo duitil.
(verb—phras.) I sing, I make my music with my voice
with music. ] lo duitil [ phras. I sing, I make my music with my
voice. ] lo dútóna [ phras. I chant, I sing a chant. ] lo dútil [ phras. I etym. lo thuitil. root. n̄-∅-ń "music" ante. duit [ NC3 singing. ] lo
[.]
chant, I sing by chanting. ] lo duitóna [ phras. I sing a song. ] lógho
[ NC4 action, deed; rituals, rites. ] luasa [ NC1 worker, laborer. ] lueze yɯ n̄ɯ́ μńɰnu — lo duitóna.
[ NC3 government office, bureau. ] (verb—phras.) I sing a song
etym. lo thuitonoola. root. n̄-∅-ń "music" ante. duitón
yɯ umuμm̄ ɯ́ cɯɯ́ — lo amaibusou.
[ NC4 song (singular). ] lo [ . ]
(verb—phras.) I split apart, I break apart
etym. lo amaebusol. root. ∅-m̄ -(c) "two" ante. amaibus yɯ n̄ɯ́ muq̄ú — lo dumage.
[ NC4 splitting, dividing. ] lo [ . ] (verb—phras.) I turn around, I turn the other way, I flip

yɯ ucɯyu — lo asola. etym. lo thumagole. root. n̄-m-g "spinning"

(verb—phras.) I wash, I clean, I make tidy, I make pure yɯ n̄ɰn̄μλ — lo dódir.

etym. lo asolola. ante. asol [ NC4 washing, cleaning, bathing. ] (verb—phras.) I do my hair, I do someone else's hair

yɯ uɱuɯ́ cu — lo avausa. etym. thoudlo. root. n̄-∅-ŋ "hair" ante. dód [ NC3 head of
hair. ] desc. dódhor [ NC3 hairstyle. ] dódruaz [ NC1 braider,
(verb—phras.) I pet, I stroke (an animal)
etym. lo atbaosola. ante. ava [ VC2 I caress, I rub against (sexual hairdresser. ]

connotation). ] yɯ n̄ɰ́ ńμy — lo dútil.

(verb—phras.) I chant, I sing by chanting
yɯ uçn̄μλ — lo azdir.
(verb—phras.) etym. lo thuutil. root. n̄-∅-ń "music" ante. lo [ . ] dút
[ NC3 chanting. ]
a. I design, I beautify
b. I embroider yɯ n̄ɰ́ ńɰnu — lo dútóna.
etym. lo azedir. ante. azd [ . ] (verb—phras.) I chant, I sing a chant
etym. lo thuutonoola. root. n̄-∅-ń "music" ante. dútón
yɯ m̄ uμnu — lo baina.
[ NC4 chant (singular). ] lo [ . ]
(verb—phras.) I roll a joint
etym. lo phaenola. yɯ q̄ucμq́u — lo gasika.
(verb—VC1) I clash with, I collide with, I conflict with
yɯ m̄ μɯcu — lo biosa.
etym. lo khasikola. root. q̄-c-q́ "violence"
(verb—phras.) I feed, I give a meal
etym. lo pheosola. ante. bios [ NC4 nourishment, sustenance; meal; yɯ q̄únɯ́ nɯɯ́ — lo genunou.
(rarely) hunger. ] (verb—phras.) I cook, I prepare food with heat
etym. lo khenunos. ante. genun [ NC4 cooking, preparing food
yɯ n̄uμq́μy — lo daikil .
with the use of heat. ]
(verb—phras.) I fish, I search the river for food
etym. lo thaikil. yɯ gɯuq̄u — lo ghoaga.
(verb—phras.) I defecate, I use the bathroom
yɯ n̄ucμ́c — lo dasís.
etym. lo goagila.
(verb—phras.) I reproduce, I mate (animals, persons)
etym. lo thasiis. yɯ gɯm̄ un̄ɯɯ́ — lo ghobadou.
(verb—phras.) I dominate, I control, I reign, I rule
yɯ ŋɥ́q̄μḿɯc — lo dhégipos.
etym. lo gobadou. ante. ghobad [ NC4 rule, reign; domination,
(verb—phras.) I flatten, I make flat
mastery; conquest. ]
etym. lo dekhepos. ante. dhégip [ NC3 flat, squashed, stout, short,
thin. ] yɯ gλɥ́ɯɯ́ — lo ghréou.
(verb—phras.) I rub up against
yɯ n̄μgmu — lo dihma.
etym. lo gereyol. ante. ghré [ NC4 petting, rubbing, rubbing
(verb—phras.) I struggle, I class with
together (gently). ]
ante. dihm [ NC4 struggle, conflict. ]

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yɯ gɰmm̄ ɯc — lo ghómbos. yɯ ɯcḿu — lo ospa.

(verb—phras.) I grind, I chew up, I gnash (verb—phras.) I urinate, I use the bathroom
etym. lo (tuos) gomob. root. g-m-ɱ "teeth" ante. ghómb etym. lo osepila. root. ∅-c-ḿ "urine"
[ NC4 grinding, chewing, masticating, mashing up. ] lo [ . ] yɯ ǵɥ́μu — lo qéia.
yɯ q̄ɰcq́cu — lo gósksa. (verb—phras.) I scream, I shout
(verb—phras.) I violate, I harm, I attack etym. lo kieyila. root. q́-∅-μ "scream" ante. qéi [ NC3 scream;
etym. lo khosoksa. ante. gósk [ NC4 violence, conflict; raid, screaming, shrieking. ]
ambush. ] lo [ . ] yɯ ǵμ́u — lo qía.
yɯ q̄ɰ́ gmɯɯ́ — lo gúhmou. (verb—phras.) I sneeze
(verb—phras.) I give birth, I bring into being etym. lo kiiyila. root. q́-∅-μ "scream"
etym. lo khugumou. root. q̄-g-m "birth" ante. gúhm yɯ λúɱɰ — lo revó.
[ NC4 birth. ] (verb—phras.)
yɯ μn̄úm̄ u — lo ideba. a. I laugh
(verb—phras.) I make a mistake, I err b. I laugh at ACC
etym. lo ithebola. ante. ideb [ NC4 mistake, error; incorrect etym. lo rebow.
information. ]
yɯ λɯ́ m̄ ɰ́ u — lo rubúa.
yɯ μɯɯ́ uḿu — lo iouapa. (verb—phras.) I blink
(verb—phras.) I bow, I greet with a bow [+di] etym. rubuw. ante. rubú [ NC3 blink. ]
etym. lo yowapola. root. μ-ɯ́ -ḿ "prone"
yɯ cɯ́ yuńú — lo sulate.
yɯ ŋ̄ɯńú — lo jote. (verb—phras.) I race, i compete against
(verb—phras.) I make music, I entertain with music etym. lo sulatole. ante. sulat [ NC4 faster (relative); race,
etym. lo theotole. root. n̄-∅-ń "music" ante. jot [ NC3 music. ] lo competition (always indefinite). ]
[.]
yɯ cɰ́ q̄μcɯɯ́ — lo súgisou.
yɯ q́uμ́u — lo kaía. (verb—phras.) I write
(verb—phras.) I sob, I shriek, I cry etym. lo sukhusol.
etym. lo kaiiyila. root. q́-∅-μ "scream"
yɯ cɰ́ μńɯɯ́ — lo súitou.
yɯ yun̄ɯcu — lo ladosa. (verb—phras.) I crush, I pound
(verb—phras.) I do a kind thing, I act kindly towards etym. lo suyutol. root. c-μ-ń "crushing, grinding"
etym. la lathosola. root. y-n̄-c "kindness" ante. lo [ . ] lados
yɯ cɰ́ q́ńu — lo súkta.
[ NC4 kindness, warmness, camaraderie. ]
(verb—phras.) I slice, I cut
yɯ yúnunɯɯ́ — lo lenanou. etym. lo sukutola. root. c-q́-ń "cutting"
(verb—phras.) I greet, I introduce myself to
yɯ cɰ́ yμλɯc — lo súliros.
etym. lo lenanol. ante. lenan [ NC4 acquaintance, introduction. ] lo
(verb—phras.) I smelt
[.]
etym. lo suluros. root. c-y-λ "iron"
yɯ mum̄ únμ́ɯɯ́ — lo mabeníou.
yɯ ńɯn̄ɯ́ nu — lo toduna.
(verb—phras.) I debone
(verb—phras.)
etym. lo matpheniyol. root. m̄ -n-μ "bone" ante. mabení
[ NC4 deboning. ] lo [ . ] a. I smile, I grin
b. I smile at [+ghal]
yɯ muńλɰ́ mɯɯ́ — lo matrúmou.
ante. todun [ NC4 smile, grin. ]
(verb—phras.) I teach, I instruct
etym. lo matrumuol. ante. matrúm [ NC4 instruction, teaching, yɯ ńλμmɯɯ́ — lo trimou.
pedagogy. ] (verb—phras.) I sew, I stitch together
etym. lo terimol. root. ń-λ-m "sewing"
yɯ mɯ́ mumɯɯ́ — lo mumamou.
(verb—phras.) I purr, I hum yɯ ńɯ́ mμńɯɯ́ — lo tumitou.
etym. lo mumamos. root. m-m-m "low frequency" ante. mumam (verb—phras.) I return
[ NC4 humming; purring; sleeping, snoring. ] etym. lo tumitol. ante. tumit [ NC3 circle, ring, orb. ]

yɯ mɥ́gμ́c — lo méghís. yɯ ńɯ́ cuḿɯcɯɯ́ — lo tusaposou.

(verb—phras.) I reproduce, I mate (animals) (verb—phras.) I return, I go home
etym. lo tusaposol.
yɯ nɥɯ́ m̄ u — lo náuba.
(verb—phras.) I entertain, I amuse
etym. lo nawabola. root. n-ɯ́ -ɱ "fun" ante. náub [ NC3 orgasm. ]

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yɯ ńɰmm̄ ɯɯ́ — lo tómbou. yɯ́ ucu — luasa.

(verb—phras.) (noun—NC1) worker, laborer
a. I pretend, I feign etym. loasa. -xsx prog agent ante. lo [ . ] desc. kaluasa
b. I pretend to be [DAT] [ NC3 workers, laborers; workforce. ]
etym. lo tomobol. root. ń-m-ɱ "play" yɯ́ úçú — lueze.
yɯ ɯ́ uμɯm̄ ɯɯ́ — lo uaiobou. (noun—NC3) government office, bureau
(verb—phras.) I prepare [DAT] to eat etym. loeze. -xzx prog patient ante. lo [ . ]
etym. lo wayobos. ante. uaiob [ NC4 food preparation (irrespective yɯ́ nú — lune.
of heat). ] (noun—NC4) kind, type, intrinsic category
yɯ ɯ́ ɰmɯɯ́ — lo uómou. etym. lune. root. y-n-∅ "group" desc. lunior [ NC4 similar, alike,
(verb—phras.) I sniff, I smell, I try to identify by smell of the same kind, possessing similar qualities. ]
etym. lo womool. root. ɯ́ -m-∅ "scent" yɯ́ nμɯλ — lunior.
yɯ ɱμ́ɰɯ́ — lo víóu. (noun—NC4) similar, alike, of the same kind, possessing similar
(verb—phras.) I sound the alarm, I call for aid qualities
etym. lo biyool. ante. vío [ NC4 call for aid, call for assistance; war etym. luneor. -xr derivation N ante. lune [ NC4 kind, type,
call. ] intrinsic category. ]

yɯ çɰ́ n̄ɯɯ́ — lo zúdou. yɥn — lán.

(verb—VC1) (noun—NC1)

a. I honor a. peer, equal

b. I bow, I make formal greetings b. friendly
c. noble honorific
etym. lo zuthuosa. root. ç-n̄-∅ "honor" ante. zúd [ NC4 honor. ]
etym. lana. root. y-n-∅ "group" desc. lanauno [ NC4 alliance,
yɯ ɥnńun̄μncu — lo ántadinsa. friendship, diplomatic relations; Ousse concept of parity. ]
(verb—phras.) I have sex with
yɥnμmḿɯc — lánimpos.
ante. ántadin [ NC4 sexual intercourse, congress, mating. ] lo [ . ]
(noun—NC4) friendship, companionship
yɯ ɰ́ gńu — lo úhta. etym. lananpos. -(b/p)xs root. y-n-n "familiarity" ante. lánin
(verb—phras.) [ NC1 friend, companion, acquaintance. ]
a. I punish, I chastise, I castigate
yɥnμn — lánin.
b. I strike
(noun—NC1) friend, companion, acquaintance
etym. lo ugutola. etym. lanan. root. y-n-n "familiarity" desc. lánimpos
yɯ ɰ́ ɯmɯɯ́ — lo úomou. [ NC4 friendship, companionship. ]
(verb—phras.) I smell, I sniff, I identify by nose yμ́çq̄ — lízg.
etym. lo womool. ante. uóm [ NC4 smelling, sniffing. ] (noun—NC2) louse
yɯ ɰ́ λunɯɯ́ — lo úranou. etym. lizig. root. y-ç-g "pest"
(verb—phras.) I imitate, I pretend to be yɰgɯ — lógho.
etym. lo wuranol. ante. úran [ NC4 voice, particularly a human (noun—NC4)
voice. ]
a. action, deed
yɯ ɰ́ λúnɯɯ́ — lo úrenou. b. rituals, rites
(verb—phras.) etym. loogo. -xgx prosp patient ante. lo [ . ]
a. I make animal sounds
yɰc — lós.
b. I whistle
(noun—NC4) verb
etym. lo wurenol. ante. úren [ NC4 animal's voice, spirit's voice; etym. loos. -x(z/s) active ante. lo [ . ] desc. palós [ NC4 verb
non-human voice. ] class. ] lósor [ NC4 modal verb. ]
yɯnɯ́ n — lonun.
yɰcɯλ — lósor.
(noun—NC4) (noun—NC4) modal verb
a. familiarity, basic knowledge etym. loosor. ante. lós [ NC4 verb. ]
b. military intelligence
yɰńμn — lótin.
etym. lonun. root. y-n-n "familiarity" desc. de lonunou
(noun—NC4) purpose, goal, intention, aim
[ phras. I have knowledge of, I know of someone [GEN]. ]
etym. loton.

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yɰçq̄ — lózg. um̄ μɯc — abios.

(noun—NC4) nuisance, inconvenience (noun—NC4) hunger
etym. lozog. root. y-ç-g "pest" etym. abeos. -x(z/s) active ante. abe [ VC3 I eat, I consume (used

yɰ́ m̄ μ — lúbi. more commonly than be or ámka ).. ]

(noun—NC1) nephew, young man um̄ μɯcɯλ — abiosor.
etym. n/a. (noun—NC4) “Hunger months” or “the hunger,” the final two

yɰ́ mɯ́ μ — lúmui. months of a normal year, and the penultimate two months of a
(noun—NC1) young woman, young lady leap year. Consists of only 24 days each. Described ordinally (i.e.

etym. n/a. Second Hunger)

etym. atpheosor.

um̄ μḿɯc — abipos.

u — a words (noun—NC4) mealtime

etym. atphepos. -(b/p)xs ante. abe [ VC3 I eat, I consume (used
more commonly than be or ámka ).. ]

un̄μcɥ́ — Adisé. um̄ ɯc — abos.

(personal name—NC1) heaven sent, godsend (noun—NC1) second child, specifically one's second child of
etym. Athisey. root. ∅-n̄-c "sky" their same gender
etym. aphos. root. ∅-m̄ -(c) "two"
ugɯ́ uμú — Aghuaie.
(personal name—NC1) A wisewoman of Laphaus, tasked with um̄ ɯ́ ɯɯ́ — abuou.
delivering the prophecy by Ramiz. (noun—NC2) falcon, raptor
etym. Agwaye. root. ∅-gɯ́ -μ "crow" etym. aphwol. root. ∅-m̄ ɯ́ -y "raptor" desc. abuouer [ NC2 eagle,
hawk. ]
umɯn̄μcɥçɯɯ́ — Amodisázou.
(proper noun—NC4) Halls of Praise, Ousse version of Purgatory. um̄ ɯ́ ɯɯ́ úλ — abuouer.
etym. amothisaaz. (noun—NC2) eagle, hawk
etym. aphwoler. root. ∅-m̄ ɯ́ -y "raptor" ante. abuou [ NC2 falcon,
uλɰ́ — Arú.
raptor. ]
(noun—NC1) Alou person
etym. aruw. um̄ ɯ́ λ — abur.
(noun—NC2) terror, monster
ucɯmuμy ḿɯn̄u — Asomail Poda.
etym. aphur. root. ∅-m̄ -λ "creature" desc. adúabur
(proper noun—NC3) Lake Asoma, a large body of water to the
[ NC2 crocodile. ]
north of Indaha
etym. Asomail Potha. um̄ çμn̄ — abzid.
(noun—NC4) curing, healing, treating
uɯ́ uɯ́ nɯ́ m — Auaunum.
etym. atphezid. at- ante. bezid [ NC3 medicine, medication,
(proper noun—NC4) An Ousse religious institution, operating at
cure. ] desc. mo abzidou [ phras. I cure, I resolve, I fix. ]
the federal level as the Ministry of Justice.
etym. Awaunum. awa- root. ∅-n-m "justness" um̄ ɥ́ńμn — abétin.
(noun—NC3) fork, eating utensil
uɯ́ ún̄ — Aued.
etym. atpheten. -(d/t)xn passive ante. abe [ VC3 I eat, I consume
(noun—NC2)
(used more commonly than be or ámka ).. ]
a. Aued, goddess of skill
b. sometimes called &Malobis, sometimes considered distinct. un̄ú — ade.
(verb—VC3)
etym. Awed. root. ∅-ɯ́ -ŋ "capacity"
a. I realize, I make happen
uɱúμ́u — Aveía. b. [tu] I facilitate, I help bring about, I make possible for DAT
(noun—NC3) A principality of Indaha
etym. atthe. desc. adipos [ NC4 realization, satisfaction,
etym. Abeyia. root. ɱ-μ-∅ "prayer "
actualization, achievement, achèvement. ] ade urinas [ phras. I
um̄ ú — abe. enslave, I take as captive. ] adeudha [ NC4 reality, concreteness. ]
(verb—VC3) I eat, I consume (used more commonly than be or adéti [ NC3 real, concrete, tangible, substantive. ] ajodho
ámka ). [ NC4 event, accident, incident. ] ajogho [ NC4 effect, outcome; side
etym. atphe. at- desc. abipos [ NC4 mealtime. ] abétin effect, epiphenomenon. ] ajoso [ NC4 cause, catalyst, initiator,
[ NC3 fork, eating utensil. ] abios [ NC4 hunger. ] instigator. ]

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un̄ú ɯ́ λμnuc — ade urinas. un̄μḿɯc — adipos.

(verb—phras.) I enslave, I take as captive (noun—NC4) realization, satisfaction, actualization,
etym. atthe urinas. ante. ade [ VC3 I realize, I make happen; [tu] I achievement, achèvement
facilitate, I help bring about, I make possible for DAT. ] etym. atthepos. ante. ade [ VC3 I realize, I make happen; [tu] I
un̄úɯ́ ŋu — adeudha. facilitate, I help bring about, I make possible for DAT. ]

(noun—NC4) reality, concreteness un̄μc — adis.

etym. attheoda. ante. ade [ VC3 I realize, I make happen; [tu] I (noun—NC4) blue
facilitate, I help bring about, I make possible for DAT. ] etym. athis. root. ∅-n̄-c "sky" desc. omuadis [ NC3 indigo dye,

uŋu — adha. indigo plant. ]

(verb—VC2) I go to, I travel to, I move to un̄ɯ́ y — adul.
etym. ada. at- desc. adha kiwadir [ phras. I travel by foot, I (noun—NC3)
walk. ] adha daikir [ phras. I go by boat, I travel by boat. ] adha a. water [tangible]
áudhaibeis [ phras. I travel by mount, I travel by horse or donkey. ] b. [indef] body of water
adhaus [ NC4 travel. ] adhádhi [ NC1 pilgrim, traveler. ] etym. athul. root. ∅-n̄-y "water"
uŋu mɰ́ muμc — adha Múmais. un̄ɯ́ ń — adut.
(verb—phras.) [infantile] I go to bed, I go to sleep (noun—NC3) sinkhole
etym. ada Muumais. ante. Múma [ NC2 goddess of sleep, dreams, etym. athut. root. ∅-n̄-ń "marches"
mind, thoughts. ]
un̄ɥ́ — adé.
uŋu n̄uμq́μλ — adha daikir. (noun—NC3) shell, particularly the shells used as currency in
(verb—phras.) I go by boat, I travel by boat Indaha and Oukwe.
etym. ada thaikir. ante. daik [ NC3 river. ] adha [ VC2 I go to, I etym. athey. root. ∅-n̄-μ "shell" desc. adéán [ NC1 rich, wealthy. ]
travel to, I move to. ]
uŋu q́μɯ́ un̄μλ — adha kiwadir. un̄ɥ́ńμ — adéti.
(verb—phras.) I travel by foot, I walk (noun—NC3) real, concrete, tangible, substantive
etym. ada kiwadir. root. q́-ɯ́ -ŋ "limb" ante. adha [ VC2 I go to, I etym. attheeti. ante. ade [ VC3 I realize, I make happen; [tu] I
travel to, I move to. ] kiwad [ NC3 foot, feet, paws, legs. ] facilitate, I help bring about, I make possible for DAT. ]
uŋu ńɯ́ mμńμλ — adha tumitir. un̄ɥ́ɥn — adéán.
(verb—phras.) I roll around (noun—NC1) rich, wealthy
etym. ada tumitir. root. ń-m-ń "circle" etym. atheyana. ante. adé [ NC3 shell, particularly the shells used
uŋu ńɰŋμyɯc — adha tódhilos. as currency in Indaha and Oukwe.. ]
(verb—phras.) I swim to [DAT] un̄ɰ́ um̄ ɯ́ λ — adúabur.
etym. ada todolos. ante. tódhil [ NC4 swimming, propulsion (noun—NC2) crocodile
through water. ] etym. athulaphur. root. ∅-m̄ -λ "creature;"∅-n̄-
uŋu ńɰ́ μλɯc — adha túiros. y "water;" ante. abur [ NC2 terror, monster. ]
(verb—phras.) I fly, I take to the sky un̄ɰ́ gq́ — adúhk.
etym. atda tuyuros. root. ń-μ-λ "bird" desc. túir [ NC4 flight. ] (noun—NC4)
uŋu ɥɯ́ ŋuμm̄ úμc — adha áudhaibeis. a. life lessons
(verb—phras.) I travel by mount, I travel by horse or donkey b. teachings, memoirs

etym. ada awadaepheis. ante. áudhaibe [ NC2 mount, horse. ] etym. atthuguk. ante. dúhk [ NC4 wisdom, knowledge through
adha [ VC2 I go to, I travel to, I move to. ] experience; prudence, ‘good knowledge’; lore. ]
uŋuɯ́ c — adhaus. un̄ɰ́ num̄ ɯ́ n — adúnabun.
(noun—NC4) travel (noun—NC4) death by drowning
etym. atdaos. -x(z/s) active ante. adha [ VC2 I go to, I travel to, I etym. adulnabun.
move to. ]
ugɯń — aghot.
uŋμn — adhin. (noun—NC4) risk, possibility
(noun—NC3) wind [specific] etym. agot. root. ∅-g-ń "consequence"
etym. adin. root. ∅-ŋ-n "wind"

uŋɥŋμ — adhádhi.
(noun—NC1) pilgrim, traveler
etym. atdaadi. -x(d/t)i derivation ante. adha [ VC2 I go to, I
travel to, I move to. ]

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uq̄ɯ — ago. uq́u umμçμy — aka amizil.

(verb—VC1) (verb—phras.) I milk an animal
a. I declare, I state etym. ka amizil. root. ∅-m-ç "milk" ante. ka [ VC2 I take, I get, I
b. I respond receive, I grab, I grasp, I acquire, I obtain, I gather. ] amiz [ NC3 milk. ]
etym. atkho. at- desc. agótin [ NC4 response, answer. ] agós uq́uμgú — akaighe.
[ NC4 declaration, statement, pronouncement, edict, decree. ] agóps (noun—NC3) cart, wagon
[ NC4 indicative mood. ] etym. akaege. -xgx prosp patient ante. aka [ VC2 . ]
uq̄ɯ cuɯ́ cɯɯ́ — ago sausou. uq́uńún — akaten.
(verb—phras.) I found, I establish (noun—NC3) rope
etym. atkho saosol. etym. atkaten. -(d/t)xn passive ante. aka [ VC2 . ]
uq̄ɰḿc — agóps. uq́μn — akin.
(noun—NC4) indicative mood (noun—NC4) largeness [relative]
etym. atkhopos. -(b/p)xs ante. ago [ VC1 I declare, I state; I etym. akin. root. ∅-q́-n "large" desc. akinar [ NC1 larger, taller
respond. ] person; older sibling. ]
uq̄ɰc — agós. uq́μnuλ — akinar.
(noun—NC4) declaration, statement, pronouncement, edict, (noun—NC1)
decree a. larger, taller person
etym. atkhoos. -x(z/s) active ante. ago [ VC1 I declare, I state; I b. older sibling
respond. ] etym. akinar. -xr derivation N root. ∅-q́-n "large" ante. akin
uq̄ɰńμn — agótin. [ NC4 largeness [relative]. ]
(noun—NC4) response, answer uq́μnúλ — akiner.
etym. atkhoton. -(d/t)xn passive ante. ago [ VC1 I declare, I (noun—NC2)
state; I respond. ]
a. larger being, larger animal
uμnɯ́ m — ainum. b. monster
(noun—NC4) death, cessation of life etym. akiner. -xr derivation N root. ∅-q́-n "large"
etym. aynum. root. ∅-μn-m "death"
uq́μnúλ — akiner.
uμɯ́ m — aium. (noun—NC3) larger object, larger thing
(noun—NC2) catfish etym. akiner. -xr derivation N root. ∅-q́-n "large"
etym. ayum. root. ∅-μ-m "antennae"
uq́μnɯλ — akinor.
uŋ̄ɯŋɯ — ajodho. (noun—NC4) larger, greater concept
(noun—NC4) event, accident, incident etym. akinor. -xr derivation N root. ∅-q́-n "large"
etym. attheodo. -xdx perf agent ante. ade [ VC3 I realize, I make
uq́μc — akis.
happen; [tu] I facilitate, I help bring about, I make possible for
(noun—NC3) ears, particularly small and round ears
DAT. ] desc. ibajodho [ NC4 coincidence, co-occurrence . ]
etym. akes. root. ∅-q́-c "hearing"
uŋ̄ɯgɯ — ajogho.
uy m̄ λuμ́ — al Braí.
(noun—NC4)
(personal name—NC1) the family name of the Braí family and
a. effect, outcome
royal dynasty
b. side effect, epiphenomenon
etym. al Pherayi. root. m̄ -λ-μ "silk"
etym. attheogo. -xgx prosp patient ante. ade [ VC3 I realize, I
make happen; [tu] I facilitate, I help bring about, I make possible for uy yɥn̄μc — al Ládis.
(personal name—NC1) first prophet of the Ousse cult of
DAT. ]
knowledge
uŋ̄ɯcɯ — ajoso. etym. al Lathas. root. y-n̄-c "kindness"
(noun—NC4) cause, catalyst, initiator, instigator
uy ǵɰ́ λμc — al Qúris.
etym. attheoso. -xsx prog agent ante. ade [ VC3 I realize, I make
happen; [tu] I facilitate, I help bring about, I make possible for DAT. ] (noun—NC1) A wiseman from Daima, tasked with the prophecy
by Ramiz.
uq́u — aka. etym. al Kuryus. root. q́-λμ-c "parrot"
(verb—VC2) I draw, I pull, I drag, I bring towards myself
uy çɯ́ q̄ɯ́ um̄ u — al Zuguaba.
etym. atka. at- desc. akaten [ NC3 rope. ] akaighe [ NC3 cart,
(noun—NC1) honorific used to refer to a prince
wagon. ] aqáka [ NC1 palm wine tapper. ]
etym. al Zugoapha. -xdx perf agent, -xphx perf patient

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uy Áɯ́ λμum̄ u — al Áuriaba. umɰḿc — amóps.

(noun—NC1) honorific title used to refer to the king of Indaha (noun—NC4) trade, exchange
etym. al awareapha. -xphx perf patient ante. áure [ VC3 I lift, I etym. atmopos. -(b/p)xs ante. amo [ VC1 I give, I hand off, I hand
hold up, I elevate, I raise, I promote, I catch, I trap. ] over, I pay; [+at] I throw, I toss, I cast. ] desc. pámóps
uyμ́ — alí. [ NC4 economics, economy, organized trade. ]

(noun—NC4) charisma uǵɥq́u — aqáka.

etym. aliy. root. ∅-y-μ "charisma " (noun—NC1) palm wine tapper
umuμm̄ ɯ́ c — amaibus. etym. atkaaka. -xkx prosp agent ante. aka [ VC2 . ]

(noun—NC4) splitting, dividing uλn̄ú — arde.

etym. amaebus. root. ∅-m̄ -(c) "two" ante. ebus [ NC4 half, (noun—VC3) I trust, I have faith in, I believe
halves. ] desc. lo amaibusou [ phras. I split apart, I break apart. ] etym. arthe. ar- desc. arjos [ NC4 trust, faith, belief. ]

umuɯ́ λɯ́ n — amaurun. uλn̄ú — arde.

(noun—NC1) son-in-law, daughter-in-law (verb—VC3) I trust, I entrust
etym. amaurun. ama- root. ∅-λ-n "blood" etym. arthe. ar- desc. arjozo [ NC4 sincere, well-meaning. ] arjos

umgɥŋμn̄ — amghádhid. [ NC4 trust, faith, belief. ] arjaz [ NC1 trustworthy, honest. ]
(noun—NC4) albinism uλŋu — ardha.
etym. amagadad. ama- root. g-ŋ-ŋ "marble" (verb—VC2) I lead, I trail ahead, I scout
umμç — amiz. etym. arda. ar- desc. ardhádhi [ NC1 scout. ] ardház

(noun—NC3) milk [ NC1 trailblazer, progressive, forward thinking. ]

etym. amiz. root. ∅-m-ç "milk" desc. uramiz [ NC4 low milk uλŋɥŋμ — ardhádhi.
supply, agalactia. ] aka amizil [ phras. I milk an animal. ] (noun—NC1) scout

umɯ — amo. etym. ardaadi. ante. ardha [ VC2 I lead, I trail ahead, I scout. ]
(verb—VC1) uλŋɥç — ardház.
a. I give, I hand off, I hand over, I pay (noun—NC1) trailblazer, progressive, forward thinking
b. [+at] I throw, I toss, I cast etym. ardaaz. ante. ardha [ VC2 I lead, I trail ahead, I scout. ]
etym. atmo. at- desc. amódha [ NC4 giving, charity. ] amódhi uλn̄ɰ́ gq́ — ardúhk.
[ NC4 surrender, relinquishment, admission of defeat or loss. ] amotin (noun—NC4) precociousness, wisedom before one's age
[ NC3 gift, prize, award; tribute from a vassal state. ] amóps etym. arthuguk. ar- root. n̄-g-q́ "wisdom"
[ NC4 trade, exchange. ]
uλn̄ɰ́ μ — ardúi.
umɯńu — amota. (noun—NC4) fate, destiny, fortune
(verb—VC2) I turn to the right etym. arthuuy. ar- root. n̄-∅-μ "front" ante. dúi [ NC4 future
etym. amota. events. ]
umɯńμn — amotin. uλn̄ɰ́ μɯɯ́ ɥλŋɥnń — ardúiou árdhánt.
(noun—NC3) (expression) “fortune leads” or “fate points the way,” an
a. gift, prize, award expression conveying gratitude or auspiciousness
b. tribute from a vassal state etym. arthuyuol ardamat.
etym. atmoten. ante. amo [ VC1 I give, I hand off, I hand over, I pay; uλn̄ɰ́ n — ardún.
[+at] I throw, I toss, I cast. ] (noun—NC4) forethought
umɰŋu — amódha. etym. arthuun. ar- root. n̄-∅-n "idea"
(noun—NC4) giving, charity uλú — are.
etym. atmooda. -oda ante. amo [ VC1 I give, I hand off, I hand (verb—VC3)
over, I pay; [+at] I throw, I toss, I cast. ]
a. I receive, I accept
umɰŋμ — amódhi. b. I wait, I attend

(noun—NC4) surrender, relinquishment, admission of defeat or etym. atre. ar-

loss
uλq̄ɯ — argo.
etym. amoodi. -x(d/t)i derivation ante. amo [ VC1 I give, I hand
(verb—VC1)
off, I hand over, I pay; [+at] I throw, I toss, I cast. ]
a. I direct, I instruct, I give directions
b. I command

desc. argovas [ NC1 teacher; (defunct) commander. ] argós

[ NC4 commands, instructions, tactics. ]

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uλq̄ɯgu — argogha. uλq́uλ — arkar.

(noun—NC4) Early Harvest, a leap month of 24 days observed (noun—NC1) example, role model
every 4/13 years. etym. arekar. -xr derivation N root. ∅-λ-q́ "manner" ante. ark
etym. arkhoga. ar- root. q̄-g-∅ "farming" [ NC4 manner, pattern. ]
uλq̄ɯɱuc — argovas. uλq́ɯλ — arkor.
(noun—NC1) (noun—NC4) example, instance, scenario
a. teacher etym. arekor. -xr derivation N root. ∅-λ-q́ "manner" ante. ark
b. (defunct) commander [ NC4 manner, pattern. ]
etym. arkhobas. -(b/p)xs ante. argo [ VC1 I direct, I instruct, I uλmɯ — armo.
give directions; I command. ] (verb—VC1) I enforce, I make known, I withhold
uλq̄ɰc — argós. etym. armo. ar- desc. armuaz [ NC1 authority figure. ] armóbo
(noun—NC4) commands, instructions, tactics [ NC4 authority, public order, public safety. ] armo úrmou [ phras. I
etym. arkhoos. ante. argo [ VC1 I direct, I instruct, I give directions; enforce the law, I keep the peace. ]
I command. ] uλmɯ ɰ́ λmɯɯ́ — armo úrmou.
uλμn — arin. (verb—phras.) I enforce the law, I keep the peace
(noun—NC3) blood etym. armo urumol. ante. armo [ VC1 I enforce, I make known, I
etym. arin. root. ∅-λ-n "blood" desc. kavidil arin [ NC3 royal withhold. ]
blood. ] mátrin [ NC4 exsanguination, bleeding out, death caused by a uλmɯ́ uç — armuaz.
fatal wound. ] (noun—NC1) authority figure
uλμnɯɯ́ q̄ɰ́ gm — arinou gúhm. etym. armoaz. -x(z/s) active ante. armo [ VC1 I enforce, I make
(noun—NC4) miscarriage, spontaneous abortion known, I withhold. ]
etym. arinol khugum. root. q̄-g-m "birth;"∅-λ-n "blood;" uλmɰm̄ ɯ — armóbo.
uλμɯ́ n — ariun. (noun—NC4) authority, public order, public safety
(noun—NC2) lark etym. armoopho. -xphx perf patient ante. armo [ VC1 I enforce, I
etym. aryun. root. ∅-λμ-n "lark" make known, I withhold. ]

uλŋ̄uç — arjaz. uλɯ — aro.

(noun—NC1) trustworthy, honest (verb—VC1)
etym. artheaz. -x(z/s) active ante. arde [ VC3 I trust, I have faith a. I direct, I point, I lead, I send, I drive, I bring

in, I believe. ] b. {ghal+ OBJ} prepare for

uλŋ̄ɯc — arjos. etym. arlo. ar- desc. aruedhi [ NC2 herding dog. ] aruaka

(noun—NC4) trust, faith, belief [ NC1 driver, chauffeur. ]

etym. ardeos. ante. arde [ VC3 I trust, I have faith in, I believe. ] uλɯguc — aroghas.
arde [ VC3 I trust, I have faith in, I believe. ] desc. arjosón (adverb) before, prior
[ NC4 religion, organized faith. ] etym. arogas. ante. oghas [ NC4 time [specific]; tense. ]
uλŋ̄ɯcɰn — arjosón. uλǵɰn — arqón.
(noun—NC4) religion, organized faith (noun—NC4) proposal, formal plan, outline,
etym. artheosono. -xnx derivation N ante. arjos [ NC4 trust, etym. arekono. root. ∅-λ-q́ "manner"
faith, belief. ] uλńɰgç — artóhz.
uλŋ̄ɯçɯ — arjozo. (noun—NC4) life story, biography
(noun—NC4) sincere, well-meaning etym. artogoz. ante. tóhz [ NC4 story, narrative, account. ]
etym. artheozo. -x(d/t)i derivation, -xzx prog patient ante. arde uλɯ́ uq́u — aruaka.
[ VC3 I trust, I have faith in, I believe. ] (noun—NC1) driver, chauffeur
uλq́ — ark. etym. aroaka. -xkx prosp agent ante. aro [ VC1 I direct, I point, I
(noun—NC4) manner, pattern lead, I send, I drive, I bring; {ghal+ OBJ} prepare for. ]
etym. arek. root. ∅-λ-q́ "manner" desc. arkor [ NC4 example, uλɯ́ úŋμ — aruedhi.
instance, scenario. ] arkar [ NC1 example, role model. ] (noun—NC2) herding dog
uλq́unμn — arkanin. ante. aro [ VC1 I direct, I point, I lead, I send, I drive, I bring; {ghal+
(noun—NC3) candle, oil lamp OBJ} prepare for. ]
etym. kaninmoephe. ar- root. q́-n-n "flame" ante. mo kaninir uλμ́n — arín.
[ phras. I set aflame, I set on fire, I burn, I immolate. ] kanin (noun—NC2) starling, flycatcher
[ NC3 flame, fire. ] etym. iryan. root. ∅-λμ-n "lark"

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uλɰ́ m — arúm. uńuɯ́ c — ataus.

(noun—NC1) scholastic, scholar (noun—NC4) vision, sight
etym. arumu. ar- desc. qárúm [ NC3 scholastic order, members of etym. ataes. -x(z/s) active ante. ata [ VC2 I look at, I identify, I
a religious community. ] consider. ]
ucu — asa. uńuɯ́ cɯ — atauso.
(verb—VC2) I arrive, I happen, I occur (noun—NC4) perspective, point of view
etym. atsa. at- desc. ásdhin [ NC2 newborn animal. ] ásdhan etym. ataoso. -xsx prog agent ante. ata [ VC2 I look at, I identify, I
[ NC1 newborn child. ] asáz [ NC1 migrants, immigrants; guests; consider. ]
newcomers. ] áston [ NC4 arrival, appearance. ] áspos uńμc — atis.
[ NC4 destination; terminus. ] asába [ NC4 the arrivant self; a central (noun—NC3) ditch, trough, narrow hole
tenet in the Ousse philosophy of mind. ] qásáz [ NC3 migrant peoples; etym. atis. root. ∅-ń-c "hole" desc. atisén [ NC3 ridge,
immigrants; horde. ] asaise [ NC3 sudden, abrupt. ] asaudho indentation. ]
[ NC4 legal precedent. ] asaidhe [ NC3 present, in place. ]
uńμcɥ́n — atisén.
ucuμŋú — asaidhe. (noun—NC3) ridge, indentation
(noun—NC3) present, in place etym. atisene. root. ∅-ń-c "hole" ante. atis [ NC3 ditch, trough,
etym. asaede. ante. asa [ VC2 I arrive, I happen, I occur. ] narrow hole. ] ámbéz [ NC3 grazing animal, such as cows, sheep or
ucuμcú — asaise. antelope. ]
(noun—NC3) sudden, abrupt uńλú — atre.
etym. asaese. -xsx prog agent ante. asa [ VC2 I arrive, I happen, I (verb—VC3) I antagonize, I contest, I conflict with
occur. ] at- desc. atrioko [ NC4 enmity, antagonism. ]
ucuɯ́ ŋɯ — asaudho. uńλμɯq́ɯ — atrioko.
(noun—NC4) legal precedent (noun—NC4) enmity, antagonism
etym. asaodo. -xdx perf agent ante. asa [ VC2 I arrive, I happen, I etym. atreoko. -xkx prosp agent ante. atre [ VC3 I antagonize, I
occur. ] contest, I conflict with. ]
ucɯy — asol. uńλμçɯ́ q̄ — atrizug.
(noun—NC4) washing, cleaning, bathing (noun—NC3) trap for pests
etym. asol. desc. lo asola [ phras. I wash, I clean, I make tidy, I etym. atlezug. at- root. y-ç-g "pest" ante. lezug [ NC2 pest,
make pure. ] ka asolou [ phras. I wash myself, I shower, I bathe. ] vermin, animals that target crops. ]
ucɯ́ q́ — asuk. uńλɯ — atro.
(noun—NC1) (verb—VC1) I modify, I adjust, I change, I fasten, I manipulate, I
a. youthful, naïve, innocent, pure secure
b. young child
etym. atlo. at- desc. atrótin [ NC4 modifications, adjustments,
etym. asuk. root. ∅-c-q́ "young" changes, updates; nominal modification. ] atruadhi [ NC1 tailor,
ucɥm̄ u — asába. seamstress. ]
(noun—NC4) uńλɯ́ uŋμ — atruadhi.
a. the arrivant self (noun—NC1) tailor, seamstress
b. a central tenet in the Ousse philosophy of mind etym. atloadi. ante. atro [ VC1 I modify, I adjust, I change, I fasten, I
etym. atsaapha. -xphx perf patient ante. asa [ VC2 I arrive, I manipulate, I secure. ]
happen, I occur. ] uńλɥn — atrán.
ucɥç — asáz. (noun—NC1) chancellor, head diplomat
(noun—NC1) etym. atlana. root. y-n-∅ "group" desc. ou Atranauno [ NC4 the

a. migrants, immigrants
Chancellery, a government institution. ]
b. guests uńλɰc — atrós.
c. newcomers
(noun—NC4) modifier
etym. asaaz. -x(z/s) active ante. asa [ VC2 I arrive, I happen, I etym. atloos. -x(z/s) active
occur. ]
uńλɰńμn — atrótin.
uńu — ata. (noun—NC4)
(verb—VC2) I look at, I identify, I consider a. modifications, adjustments, changes, updates
etym. ata. at- desc. ataus [ NC4 vision, sight. ] atauso b. nominal modification
[ NC4 perspective, point of view. ] atása [ NC1 scout; forager, tracker. ]
etym. atloton. -(d/t)xn passive ante. atro [ VC1 I modify, I adjust,
átpos [ NC4 identity. ]
I change, I fasten, I manipulate, I secure. ]

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uńɥcu — atása.
(noun—NC1)
a. scout
ɥ — á words
b. forager, tracker

etym. ataasa. -xsx prog agent ante. ata [ VC2 I look at, I identify, I ɥm̄ μ — ábi.
consider. ] (noun—NC1) father
uɯ́ uç — auaz. etym. aphay. root. ∅-m̄ -μ "father" desc. ábiar [ NC1 brother. ]
(noun—NC2) manatee, sea cow ábián [ NC1 paternal grandfather. ] báb [ NC1 dad, daddy. ]
etym. awats. Athama ɥm̄ μuλ — ábiar.
uɱu — ava. (noun—NC1) brother
(verb—VC2) I caress, I rub against (sexual connotation) etym. aphayar. -xr derivation N root. ∅-m̄ -μ "father" ante. ábi
etym. atba. at- desc. avaiti [ NC3 embrace, hug. ] avaus [ NC1 father. ]
[ NC4 petting. ] lo avausa [ phras. I pet, I stroke (an animal). ] ɥm̄ μq́ — ábik.
avasus [ NC4 sexual touching. ] (noun—NC3)
uɱuμńμ — avaiti. a. grasses, reeds
(noun—NC3) embrace, hug b. pen, stylus
etym. abaeti. ante. ava [ VC2 I caress, I rub against (sexual etym. aphik. root. ∅-m̄ -q́ "grasses"
connotation). ]
ɥm̄ μc — ábis.
uɱucɯ́ c — avasus. (noun—NC1) second in command
(noun—NC4) sexual touching etym. aphas. root. ∅-m̄ -(c) "two" desc. áure ábisas [ phras. I
etym. atbasus. participle ante. ava [ VC2 I caress, I rub against make my lieutenant, I promote to my second. ]
(sexual connotation). ]
ɥm̄ μɥn — ábián.
uɱuɯ́ c — avaus. (noun—NC1) paternal grandfather
(noun—NC4) petting etym. aphayana. -xnx derivation N root. ∅-m̄ -
etym. atbaos. ante. ava [ VC2 I caress, I rub against (sexual μ "father" ante. ábi [ NC1 father. ]
connotation). ]
ɥŋμy — ádhil.
uçn̄ — azd. (noun—NC1) man
(noun—NC3) work, piece of art etym. adal. root. ∅-ŋ-y "male" desc. ádhilán [ NC1 young man. ]
etym. azed. root. ∅-ç-ŋ "design" desc. lo azdir [ phras. I design, I ádhilar [ NC1 son. ] ádhrodhi [ NC4 manhood. ] qádhil [ NC3 group
beautify; I embroider. ] azédhir [ NC3 embroidery. ] of men. ]
uçɯ́ λ — azur. ɥŋμyuλ — ádhilar.
(noun—NC3) mist, haze, fine water particles (noun—NC1) son
etym. azur. root. ∅-ç-λ "mist" etym. adalar. -xr derivation N root. ∅-ŋ-y "male" ante. ádhil
uçɥ́ŋμnú — azédhine. [ NC1 man. ]
(noun—NC3) artist's studio, artisan's workshop, atelier ɥŋμyɥn — ádhilán.
etym. azedene. -xnx derivation N root. ∅-ç-ŋ "design" (noun—NC1) young man
uçɥ́ŋμλ — azédhir. etym. adalana. -xnx derivation N root. ∅-ŋ-y "male" ante. ádhil
(noun—NC3) embroidery [ NC1 man. ]
etym. azeder. root. ∅-ç-ŋ "design" ante. azd [ . ] ɥŋλɯŋμ — ádhrodhi.
uμ́λ — aír. (noun—NC4) manhood
(noun—NC3) etym. adalodi. -oda root. ∅-ŋ-y "male" ante. ádhil [ NC1 man. ]
a. soles of the feet ɥn̄μm̄ — ádib.
b. footsteps (noun—NC1) guilty, criminal, malfeasant
etym. ayir. root. ∅-μ-λ "bottom" etym. athab. root. ∅-n̄-ɱ "fault"

uμ́c — aís. ɥq̄μq́ — ágik.

(noun—NC4) happiness, bliss, glee, excitement, anticipation (noun—NC1) every person, each person
etym. ayis. root. ∅-μ-c "happiness" etym. akhik. root. ∅-q̄-q́ "all"

uɰ́ cum̄ ɯ́ λ — aúsabur. ɥq́μn — ákin.

(noun—NC2) whale, sea monster (noun—NC1) large person, great person
etym. awusabur. etym. akan. root. ∅-q́-n "large"

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ɥq́μcμy n̄ɯ́ uḿ — ákisil duap. ɥmμuλ — ámiar.

(noun—NC3) earwax (noun—NC1) sister
etym. akasil thewap. ante. duap [ . ] etym. amayar. -xr derivation N root. ∅-m-μ "mother" ante. ámi

ɥmm̄ ú — ámbe. [ NC1 mother. ]

(verb—VC3) I graze, I munch, I gnash ɥmμm — ámim.
etym. amaphe. desc. ámbéz [ NC3 grazing animal, such as cows, (noun—NC1) good person, good human
sheep or antelope. ] etym. amam. root. ∅-m-m "good"
ɥmm̄ ɯɱμ́ — ámboví. ɥmμɥn — ámián.
(noun—NC4) (noun—NC1) maternal grandmother
a. penetration, entrance into a place etym. amayana. -xnx derivation N root. ∅-m-
b. erosion μ "mother" ante. ámi [ NC1 mother. ]
etym. amaphobiy. ama- root. m̄ -ɱ-μ "interior" ɥmq́u — ámka.
ɥmm̄ ɥ́ç — ámbéz. (verb—VC2)
(noun—NC3) grazing animal, such as cows, sheep or antelope a. I eat, I consume
etym. amapheez. -x(z/s) active ante. ámbe [ VC3 I graze, I b. I swallow
c. I take in, I assimilate, I make like myself
munch, I gnash. ] desc. atisén [ NC3 ridge, indentation. ] qámabéz
[ NC3 herd of animals. ] etym. amaka. ama- desc. ámqása [ NC1 gluttonous, lecherous,
wasteful, improvident, profligate. ]
ɥmŋu — ámdha.
(verb—VC2) ɥmq́u ńɯ́ úyɯɯ́ — ámka tuelou.
(verb—phras.) I believe, I take as the truth
a. I enter, I come into, I penetrate, I go inside of ACC
b. I collide with DAT etym. amaka tuelol.

etym. amada. ama- ante. ámdhaiti [ NC3 lance, spear. ] ámdhaus ɥmɯ — ámo.
[ NC4 entry, entrance, doorway, admission. ] (verb—VC1)

ɥmŋuμńμ — ámdhaiti. a. I insert, I put [ACC] inside of [DAT], I thrust into, I shove into;

(noun—NC3) lance, spear etym. amamo. ama- desc. ámueghe [ NC3 word of passage,
etym. amadaeti. -x(d/t)i derivation desc. ámdha [ VC2 I enter, I password. ] ámódho [ NC4 planting, sowing. ]
come into, I penetrate, I go inside of ACC; I collide with DAT. ] ɥmḿμcḿ — ámpisp.
ɥmŋuɯ́ c — ámdhaus. (noun—NC3)
(noun—NC4) entry, entrance, doorway, admission a. convergence
etym. amadaos. desc. ámdha [ VC2 I enter, I come into, I penetrate, b. great road, highway
I go inside of ACC; I collide with DAT. ] etym. amapisep. ama- root. ḿ-c-ḿ "path"
ɥmguμq̄ — ámghaig. ɥmǵɥcu — ámqása.
(noun—NC3) roots of a plant, root system (noun—NC1) gluttonous, lecherous, wasteful, improvident,
etym. amagaig. ama- root. g-∅-g "earth" profligate
ɥmguμq̄ — ámghaig. etym. amakaasa. -xsx prog agent ante. ámka [ VC2 I eat, I
(noun—NC4) consume; I swallow; I take in, I assimilate, I make like myself. ]
a. sowing ɥmǵɰ́ yń — ámqúlt.
b. midyear point (noun—NC4) relative clause
root. g-∅-g "earth" etym. amakulut. ante. qúlt [ NC4 unit, piece, section, part of

ɥmguλq̄ — ámgharg. something. ]

(noun—NC4) ɥmλun̄ɯc — ámrados.

a. will towards something, will to do something, will to change (noun—NC4) mollification, pacification
b. ambition, drive etym. amalathos. ama- ante. lados [ NC4 kindness, warmness,
etym. amagareg. root. g-λ-g "intention" camaraderie. ]

ɥmμ — ámi.
(noun—NC1) mother
etym. amay. root. ∅-m-μ "mother" desc. ámiar [ NC1 sister. ]
ámián [ NC1 maternal grandmother. ] mám [ NC1 mom, mommy. ]

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ɥmλɯ — ámro. ɥmλɰcɯ — ámróso.

(verb—VC1) (noun—NC4) technique
a. I form, I mold, I shape etym. amalooso. -xsx prog agent ante. ámro [ VC1 I form, I mold,
b. I educate I shape; I educate; I bring into being, I create, I compose. ]
c. I bring into being, I create, I compose
ɥmλɰ́ m — ámrúm.
etym. amalo. ama- desc. ámruaz [ NC1 artisan, maker [typically (noun—NC4) learning, education, scholarship, study
male]. ] qámaluaz [ NC3 artisanal caste. ] ámrós [ NC4 form, shape, etym. amarumu. ama- ante. rúm [ NC4 knowledge gained as a
identity. ] Malobis [ NC2 Malobis, the goddess of crafts and result of observation. ] desc. ámrúmar [ NC1 student, acolyte. ]
merchants; patron of technical knowledge; sometimes called &Aued. ] ámrúmón [ NC4 time spent studying, time in school. ]
ámrotin [ NC3 good, commodity; sellable thing. ] ámruebe
ɥmλɰ́ muλ — ámrúmar.
[ NC3 thing that has been made; artisanal good. ] pámruebe
(noun—NC1) student, acolyte
[ NC4 culture. ] ámróso [ NC4 technique. ] ámrógho
etym. amarumuar. -xr derivation N ante. ámrúm [ NC4 learning,
[ NC4 flexibility, malleability, pliability. ] ámruagha
education, scholarship, study. ] rúm [ NC4 knowledge gained as a
[ NC1 impressionable, gullible, easily manipulated. ]
result of observation. ]
ɥmλɯńμn — ámrotin.
ɥmλɰ́ mɰn — ámrúmón.
(noun—NC3)
(noun—NC4) time spent studying, time in school
a. good, commodity
etym. amarumuono. -xnx derivation N ante. ámrúm
b. sellable thing
[ NC4 learning, education, scholarship, study. ] rúm [ NC4 knowledge
etym. amaloten. ante. ámro [ VC1 I form, I mold, I shape; I educate;
gained as a result of observation. ]
I bring into being, I create, I compose. ]
ɥmɯ́ úgú — ámueghe.
ɥmλɯ́ ugu — ámruagha.
(noun—NC3) word of passage, password
(noun—NC1) impressionable, gullible, easily manipulated
-xgx prosp patient ante. ámo [ VC1 I insert, I put [ACC] inside of
etym. amaroaga. -xgx prosp patient ante. ámro [ VC1 I form, I [DAT], I thrust into, I shove into;. ]
mold, I shape; I educate; I bring into being, I create, I compose. ]
ɥmɯ́ ɥçμλ — ámuázir.
ɥmλɯ́ uç — ámruaz.
(noun—NC1) unmarried, single
(noun—NC1) artisan, maker [typically male] etym. amawazar. root. ɯ́ -ç-λ "oath"
etym. amaluaz. ante. ámro [ VC1 I form, I mold, I shape; I educate; I
bring into being, I create, I compose. ] desc. ámruazar [ NC1 artisan, ɥmç — ámz.
maker [female gendered]. ] (noun—NC3) breast
etym. amaz. root. ∅-m-ç "milk" desc. ámzar [ NC1 nursing
ɥmλɯ́ uçuλ — ámruazar.
infant. ] mo ámzir [ phras. I breastfeed, I feed with my breast. ]
(noun—NC1) artisan, maker [female gendered]
etym. amaloazar. -xr derivation N ante. ámruaz [ NC1 artisan, ɥmçuλ — ámzar.

maker [typically male]. ] (noun—NC1) nursing infant

etym. amazar. root. ∅-m-ç "milk" ante. ámz [ NC3 breast. ]
ɥmλɯ́ úm̄ ú — ámruebe.
(noun—NC3) ɥmɰŋɯ — ámódho.
(noun—NC4) planting, sowing
a. thing that has been made
b. artisanal good
etym. amamoodo. -xdx perf agent ante. ámo [ VC1 I insert, I put
[ACC] inside of [DAT], I thrust into, I shove into;. ]
etym. amaloephe. ante. ámro [ VC1 I form, I mold, I shape; I
educate; I bring into being, I create, I compose. ] desc. pámruebe ɥnum̄ ɯ́ n — ánabun.
[ NC4 culture. ] (noun—NC4) willpower, spiritual energy
etym. amanaphun. ama- ante. nabun [ NC3 breath; will. ]
ɥmλɥn̄ — ámrád.
(noun—NC2) Amaratha, the arrivant self within Ousse religious ɥnn̄ú — ánde.
cosmology (verb—VC3) I seek, I look for, I hunt
etym. amaratha. ama- ante. rád [ NC1 person, human being. ] etym. amathe. desc. ándepos [ NC4 search, quest. ] ánjasa
[ NC1 hunter. ]
ɥmλɰgɯ — ámrógho.
(noun—NC4) flexibility, malleability, pliability ɥnn̄úḿɯc — ándepos.
etym. amaloogo. -xgx prosp patient ante. ámro [ VC1 I form, I (noun—NC4) search, quest
mold, I shape; I educate; I bring into being, I create, I compose. ] etym. amathepos. ante. ánde [ VC3 I seek, I look for, I hunt. ]

ɥmλɰc — ámrós. ɥnq̄uq̄μc — ángagis.

(noun—NC4) form, shape, identity (noun—NC4) swallowing
etym. amaloos. ante. ámro [ VC1 I form, I mold, I shape; I educate; I etym. amakhakhis. ama- root. q̄-q̄-c "neck" ante. gagis
bring into being, I create, I compose. ] [ NC3 throat, esophagus. ]

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ɥnq̄ɯ — ángo. ɥncuɯ́ cɯ — ánsauso.

(verb—VC1) (noun—NC4)
a. I mutter, I hum, I chant a. growth, development, becoming
b. I enchant b. destiny
c. I intend
etym. amasaoso. -xsx prog agent ante. ánsa [ VC2 I become, I
etym. amakho. ama- transform into, I change form. ]
ɥnq̄ɯnɯ́ n — ángonun. ɥncuɯ́ ńμ — ánsauti.
(noun—NC4) warming up, warming through (noun—NC4) conjugated form
etym. amakhonun. ama- root. q̄-n-n "heat" ante. gonun etym. amasaoti. ante. ánsa [ VC2 I become, I transform into, I
[ NC3 heat, warmth (negative); rudeness, callousness. ] change form. ]
ɥnμm — ánim. ɥncɥŋu — ánsádha.
(noun—NC1) just person, honest person (noun—NC1)
etym. anam. root. ∅-n-m "justness"
a. adult, fully grown human being
ɥnŋ̄ucu — ánjasa. b. legal adult, marriageable age

(noun—NC1) hunter etym. amasaada. -xdx perf agent ante. ánsa [ VC2 I become, I
etym. amatheaza. -xsx prog agent ante. ánde [ VC3 I seek, I look transform into, I change form. ]
for, I hunt. ]
ɥncɥq́u — ánsáka.
ɥncu — ánsa. (noun—NC1) underage, minor
(verb—VC2) I become, I transform into, I change form etym. amasaaka. -xkx prosp agent ante. ánsa [ VC2 I become, I
etym. amasa. desc. ánsauso [ NC4 growth, development, becoming; transform into, I change form. ]
destiny. ] ánsádha [ NC1 adult, fully grown human being; legal adult,
ɥnńun̄μn — ántadin.
marriageable age. ] ánsáka [ NC1 underage, minor. ] ánsaubo
(noun—NC4) sexual intercourse, congress, mating
[ NC4 season, years; annals [always definite]. ] ánsauti
etym. amatathin. ama- root. ń-n̄-n "pleasure" desc. lo
[ NC4 conjugated form. ] ánsaudha [ NC4 conjugation of verbs. ]
ántadinsa [ phras. I have sex with. ]
ánsaighe [ NC3 resources, raw materials. ] ánsapos [ NC4 process;
transformation, rendering, manufacturing. ] ɥḿc — áps.
(noun—NC1) beautiful, gorgeous
ɥncuμgú — ánsaighe.
etym. apas. root. ∅-ḿ-c "beauty"
(noun—NC3) resources, raw materials
etym. amasaege. -xgx prosp patient ante. ánsa [ VC2 I become, I ɥḿcɥn — ápsán.
transform into, I change form. ] (noun—NC1) young woman, beautiful
etym. apasana. -xnx derivation N root. ∅-ḿ-c "beauty"
ɥncuḿɯc — ánsapos.
(noun—NC4) ɥλm — árm.
(noun—NC4) custom, tradition, practice
a. process
b. transformation, rendering, manufacturing etym. aram. root. ∅-λ-m "rule"

etym. amasapos. ante. ánsa [ VC2 I become, I transform into, I ɥλn — árn.
change form. ] (noun—NC1) kinsmen, cousin
etym. aran. root. ∅-λ-n "blood"
ɥncuɯ́ m̄ ɯ — ánsaubo.
(noun—NC4) ɥλnuλ — árnar.

a. season, years
(noun—NC1) kinsman, cousin (used to describe cousins of
b. annals [always definite] opposite gender)
etym. aranar. -xr derivation N
etym. amasaopho. -xkx prosp agent ante. ánsa [ VC2 I become, I
transform into, I change form. ] ɥcŋun — ásdhan.
(noun—NC1) newborn child
ɥncuɯ́ ŋu — ánsaudha.
etym. atsadan. -x(d/t)i derivation ante. asa [ VC2 I arrive, I
(noun—NC4) conjugation of verbs
happen, I occur. ]
etym. amasaoda. ante. ánsa [ VC2 I become, I transform into, I
change form. ] ɥcŋμn — ásdhin.
(noun—NC2) newborn animal
etym. atsaedi. -x(d/t)i derivation ante. asa [ VC2 I arrive, I
happen, I occur. ]

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ɥcḿɯc — áspos. ɥɯ́ q́uɯ́ ńμ — áukauti.

(noun—NC4) (noun—NC4) accord, alliance, collaboration
a. destination etym. awakaoti. -x(d/t)i derivation ante. áuka [ VC2 I accept, I
b. terminus permit, I allow, I condone; I permit ACC to DAT. ]
etym. atsapos. -(b/p)xs ante. asa [ VC2 I arrive, I happen, I ɥɯ́ yɯ — áulo.
occur. ] (verb—VC1)
ɥcńɯn — áston. a. I oversee, I supervise, I guide
(noun—NC4) arrival, appearance b. I produce, I facilitate

etym. atsaton. -(d/t)xn passive ante. asa [ VC2 I arrive, I happen, etym. awalo. desc. áuluaz [ NC1 midwife. ] áulueti
I occur. ] [ NC3 productive, fertile (of a field or land). ] áuluasa [ NC1 caretaker,

ɥńḿɯc — átpos. especially of orphans. ] áulós [ NC4 supervision, surveillence,

(noun—NC4) identity protection. ]

etym. atapos. ante. ata [ VC2 I look at, I identify, I consider. ] ɥɯ́ yɯ́ ucu — áuluasa.

ɥɯ́ ŋu — áudha. (noun—NC1) caretaker, especially of orphans

(noun—VC2) etym. awaloasa. ante. áulo [ VC1 I oversee, I supervise, I guide; I
produce, I facilitate. ]
a. I mount, I climb, I go up, I ascend
b. I put atop, I get atop ɥɯ́ yɯ́ uç — áuluaz.
c. I have sex with (noun—NC1) midwife
etym. awada. awa- desc. áudhágha [ NC1 prostitute, sex worker. ] etym. awaloaz. ante. áulo [ VC1 I oversee, I supervise, I guide; I
áudhaibe [ NC2 mount, horse. ] produce, I facilitate. ]

ɥɯ́ ŋuμm̄ ú — áudhaibe. ɥɯ́ yɯ́ úńμ — áulueti.

(noun—NC2) mount, horse (noun—NC3) productive, fertile (of a field or land)
etym. awadaephe. -xphx perf patient ante. áudha [ VC2 I mount, etym. awaloeti. ante. áulo [ VC1 I oversee, I supervise, I guide; I
I climb, I go up, I ascend; I put atop, I get atop; I have sex produce, I facilitate. ]
with. ] desc. adha áudhaibeis [ phras. I travel by mount, I travel by ɥɯ́ yɰc — áulós.
horse or donkey. ] (noun—NC4) supervision, surveillence, protection
ɥɯ́ ŋɥgu — áudhágha. etym. awaloos. ante. áulo [ VC1 I oversee, I supervise, I guide; I
(noun—NC1) prostitute, sex worker produce, I facilitate. ]
etym. awadaaga. -xgx prosp patient ante. áudha [ VC2 I mount, I ɥɯ́ mɯ — áumo.
climb, I go up, I ascend; I put atop, I get atop; I have sex with. ] (verb—VC1)
ɥɯ́ ŋɥcu — áudhása. a. I organize, I arrange, I put into a sequence, I line up
(noun—NC1) cavarly, horseman, mounted fighter b. I count

etym. awadaasa. -xsx prog agent etym. awamo. awa- desc. áumuebe [ NC3 layers, instances,
ɥɯ́ gɰ́ m̄ μn̄ — áughúbid. segments, portions, sequences; tissues. ] áumóps [ NC4 gathering,
(noun—NC1) sovereign rulers (governor-princes) of New Enezin, ordering, collection, inventory; queue, line. ] áumóti [ NC4 chain of
during the era before Indaha. Now an honorific title, often used command. ]
for soveriegn princes and heirs to the throne (qávidhar) ɥɯ́ mɯ́ úm̄ ú — áumuebe.
etym. awagubud. ante. ghúbid [ NC4 power [abstract]. ] (noun—NC3)
ɥɯ́ gɰ́ q̄ — áughúg. a. layers, instances, segments, portions, sequences
(noun—NC4) upland, high ground b. tissues

etym. awaguug. wa- etym. awamoephe. ante. áumo [ VC1 I organize, I arrange, I put
ɥɯ́ q́u — áuka. into a sequence, I line up; I count. ]
(verb—VC2) ɥɯ́ mɰḿc — áumóps.
a. I accept, I permit, I allow, I condone (noun—NC4)
b. I permit ACC to DAT
a. gathering, ordering, collection, inventory
etym. awaka. awa- desc. áukauti [ NC4 accord, alliance, b. queue, line

collaboration. ] áukaudho [ NC4 permission, consent. ] etym. awamopos. -(b/p)xs ante. áumo [ VC1 I organize, I arrange,
ɥɯ́ q́uɯ́ ŋɯ — áukaudho. I put into a sequence, I line up; I count. ]
(noun—NC4) permission, consent
etym. awakaodo. -xdx perf agent ante. áuka [ VC2 I accept, I
permit, I allow, I condone; I permit ACC to DAT. ]

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ɥɯ́ mɰńμ — áumóti. úm̄ uμ — ebai.

(noun—NC4) chain of command (noun—NC2)
etym. awamooti. ante. áumo [ VC1 I organize, I arrange, I put into a. sire
a sequence, I line up; I count. ] b. fathering animal

ɥɯ́ λú — áure. etym. ephay. root. ∅-m̄ -μ "father"

(verb—VC3) I lift, I hold up, I elevate, I raise, I promote, I catch, I úm̄ ɯ́ c — ebus.
trap (noun—NC4) half, halves
etym. aware. awa- desc. áure ábisas [ phras. I make my etym. ephus. root. ∅-m̄ -(c) "two" desc. amaibus [ NC4 splitting,
lieutenant, I promote to my second. ] áurios [ NC4 promotion, dividing. ] étibus [ NC1 twins, pairs. ] íebus [ NC4 dividing line,
elevation in station. ] áurédhi [ NC2 prey, game, animal caught baseline. ]
during a hunt; (of a person) prisoner, trapped. ] al Áuriaba
úm̄ ɯ́ cɥ́q́c — ebuséks.
[ NC1 honorific title used to refer to the king of Indaha. ] áurioso
(noun—NC3) cutters, scissors, shears
[ NC4 coronation. ]
etym. ebusekes.
ɥɯ́ λú ɥm̄ μcuc — áure ábisas.
ún̄um̄ — edab.
(verb—phras.) I make my lieutenant, I promote to my second
(noun—NC4) guilt, contrition, remorse, contrition
etym. aware aphasas. ante. áure [ VC3 I lift, I hold up, I elevate, I
etym. ethab. root. ∅-n̄-ɱ "fault"
raise, I promote, I catch, I trap. ] ábis [ NC1 second in command. ]
ún̄uyń — edalt.
ɥɯ́ λμɯc — áurios.
(noun—NC3) weapon, arms
(noun—NC4) promotion, elevation in station
etym. etthalet. root. n̄-y-ń "tool" ante. dalt [ NC3 tool, implement,
etym. awareos. ante. áure [ VC3 I lift, I hold up, I elevate, I raise, I
utensil, weapon. ] desc. paidalt [ NC4 armory, weapons storehouse. ]
promote, I catch, I trap. ]
ún̄uλɯ — edaro.
ɥɯ́ λμɯcɯ — áurioso.
(verb—VC1) I say no, I disagree, I refuse, I disapprove
(noun—NC4) coronation
etym. etharo. wada- desc. edarós [ NC4 disapproval. ] edaro
etym. awareoso. -xsx prog agent ante. áure [ VC3 I lift, I hold up,
riodil [ phras. I stay up. ]
I elevate, I raise, I promote, I catch, I trap. ]
ún̄uλɯ λμɯn̄μy — edaro riodil.
ɥɯ́ λɥ́ŋμ — áurédhi.
(verb—phras.) I stay up
(noun—NC2)
etym. edarlo reodil. ante. edaro [ VC1 I say no, I disagree, I refuse,
a. prey, game, animal caught during a hunt
I disapprove. ]
b. (of a person) prisoner, trapped

etym. awareedi. -x(d/t)i derivation ante. áure [ VC3 I lift, I hold ún̄uλɰc — edarós.
(noun—NC4) disapproval
up, I elevate, I raise, I promote, I catch, I trap. ]
etym. ethaloos. -x(z/s) active ante. edaro [ VC1 I say no, I
ɥɯ́ cu — áusa. disagree, I refuse, I disapprove. ]
(verb—VC2) I am standing, I am on my two feet
ún̄uńu — edata.
etym. awasa.
(verb—VC2) I turn to the left
ɥɯ́ ńu — áuta. etym. ethata. etha-
(verb—VC2) I desire, I appreciate
ún̄ú — ede.
etym. awata.
(verb—VC3) I feel for, I sympathize with, I understand
ɥɯ́ çɯ́ n̄ — áuzud. etym. etthe. et- desc. ejos [ NC4 sympathy, fellow feeling,
(noun—NC4) honoring, respecting, showering with honor understanding, rapport. ] ejaz [ NC1 kindhearted. ] ejaba
etym. awazuthu. awa- ante. zúd [ NC4 honor. ] [ NC1 acquaintance, neighbor, friend. ]

úŋu — edha.
(verb—VC2) I accompany, I go with, I stand beside
ú — e words etym. etda. et- desc. edhádhi [ NC1 friend, companion, partner. ]

úŋuy — edhal.
(noun—NC2) male animal
úλɯ́ — Eru.
etym. edal. root. ∅-ŋ-y "male"
(noun—NC1) Alou person
etym. Eru. úŋɥŋμ — edhádhi.
(noun—NC1) friend, companion, partner
etym. etdaadi. -x(d/t)i derivation ante. edha [ VC2 I accompany,
I go with, I stand beside. ]

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ún̄μguń — edighat. úŋ̄uç — ejaz.

(noun—NC3) archers, archery corps (noun—NC1) kindhearted
etym. etthigat. et- ante. dighat [ NC3 archery bow, arc. ] etym. ettheaz. -x(z/s) active ante. ede [ VC3 I feel for, I

ún̄ɯλμq́ — edorik. sympathize with, I understand. ]

(noun—NC3) infantrymen úŋ̄ɯc — ejos.
etym. etthorik. et- root. n̄-λ-q́ "copper" (noun—NC4) sympathy, fellow feeling, understanding, rapport

ún̄ɯ́ μ — edui. etym. ettheos. ante. ede [ VC3 I feel for, I sympathize with, I
(noun—NC3) fingernails, toenails understand. ]

etym. ethuy. root. ∅-n̄-μ "shell" úq́un — ekan.

ún̄ɯ́ y — edul. (noun—NC4) largest

(noun—NC3) etym. ekan. root. ∅-q́-n "large"

a. moisture, condensation úq́μc — ekis.

b. sweat, perspiration (noun—NC3)
etym. ethul. root. ∅-n̄-y "water" a. hooded, rotating ears of a dog or cat
b. animal ears
úgunŋuμq́ú — eghandhaike.
(noun—NC3) spearmen etym. ekis. root. ∅-q́-c "hearing"
etym. etgandaeke. et- ante. ghandhaike [ NC3 needle, point, tip. ] úq́μńɯ́ λ — ekitur.

úguc — eghas. (noun—NC4) difference, distinctness

(noun—NC4) time, era, period [suggesting multiple years or etym. etkitur. et- root. q́-ń-λ "another" ante. kitur
even multiple lifetimes] [ NC3 different, unalike, dissimilar. ]

etym. egas. root. ∅-g-c "time" úyμum — eliam.

úgɯ́ ɥ́ — eghué. (noun—NC2) stork, egret

(noun—NC2) crow etym. elyam. root. ∅-yμ-m "stork"

etym. egwey. root. ∅-gɯ́ -μ "crow" úmuμ — emai.

úq̄ɯ — ego. (noun—NC2) mother animal, dame

(verb—VC1) I advise, I council, I suggest etym. emay. root. ∅-m-μ "mother"

etym. etkho. et- desc. egótin [ NC4 suggestion. ] eguaka úmɯ — emo.
[ NC1 advisor, councillor. ] kaiguaka [ NC3 advisory board, council. ] (verb—VC1) I connect, I bring together, I link, I combine, I

úq̄ɯ́ uq́u — eguaka. introduce

(noun—NC1) advisor, councillor etym. etmo. et- desc. emós [ NC4 connection, relationship, bond;

etym. etkhoaka. -xkx prosp agent ante. ego [ VC1 I advise, I relation. ] emuaz [ NC1 friendly person, personable person. ] emuez

council, I suggest. ] desc. qúvidau eguaka [ NC1 regent, advisor to [ NC2 friendly animal, nonaggressive. ] emueti [ NC3 link,
the king, comonarch. ] connection, knot. ] emóps [ NC4 mooring, landing, disembarkment. ]
emóti [ NC4 derived forms. ] emops [ NC3 something used to connect
úq̄ɰńμn — egótin. two things. ]
(noun—NC4) suggestion
etym. etkhoton. -(d/t)xn passive ante. ego [ VC1 I advise, I úmɯ ńλμmɯc — emo trimos.

council, I suggest. ] (verb—phras.) I sew together, I stitch together

etym. etmo terimos. root. ń-λ-m "sewing" desc. trimuebe
úμnɯ́ úŋμ — einuedhi.
[ NC3 quilt, blanket composed of multiple pieces of fabric. ]
(noun—NC2) death-dealing, entropic forces
etym. einoedi. -x(d/t)i derivation root. ∅-μn-m "death" úmɯḿc — emops.
(noun—NC3) something used to connect two things
úμnɯ́ úgú — einueghe.
etym. etmopes. ante. emo [ VC1 I connect, I bring together, I link, I
(noun—NC2) mortal, vulnerable combine, I introduce. ]
etym. eynoege. -xgx prosp patient
úmɯ́ uç — emuaz.
úŋ̄um̄ u — ejaba.
(noun—NC1) friendly person, personable person
(noun—NC1) acquaintance, neighbor, friend etym. etmoaz. -x(z/s) active ante. emo [ VC1 I connect, I bring
etym. ettheeaba. -xphx perf patient ante. ede [ VC3 I feel for, I
together, I link, I combine, I introduce. ]
sympathize with, I understand. ]
úmɯ́ úńμ — emueti.
(noun—NC3) link, connection, knot
etym. etmoeti. -x(d/t)i derivation ante. emo [ VC1 I connect, I
bring together, I link, I combine, I introduce. ]

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úmɯ́ úç — emuez. úλμq́ — erik.

(noun—NC2) friendly animal, nonaggressive (noun—NC4) path, course, way
etym. etmoez. -x(z/s) active ante. emo [ VC1 I connect, I bring etym. erik. root. ∅-λ-q́ "manner" desc. re erikil [ phras. I have
together, I link, I combine, I introduce. ] my bearings, I know where I'm going, I am oriented. ]
úmɯ́ m — emum. úλμɯŋɯ — eriodho.
(noun—NC4) (noun—NC4) custody, temporary seizure
a. goodness [relative] etym. ereodo. -xdx perf agent ante. ere [ VC3 I have, I carry, I
b. better hold, i retain. ]
etym. emum. root. ∅-m-m "good" úλɯ́ n — erun.
úmɰḿc — emóps. (noun—NC1) parents, progenitors
(noun—NC4) mooring, landing, disembarkment etym. erun. root. ∅-λ-n "blood" desc. tuerun
etym. etmopos. -(b/p)xs ante. emo [ VC1 I connect, I bring [ NC1 grandchildren, grandchild (not of one's lineage). ]
together, I link, I combine, I introduce. ] desc. ka emópsou [ phras. I úλɥ́ŋú — erédhe.
land, I disembark. ] mo emópsou [ phras. I embark, I set out, I (noun—NC3) prison, dungeon, hole used for storing prisoners
leave. ] awaiting trial
úmɰc — emós. etym. ereede. -xdx perf agent ante. ere [ VC3 I have, I carry, I
(noun—NC4) hold, i retain. ]

a. connection, relationship, bond úλɥ́ńμn — erétin.

b. relation (noun—NC3) handle, grip
etym. etmoos. -x(z/s) active ante. emo [ VC1 I connect, I bring etym. ereten. ante. ere [ VC3 I have, I carry, I hold, i retain. ]
together, I link, I combine, I introduce. ] úλɥ́ńμn — erétin.
úmɰńμ — emóti. (noun—NC4) desinence, verbal endings
(noun—NC4) derived forms etym. ereten.
etym. etmooti. -x(d/t)i derivation ante. emo [ VC1 I connect, I úcu — esa.
bring together, I link, I combine, I introduce. ] (verb—VC2)
únμq̄ — enig. a. I belong to, I am claimed, I am part of [ACC]
(noun—NC3) yam b. I [DAT] am necessary to [NOM]

ante. enig [ NC3 yam. ] etym. etsa. et- desc. esaus [ NC4 belonging, ownership,
únμq̄ — enig. possession. ] esaít [ NC3 a possession, an owned thing. ]
(noun—NC4) Yam Harvest, the fifth month (fourth high month) úcuɯ́ c — esaus.
of the year (noun—NC4) belonging, ownership, possession
etym. enig. desc. enig [ NC3 yam. ] etym. etsaos. -x(z/s) active ante. esa [ VC2 I belong to, I am
únɥɯ́ m̄ — enáub. claimed, I am part of [ACC]; I [DAT] am necessary to [NOM]. ]
(noun—NC3) ejaculate, semen úcuμ́ń — esaít.
etym. etnawab. et- ante. náub [ NC3 orgasm. ] (noun—NC3) a possession, an owned thing
úḿμcḿ — episp. etym. etsaeti. -x(d/t)i derivation ante. esa [ VC2 I belong to, I am
(noun—NC4) walk, promenade claimed, I am part of [ACC]; I [DAT] am necessary to [NOM]. ]
etym. etpisep. et- root. ḿ-c-ḿ "path" úcμq̄uc — esigas.
úλum — eram. (noun—NC1) secretary, personal scribe, recordkeeper, court
(noun—NC4) annalist
etym. etsekhas. et- root. c-q̄-c "writing" ante. segas [ NC3 book,
a. interdiction, ban, censor
b. prohibited, not allowed, censored scroll, document. ] desc. ou Esigasón [ NC4 the Secretariat, a small
government office. ]
etym. eram. root. ∅-λ-m "rule"
úńu — eta.
úλú — ere.
(verb—VC2) I watch, I surveil, I observe
(verb—VC3) I have, I carry, I hold, i retain
etym. etta. et- desc. etaus [ NC4 surveillance, spectation,
etym. etre. et- desc. erétin [ NC3 handle, grip. ] erédhe
watching. ] etaudhi [ NC4 caution, carefulness, watchfulness. ] eta
[ NC3 prison, dungeon, hole used for storing prisoners awaiting trial. ]
zenír [ I watch someone's back, I look out for. ] etáz [ NC3 sentry,
eriodho [ NC4 custody, temporary seizure. ]
sentinel, guard, watchman. ] etáka [ NC1 spy, intelligence officer. ]

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úńu çúnμ́λ — eta zenír. úńλɰḿc — etróps.

() I watch someone's back, I look out for (noun—NC4)
etym. etta zeniir. ante. eta [ VC2 I watch, I surveil, I observe. ] a. mutual aid
b. alliance, cooperation
úńuμq̄ — etaig.
(noun—NC4) mountain range etym. etlopos. -(b/p)xs ante. etro [ VC1 I assist, I aid, I help; I
ante. taig [ NC3 mountain. ] [ACC] use. ]

úńuɯ́ ŋμ — etaudhi. úńλɰc — etrós.

(noun—NC4) caution, carefulness, watchfulness (noun—NC4) aid, assistance
etym. etaodi. -x(d/t)i derivation ante. eta [ VC2 I watch, I surveil, etym. etloos. -x(z/s) active ante. etro [ VC1 I assist, I aid, I help; I
I observe. ] [ACC] use. ]

úńuɯ́ c — etaus. úńɯ́ ɥm̄ — etuáb.

(noun—NC4) surveillance, spectation, watching (noun—NC3) tapestry
etym. ettaos. -x(z/s) active ante. eta [ VC2 I watch, I surveil, I etym. etwaab. root. ɯ́ -∅-ɱ "cloth" ante. uáb [ NC1 fabric maker,
observe. ] weaver. ]

úńμnuc — etinas. úńɥq́u — etáka.

(noun—NC2) hybrid, cross between two breeds (noun—NC1) spy, intelligence officer
root. ń-n-c "choice" -xkx prosp agent ante. eta [ VC2 I watch, I surveil, I observe. ]

úńλɯ — etro. úńɥç — etáz.

(verb—VC1) (noun—NC3) sentry, sentinel, guard, watchman
a. I assist, I aid, I help
etym. ettaaz. ante. eta [ VC2 I watch, I surveil, I observe. ]
b. I [ACC] use úńɥ́c — etés.
etym. etlo. et- desc. etróps [ NC4 mutual aid; alliance, (pronoun) there, that place
cooperation. ] etródhi [ NC4 reinforcements. ] etruaz [ NC1 helpful, etym. etyeis.
kind, caring, nurturing; caretaker. ] etrós [ NC4 aid, assistance. ] úńɰ́ λn — etúrn.
etrotin [ NC4 a favor, a small request; a hand. ] etrueti (noun—NC4) clan, kinship network
[ NC3 handbook, guide, instructions. ] etróbo [ NC4 proper use of etym. eturun. et- desc. úrn [ NC4 kinship. ]
something, bon usage. ]
úɱu — eva.
úńλɯńμn — etrotin. (verb—VC2) I fornicate, I have sex [ACC]
(noun—NC4) etym. etba. et- ante. va [ VC2 I touch, I stroke, I put my hands on. ]
a. a favor, a small request
úɱɥ́n̄μ — evédi.
b. a hand
(noun—NC3) striped thing
etym. etloten. -(d/t)xn passive ante. etro [ VC1 I assist, I aid, I
etym. etbethey. et- root. ɱ-n̄-μ "vine, line" ante. védi
help; I [ACC] use. ]
[ NC2 snake, serpent. ] desc. evéjer [ NC2 zebra. ]
úńλɯ́ uç — etruaz.
úɱɥ́ŋ̄úλ — evéjer.
(noun—NC1)
(noun—NC2) zebra
a. helpful, kind, caring, nurturing etym. etbetheyer. root. ɱ-n̄-μ "vine, line" ante. evédi
b. caretaker
[ NC3 striped thing. ]
etym. etloaz. -x(z/s) active ante. etro [ VC1 I assist, I aid, I help; I
úçuλ — ezar.
[ACC] use. ]
(noun—NC3)
úńλɯ́ úńμ — etrueti. a. foam, spray, suds, soapiness, bubbles
(noun—NC3) handbook, guide, instructions b. soap
etym. etloeti. -x(d/t)i derivation ante. etro [ VC1 I assist, I aid, I
etym. ezar. root. ∅-ç-λ "mist" desc. ezarer [ NC3 soap bar. ]
help; I [ACC] use. ]
ezarán [ NC1 washwoman, launderer. ]
úńλɰm̄ ɯ — etróbo.
úçuλúλ — ezarer.
(noun—NC4) proper use of something, bon usage
(noun—NC3) soap bar
etym. etroopho. -xphx perf patient ante. etro [ VC1 I assist, I aid,
etym. ezarer. root. ∅-ç-λ "mist" ante. ezar [ NC3 foam, spray,
I help; I [ACC] use. ]
suds, soapiness, bubbles; soap. ]
úńλɰŋμ — etródhi.
úçuλɥn — ezarán.
(noun—NC4) reinforcements
(noun—NC1) washwoman, launderer
etym. etloodi. -x(d/t)i derivation ante. etro [ VC1 I assist, I aid, I
etym. ezarana. ante. ezar [ NC3 foam, spray, suds, soapiness,
help; I [ACC] use. ]
bubbles; soap. ]

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úçɥ́ń — ezét. ɥ́yú — éle.

(noun—NC3) frond, bundle of leaves (verb—VC3) I mutter
etym. etzeet. et- etym. eyle. root. ∅-μy-∅ "muttering"

ɥ́mμm — émim.
(noun—NC2) good animal, good spirit
ɥ́ — é words etym. emem. root. ∅-m-m "good"

ɥ́mμm — émim.
(noun—NC3) good object, good thing
ɥ́uc — éas. etym. emem. root. ∅-m-m "good"
(noun—NC4) sexual arousal
ɥ́mç — émz.
etym. eyas. root. ∅-μ-c "happiness" desc. mo éasos [ phras. I
(noun—NC3) utter, teet, animal breast
arouse, I intrigue, I captivate. ]
etym. emez. root. ∅-m-ç "milk" desc. émzer [ NC2 nursing
ɥ́m̄ μλ — ébir. animal. ]
(noun—NC2)
ɥ́mçúλ — émzer.
a. animal, beast (noun—NC2) nursing animal
b. mammal
etym. emezer. -xr derivation N root. ∅-m-ç "milk" ante. émz
etym. epher. root. ∅-m̄ -λ "creature" [ NC3 utter, teet, animal breast. ]
ɥ́m̄ μc — ébis. ɥ́nɯ — éno.
(noun—NC2) (verb—VC1) I kill, I murder, I cause to die
a. beta animal, second in command etym. eyno. root. ∅-μn-m "death" desc. énues [ NC3 poison;
b. alpha female noxious, lethal, poisonous, death-inducing. ]
etym. ephes. root. ∅-m̄ -(c) "two" ɥ́nɯ́ úc — énues.
ɥ́m̄ μc — ébis. (noun—NC3)
(noun—NC3) backup, reserve, spare a. poison
etym. ephes. root. ∅-m̄ -(c) "two" b. noxious, lethal, poisonous, death-inducing

ɥ́n̄μń — édit. etym. eynoes. -x(z/s) active ante. éno [ VC1 I kill, I murder, I
(noun—NC3) swamp, bog, marsh cause to die. ]
etym. ethet. root. ∅-n̄-ń "marches" ɥ́ḿc — éps.
ɥ́q̄μq́ — égik. (noun—NC3) beautiful, fine, well-constructed
(noun—NC2) all animals etym. epes. root. ∅-ḿ-c "beauty" desc. épser [ NC3 finest, most
etym. ekhek. root. ∅-q̄-q́ "all" beautiful, richest. ]

ɥ́q̄μq́ — égik. ɥ́ḿcúλ — épser.

(noun—NC3) all objects (noun—NC3) finest, most beautiful, richest
etym. ekhek. root. ∅-q̄-q́ "all" etym. epeser. -xr derivation N ante. éps [ NC3 beautiful, fine,
well-constructed. ]
ɥ́q̄μq́ — égik.
(noun—NC4) the world ɥ́cμy — ésil.
etym. egek. root. ∅-q̄-q́ "all" (noun—NC3) rain
etym. esel. root. ∅-c-y "rain" desc. ésiler [ NC3 rainstorm. ] dha
ɥ́q́μn — ékin.
ésilil [ VC2 it is raining. ]
(noun—NC2) large animal, great animal
etym. eken. root. ∅-q́-n "large" ɥ́cμyúλ — ésiler.
(noun—NC3) rainstorm
ɥ́q́μn — ékin.
etym. eseler. root. ∅-c-y "rain" ante. ésil [ NC3 rain. ]
(noun—NC3) large thing, large object
etym. eken. root. ∅-q́-n "large" ɥ́cq́ — ésk.
(noun—NC3) roe
ɥ́yu-ɥ́yu — éla-éla.
etym. esek. root. ∅-c-q́ "young"
(noun—NC4)
ɥ́ńμm̄ ɯ́ c — étibus.
a. babble, garbled speech
b. arguing, loud yelling (noun—NC1) twins, pairs
etym. etebus. et- root. ∅-m̄ -(c) "two" ante. ebus [ NC4 half,
etym. eyla-eyla. root. ∅-μy-∅ "muttering"
halves. ]

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ɯm̄ μ́ — obí.

ɯ — o words (noun—NC1) paternal uncle

etym. ophiy. root. ∅-m̄ -μ "father"

ɯŋɯ́ y — odhul.
ɯλμun — Orian. (noun—NC3) testicles
(personal name—NC1) A wiseman of Kinia, given a prophecy by etym. odul. root. ∅-ŋ-y "male"
Ramiz. ɯn̄ɯ́ y — odul.
etym. Oryan. root. ∅-λμ-n "lark" (noun—NC3) pond, puddle, collection of water
ɯλnú Áɯ́ gɰ́ q̄ — Orne Áughúg. etym. othul. root. ∅-n̄-y "water"
(noun—NC4) Red Moorlands, a large geographic area around ɯn̄ɯ́ c — odus.
Ravíen. (noun—NC3) sky
etym. Oronole Awaguug. etym. othus. root. ∅-n̄-c "sky"
ɯɰ́ c — Oús. ɯn̄ɥ́ — odé.
(noun—NC1) (noun—NC3)
a. Ousse speaker a. panels
b. (less common) Ousse person b. quilted armor

etym. Owus. root. ∅-n̄-μ "shell"

ɯɰ́ c — Oús. ɯq̄uq́ — ogak.
(noun—NC4) Ousse language (noun—NC4)
etym. Owus. a. whole, complete, intact
ɯɰ́ c — Oús. b. satisfied, content

(personal name—NC4) Ousse language etym. okhak. root. ∅-q̄-q́ "all" desc. mo ogakos [ phras. I satisfy, I
etym. owus. root. ∅-ɯ́ -c "Sea" complete. ]
ɯm̄ — ob . ɯguc — oghas.
(conjunction) (noun—NC4)
a. or a. time [specific]
b. conjunction suggesting multiple options (typically used with verbs) b. tense

etym. ob. etym. ogas. root. ∅-g-c "time" desc. aroghas [ before, prior. ]
ɯm̄ uq́ — obak. zenoghas [ after, following. ] oghasén [ NC3 routine, schedule. ]

(noun—NC3) oghasor [ NC4 tendency, habit, proclivity towards something. ]

a. rushes, tall grass, bush ɯgucɯλ — oghasor.

b. hay, straw (noun—NC4) tendency, habit, proclivity towards something
etym. ophak. root. ∅-m̄ -q́ "grasses" desc. obaqén [ NC3 mattress, etym. ogasor. root. ∅-g-c "time" ante. oghas [ NC4 time [specific];
cushioning made of straw; bed, place of rest. ] tense. ]

ɯm̄ uǵɥ́n — obaqén. ɯgucɥ́n — oghasén.

(noun—NC3) (noun—NC3) routine, schedule
etym. oghasene. ante. oghas [ NC4 time [specific]; tense. ]
a. mattress, cushioning made of straw
b. bed, place of rest ɯgń — oht.
etym. ophakene. root. ∅-m̄ -q́ "grasses" ante. obak [ NC3 rushes, (noun—NC4) consequence, outcome, result
tall grass, bush; hay, straw. ] etym. oget. root. ∅-g-ń "consequence"

ɯm̄ uλ — obar. ɯμuλ — oiar.

(noun—NC2) (noun—NC1) lowly, destitute, downtrodden

a. insect, crustacean
etym. oyar. root. ∅-μ-λ "bottom" desc. oiarón [ NC4 destitution,
b. beings with hard, chitinous exoskeletons abjection, disgrace. ]

etym. ophar. root. ∅-m̄ -λ "creature" ɯμuλɰn — oiarón.

(noun—NC4) destitution, abjection, disgrace
ɯm̄ ɯ́ n̄ — obud.
etym. oyarono. -xnx derivation N root. ∅-μ-
(noun—NC4) north
λ "bottom" ante. oiar [ NC1 lowly, destitute, downtrodden. ]
etym. ophud. root. ∅-m̄ -ŋ "north"

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ɯμún — oien. ɯλuq́ — orak.

(noun—NC3) sticky, viscous (noun—NC4) grammatical mood
etym. oyen. root. ∅-μ-n "moisture" etym. orak. root. ∅-λ-q́ "manner"

ɯq́uc — okas. ɯλμm — orim.

(noun—NC4) listening, intentioned hearing (noun—NC4) rules, laws, edicts [specific]
etym. okas. root. ∅-q́-c "hearing" etym. orim. root. ∅-λ-m "rule" desc. uaurim [ NC1 judge, jurist,

ɯmum — omam. lawkeeper; Taal judge. ]

(noun—NC3) right side, right hand, right foot ɯλm — orm.
etym. amum. root. ∅-m-m "good" (noun—NC3) ordinary, normal, mundane, simple, common
ɯmum — omam. etym. orem. root. ∅-λ-m "rule"

(noun—NC4) the right side, on the right ɯcuy — osal.

etym. amum. root. ∅-m-m "good" (noun—NC3) hailstones
ɯmú — ome. etym. osal. root. ∅-c-y "rain"

(expression) yes, I agree ɯcḿ — osp.

etym. ome. root. ∅-m-m "good" (noun—NC3)
ɯmɯ́ — omu. a. urination
b. urine
(expression)
a. yes etym. osep. root. ∅-c-ḿ "urine"
b. used in interrogative expressions ɯcń — ost.
etym. omu. root. ∅-m-m "good" (number—NC4) four

ɯmɯ́ un̄μc — omuadis. etym. oset. root. ∅-c-ń "four"

(noun—NC3) indigo dye, indigo plant ɯńμc — otis .

etym. omoadis. root. ∅-n̄-c "sky" ante. adis [ NC4 blue. ] (noun—NC3)

ɯmɯ́ un̄μc — omuadis. a. hole through something, tunnel

b. eye of a needle
(noun—NC4) indigo color
etym. omoadis. root. ∅-n̄-c "sky" etym. otis. root. ∅-ń-c "hole"

ɯmɯ́ un̄ɯ́ y — omuadul. ɯɯ́ ugɯ́ uμɰn — ou Aghuaión.

(noun—NC3) hot water, boiling water (noun—NC4)
etym. omoadul. omo- a. Song of Aghuaie
b. a prophecy told to the Laphausian wisewoman Aghuaie, to be delivered to
ɯmɥ́ — omé.
the king of Laphaus. The Aghuaieón foretells Indaha's future and describe
(noun—NC1) maternal aunt the people of inner il Ghoag.
etym. omey. root. ∅-m-μ "mother"
etym. ol agwayeono. -xnx derivation N
ɯmɰgɯ́ ń — omóghut.
ɯɯ́ uńλunuɯ́ nɯ — ou Atranauno.
(noun—NC4) criminal justice, public order
(noun—NC4) the Chancellery, a government institution
etym. omougut. omo- ante. úht [ NC4 punishment, recompense. ]
etym. ou Atlanaono. ante. atrán [ NC1 chancellor, head diplomat. ]
ɯmɰλɯ́ m — omórum.
ɯɯ́ m̄ úμ́n — ou Beín.
(noun—NC4) governance, government
(noun—NC4) Kpeñ language
etym. omourum. omo- ante. úrm [ NC4 law, rule, authority
etym. ol Pheiin.
[general]. ]
ɯɯ́ m̄ ɥ́muɯ́ nɯ — ou Bémauno.
ɯmɰçμn̄ — omózid.
(noun—NC4)
(noun—NC4) metaphor, symbol, image-as-meaning
a. the song of Béma
etym. omoozid. ante. ozid [ NC4 representation, reproduction;
b. a prophecy told to the Enezinese wiseman Béma, to be delivered to the
image-making; making copies. ] king of Enezin. The Bémaón predicts the coming conflict, wherein the
Thaga will descend upon il Ghoag, leading to the end of the Ousse way of
ɯmɰɰ́ n̄ — omóúd.
life.
(noun—NC4) technique, practice, skill, craft
etym. omoowud. root. ∅-ɯ́ -ŋ "capacity" etym. ol phyemaono.

ɯnum — onam. ɯɯ́ n̄uyɯ́ λ — ou Dalur.

(noun—NC4) rights (proper noun—NC4) The Gold River, marking the boundary
etym. onam. root. ∅-n-m "justness" between Hamaye, il Kanibar and Jenyar.
etym. ol Thalur. root. n̄-y-λ "gold;"n̄-y-λ "gold;"

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ɯɯ́ n̄uɯ́ ńunuɯ́ λ — ou Dautanaur. ɯɯ́ çɰ́ u — ou Zúa.

(noun—NC4) the Marshalate, a government institution (noun—NC4) heaven, the sky
etym. thaletanaor. -xnx derivation N ante. daután etym. ol Zuwa. root. ç-ɯ́ -∅ "above"
[ NC1 armourer, weaponmaker. ] ɯɯ́ Íḿuλmμ — ou Íparmi.
ɯɯ́ ŋún̄ɥλμɰn — ou Dhedárión. (noun—NC4) The General College, the second chamber of the
(noun—NC4) the High Stewartry, a government institution, College of Sages.
headed by the High Steward (qúvidau dhedári) etym. ol yiparemi.
ante. dhedári [ NC1 aide-de-camp, attendant, steward. ] ɯçμn̄ — ozid.
ɯɯ́ n̄ɥnmɯŋu — ou Dánmodha. (noun—NC4)
(proper noun—NC4) Dánmodha, thought and ideology a. representation, reproduction
descending from Dánimas. b. image-making
etym. ol Thanamoda. root. n̄-n-m "" c. making copies

ɯɯ́ únɥ́n — ou Enén. etym. ozid. root. ∅-ç-ŋ "design" desc. ozidhán [ NC1 painter,
(noun—NC4) the Én’néen, the Athama concept of an astral world designer, artist. ] omózid [ NC4 metaphor, symbol, image-as-
of being meaning. ]
etym. ol Eneen. ɯçμŋɥn — ozidhán.
ɯɯ́ úcμq̄ucɰn — ou Esigasón. (noun—NC1) painter, designer, artist
(noun—NC4) the Secretariat, a small government office etym. ozidana. -xnx derivation N ante. ozid [ NC4 representation,
etym. ol Etsekhasono. -xnx derivation N root. c-q̄- reproduction; image-making; making copies. ]
c "writing" ante. esigas [ NC1 secretary, personal scribe, ɯçɰ́ n̄ — ozúd.
recordkeeper, court annalist. ] (expression)
ɯɯ́ μɥ́μ — ou Iéi. a. “with honor;” hello, hi, greetings (somewhat more informal than &zúdos)

(noun—NC4) etym. olzuthu. ante. zúd [ NC4 honor. ]

a. the earth and the sea ɯɰ́ n̄ — oúd.
b. all under heaven
(noun—NC4) capacity, capability
etym. ol Yeye. root. μ-μ-∅ "below" etym. owud. root. ∅-ɯ́ -ŋ "capacity" desc. ka oúdou [ phras. I
ɯɯ́ ŋ̄ucńuńɯn — ou Jastaton. learn [skills]. ]
(noun—NC4) the era before Ousse settlement ɯɰ́ mm̄ — oúmb .
etym. ol Thiastaton. (noun—NC4) moaning, lowing, mooing, purring
ɯɯ́ ɯλμunɰn — ou Orianón. etym. wumub. root. ɯ́ -m-ɱ "groan"
(noun—NC4) the song of Orian, a Kinian wiseman tasked with
delivering the prophecy of Ramiz to the king of Kinia.
etym. ol oryanono.
ɰ — ó words
ɯɯ́ ǵɥ́nɯŋu — ou Qénodha.
(noun—NC4) Qénodha, thought and ideology descending from
Qéninas. ɰm̄ μc — óbis.
etym. ol kenenoda. root. q́-n-n "flame" (noun—NC4) secondary, conditional, consequential
ɯɯ́ ǵɰ́ λμcɰn — ou Qúrisón. etym. ophos. root. ∅-m̄ -(c) "two"
(noun—NC4) ɰn̄μ — ódi.
a. the song of al Qúris (noun—NC3) shell, husk, enclosure, casing
b. a prophecy told to the Daimani wiseman al Qúris, to be delivered to the etym. othoy. root. ∅-n̄-μ "shell" desc. ójer [ NC3 shield. ] ka
kings of Daima. The Qúrisón narrates the history of il Ghoag, the creation
matir ódi [ phras. I take out of its shell, I unshell. ] dha ámir ódi
of man, and the origins of the universe.
[ phras. I withdraw, I stop communicating, I shut down. ]
etym. ol kuryusono. -xnx derivation N
ɰq̄μq́ — ógik.
ɯɯ́ ɯ́ ɥλçɥ — ou Uárzá. (noun—NC4) all concepts
(noun—NC4) Bottom of Heaven, a large canyon in Gházila etym. okhik. root. ∅-q̄-q́ "all"
etym. ol Waarzaa.
ɰŋ̄úλ — ójer.
ɯɯ́ çɯ́ ḿuλmμ — ou Zuparmi. (noun—NC3) shield
(noun—NC4) The High College of Sages, the highest chamber of
etym. othoyer. -xr derivation N root. ∅-n̄-μ "shell" ante. ódi
the College of Sages. [ NC3 shell, husk, enclosure, casing. ] mo ójeril [ phras. I protect, I
etym. ol zuparemi. root. λ-m-∅ "knowledge" safeguard. ]

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ɰq́μn — ókin. ɰnn̄ú — ónde.

(noun—NC4) large concept (noun—VC3) I appreciate, I enjoy, I value, I esteem
etym. okon. root. ∅-q́-n "large" etym. omothe. omo- desc. óndipos [ NC4 thanks, gratefulness. ]

ɰmuq̄n̄ — ómagd. ónjos [ NC4 appreciation, esteem, consideration, respect. ] ónjoko

(noun—NC3) alcohol [ NC1 sagedom, distinctions and rights owed to a sage (doghákir). ]

etym. omomakhed. omo- root. m-q̄-ŋ "dizziness" ante. magd ónjadhan [ NC1 venerated one; a title given to scholastics who have

[ NC3 any alcholic spirit or beverage; intoxicant. ] finished their studies. ]

ɰmm̄ ɰ́ çn̄ — ómbúzd. ɰnn̄μḿɯc — óndipos.

(noun—NC4) hygiene (noun—NC4) thanks, gratefulness

etym. omophuzud. omo- ante. búzd [ NC4 health, wellness. ] etym. omothepos. -(b/p)xs ante. ónde [ VC3 I appreciate, I enjoy,
I value, I esteem. ]
ɰmn̄ɰ́ yμλ — ómdúlir.
(noun—NC4) surplus ɰnq̄ɯ — óngo.
etym. omothulur. omo- ante. dúlir [ NC4 wealth, fortune. ] (verb—VC1) I bless, I forgive
etym. omokho. omo-
ɰmguμq̄ — ómghaig.
(noun—NC3) ɰnq̄ɰ́ çμc — óngúzis.
(noun—NC3) flavoring sauce, often salty and/or heavily
a. land, particularly owned or purchasable land
b. real estate
seasoned
etym. omokhuzus. ante. gúzis [ NC4 dark, rich, luschious, deep,
etym. omogaig. root. g-∅-g "earth"
full, intense. ]
ɰmgμm̄ uc — ómghibas.
ɰnμm — ónim.
(noun—NC3) cauldron, large pot
(noun—NC4) just, fair, even, moderate, temperate
etym. omogiphas. root. g-m̄ -c "clay" ante. ghibas [ NC3 clay pot,
etym. onom. root. ∅-n-m "justness"
cooking vessel. ]
ɰnŋ̄uŋun — ónjadhan.
ɰmgɰm̄ μn̄ — ómghóbid.
(noun—NC1)
(noun—NC4) politics, statecraft
a. venerated one
etym. omogobod. omo- desc. ghóbid [ NC4 power [tangible]. ]
b. a title given to scholastics who have finished their studies
ɰmμm — ómim.
etym. omotheadan. ante. ónde [ VC3 I appreciate, I enjoy, I value, I
(noun—NC4) good concept esteem. ]
etym. omom. root. ∅-m-m "good"
ɰnŋ̄ɯq́ɯ — ónjoko.
ɰmḿúɱum — ómpevam. (noun—NC1) sagedom, distinctions and rights owed to a sage
(noun—NC4) complexion, tone
(doghákir)
etym. omopevam. omo- ante. pevam [ NC3 skin. ]
-xkx prosp agent ante. ónde [ VC3 I appreciate, I enjoy, I value, I
ɰmḿɯɱμm — ómpovim. esteem. ]
(noun—NC3) leather
ɰnŋ̄ɯc — ónjos.
etym. omopobim. ante. povim [ NC3 hide, skin of an animal. ] (noun—NC4) appreciation, esteem, consideration, respect
ɰmḿλuμ — ómprai. etym. omotheos. -x(z/s) active, omo- ante. ónde [ VC3 I
(noun—NC3) warship, fortified sea vessel appreciate, I enjoy, I value, I esteem. ]
etym. omoperay. root. ḿ-λ-μ "float" ɰncu — ónsa.
ɰmɱɰ́ ɯç — ómvúoz. (verb—VC2) I am well, I am good, I am in good spirits
(noun—NC3) oil etym. omosa. omo- desc. ónsaus [ NC4 wellbeing, goodness. ]
etym. omobuwoz. omo- root. ɱ-ɯ́ -ç "mucus" ante. vúoz ónsádhi [ NC1 good-spirited, cheery, excitable. ] ónsadhin
[ NC3 dew, slime, slippery, viscous substance. ] [ NC2 healthy, strong animal. ]
ɰmç — ómz. ɰncuŋμn — ónsadhin.
(noun—NC4) nursing, breastfeeding (noun—NC2) healthy, strong animal
etym. omoz. root. ∅-m-ç "milk" desc. ínómz [ NC4 weening. ] etym. omosaden. ante. ónsa [ VC2 I am well, I am good, I am in
ɰmçμy gumm̄ — ómzil ghamb. good spirits. ]
(noun—NC3) baby teeth, deciduous teeth ɰncuyμλ — ónsalir.
etym. omozil gameb. (noun—NC3) steel
ɰnn̄uλq́ — óndark. etym. omosalir. root. c-y-λ "iron"
(noun—NC3) bronze
etym. omotharek. root. n̄-λ-q́ "copper"

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ɰncuɯ́ c — ónsaus. ɯ́ μ — UI.

(noun—NC4) wellbeing, goodness (expression) [ɰ́ μ́] úghis Índághom, or “the era of Indaha.”
etym. omosaos. omo- ante. ónsa [ VC2 I am well, I am good, I am Denotes events taking place during the 457 year rule of the
in good spirits. ] kings of Indaha in 282 UA, following the conclusion of the Era of
ɰncɥŋμ — ónsádhi. the Áughúbids.

(noun—NC1) good-spirited, cheery, excitable ɯ́ ɯμλu — Uoira.

-x(d/t)i derivation ante. ónsa [ VC2 I am well, I am good, I am in (noun—NC2)
good spirits. ] a. Uoyra, goddess of life, progeny, kinship, motherhood
b. designer of living things
ɰncɥ́q̄n̄ — ónségd.
(noun—NC3) animals considered edible etym. Woyra. root. ɯ́ -μλ-∅ "life"
etym. omosekhed. omo- ante. ségd [ NC3 animal flesh, meat. ] ɯ́ ǵɰ́ ú — Uqúe.
ɰncɰ́ q̄μc — ónsúgis. (proper noun—NC4) Oukwe, a large Athama kingdom
(noun—NC4) spelling etym. Ukuuwe.
etym. omosukhus. omo- ante. súgis [ NC4 writing, script. ] ɯ́ um̄ ɯɱμ́ — uaboví.
ɰλn — órn. (noun—NC4) middle, medium, average, common
(noun—NC4) red etym. waphobiy. wa- root. m̄ -ɱ-μ "interior"
etym. oron. root. ∅-λ-n "blood" desc. órnor [ NC3 brains. ] órnor ɯ́ un̄u — uada.
[ NC3 brains. ] (verb—VC2)
ɰλnɯλ — órnor. a. I dismount, I come down, I get down from, I climb down, I go down, I
(noun—NC3) brains descend

etym. oronor. -xr derivation N root. ∅-λ-n "blood" ante. órn b. I fall [middle voice]

[ NC4 red. ] etym. watda. wat- desc. uadaus [ NC4 descent, dismount, climb

ɰλnɯλ — órnor. down. ] uadaudha [ NC4 descent, lineage, ancestry. ]

(noun—NC4) pink, fuchsia, violet, lavender, purple ɯ́ un̄uɯ́ ŋu — uadaudha.

etym. oronor. -xr derivation N ante. órn [ NC4 red. ] (noun—NC4) descent, lineage, ancestry

ɰɯ́ gɯçɯ́ y — óu Ghozul. etym. watdaoda. -oda ante. uada [ VC2 I dismount, I come down, I
get down from, I climb down, I go down, I descend; I fall [middle
(noun—NC4)
voice]. ]
a. Creation
b. origin of the world ɯ́ un̄uɯ́ c — uadaus.
etym. ologozul. root. g-ç-y "art" ante. ghozul [ NC4 creation, (noun—NC4) descent, dismount, climb down
genesis, beginning, formation. ] etym. watdaos. -x(z/s) active ante. uada [ VC2 I dismount, I come
down, I get down from, I climb down, I go down, I descend; I fall [middle
ɰçμλ — ózir.
voice]. ]
(noun—NC4)
ɯ́ uŋu — uadha.
a. clouds, skies
b. weather (always plural) (verb—VC2)
a. I rise, I stand up
etym. ozor. root. ∅-ç-λ "mist"
b. I cross, I go over ACC

etym. wada. desc. uadha gúkos [ phras. I harden. ] uadhaus

ɯ́ — u words
[ NC4 standing, on one's feet. ]

ɯ́ uŋu q̄ɰ́ q́ɯc — uadha gúkos.

(verb—phras.) I harden
etym. wada khuukos. root. q̄-∅-q́ "stone" ante. uadha [ . ] gúk
ɯ́ u — UA.
[ NC4 stone [material]. ]
(expression) [ɰ́ ɥ] “úghisou Áughúbidóm,” the Era of the
Áughúbids. Denotes events taking place during the 282 years of ɯ́ uŋuɯ́ c — uadhaus.
Ousse expansion, preceding the Indaha Kingdom. (noun—NC4) standing, on one's feet
etym. wadaos. ante. uadha [ . ]
ɯ́ ú — UE.
(expression) [ɰ́ ú] úghisou emópsou, “The Era of First Mooring.” ɯ́ uŋμ — uadhi.
Denotes events taking place during the first 96 years of Ousse (noun—NC4) number
settlement. etym. wadi. root. ɯ́ -ŋ-∅ "amount" desc. de uadhióu [ phras. I
know how to count, I can count. ]

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ɯ́ un̄λú — uadre. ɯ́ uμm̄ — uaib.

(verb—VC3) I take down, I remove, I clear up, I pack up, I clean (noun—NC3) cloth, fabric
up, I dismantle, I unset, I harvest etym. waeb. root. ɯ́ -∅-ɱ "cloth" desc. uaévir [ NC3 fine cloth. ]
etym. watre. wat- desc. uadréghe [ NC3 impermanent things, uaévine [ NC3 rags, tatters, scrap cloth. ]
temporary setbacks. ] uadrioso [ NC4 first harvest; marks the ɯ́ uμn — uain.
beginning of the new year. ] uadriodhi [ NC4 removal, expulsion, (noun—NC1) ugly, hideous, unattractive
pogrom. ] etym. wain. root. ɯ́ -∅-n "marred" desc. mo uainos [ phras. I
ɯ́ un̄λμɯŋμ — uadriodhi. make ugly. ]
(noun—NC4) removal, expulsion, pogrom ɯ́ uμɯm̄ — uaiob.
etym. wadreodi. ante. uadre [ VC3 I take down, I remove, I clear up, (noun—NC4) food preparation (irrespective of heat)
I pack up, I clean up, I dismantle, I unset, I harvest. ] etym. wayob. root. ɯ́ -μ-ɱ "eating" desc. lo uaiobou [ phras. I
ɯ́ un̄λμɯcɯ — uadrioso. prepare [DAT] to eat. ] uaiován [ NC1 cook, chef (of higher status than
(noun—NC4) a &genunar). ]
a. first harvest ɯ́ uμɯɱɥn — uaiován.
b. marks the beginning of the new year
(noun—NC1) cook, chef (of higher status than a &genunar)
etym. wadreoso. -xsx prog agent ante. uadre [ VC3 I take down, I etym. wayovana. ante. uaiob [ NC4 food preparation (irrespective
remove, I clear up, I pack up, I clean up, I dismantle, I unset, I harvest. ] of heat). ]
ɯ́ un̄λɥ́gú — uadréghe. ɯ́ uq́u — uaka.
(noun—NC3) impermanent things, temporary setbacks (verb—VC2)
etym. watreege. -xgx prosp patient ante. uadre [ VC3 I take a. I cover, I close, I shut
down, I remove, I clear up, I pack up, I clean up, I dismantle, I unset, I b. I fell, I hunt down (animal)
harvest. ] etym. waka. -xsx prog agent desc. uakaiti [ NC3 blanket;
ɯ́ un̄ɰ́ yμλ — uadúlir. mantle. ] uakaise [ NC3 sauce, specifically meant to be served on top
(noun—NC4) avarice, greed, money-hunger of food. ] uáktin [ NC3 a head covering worn by scholastics,
etym. wathulur. ante. dúlir [ NC4 wealth, fortune. ] somewhere between a turban and a durag. ] uákues [ NC2 prey,

ɯ́ un̄ɰ́ c — uadús. game. ]

(noun—NC4) excess, plenitude ɯ́ uq́uμcú — uakaise.

etym. wathusu. wa- root. n̄-c-∅ "many, much" ante. dús (noun—NC3) sauce, specifically meant to be served on top of
[ NC4 many, several [absolute]. ] food
ɯ́ uq̄uq́ɯ́ n̄ — uagakud. etym. wakaese. -xsx prog agent ante. uaka [ VC2 I cover, I close, I

(noun—NC4) wool shearing shut; I fell, I hunt down (animal). ]

etym. watkhakud. wat- ɯ́ uq́uμńμ — uakaiti.

ɯ́ uq̄ɯ — uago. (noun—NC3)

(verb—VC1) a. blanket
b. mantle
a. I defer to
b. I abstain, I withhold speech, I keep silent etym. wakaeti. ante. uaka [ VC2 I cover, I close, I shut; I fell, I hunt
etym. wakho. wa- desc. uagótin [ NC4 silence, nonverbal down (animal). ]

confirmation. ] ɯ́ uq́μɯ́ un̄ — uakiwad.

ɯ́ uq̄ɯnɯ́ n — uagonun. (noun—NC3) shoes

(noun—NC4) overheating, heatstroke etym. wakiwad. ante. kiwad [ NC3 foot, feet, paws, legs. ]

etym. wakhonun. wa- root. q̄-n-n "heat" ante. gonun ɯ́ uyɯ — ualo.
[ NC3 heat, warmth (negative); rudeness, callousness. ] (verb—VC1)

ɯ́ uq̄ɰńμn — uagótin. a. I construct, I build up, I cultivate, I grow, I erect

b. I make larger, I expand ACC
(noun—NC4) silence, nonverbal confirmation
etym. awagoton. -(d/t)xn passive ante. uago [ VC1 I defer to; I etym. walo. wa- desc. ualódha [ NC4 manual labor, exertion of
abstain, I withhold speech, I keep silent. ] effort; exercise. ] ualuaka [ NC1 able-bodied, capable of manual labor;
worker, laborer. ] ualós [ NC4 cultivation, production, growing,
ɯ́ ugn̄ — uahd.
erection, construction, manufacture, trade. ] ualueghe
(noun—NC2) tilapia
[ NC3 scaffolding, construction project, construction area. ] ualuebe
etym. waged. root. ɯ́ -g-ŋ "carp"
[ NC3 walls, sides of something. ] ualops [ NC3 garden. ]

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ɯ́ uyɯ cɯ́ yúu — ualo sulea. ɯ́ umɯyɰc — uamolós.

(verb—phras.) I pitch a tent (noun—NC4) approval, permission, consent
ante. sule [ NC3 tent, temporary shelter. ] etym. wamaloos. -x(z/s) active ante. uamolo [ VC1 I say yes, I

ɯ́ uyɯḿc — ualops. agree, I consent, I confirm. ]

(noun—NC3) garden ɯ́ umɯyɰńμn — uamolótin.
etym. walopes. ante. ualo [ VC1 I construct, I build up, I cultivate, I (noun—NC4)
grow, I erect; I make larger, I expand ACC. ] a. accord
b. constitution
ɯ́ uyɯ́ uq́u — ualuaka.
(noun—NC1) etym. uamoloton. -(d/t)xn passive ante. uamolo [ VC1 I say yes,
a. able-bodied, capable of manual labor I agree, I consent, I confirm. ]
b. worker, laborer ɯ́ umɰc — uamós.
etym. waloaka. ante. ualo [ VC1 I construct, I build up, I cultivate, I (noun—NC4) dismissal, firing, expulsion, impeachment, removal
grow, I erect; I make larger, I expand ACC. ] etym. wamoos. -x(z/s) active ante. uamo [ VC1 I put down, I

ɯ́ uyɯ́ úm̄ ú — ualuebe. place down; I complete, I conclude; I let go, I depose, I dismiss. ]
(noun—NC3) walls, sides of something ɯ́ uλú — uare.
etym. waloephe. ante. ualo [ VC1 I construct, I build up, I cultivate, (verb—VC3)
I grow, I erect; I make larger, I expand ACC. ] a. I hold up, I keep secured, I affix, I support
b. I govern
ɯ́ uyɯ́ úgú — ualueghe.
(noun—NC3) scaffolding, construction project, construction area etym. ware. desc. uarés [ NC3 clip or pin used to secure a wrapper. ]
etym. waloege. -xgx prosp patient ante. ualo [ VC1 I construct, I uarios [ NC4 admistration, rule, dominion, sovereignty. ]
build up, I cultivate, I grow, I erect; I make larger, I expand ACC. ] ɯ́ uλq̄ — uarg.
ɯ́ uyɰŋu — ualódha. (noun—NC4) jumping, hopping
(noun—NC4) etym. wareg. root. ɯ́ -λ-g "jumping"
a. manual labor, exertion of effort ɯ́ uλμɯc — uarios.
b. exercise (noun—NC4) admistration, rule, dominion, sovereignty
etym. walooda. -oda ante. ualo [ VC1 I construct, I build up, I ante. uare [ VC3 I hold up, I keep secured, I affix, I support; I govern. ]
cultivate, I grow, I erect; I make larger, I expand ACC. ] ɯ́ uλn — uarn.
ɯ́ uyɰc — ualós. (noun—NC4) sound (specific)
(noun—NC4) cultivation, production, growing, erection, etym. waren. root. ɯ́ -λ-n "sound"
construction, manufacture, trade ɯ́ uλɥ́c — uarés.
etym. waloos. -x(z/s) active ante. ualo [ VC1 I construct, I build (noun—NC3) clip or pin used to secure a wrapper
up, I cultivate, I grow, I erect; I make larger, I expand ACC. ] etym. warees. ante. uare [ VC3 I hold up, I keep secured, I affix, I
ɯ́ umm̄ — uamb. support; I govern. ]
(noun—NC3) drum ɯ́ ucɰuq́ — uasóak.
etym. wameb. root. ɯ́ -m-ɱ "groan" (noun—NC3) hat, cap
ɯ́ umɯ — uamo. etym. wasowak. wa- root. c-ɯ́ -q́ "head" ante. sóak [ NC3 head. ]
(verb—VC1) ɯ́ uńm̄ ú — uatbe.
a. I put down, I place down (verb—VC3)
b. I complete, I conclude
c. I let go, I depose, I dismiss a. I keep from eating, I withhold food
b. I weaken
etym. wamo. wa- desc. uamós [ NC4 dismissal, firing, expulsion,
etym. watphe. wat- ante. uatbidhan [ NC1 ascetic. ] uatbiogho
impeachment, removal. ]
[ NC4 attritution, blockade, siege. ]
ɯ́ umɯ ŋ̄uμ́λ — uamo jaír.
ɯ́ uńm̄ μŋun — uatbidhan.
(verb—phras.) I submerge, I dunk
(noun—NC1) ascetic
etym. wamo theayir.
etym. watphedan. -(d/t)xn passive desc. uatbe [ VC3 I keep from
ɯ́ umɯyɯ — uamolo. eating, I withhold food; I weaken. ]
(verb—VC1) I say yes, I agree, I consent, I confirm
ɯ́ uńm̄ μɯgɯ — uatbiogho.
etym. wamolo. wamo- ante. uamolo [ VC1 I say yes, I agree, I
(noun—NC4) attritution, blockade, siege
consent, I confirm. ] desc. uamolo [ VC1 I say yes, I agree, I consent, I
etym. watbeogo. -xgx prosp patient desc. uatbe [ VC3 I keep
confirm. ] uamolós [ NC4 approval, permission, consent. ] uamolótin
from eating, I withhold food; I weaken. ]
[ NC4 accord; constitution. ]

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 Grammar of Ousse

ɯ́ uńmɯ — uatmo. ɯ́ m̄ úc — ubes.

(verb—VC1) I destroy, I remove from the world, I dismantle, I (noun—NC4) grammatical object
abolish etym. uphes. root. ∅-m̄ -(c) "two" desc. ubesón [ NC4 accusative
etym. watmo. wat- desc. uatmós [ NC4 destruction, annihilation, case. ]
negation. ] ɯ́ m̄ úcɰn — ubesón.
ɯ́ uńmɰc — uatmós. (noun—NC4) accusative case
(noun—NC4) destruction, annihilation, negation etym. uphesono. ante. ubes [ NC4 grammatical object. ]
etym. watmoos. ante. uatmo [ VC1 I destroy, I remove from the ɯ́ m̄ μq́ — ubik.
world, I dismantle, I abolish. ] (noun—NC3) fonio
ɯ́ uńλú — uatre. etym. uphik. root. ∅-m̄ -q́ "grasses"
(verb—VC3) I hang from, I dangle from, I cling to, I am ɯ́ m̄ μq́ — ubik.
suspended from (noun—NC4) Fonio Harvest, the fourth (third high moon) of the
etym. watre. desc. uatridhon [ NC4 death by hanging. ] year.
ɯ́ uńλμŋɯn — uatridhon. etym. uphik. root. ∅-m̄ -q́ "grasses"
(noun—NC4) death by hanging ɯ́ m̄ ɯλ — ubor.
etym. watredon. -(d/t)xn passive ante. uatre [ VC3 I hang from, I (noun—NC2) fish and scaley, reptilian animals
dangle from, I cling to, I am suspended from. ] root. ∅-m̄ -λ "creature"
ɯ́ uńλɯ — uatro. ɯ́ n̄uy — udal.
(verb—VC1) I exchange, I swap, I switch, I replace [ACC] with (noun—NC4) water [element]
[DAT] etym. uthal.
etym. watlo.
ɯ́ n̄ɯμ — udoi.
ɯ́ uɯ́ λμm — uaurim. (noun—NC4) protection
(noun—NC1) etym. udoy. root. ∅-n̄-μ "shell" desc. udoiar [ NC1 guardian,
a. judge, jurist, lawkeeper protector, retainer. ]
b. Taal judge
ɯ́ n̄ɯμuλ — udoiar.
etym. waorim. ante. orim [ NC4 rules, laws, edicts [specific]. ]
(noun—NC1) guardian, protector, retainer
ɯ́ uɱɥ́ — uavé. etym. udoyar. -xr derivation N ante. udoi [ NC4 protection. ]
(noun—NC2) bee
ɯ́ úmu — uema.
etym. wavey. root. ɯ́ -v-μ "bees" desc. uavéar [ NC1 honey-
(noun—NC3) smell, scent, odor, aroma
gatherer; beekeeper. ]
etym. wema. root. ɯ́ -m-∅ "scent" desc. ka uemail [ phras. I
ɯ́ uɱɥ́uλ — uavéar. smell, I detect, I catch a whiff of. ]
(noun—NC1)
ɯ́ úmuμy ŋɥ́g — uemail dhégh.
a. honey-gatherer (noun—NC3) boogers, solid mucus
b. beekeeper
etym. wemail dege.
etym. waveyar. root. ɯ́ -v-μ "bees" ante. uavé [ NC2 bee. ]
ɯ́ úmɯ́ — uemu.
ɯ́ uçμλ — uazir. (noun—NC3) nose
(noun—NC4) oath, promise etym. wemu. root. ɯ́ -m-∅ "scent" desc. uemuer [ NC3 nostrils. ]
etym. wazer. root. ɯ́ -ç-λ "oath"
ɯ́ úmɯ́ úλ — uemuer.
ɯ́ uɥ́ɱμnú — uaévine. (noun—NC3) nostrils
(noun—NC3) rags, tatters, scrap cloth etym. wemuer. -xr derivation N root. ɯ́ -m-
etym. waebene. ante. uaib [ NC3 cloth, fabric. ] ∅ "scent" ante. uemu [ NC3 nose. ]
ɯ́ uɥ́ɱμλ — uaévir. ɯ́ q̄μq́ — ugik.
(noun—NC3) fine cloth (noun—NC4) incomplete, unfinished, not whole, partial
root. ɯ́ -∅-ɱ "cloth" ante. uaib [ NC3 cloth, fabric. ] etym. ugik. root. ∅-q̄-q́ "all"
ɯ́ uμ́m̄ — uaíb. ɯ́ μún — uien.
(noun—NC3) spoon (noun—NC3) scar, blemish especially one received during one's
etym. wayib. root. ɯ́ -μ-ɱ "eating" life
ɯ́ uμ́m — uaím. etym. wien. root. ɯ́ -∅-n "marred" desc. uienar [ NC1 heavily
(noun—NC3) liver scarred, gravely maimed. ]
etym. wayim. root. ɯ́ -μ-m "liver"

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ɯ́ μúnuλ — uienar. ɯ́ ɯnq̄ — uong.

(noun—NC1) heavily scarred, gravely maimed (noun—NC3)
etym. wienar. ante. uien [ NC3 scar, blemish especially one received a. rice wine
during one's life. ] b. from Athama wòng

ɯ́ μnum — uinam. etym. woneg.

(noun—NC4) deathcare, mortuary practices ɯ́ ɯλμq̄ — uorig.
etym. uynam . root. ∅-μn-m "death" desc. uinamán (noun—NC4) twitching, vibrating, fast repetitive motion
[ NC1 mortician, embalmer, funerary rites keeper, undertaker. ] etym. worig. root. ɯ́ -λ-g "jumping" desc. uorighor
ɯ́ μnumɥn — uinamán. [ NC4 restlessness, agitation. ]
(noun—NC1) mortician, embalmer, funerary rites keeper, ɯ́ ɯλμgɯλ — uorighor.
undertaker (noun—NC4) restlessness, agitation
etym. uynamana . -xnx derivation N ante. uinam etym. worigor. ante. uorig [ NC4 twitching, vibrating, fast
[ NC4 deathcare, mortuary practices. ] repetitive motion. ]
ɯ́ μɱɯμ — uivoi. ɯ́ λumμç — uramiz.
(noun—NC3) beehive (noun—NC4) low milk supply, agalactia
etym. wivoy. root. ɯ́ -v-μ "bees" etym. uramiz. ur- root. ∅-m-ç "milk" ante. amiz [ NC3 milk. ]
ɯ́ q́μc — ukis. ɯ́ λm̄ unn̄ — urband.
(noun—NC1) deaf (noun—NC4) impatience, haste
etym. ukis. root. ∅-q́-c "hearing" etym. urphaned. ur- root. m̄ -n-ŋ "slow"
ɯ́ yμ́ — ulí. ɯ́ λm̄ ú — urbe.
(noun—NC3) bland, plain, boring (verb—VC3) I fast, I abstain from eating
etym. uliy . root. ∅-y-μ "charisma " etym. urphe. ur- desc. urbios [ NC4 fast, temporary withholding
ɯ́ num — unam. of food for therapeutic or spiritual purposes. ]
(noun—NC4) justice, rightness, correctness ɯ́ λm̄ μɯc — urbios.
etym. unam. root. ∅-n-m "justness" ante. unámir (noun—NC4) fast, temporary withholding of food for
[ NC1 inquisitor, officer of the Ministry of Justice. ] therapeutic or spiritual purposes
ɯ́ nμm — unim. etym. urpheos. ante. urbe [ VC3 I fast, I abstain from eating. ]
(noun—NC4) justless, vile, evil, cruel, unjust ɯ́ λm̄ ɰ́ cń — urbúst.
etym. unim. root. ∅-n-m "justness" (noun—NC4) coldness, callousness, cruelty
ɯ́ nɥmμλ — unámir. etym. urphusut. root. m̄ -c-ń "care" ante. búst [ NC4 empathy,
(noun—NC1) inquisitor, officer of the Ministry of Justice compassion, love for one's fellows. ]
etym. unamar. root. ∅-n-m "justness" desc. unam [ NC4 justice, ɯ́ λn̄ú — urde.
rightness, correctness. ] (verb—VC3)
ɯ́ ɯm̄ μm — uobim. a. I do not know, I am ignorant of
(noun—NC3) stock, broth b. I spare, I forgo

root. ɯ́ -ɱ-m "soup" ɯ́ λŋu — urdha.

ɯ́ ɯm̄ μλ — uobir. (verb—VC2)
(noun—NC3) cowpeas a. I stop myself, I stop moving
etym. wophir. root. ɯ́ -ɱ-λ "bean / pea" b. I leave behind, I abandon, I discard, I cast off

ɯ́ ɯŋɯ́ úλ — uodhuer. etym. urda. ur- desc. urdhaibe [ NC3 trash, refuse, garbage. ]
(noun—NC3) abacus ɯ́ λŋu λɥn̄uń — urdha rádat.
etym. wodoer. ante. uódh [ NC4 counting. ] (verb—phras.) I wait, I hold, I attend
ɯ́ ɯμ — uoi. etym. urda rathaat.
(expression) ɯ́ λŋu ńɯmμcɥçμy uλ — urdha tomisázil ar.
a. hey, yo, hark (verb—phras.) I die off, I succumb to
b. an expression to gain someone's attention etym. urda tomesaazil ar.
etym. woy. ɯ́ λŋuμm̄ ú — urdhaibe.
ɯ́ ɯμɯ́ m — uoium. (noun—NC3) trash, refuse, garbage
(noun—NC3) kidney etym. urdaephe. ante. urdha [ VC2 I stop myself, I stop moving; I
etym. woyum. root. ɯ́ -μ-m "liver" leave behind, I abandon, I discard, I cast off;. ]

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 Grammar of Ousse

ɯ́ λn̄λuμ — urdrai. ɯ́ λcuμç — ursaiz.

(noun—NC4) unimportant, inessential, banal, mundane (noun—NC2)
etym. urtheray. ur- root. n̄-λ-μ "essential" ante. drai a. departed spirit, spirit of a dead loved one
[ NC4 importance, gravity; demand; [DAT] necessary. ] b. “late”, “feu”

ɯ́ λn̄ɰ́ gq́ — urdúhk. etym. ursaiz. -x(z/s) active ante. ursa [ VC2 I lack, I am without, I
(noun—NC4) stupidity, idiocy am missing. ]
etym. urthuguk. ur- root. n̄-g-q́ "wisdom" ɯ́ λcuḿc — ursaps.
ɯ́ λú — ure. (noun—NC3) absent, not present
(verb—VC3) I abuse, I take advantage of etym. ursapes. ante. ursa [ VC2 I lack, I am without, I am missing. ]
etym. ure. ur- desc. uriaz [ NC1 bully, brute. ] urése ɯ́ λcuɯ́ ŋμ — ursaudhi.
[ NC3 abused, mismanaged, neglected. ] (noun—NC4) loss, grief
ɯ́ λq̄ɯ — urgo. etym. ursaodi. -x(d/t)i derivation ante. ursa [ VC2 I lack, I am
(verb—VC1) without, I am missing. ]
a. I lie, I speak falsehoods, I deceive ɯ́ λcuɯ́ cɯ — ursauso.
b. I am false (noun—NC4) dispossession, deprivation, denial
etym. urkho. ur- desc. urgós [ NC4 lies, deception, deceit, fraud. ] etym. ursaoso. -xsx prog agent ante. ursa [ VC2 I lack, I am
ɯ́ λq̄ɰc — urgós. without, I am missing. ]

(noun—NC4) lies, deception, deceit, fraud ɯ́ λcɥç — ursáz.

etym. urkhoos. -x(z/s) active ante. urgo [ VC1 I lie, I speak (noun—NC1) widow, widower
falsehoods, I deceive; I am false. ] etym. ursaaz. -x(z/s) active ante. ursa [ VC2 I lack, I am without,

ɯ́ λμuç — uriaz. I am missing. ]

(noun—NC1) bully, brute ɯ́ λńu — urta.

etym. ureaz. -x(z/s) active ante. ure [ VC3 I abuse, I take (verb—VC2)
advantage of. ] a. I do not see, I miss, I forego
b. I am blind, I have blindness
ɯ́ λμn — urin.
(noun—NC1) slave etym. urta. ur- desc. urtáps [ NC1 blind person. ]
etym. urin. root. ∅-λ-n "blood" ɯ́ λńugç — urtahz.
ɯ́ λq́μɯ́ un̄ — urkiwad. (noun—NC4) inexperience, immaturity
(noun—NC3) footsteps, footprints etym. urtagez. ur- root. ń-g-ç "experience"
etym. urkiwad. ur- ɯ́ λńɥḿc — urtáps.
ɯ́ λnum̄ ɯ́ n — urnabun. (noun—NC1) blind person
(noun—NC3) inanimate, lifeless, dead, inert etym. urtapas. -(b/p)xs ante. urta [ VC2 I do not see, I miss, I
etym. urnaphun. ante. nabun [ NC3 breath; will. ] forego; I am blind, I have blindness. ]

ɯ́ λɯ — uro. ɯ́ λçɰ́ n̄ — urzúd.

(verb—VC1) I adapt, I change, I compromise, I make do (noun—NC4) dishonor, disgrace, infamy
etym. urlo. ur- desc. uródha [ NC4 resourcefulness, craftiness, etym. urzuthu. root. ç-n̄-∅ "honor" ante. zúd [ NC4 honor. ]
cleverness. ] ɯ́ λɥ́cú — urése.
ɯ́ λǵɥ́gn — urqéhn. (noun—NC3) abused, mismanaged, neglected
(noun—NC1) untitled, unlanded person etym. utreese. -xsx prog agent ante. ure [ VC3 I abuse, I take
etym. urkegen. ur- ante. qéhn [ NC4 title, claim. ] advantage of. ]

ɯ́ λcu — ursa. ɯ́ λɰŋu — uródha.

(verb—VC2) I lack, I am without, I am missing (noun—NC4) resourcefulness, craftiness, cleverness
etym. ursa. ur- desc. ursáz [ NC1 widow, widower. ] ursaiz etym. urlooda. -oda ante. uro [ VC1 I adapt, I change, I
[ NC2 departed spirit, spirit of a dead loved one; “late”, “feu”. ] compromise, I make do. ]
ursaudhi [ NC4 loss, grief. ] ursauso [ NC4 dispossession, ɯ́ cuy — usal.
deprivation, denial. ] ursaps [ NC3 absent, not present. ] (noun—NC3) rainy season
etym. usal. root. ∅-c-y "rain"

ɯ́ cq́ — usk.
(noun—NC3) egg
etym. usek. root. ∅-c-q́ "young" ante. mo uska [ phras. I lay an
egg. ]

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ɯ́ ńuc — utas. ɯ́ ɥ́μ — uéi.

(noun—NC4) cemetery (noun—NC3)
etym. utas. root. ∅-ń-c "hole" a. tall, long, elongated, tight
b. drawstring of a bow
ɯ́ ńuc — utas .
(noun—NC3) grave, burial site etym. weey. root. ɯ́ -∅-μ "vertical" desc. uéién [ NC3 tree,
etym. utas. root. ∅-ń-c "hole" desc. utásir [ NC1 grave digger, especially a tall one. ]
undertaker. ] ɯ́ ɥ́μɥ́n — uéién.
ɯ́ ńɥcμλ — utásir. (noun—NC3) tree, especially a tall one
(noun—NC1) grave digger, undertaker etym. weeyene. ante. uéi [ NC3 tall, long, elongated, tight;
etym. utasar . root. ∅-ń-c "hole" ante. utas [ NC4 cemetery. ] drawstring of a bow. ] desc. pauéién [ NC4 forest, bush, brush. ]

ɯ́ çμn̄ — uzid. ɯ́ ɥ́n — uén.

(noun—NC3) inelegant, poorly made, unwieldy (noun—NC3) humidity
etym. uzid. root. ∅-ç-ŋ "design" etym. uyen. root. ∅-μ-n "moisture"

ɯ́ ɥm̄ — uáb. ɯ́ ɥ́λ — uér.

(noun—NC1) fabric maker, weaver (noun—NC3) fingerprints, friction ridges
etym. waab. root. ɯ́ -∅-ɱ "cloth" etym. uyer. root. ∅-μ-λ "bottom"

ɯ́ ɥm̄ — uáb. ɯ́ ɥ́λú — uére.

(noun—NC3) loom (verb—VC2) I am alive, I am living
root. ɯ́ -∅-ɱ "cloth" desc. etuáb [ NC3 tapestry. ] etym. weyre. root. ɯ́ -μλ-∅ "life" desc. uérédhin [ NC2 life-
sustaining forces. ]
ɯ́ ɥμ — uái.
(noun—NC1) tall, lanky ɯ́ ɥ́λɥ́m̄ μc — uérébis.
etym. waay. root. ɯ́ -∅-μ "vertical" (noun—NC2) germ of life, first living organism
etym. weyerebes. root. ɯ́ -μλ-∅ "life"
ɯ́ ɥq́ńμn — uáktin.
(noun—NC3) a head covering worn by scholastics, somewhere ɯ́ ɥ́λɥ́ŋμn — uérédhin.
between a turban and a durag. (noun—NC2) life-sustaining forces
etym. wakaten. ante. uaka [ VC2 I cover, I close, I shut; I fell, I hunt etym. weyreden. -(d/t)xn passive root. ɯ́ -μλ-∅ "life" ante. uére
down (animal). ] [ VC2 I am alive, I am living. ]

ɯ́ ɥq́ɯ́ úc — uákues. ɯ́ μ́μ — uíi.

(noun—NC2) prey, game (noun—NC2) giraffe
etym. uakabes. ante. uaka [ VC2 I cover, I close, I shut; I fell, I hunt etym. wiiy. root. ɯ́ -∅-μ "vertical"
down (animal). ] ɯ́ μ́m — uím.
ɯ́ ɥçμλ — uázir. (noun—NC3)
(noun—NC1) betrothed, promised a. snout
etym. wazar. root. ɯ́ -ç-λ "oath" b. wet nose of an animal

ɯ́ ɥçɯ́ — uázu. etym. wimi. root. ɯ́ -m-∅ "scent"

(noun—NC4) east ɯ́ μ́n — uín.
etym. wazaw. root. ɯ́ -ç-ɯ́ "east" (noun—NC4) dry to the touch
ɯ́ ɥ́m̄ μλ — uébir. etym. uyin. root. ∅-μ-n "moisture" desc. uínor [ NC4 drying out,
(noun—NC3) peas, beans, legumes, edible seeds dessecation. ]
etym. weber. root. ɯ́ -ɱ-λ "bean / pea" ɯ́ μ́n — uín.
ɯ́ ɥ́gn̄ — uéhd. (noun—NC4)
(noun—NC2) carp, cyprinid fish a. imperfection
etym. weged. root. ɯ́ -g-ŋ "carp" b. unpleasant result of something

ɯ́ ɥ́gŋúλ — uéhdher. etym. wiin. root. ɯ́ -∅-n "marred"

(noun—NC2) minnow, African sardine ɯ́ μ́nɯλ — uínor.
etym. wegeder. root. ɯ́ -g-ŋ "carp" (noun—NC4) drying out, dessecation
etym. uyinor. root. ∅-μ-n "moisture" ante. uín [ . ]

ɯ́ μ́ɯ́ m̄ — uíub.
(noun—NC3) plate, dish, serving tray
etym. wiyub. root. ɯ́ -μ-ɱ "eating"

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ɯ́ ɰŋ — uódh. ɰ́ ŋμnɯλ — údhinor.

(noun—NC4) counting (noun—NC4)
etym. wodo. root. ɯ́ -ŋ-∅ "amount" desc. de uódhou [ phras. I a. sound of wind
know how to count, I can count. ] uodhuer [ NC3 abacus. ] b. howl, whistle

ɯ́ ɰμm̄ — uóib. etym. udunor. -xr derivation N ante. údhin [ NC4 wind
(noun—NC4) eating, dining [element]. ]
etym. woyob. root. ɯ́ -μ-ɱ "eating" desc. uóivar [ NC1 dinner ɰ́ ŋɯ — údho.
guest, invited guest. ] uóivón [ NC4 dinner, banquet, feast. ] (noun—NC4) amount, total, sum
ɯ́ ɰμm̄ ɯɯ́ uλq́ — uóibou ark. etym. wudo. root. ɯ́ -ŋ-∅ "amount" desc. ka údhóu [ phras. I
(noun—NC4) typical diet count; I measure. ]
etym. woyobol arek. ɰ́ n̄μy — údil.
ɯ́ ɰμɱuλ — uóivar. (noun—NC4) liquid
(noun—NC1) dinner guest, invited guest etym. uthul. root. ∅-n̄-y "water" desc. dha údilos [ I liquify, I
etym. woyobar. root. ɯ́ -μ-ɱ "eating" ante. uóib [ NC4 eating, melt. ]
dining. ] ɰ́ n̄μc — údis.
ɯ́ ɰμɱɰn — uóivón. (noun—NC4) air, wind
(noun—NC4) dinner, banquet, feast etym. uthus. root. ∅-n̄-c "sky" desc. ka údisou [ phras. I breathe
etym. woyobono. -xnx derivation N root. ɯ́ -μ- in, I inhale. ] mo údisou [ phras. I exhale, I breathe out. ] údisón
ɱ "eating" ante. uóib [ NC4 eating, dining. ] [ NC4 vowel sound. ]

ɯ́ ɰm — uóm. ɰ́ n̄μcɰn — údisón.

(noun—NC4) smelling, sniffing (noun—NC4) vowel sound
etym. womo. root. ɯ́ -m-∅ "scent" desc. lo úomou [ phras. I etym. uthusono. -xnx derivation N root. ∅-n̄-c "sky" ante. údis
smell, I sniff, I identify by nose. ] [ NC4 air, wind. ]

ɯ́ ɰλn — uórn. ɰ́ gμc — úghis.

(noun—NC4) sound (general) (noun—NC4) time [absolute]
etym. woron. root. ɯ́ -λ-n "sound" etym. ugus. root. ∅-g-c "time" desc. ghúghus [ NC1 age. ]

ɰ́ gń — úht.
(noun—NC4) punishment, recompense

ɰ́ — ú words etym. ugut. root. ∅-g-ń "consequence" desc. omóghut

[ NC4 criminal justice, public order. ]

ɰ́ μm̄ — úib.
ɰ́ m̄ μ — úbi. (noun—NC3) clothes, garments
(noun—NC4) patrilineal line of inheritance etym. wuib. root. ɯ́ -∅-ɱ "cloth"
etym. uphuy. root. ∅-m̄ -μ "father" desc. matúbi [ NC4 dynasty, ɰ́ μm — úim.
royal house. ] (noun—NC3) antennae, feelers
ɰ́ m̄ μɰn — úbión. etym. uyum. root. ∅-μ-m "antennae"
(noun—NC4) patrilineal inheritance ɰ́ μn — úin.
etym. uphuyono. -xnx derivation N root. ∅-m̄ -μ "father" (noun—NC4) damp, moist
ɰ́ ŋμy — údhil. etym. uyun. root. ∅-μ-n "moisture"
(noun—NC4) maleness, masculinity ɰ́ μλ — úir.
etym. udul. root. ∅-ŋ-y "male" (noun—NC3)
ɰ́ ŋμyɰ́ m̄ μ — údhilúbi. a. bottom, lower portion, basin of something
(noun—NC1) nephew b. chin
etym. uduluphuy. etym. uyur. root. ∅-μ-λ "bottom"
ɰ́ ŋμn — údhin. ɰ́ μλɯ — úiro.
(noun—NC4) wind [element] (noun—NC3) life, livingness of a thing
etym. udun. root. ∅-ŋ-n "wind" desc. údhinor [ NC4 sound of etym. wuiro. root. ɯ́ -μλ-∅ "life"
wind; howl, whistle. ] ka údhinou [ phras. I fly, I take flight. ]
ɰ́ μc — úis.
(noun—NC4) sea, ocean
etym. uwus. root. ∅-ɯ́ -c "Sea"

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ɰ́ q́μn — úkin. ɰ́ λμλɯ́ m — úrirum.

(noun—NC4) largeness [absolute] (noun—NC4) anarchy, lawlessness, chaos
etym. ukun. root. ∅-q́-n "large" desc. úkinor [ NC4 large group, etym. ururum. ur- ante. úrm [ NC4 law, rule, authority
population. ] [general]. ] desc. úrirumán [ NC1 barbarian; slur used against
ɰ́ q́μnɯλ — úkinor. Kpeñ. ]

(noun—NC4) large group, population ɰ́ λμλɯ́ mɥn — úrirumán.

etym. ukunor. ante. úkin [ NC4 largeness [absolute]. ] (noun—NC1)
ɰ́ q́c — úks. a. barbarian
b. slur used against Kpeñ
(noun—NC4) hearing, capacity to hear
etym. ukus. root. ∅-q́-c "hearing" etym. ururumana. ante. úrirum [ NC4 anarchy, lawlessness,
chaos. ]
ɰ́ mu — úma.
(noun—NC3) sense of taste ɰ́ λm — úrm.
etym. wuma. root. ɯ́ -m-∅ "scent" (noun—NC4) law, rule, authority [general]
etym. urum. root. ∅-λ-m "rule" desc. úrmán [ NC1 justicar,
ɰ́ mμ — úmi.
sherriff; law enforcement official. ] úrmén [ NC3 domain, jurisdiction,
(noun—NC4) matrilineal line
territory of one's authority. ] omórum [ NC4 governance,
etym. umuy. root. ∅-m-μ "mother"
government. ] úrirum [ NC4 anarchy, lawlessness, chaos. ] de úrmou
ɰ́ mμm — úmim. [ phras. I follow the law, I abide by the rules. ]
(noun—NC4) goodness [absolute]
ɰ́ λmɥn — úrmán.
etym. umum. root. ∅-m-m "good"
(noun—NC1)
ɰ́ mμɰn — úmión.
a. justicar, sherriff
(noun—NC4) matrilineal inheritance b. law enforcement official
etym. umuyono. -xnx derivation N root. ∅-m-μ "mother"
etym. urumana. -xnx derivation N ante. úrm [ NC4 law, rule,
ɰ́ mɯ — úmo. authority [general]. ]
(noun—NC3) sense of smell
ɰ́ λmɥ́n — úrmén.
etym. wumo. root. ɯ́ -m-∅ "scent"
(noun—NC3) domain, jurisdiction, territory of one's authority
ɰ́ nμm — únim. etym. urumene. -xnx derivation N ante. úrm [ NC4 law, rule,
(noun—NC4) justness, fairness, rightness authority [general]. ]
etym. unum. root. ∅-n-m "justness" ante. ghalúnim
ɰ́ λn — úrn.
[ NC4 honesty, integrity. ]
(noun—NC4) kinship
ɰ́ ɯn — úon. etym. urun. root. ∅-λ-n "blood" ante. etúrn [ NC4 clan, kinship
(noun—NC3) bad-tasting, disagreeable network. ]
etym. wuon. root. ɯ́ -∅-n "marred"
ɰ́ ɯ́ μ — úui.
ɰ́ ḿc — úps. (noun—NC4) zenith, highest point of something
(noun—NC4) beauty [absolute] etym. wuuy. root. ɯ́ -∅-μ "vertical"
etym. upus. root. ∅-ḿ-c "beauty" desc. iniupus [ NC4 vainglory,
ɰ́ ɱμm — úvim.
self-obsession, vanity. ]
(noun—NC3) stew, a thick soup
ɰ́ λun — úran. etym. wubum. root. ɯ́ -ɱ-m "soup"
(noun—NC4) voice, particularly a human voice
ɰ́ çn̄ — úzd.
etym. wuran. root. ɯ́ -λ-n "sound" desc. lo úranou [ phras. I
(noun—NC4) elegance, beauty, excellence of design
imitate, I pretend to be. ]
etym. uzud. root. ∅-ç-ŋ "design"
ɰ́ λún — úren.
ɰ́ çŋuλ — úzdhar.
(noun—NC4)
(noun—NC1) aesthete, lover of beautiful things
a. animal's voice, spirit's voice
etym. uzudar. -xr derivation N root. ∅-ç-ŋ "design"
b. non-human voice
ɰ́ çɯλ — úzor.
etym. wuren. root. ɯ́ -λ-n "sound" desc. lo úrenou [ phras. I
(noun—NC4)
make animal sounds; I whistle. ]
a. marriage, union, wedding
ɰ́ λμn — úrin. b. alliance
(noun—NC4) silence
etym. wuzor. root. ɯ́ -ç-λ "oath"
etym. wurin. root. ɯ́ -λ-n "sound"

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ɰ́ μ́ — úí. μúgɯλ — ieghor.

(noun—NC3) short, squat (noun—NC3) honey, sweetener
etym. wuiy. root. ɯ́ -∅-μ "vertical" etym. yegor. root. μ-g-λ "sweetness"

μúgɯλμy ɥ́m̄ μλ — ieghoril ébir.

(noun—NC2) honey badger
μ — i words etym. yegoril epher.

μúλɯ́ m — ierum.
(noun—NC2) warthog, wild hog, boar
μm̄ úɯɯ́ Énçμn — Ibeou Énzin. etym. yerum. root. μ-λ-m "pig"
(noun—NC4) New Enezin, a principality of Indaha.
μgɯ́ uμ — ighuai.
etym. Ipheol Enezin.
(noun—NC2) raven
μcɥɯ́ — Isáu. etym. igway. root. ∅-gɯ́ -μ "crow"
(noun—NC2) goddess of time and monsoon rains
μy uμ́n — il Aín.
etym. Isala. root. ∅-c-y "rain"
(noun—NC2) god of death
μçuλμq́u — Izarika. etym. il Ayin. root. ∅-μn-m "death"
(noun—NC2) the Moon
μy ŋuɯ́ ńú — il Dhaute.
etym. Izarika. root. ç-λ-q́ "silver"
(proper noun—NC2) the Old Ousse and Taal goddess of the sun
μuμú — iaie. etym. il Daote. root. ŋ-∅-ń "light"
(noun—NC2) terestrial gods, earth and sea spirits
μy úɯ́ uc — il Euas.
etym. yaye. root. μ-μ-∅ "below"
(noun—NC3)
μm̄ uŋ̄ɯŋɯ — ibajodho. a. The sea spirit in Ousse mythology;
(noun—NC4) coincidence, co-occurrence
etym. il Ewas. root. ∅-ɯ́ -c "Sea"
etym. iphatheodo. ante. ajodho [ NC4 event, accident, incident. ]
μy gɯuq̄ — il Ghoag.
μm̄ ú — ibe.
(noun—NC2) the Ghoag, an Ousse earth god
(number—NC4) second
etym. il Goag. root. g-∅-g "earth"
etym. iphe. root. ∅-m̄ -(c) "two"
μy q́un̄ɯgɥq́μλ — il Kadoghákir.
μn̄úm̄ — ideb.
(proper noun—NC3) College of Sages, an Ousse political
(noun—NC4)
institution housed at Ghádhidil Gebit.
a. mistake, error
ante. doghákir [ NC1 sage, Ousse holy man. ]
b. incorrect information
μy q́ugɯ́ yɯ́ uŋμ — il Kaghuluadhi.
etym. itheb . root. ∅-n̄-ɱ "fault" desc. lo ideba [ phras. I make a
(noun—NC3) Warriors’ Council, an institution within the
mistake, I err. ]
Marshalate
μn̄ɯ́ m̄ — idub. ante. ghuluadhi [ NC1 warrior, fighter, prizewinner. ]
(noun—NC4) fault, wrongdoing, blame
μy munɥ́μ — il Manéi.
etym. ithub. root. ∅-n̄-ɱ "fault" desc. re idubou [ phras. I take
(noun—NC3) Indaha
the blame, I am guilty, I am at fault. ] iduvor [ NC4 apology. ]
etym. il Maneey.
μn̄ɯ́ y — idul.
μy ǵɥq̄μɱuμ — il Qágivai.
(noun—NC4)
(noun—NC1) noble caste, consisting of sovereign princes and
a. thirst
landed & titled nobles
b. drought
etym. il Kazukhoapha. root. q̄-ɱ-μ "duty"
etym. ithul. root. ∅-n̄-y "water"
μy ǵɥnńλμuŋu — il Qántriadha.
μn̄ɯ́ ɱɯλ — iduvor.
(noun—NC3) common, bound caste
(noun—NC4) apology etym. kamatreada. ante. matriadha [ NC1 commoner, bound
etym. ithubor. ante. idub [ NC4 fault, wrongdoing, person. ]
blame. ] desc. go iduvorsa [ phras. I apologize, I say sorry. ]
μy λμɱuc — il Rivas.
μú / μ́ú — ie / íe. (noun—NC2) representation of nothingness
(particle) so much, to such a degree
etym. il Ribas. root. λ-ɱ-c "inert"
etym. ye / iye.
μy ɯ́ cuɯ́ — il Usau.
(noun—NC2) the god of the rains
etym. il Usal. root. ∅-c-y "rain"

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μnμɯ́ ḿɯ́ c — iniupus. μɥ́c — iés.

(noun—NC4) vainglory, self-obsession, vanity (noun—NC4)
etym. iniupus. ante. úps [ NC4 beauty [absolute]. ] a. place, position, location
b. noun position
μɯq́ɯ́ ḿ — iokup.
(noun—NC3) etym. yeis. root. μ-∅-c "place"
a. spearhead μɰ́ mḿ — iúmp.
b. (by analogy) spear (noun—NC4) south
etym. yokup. root. μ-q́-ḿ "thorn" etym. yumup. root. μ-m-ḿ "south"

μɯɯ́ uḿ — iouap. μɰ́ λm — iúrm.

(noun—NC4) (noun—NC4) dirt, mud, dung
a. bowing, obeisance, curtseying etym. yurum. root. μ-λ-m "pig"
b. supplication, plea

etym. yowap. root. μ-ɯ́ -ḿ "prone"

μcuḿ — isap. μ́ — í words
(noun—NC3)
a. bleach, bleaching or whitening agent
b. stale urine μ́um — íam.
root. ∅-c-ḿ "urine" (noun—NC3) whiskers
etym. iyam. root. ∅-μ-m "antennae"
μńc — its .
(noun—NC3) hole, pit, dent, dimple μ́ucɯλ — íasor.
etym. ites. root. ∅-ń-c "hole" desc. itésir [ NC3 pores, very small (noun—NC4) adposition
holes. ] μ́m̄ — íb.
μńɥ́cμλ — itésir. (number—NC4) two
(noun—NC3) pores, very small holes etym. iphi. root. ∅-m̄ -(c) "two"
etym. iteser. root. ∅-ń-c "hole" ante. its [ . ] μ́n̄ú — íde.
μɥgμλ — iághir. (verb—VC3)
(noun—NC1) sweet, indulgent, loving, kind, doting a. I intuit, I figure out, I come to understand;
etym. yagar. root. μ-g-λ "sweetness" desc. mo íaghiras [ phras. I etym. yithe. yi-
con, I take advantage of. ]
μ́ŋu — ídha.
μɥq́μḿ — iákip. (verb—VC2) I crawl, I walk on all fours
(noun—NC3) thorn, spike, stinger etym. yida. desc. ídhaus [ NC4 on a crawl, on all fours. ]
etym. yakap. root. λ-m̄ -ç "loyal;"μ-q́-ḿ "thorn;" desc. iákiper
μ́ŋuɯ́ c — ídhaus.
[ NC3 carder, wool comb. ]
(noun—NC4) on a crawl, on all fours
μɥq́μḿúλ — iákiper. etym. yidaos. -x(z/s) active ante. ídha [ VC2 I crawl, I walk on all
(noun—NC3) carder, wool comb fours. ]
etym. yakaper. root. μ-q́-ḿ "thorn" ante. iákip [ NC3 thorn, spike,
μ́n̄μy — ídil.
stinger. ]
(noun—NC2) fish
μɥλm — iárm. etym. ithil. root. ∅-n̄-y "water"
(noun—NC2) pig, swine
μ́n̄nɥ́ — ídné.
etym. yaram. root. μ-λ-m "pig"
(expression) understood, alright, okay
μɥɯ́ ḿ — iáup. etym. yithenei.
(noun—NC4) prone position, lying face down
μ́úm̄ ɯ́ c — íebus.
etym. yawap. root. μ-ɯ́ -ḿ "prone"
(noun—NC4) dividing line, baseline
μɥ́gμλ — iéghir. etym. yiephus. ante. ebus [ NC4 half, halves. ]
(noun—NC3) sweet tasting
μ́q̄ɯ — ígo.
etym. yeger. root. μ-g-λ "sweetness"
(verb—VC1)
a. I condescend to, I deign, I dare
b. I sneer at, I snarl at, I speak insultingly to

etym. yikho. yi- desc. ígós [ NC4 insult, jeer, cruel statement. ]
íguaz [ NC1 rude, insulting, mean, vicious, unkind. ]

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μ́q̄ɯ́ uç — íguaz. μ́nŋɥɱμc — índhávis.

(noun—NC1) rude, insulting, mean, vicious, unkind (noun—NC1)
etym. yikhoaz. -x(z/s) active ante. ígo [ VC1 I condescend to, I a. heir
deign, I dare; I sneer at, I snarl at, I speak insultingly to. ] b. grandson, granddaughter

μ́q̄ɰc — ígós. etym. inidabas. ante. índha [ VC2 I go further, I advance, I move on;
(noun—NC4) insult, jeer, cruel statement I overcome, I move past [ACC]; I begin, I set out. ]
etym. yikhoos. -x(z/s) active ante. ígo [ VC1 I condescend to, I μ́nŋɥç — índház.
deign, I dare; I sneer at, I snarl at, I speak insultingly to. ] (noun—NC1) advanced, apprentice
μ́y Ónq̄μuq́ — íl Óngiak. etym. inidaaz. ante. índha [ VC2 I go further, I advance, I move on; I
(noun—NC3) overcome, I move past [ACC]; I begin, I set out. ]
a. The Megaliths μ́nn̄ɰgq́ — índóhk.
b. large marble stones that had once been in the vicinity of Gházila. They (noun—NC4) imprudence
were largely destroyed in order to construct Ghádhidil Gebit.
etym. inithogok. ini- root. n̄-g-q́ "wisdom"
etym. Omokheak. ante. giak [ NC3 boulder, large stone, megalith. ]
μ́nq̄ɯ — íngo.
μ́yɯm — ílom. (verb—VC1)
(noun—NC2) ostrich
a. I ward off, I speak against, I rebuke
etym. iliom. root. ∅-yμ-m "stork" b. I threaten, I menace

μ́nn̄ú — índe. etym. inikho. ini- desc. íngós [ NC4 threat, menace, curse. ] íngóti
(verb—VC3) I forget, I forsake, I forgo [ NC4 bared teeth, warning; smile, particularly an ironic or bawdy
etym. inithe. ini- desc. ínjos [ NC4 forgetting, oblivion. ] ínjaz one. ]
[ NC1 forgetful. ]
μ́nq̄ɯnɯ́ n — íngonun.
μ́nŋu — índha. (noun—NC4) cooling down, cooling off
(verb—VC2) etym. inikhonun. ini- root. q̄-n-n "heat" ante. gonun
a. I go further, I advance, I move on [ NC3 heat, warmth (negative); rudeness, callousness. ]
b. I overcome, I move past [ACC]
μ́nq̄ɰc — íngós.
c. I begin, I set out
(noun—NC4) threat, menace, curse
etym. inida. ini- desc. índhaus [ NC4 distance. ] índhauzo
etym. inikhoos. -x(z/s) active ante. íngo [ VC1 I ward off, I speak
[ NC4 adversity, complexity, complication, difficulty. ] índhapos
against, I rebuke; I threaten, I menace. ]
[ NC4 complex expressions, consisting of modal verbs. ] índhauti
[ NC4 perseverance, tenacity . ] índhávis [ NC1 heir; grandson, μ́nq̄ɰńμ — íngóti.
granddaughter. ] índház [ NC1 advanced, apprentice. ] (noun—NC4)
a. bared teeth, warning
μ́nŋuḿɯc — índhapos.
b. smile, particularly an ironic or bawdy one
(noun—NC4) complex expressions, consisting of modal verbs.
etym. inidapos. -(b/p)xs ante. índha [ VC2 I go further, I advance, etym. inikhooti. ante. íngo [ VC1 I ward off, I speak against, I
rebuke; I threaten, I menace. ]
I move on; I overcome, I move past [ACC]; I begin, I set out. ]
μ́nŋuɯ́ c — índhaus. μ́nŋ̄uç — ínjaz.
(noun—NC1) forgetful
(noun—NC4) distance
etym. initheaz. ante. índe [ VC3 I forget, I forsake, I forgo. ]
etym. inidaos. -x(z/s) active ante. índha [ VC2 I go further, I
advance, I move on; I overcome, I move past [ACC]; I begin, I set out. ] μ́nŋ̄ɯc — ínjos.
(noun—NC4) forgetting, oblivion
μ́nŋuɯ́ ńμ — índhauti.
etym. initheos. -x(z/s) active, ini- ante. índe [ VC3 I forget, I
(noun—NC4) perseverance, tenacity
etym. inidaoti. -x(d/t)i derivation ante. índha [ VC2 I go further, forsake, I forgo. ]

I advance, I move on; I overcome, I move past [ACC]; I begin, I set out. ] μ́nλú — ínre.

μ́nŋuɯ́ çɯ — índhauzo. (verb—VC3)

(noun—NC4) adversity, complexity, complication, difficulty a. I lose

b. I rid myself of
-xzx prog patient ante. índha [ VC2 I go further, I advance, I move
on; I overcome, I move past [ACC]; I begin, I set out. ] etym. inire. ini-

μ́nλɯ — ínro.
(verb—VC1) I frighten, I scare, I spook
etym. inilo. ini- desc. ínrós [ NC4 horror, terror. ] ínrovas
[ NC1 creepy, unpleasant. ] ínrodhan [ NC1 coward, craven. ]

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μ́nλɯŋun — ínrodhan. μ́nɰmç — ínómz.

(noun—NC1) coward, craven (noun—NC4) weening
ante. ínro [ VC1 I frighten, I scare, I spook. ] etym. iniomoz. ini- root. ∅-m-ç "milk" ante. ómz [ NC4 nursing,

μ́nλɯɱuc — ínrovas. breastfeeding. ]

(noun—NC1) creepy, unpleasant μ́ɯλ — íor.
etym. inilobas. -(b/p)xs ante. ínro [ VC1 I frighten, I scare, I (noun—NC3) floor, ground
spook. ] etym. iyor. root. ∅-μ-λ "bottom"
μ́nλɰc — ínrós. μ́λɥn̄ — írád.
(noun—NC4) horror, terror (noun—NC2) Yiratha, the internal, sessile self within Ousse
etym. iniloos. ante. ínro [ VC1 I frighten, I scare, I spook. ] religious cosmology.

μ́ncu — ínsa. etym. yiratha. yi- ante. rád [ NC1 person, human being. ]

(verb—VC2) I am far away, I am far from, I am a distance from μ́cu — ísa.

[DAT] (verb—VC2)
etym. inisa. ini- desc. ínsaton [ NC4 time spent away from a. I defer to, I am inferior to, I am subject to, I am indebted to [ACC]
somewhere; duration of absence; duration of an exile sentence. ] ínsáza b. I owe [ACC] something [DAT]
[ NC1 exile, someone subject to banishment. ] etym. yisa. yi- desc. ísádhin [ NC1 one's superior, one's lord, one's
μ́ncuńɯn — ínsaton. master. ] ísáz [ NC1 lowly, inferior, of poor stock; peasant. ] ísaibe
(noun—NC4) [ NC3 debt, owed moneys or labor. ] ísaugho [ NC4 grammatical
a. time spent away from somewhere article. ]
b. duration of absence μ́cuμm̄ ú — ísaibe.
c. duration of an exile sentence
(noun—NC3) debt, owed moneys or labor
etym. inisaton. ini- ante. ínsa [ VC2 I am far away, I am far from, I etym. yisaephe. -xphx perf patient ante. ísa [ VC2 I defer to, I am
am a distance from [DAT]. ] inferior to, I am subject to, I am indebted to [ACC]; I owe [ACC]
μ́ncɥçu — ínsáza. something [DAT]. ]
(noun—NC1) exile, someone subject to banishment μ́cuɯ́ gɯ — ísaugho.
etym. inisaaza. -xzx prog patient ante. ínsa [ VC2 I am far away, I (noun—NC4) grammatical article
am far from, I am a distance from [DAT]. ] etym. yisaogo. -xgx prosp patient ante. ísa [ VC2 I defer to, I am
μ́nńu — ínta. inferior to, I am subject to, I am indebted to [ACC]; I owe [ACC]
(verb—VC2) I loathe, I look away from, I turn away from, I something [DAT]. ]
disdain, I hate μ́cq́ — ísk.
etym. inita. ini- desc. íntaus [ NC4 disdain, loathing, hatred. ] (noun—NC2) brood, young of a small animal
íntáz [ NC1 intolerant, hateful. ] íntaighe [ NC3 loathsome, dreadful, etym. isik. root. ∅-c-q́ "young" desc. ísqén [ NC3 nest. ]
vile. ] íntapos [ NC4 disgust, visceral displeasure. ]
μ́cǵɥ́n — ísqén.
μ́nńuμgú — íntaighe. (noun—NC3) nest
(noun—NC3) loathsome, dreadful, vile etym. isikene. -xnx derivation N ante. ísk [ NC2 brood, young of a
etym. initaeghe. -xgx prosp patient ante. ínta [ VC2 I loathe, I small animal. ]
look away from, I turn away from, I disdain, I hate. ]
μ́cń — íst.
μ́nńuḿɯc — íntapos. (noun—NC3) fourth, quarters
(noun—NC4) disgust, visceral displeasure etym. isit. root. ∅-c-ń "four" desc. ka ístír [ phras. I break into
etym. initapos. ante. ínta [ VC2 I loathe, I look away from, I turn fourths, I split into fourths. ]
away from, I disdain, I hate. ]
μ́cɥŋμn — ísádhin.
μ́nńuɯ́ c — íntaus. (noun—NC1) one's superior, one's lord, one's master
(noun—NC4) disdain, loathing, hatred etym. yisadan. -(d/t)xn passive ante. ísa [ VC2 I defer to, I am
etym. initaos. -x(z/s) active ante. ínta [ VC2 I loathe, I look away inferior to, I am subject to, I am indebted to [ACC]; I owe [ACC]
from, I turn away from, I disdain, I hate. ] something [DAT]. ]
μ́nńɥç — íntáz.
(noun—NC1) intolerant, hateful
etym. initaaz. ante. ínta [ VC2 I loathe, I look away from, I turn
away from, I disdain, I hate. ]

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μ́cɥç — ísáz. μ́çɥ́λq́ — ízérk.

(noun—NC1) (noun—NC4) “Lower or low months,” designating the ve
months following sowing. Described ordinally, like the high and
a. lowly, inferior, of poor stock
b. peasant granary months (i.e. Fifth Lower)
etym. yizerek.
etym. yisaaz. -x(z/s) active ante. ísa [ VC2 I defer to, I am inferior
to, I am subject to, I am indebted to [ACC]; I owe [ACC] something
[DAT]. ]

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